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Introduction We investigated changes in tobacco product use and receipt of cessation counseling among smokers within 50 US states and the District of Columbia between 2010/2011 and 2014/2015 among adults aged ≥18 years. Methods Data were from the Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey, a household-based survey designed to yield representative estimates at the state and national levels (n=153725 for 2010/2011 and n=163920 for 2014/2015). Tobacco product use was estimated for all adults. We calculated receipt of cessation counseling among current cigarette smokers who visited a dentist (data available for 2010/2011 only) or a medical doctor (data available for both 2010/2011 and 2014/2015). Betweenyear changes were assessed with chi-squared tests. Results Between 2010/2011 and 2014/2015, declines occurred in 22 states for combustible tobacco smoking, and in 13 states for any tobacco use. Among current cigarette smokers who visited a medical doctor, 13 states had an increase in the receipt of advice or assistance to quit between 2010/2011 and 2014/2015. State-specific estimates of receipt of advice during 2014/2015 ranged from 58.7% (Arkansas) to 80.7% (Wisconsin). During 2010/2011, 31.2% of current cigarette smokers who visited a dentist were advised to quit smoking, and only 7.6% were assisted to quit. By state, the proportion receiving dentist advice to quit ranged from 21.4% (Montana) to 38.9% (Alaska). These estimates were lower than those from physicians in each state. Conclusions Wide variability in delivery of cessation counseling existed across states, and dentists were less likely to deliver cessation counseling than physicians.

UNSTRUCTURED Targeted Facebook advertising can be an effective strategy to recruit participants for a large-scale online study. Facebook advertising is useful for reaching people in a wide geographic area, matching a specific demographic profile. It can also target people who would be unlikely to search for the information and would thus not be accessible via Google AdWords. It is especially useful when it is desirable not to raise awareness of the study in a demographic group that would be ineligible for the study. This paper describes the use of Facebook advertising to recruit and enroll 1145 women over a 15-month period for a randomized clinical trial to teach support skills to female partners of male smokeless tobacco users. This tutorial shares our study team’s experiences, lessons learned, and recommendations to help researchers design Facebook advertising campaigns. Topics covered include designing the study infrastructure to optimize recruitment and enrollment tracking, creating a Facebook presence via a fan page, designing ads that attract potential participants while meeting Facebook’s strict requirements, and planning and managing an advertising campaign that accommodates the rapid rate of diminishing returns for each ad.

The development and psychometric properties of an Implicit Association Test (IAT) measuring implicit attitude toward smoking among fifth grade children were described. The IAT with “sweets” as the contrast category resulted in higher correlations with explicit attitudes than did the IAT with “healthy foods” as the contrast category. Children with family members who smoked (versus non-smoking) and children who were high in sensation seeking (versus low) had a significantly more favorable implicit attitude toward smoking. Further, implicit attitudes became less favorable after engaging in tobacco prevention activities targeting risk perceptions of addiction. Results support the reliability and validity of this version of the IAT and illustrate its usefulness in assessing young children's implicit attitude toward smoking.

Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) show either a left- or right-hand preference for reaching to pick up food and they retain the same preference throughout adult life. We compared the behavior of 10 right-handed and 10 left-handed marmosets, matched for age and sex. They were presented with live crickets both when alone and when in their social group. The marmosets captured more crickets and the latency to capture the first cricket was shorter when they were in a group than when they were alone. This effect of social facilitation was significantly greater for right- than left-handed individuals. The number of vocalizations (tsik, crackle, very brief whistle, cough, and phee) produced by the left- and right-handed marmosets differed significantly: right-handed marmosets produced an increased number of all of these calls when the crickets were presented, whereas left-handed marmosets did not show a change from pretesting levels. The right-handed marmosets also produced more tsik (mobbing) calls than left-handed marmosets when they were presented with a fear-inducing stimulus and performed more head cocking and parallax movements than the left-handed marmosets. Hence, hand preference is associated with differences in exploratory and social behavior, the latter including vocal communication.

Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is a form of autoimmune hemolytic anemia generally considered to result from an antibody-producing clonal expansion of B lymphocytes. We studied 16 patients with CAD and demonstrated a chromosomally abnormal clone in the peripheral blood (PB) of six. Trisomy 3 was the only abnormality in two patients, trisomy 12 the only abnormality in one, and both trisomy 3 and trisomy 12 were present in three patients. A lymphoma was subsequently diagnosed in two of these six patients and in none of the patients without a karyotypic abnormality. The results suggest that trisomy 3 confers a slight growth advantage in the B-cell lineage, particularly at a relatively late stage of differentiation. The resultant clone may present clinically as CAD and, in some cases, progress to a clinical lymphoma.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA), and p53 are frequently overexpressed in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the upper aerodigestive tract. We chose to study SCC of the tongue base, which is often advanced at presentation and fatal, to evaluate whether overexpression correlates with survival. Complete follow-up was available for 20 patients, 18 of whom had stage III or IV disease. A number of clinical (age, sex, stage of disease) and histologic (tumor grade, keratinization, mitotic rate, perineural invasion, lymphatic invasion, vascular invasion, host response) variables were analyzed. None of these variables correlated with survival. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue from each patient. Because EGFR and TGFA expression were routinely found in normal squamous epithelium, overexpression was considered present if greater uptake of the antibody was manifested by a deeper immunostain. In contrast, p53 oncoprotein was not detected in normal epithelium, so detection of the antibody was believed to indicate overexpression. EGFR was overexpressed in 60% of tumors, TGFA in 35%, and p53 in 20%. Those patients who had an overexpression of p53 had a greater mean survival than those who did not (48 versus 16 months, respectively, p = 0.06). This difference was significant for patients with clinical stage IV lesions (p = 0.03). EGFR overexpression and TGFA overexpression did not correlate with survival. p53 may serve as a biologic marker indicative of improved survival potential.