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Weedy rice (Oryza spp.) is one of the most troublesome weeds affecting rice (Oryza sativa L.) production in many countries. Weedy rice control is difficult in rice fields, because the weed and crop are phenotypically and morphologically similar. Weedy rice can be a source of genetic diversity for cultivated rice. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the morphological diversity of weedy rice in southern Brazil. Qualitative and quantitative traits of 249 accessions from eight rice-growing mesoregions in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and Santa Catarina (SC) states were analyzed. For each accession, 24 morphological descriptors (14 qualitative and 10 quantitative) were evaluated. All 249 accessions from RS and SC are of indica lineage. Considering all the phenotypic traits evaluated, the accessions separated into 14 distinct groups. One of the largest groups consisted of plants that were predominantly tall with green leaves, intermediate shattering, and variable flowering time. Distinct subgroups exist within larger clusters, showing discernible phenotypic diversity within the main clusters. The variability in flowering time was high (77 to 110 d after emergence), indicating high potential for flowering synchrony with rice cultivars and, consequently, gene flow. This indicates the need to remove escapes when planting herbicide-resistant rice. Thus, weedy rice populations in southern Brazil are highly diverse, and this diversity could result in variable response to weed management.

Os herbicidas usados na cultura do arroz Clearfield® podem persistir no ambiente e causar danos no arroz não tolerante, cultivado em sucessão. Esse dano pode ser de intensidade variável, dependendo, dentre outros fatores, do movimento ascendente do herbicida para região de absorção do sistema radicular das plantas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar o efeito da altura do lençol freático no movimento ascendente do herbicida composto pela mistura formulada de imazethapyr e imazapic. Para isso, foram coletados lisímetros de solo com auxílio de tubos de PVC (15x30cm). O herbicida foi aplicado na superfície inferior dos lisímetros, onde foram simulados diferentes profundidades do lençol freático (0, 5, 10, 15 e 25cm da superfície do solo). Os lisímetros permaneceram nessa condição por período de 150 dias, quando foram cortados longitudinalmente, seccionados em porções de 5cm (0-5 a 25-30cm) e realizado bioensaio com a cultivar de arroz não tolerante, IRGA 417. Com os resultados obtidos, foi possível concluir que ocorre movimento ascendente da mistura formulada dos herbicidas imazethapyr e imazapic ao longo do perfil do solo de várzea durante o período da entressafra do arroz irrigado, sendo este maior quando o lençol freático está localizado mais próximo da superfície do solo. O movimento ascendente através da diluição do herbicida na solução do solo ocorre por fluxo de massa através do arraste pela água, transportada por capilaridade para zonas mais superficiais do solo. The herbicides that use the Clearfield Rice System can persist in the environment and damage non-tolerant rice sowing in rotation. This damage can variable in intensity, depending on, among other factors, of the upward movement of the herbicide to the absorption region of the plant root system. The aim of this research was to verify the effect of the height of the water table in upward movement of the herbicide in intact soil cores. Intact soil cores were collected with PVC tubes 15cm in diameter and 30cm deep. The herbicide was applied on the bottom of the samples, and it was simulated water table depths (0, 5, 10, 15 and 25cm of the soil surface). The intact samples remained in this condition for a period of 150 days, when they were cut into 5cm slices (0-5 a 25-30cm) and bioassay were performed with the non-tolerant rice cultivar. With the results it was conclude that there is upward movement of the formulated mixture of imazethapyr and imazapic herbicides along the paddy soil profile during the fallow and this transport is greater when the water table is located closer to the soil surface. The upward movement by dilution of the herbicide in the soil solution occurs by mass flow through the water transported by capillarity to superficial sites of soil.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the fitotoxicity of theherbicide mesotrione in corn plants that originated from seeds with different morphologiccharacteristics. It was conducted in a greenhouse, located in the municipal district ofCapão do Leão, RS. The treatments were composed by the combinations of three groupsof seed sizes, classified in sieves of oblong openings [seeds retained in the sieve of width14/64" (sieve 14), in the sieve 18/64" (sieve 18) and in the sieve 21/64" (sieve 21)], oftwo formats of seeds (crushed and round) and of five doses of the herbicide mesotrione(0.0; 60.0; 120.0; 180.0; and 240.0 g ha-1), on a total of 30 treatments. The experimentaldesign was the one with randomized blocks in outline factorial (3x2x5) with fourrepetitions. After the separation and classification of the seeds, they were sowed in vasesfilled out with homogenized soil. In each vase eight corn seeds were sowed, in the depthof 3.0 cm, and mesotrione was administered 24 hours after the pre-emergence. Thefollowing evaluations were carried out: speed of emergency of the seedlings; total numberof emerged seedlings; visual injury and height of plants to the 7, 14 and 21 days after theemergence (DAE); and dry biomass of the roots and of the aerial part to 21 DAE. Theformat and the size of the seeds were not shown as important factors in the tolerance ofthe plants to the fitotoxicity herbicide mesotrione. The increase of the applied doses ofmesotrione did not cause reductions in the acquisition of dry biomass as much of theaerial part as of the roots of corn plants.

Objetivou-se, com o trabalho, avaliar o controle de Brachiaria plantaginea, com herbicidas aplicados em pré e pós-emergência, e a influência destes na produtividade do milho híbrido Pioneer 3063. O experimento foi conduzido de outubro de 2006 a fevereiro de 2007, no município de Capão do Leão (RS). Adotou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, em sistema de cultivo convencional, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelo herbicida s-metolachlor (1.620 g ha-1) e pela mistura em tanque de atrazine + nicosulfuron (1.250 + 28 g ha-1), aplicados em pré e pós-emergência da cultura do milho, respectivamente, mais testemunha capinada e infestada. A população B. plantaginea originou-se do banco de sementes, com população média de 312 plantas m-2. As variáveis avaliadas foram o controle de B. plantaginea e os componentes do rendimento, bem como a produtividade de grãos de milho. O tratamento herbicida que proporcionou melhor controle da planta daninha foi a mistura de atrazine + nicosulfuron, aplicada em pós-emergência da cultura, mantendo-se o controle do início ao fim do ciclo da cultura. O herbicida s-metolachlor mostrou eficiência no controle inicial de plantas daninhas, até os 20 dias após a emergência da cultura. O não controle de B. plantaginea causou interferência em todas as variáveis avaliadas, apresentando limitação de produtividade de grãos de até 98%. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Brachiaria plantaginea control with pre and post-emergence herbicides and their effects on the hybrid Pioneer 3063 maize yield. The trial was conducted from October 2006 to February 2007, in Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, by using a complete randomized blocks design, with four replications, under the conventional sowing system. The treatments consisted of the herbicide s-metolachlor (1,620 g ha-1) and the mixture in tank of atrazine + nicosulfuron (1,250 + 28 g ha-1), applied in pre and early post-emergence of the culture, respectively, plus one infested and one weed-free control. The plants of B. plantaginea were obtained from the soil seed bank, with average population of 312 plants m-2. The evaluated variables were control of B. plantaginea by the herbicides and maize grain yield components, as well as grain yield. Among the herbicides, the one that provided better control of B. plantaginea was the mixture atrazine plus nicosulfuron, applied in post-emergence of the crop, maintaining the field free of B. plantaginea, from the beginning to the end of the cycle. The herbicide s-metolachlor showed to be an alternative for the initial control of weeds in maize, up to 20 days after emergence. The absence of B. plantaginea control caused interference in all grain yield components of maize, being observed up to 98% of grain yield losses.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the Brachiaria plantaginea control with pre and post-emergence herbicides and their effects on the hybrid Pioneer 3063 maize yield. The trial was conducted by using a complete randomized blocks design, with four replications, under the conventional sowing system. The treatments consisted of the herbicide s-metolachlor (1,620 g ha-1) and the mixture in tank of atrazine + nicosulfuron (1,250 + 28 g ha-1), applied in pre and early post-emergence of the culture, respectively, plus one infested and one weed-free control. The plants of B. plantaginea were obtained from the soil seed bank, with average population of 312 plants m-2. The evaluated variables were control of B. plantaginea by the herbicides and maize grain yield components, as well as grain yield. Among the herbicides, the one that provided better control of B. plantaginea was the mixture atrazine plus nicosulfuron, applied in post-emergence of the crop, maintaining the field free of B. plantaginea, from the beginning to the end of the cycle. The herbicide s-metolachlor showed to be an alternative for the initial control of weeds in maize, up to 20 days after emergence. The absence of B. plantaginea control causes interference in all grain yield components of maize, being observed up to 98% of grain yield losses. KEY-WORDS: Chemical control; herbicide mixtures; weed.Objetivou-se, com o trabalho, avaliar o controle de Brachiaria plantaginea, com herbicidas aplicados em pré e pós-emergência, e a influência destes na produtividade do milho híbrido Pioneer 3063. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, em sistema de cultivo convencional, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelo herbicida s-metolachlor (1.620 g ha-1) e pela mistura em tanque de atrazine + nicosulfuron (1.250 + 28 g ha-1), aplicados em pré e pós-emergência da cultura do milho, respectivamente, mais testemunha capinada e infestada. A população B. plantaginea originou-se do banco de sementes, com população média de 312 plantas m-2. As variáveis avaliadas foram o controle de B. plantaginea e os componentes do rendimento, bem como a produtividade de grãos de milho. O tratamento herbicida que proporcionou melhor controle da planta daninha foi a mistura de atrazine + nicosulfuron, aplicada em pós-emergência da cultura, mantendo-se o controle do início ao fim do ciclo da cultura. O herbicida s-metolachlor mostrou eficiência no controle inicial de plantas daninhas, até os 20 dias após a emergência da cultura. O não controle de B. plantaginea causou interferência em todas as variáveis avaliadas, apresentando limitação de produtividade de grãos de até 98%. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Controle químico; misturas herbicidas; planta daninha.