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Background: The appropriate duration of postoperative antibiotics for complex appendicitis is unclear. The increasing global threat of antimicrobial resistance warrants restrictive antibiotic use, which could also reduce side-effects, length of hospital stay, and costs. Methods: In this pragmatic, open-label, non-inferiority trial in 15 hospitals in the Netherlands, patients with complex appendicitis (aged ≥8 years) were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive 2 days or 5 days of intravenous antibiotics after appendicectomy. Randomisation was stratified by centre, and treating physicians and patients were not masked to treatment allocation. The primary endpoint was a composite endpoint of infectious complications and mortality within 90 days. The main outcome was the absolute risk difference (95% CI) in the primary endpoint, adjusted for age and severity of appendicitis, with a non-inferiority margin of 7·5%. Outcome assessment was based on electronic patient records and a telephone consultation 90 days after appendicectomy. Efficacy was analysed in the intention-to-treat and per-protocol populations. Safety outcomes were analysed in the intention-to-treat population. This trial was registered with the Netherlands Trial Register, NL5946. Findings: Between April 12, 2017, and June 3, 2021, 13 267 patients were screened and 1066 were randomly assigned, 533 to each group. 31 were excluded from intention-to-treat analysis of the 2-day group and 30 from the 5-day group owing to errors in recruitment or consent. Appendicectomy was done laparoscopically in 955 (95%) of 1005 patients. The telephone follow-up was completed in 664 (66%) of 1005 patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 51 (10%) of 502 patients analysed in the 2-day group and 41 (8%) of 503 patients analysed in the 5-day group (adjusted absolute risk difference 2·0%, 95% CI −1·6 to 5·6). Rates of complications and re-interventions were similar between trial groups. Fewer patients had adverse effects of antibiotics in the 2-day group (45 [9%] of 502 patients) than in the 5-day group (112 [22%] of 503 patients; odds ratio [OR] 0·344, 95% CI 0·237 to 0·498). Re-admission to hospital was more frequent in the 2-day group (58 [12%] of 502 patients) than in the 5-day group (29 [6%] of 503 patients; OR 2·135, 1·342 to 3·396). There were no treatment-related deaths. Interpretation: 2 days of postoperative intravenous antibiotics for complex appendicitis is non-inferior to 5 days in terms of infectious complications and mortality within 90 days, based on a non-inferiority margin of 7·5%. These findings apply to laparoscopic appendicectomy conducted in a well resourced health-care setting. Adopting this strategy will reduce adverse effects of antibiotics and length of hospital stay. Funding: The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development.

Aim: The aim of this meta-regression was to assess the impact of mean/median age, mean/median tumor size, percentage of males in total sample, and total sample size on the comparative effectiveness of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Methods: Ten studies reporting on the composite outcome of overall survival and local control were included. Results: A significant relationship was found between age and overall survival at 1 and 2 for both RFA and SBRT. A significant relationship was noted also between age and local control at 1 and 2 years for RFA. Conclusion: Patients treated with SBRT had a wider range of tumor sizes and larger tumor sizes; no relationship was observed between tumor size and overall survival or local control by SBRT.

Purpose: Clinical biomarkers to identify patients unlikely to benefit from CDK4/6 inhibition (CDK4/6i) in combination with endocrine therapy (ET) are lacking. We implemented a comprehensive circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis to identify genomic features for predicting and monitoring treatment resistance. Experimental Design: ctDNA was isolated from 216 plasma samples collected from 51 patients with hormone receptor–positive (HR+)/HER2-negative (HER2−) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) on a phase II trial of palbociclib combined with letrozole or fulvestrant (NCT03007979). Boosted whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed at baseline and clinical progression to evaluate genomic alterations, mutational signatures, and blood tumor mutational burden (bTMB). Low-pass whole-genome sequencing was performed at baseline and serial timepoints to assess blood copy-number burden (bCNB). Results: High bTMB and bCNB were associated with lack of clinical benefit and significantly shorter progression-free survival (PFS) compared with patients with low bTMB or low bCNB (all P < 0.05). Dominant APOBEC signatures were detected at baseline exclusively in cases with high bTMB (5/13, 38.5%) versus low bTMB (0/37, 0%; P = 0.0006). Alterations in ESR1 were enriched in samples with high bTMB (P = 0.0005). There was a high correlation between bTMB determined by WES and bTMB determined using a 600-gene panel (R = 0.98). During serial monitoring, an increase in bCNB score preceded radiographic progression in 12 of 18 (66.7%) patients. Conclusions: Genomic complexity detected by noninvasive profiling of bTMB and bCNB predicted poor outcomes in patients treated with ET and CDK4/6i and identified early disease progression before imaging. Novel treatment strategies including immunotherapy-based combinations should be investigated in this population.

Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) exposed seronegative (HESN) individuals may have unique characteristics that alter susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. However, identifying truly exposed HESN is challenging. We utilized stored data and biospecimens from HIV-1 serodifferent couple cohorts, in which couples’ HIV-1 exposures were quantified based on unprotected sex frequency and viral load of the partner with HIV-1. We compared peripheral blood gene expression between 15 HESN and 18 seroconverters prior to infection. We found PTPRC (encoding CD45 antigen) and interferon-response pathways had significantly higher expression among individuals who went on to become seropositive and thus may be a signature for increased acquisition risk.

Children and adolescents (young people) who experience maltreatment early in life and are subsequently placed in out-of-home care (OOHC) are specifically at risk for poor mental health outcomes.

Paddy rice fields (PRFs) are a potent source of global atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs), particularly CH

ObjectiveTo determine patient outcomes across a range of pelvic fracture urethral injury (PFUI) severity. PFUI is a devastating consequence of a pelvic fracture. No study has stratified PFUI outcomes based on severity of the urethral distraction injury.MethodsAdult male patients with blunt-trauma-related PFUI were followed prospectively for a minimum of six months at 27 US medical centers from 2015-2020. Patients underwent retrograde cystourethroscopy and retrograde urethrography to determine injury severity and were categorized into three groups: (1) major urethral distraction, (2) minor urethral distraction, and (3) partial urethral injury. Major distraction vs minor distraction was determined by the ability to pass a cystoscope retrograde into the bladder. Simple statistics summarized differences between groups. Multi-variable analyses determined odds ratios for obstruction and urethroplasty controlling for urethral injury type, age, and Injury Severity Score.ResultsThere were 99 patients included, 72(72%) patients had major, 13(13%) had minor, and 14(14%) had partial urethral injuries. The rate of urethral obstruction differed in patients with major (95.8%), minor (84.6%), and partial injuries (50%) (P < 0.001). Urethroplasty was performed in 90% of major, 66.7% of minor, and 35.7% of partial injuries (P < 0.001).ConclusionIn PFUI, a spectrum of severity exists that influences outcomes. While major and minor distraction injuries are associated with a higher risk of developing urethral obstruction and need for urethroplasty, up to 50% of partial PFUI will result in obstruction, and as such need to be closely followed.

Background and Objectives: Surgical Site Infection (SSI) continues to be a major healthcareassociated infection. Primary objective: To isolate, identify and study the aerobic bacteriological spectrum of Abdominal Surgical Site Infection. Secondary objective: 1) To study the antibiotic sensitivity pattern. 2) To detect multidrug resistant strains in abdominal Surgical Site Infection. Materials and Methods: A total of 139 patients with post operative wound infections were included in this study during the course of one year from 1/10/16 to 30/09/2017. The study group included patients who underwent surgical procedure in a tertiary care hospital and developed Surgical Site Infection while in Hospital or after discharge within 30 days post surgery. These patients were followed up closely from the period of developing SSI to the time of discharge and during follow up in the hospital. Specimens such as double swabs for open surgical wounds and aspirates for localized infections were collected. Double swabs were inoculated into the following media: 5% Sheep Blood agar (SBA), MacConkey agar (MA), Salt agar (SA) and Glucose broth. Needle aspirates were also inoculated into Chocolate Agar (CA) in addition to the above media. The organisms were identied by conventional biochemical reactions and antibiotic sensitivity was done according to the CLSI guidelines 2017. Results: Out of the 139 cases in the study, the incidence of SSI's following abdominal surgeries were 41.7 %. The commonest age group for developing SSI was spread equally in the age groups between 51 – 60 and 61 – 70 years (20.14% each). Of the risk factors, Diabetes mellitus (40.28%) were associated with SSI's in 56 patients. Maximum number of cases were after Staging Laparotomies / Tumor excision for GIT Carcinoma- 48 (35.25%). 13.66 % cases were after Appendicectomy; LSCS - 12.23 %, Laparotomy- Peritonitis 10.79 %, Laparotomy- Intestinal obstruction 3.59 %, Hernioraphy 9.35 %, Tubectomy 3.59 %, TAH 7.19 %, Laparotomy -Abdominal injury 0.71 % and others 4.31 %. There were 58 (41.7%) of cases with microbial isolates and 81 (58.3%) cases were sterile. S.aureus was the predominant organism in Abdominal Surgical Site Infection 20 (34.48%), followed by E.coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae 15 (25.85%) each. Out of 15 Klebsiella pneumoniae 53.33 % were ESBL producers and 33.33 % were MBL producers. Where as in 15 E.coli isolates, 80 % were ESBL producers and 6.67 % MBL producers. Discussion: Surgical Site Infection (SSI) are the most common Health care associated infection in low and middle income countries. Surgical Site Infection was found to be higher in patients above 50 years of age which can be due to multiple factors like a low healing rate, malnutrition, mal-absorption, increased catabolic processes and low immunity. Diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor associated with Surgical Site Infections. Patients requiring prolonged hospitalization were more prone to Surgical Site Infections. Enterococcus which is a member of the normal ora of the Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary tract in humans is an emerging pathogen in abdominal Surgical Site Infections. Interpretation and Conclusion: The prevalence of multidrug resistant organisms is to be considered as a warning sign for the emerging spread of antibiotic resistance and the need for urgent implementation of strict antibiotic policy and infection control measures. Identication of SSI's involves interpretation of clinical and laboratory ndings, and it is crucial that a surveillance programme uses denitions that are consistent and standardized; otherwise inaccurate or uninterpretable SSI rates will be computed and reported.

Advancement in technology brought many inevitable changes with more efficiency, making human life easier. Benefit of technology shall be incorporated for effective and efficient justice delivery in dispute resolution mechanism. New development in this area is online arbitration dispute resolutions (ODR) which have been without doubt adopted and practices by justice delivery system across the globe. But the question remains the same as whether justice delivery system is equipped to cope up in the same pace with the changes taking place in the society and technology. Are the existing laws being enough to conduct online system as an effective mechanism to settle disputes among the parties? Keeping in context the preceding query, the present research resorted tracing the laws relevant to the use of ODR mechanism in India and Indonesia, as their present legal framework of arbitration addressing dispute resolution through the ODR mechanism lack specific laws. The present research adopts a mixed method using both primary and secondary data for tracing and comparison the ODR system in India and Indonesia. It is concluded that ODR deliverance are valid and enforceable in the present legal framework of both the countries. Therefore, people must not be doubtful while using ODR mechanism to settle their disputes. It also demonstrates that an ample scope is there in the existing laws of both the countries to accommodate and enhance the overall process and deliverance of ODR mechanism through amendments and separate guidelines.

The impact of left ventricular dysfunction on clinical outcomes following revascularization is not well established in patients with unprotected left main coronary artery disease (ULMCA). In this study, we evaluated the impact of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) on clinical outcomes of patients with ULMCA requiring revascularization with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) compared with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG).The details of the design, methods, end points, and relevant definitions are outlined in the Gulf Left Main Registry: a retrospective, observational study conducted between January 2015 and December 2019 across 14 centres in 3 Gulf countries. In this study, the data on patients with ULMCA who underwent revascularization through PCI or CABG were stratified by LVEF into three main subgroups; low (l-LVEF40%), mid-range (m-LVEF 40-49%), and preserved (p-LVEF ≥50%). Primary outcomes were hospital major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and mortality and follow-up MACCE and mortality.A total of 2137 patients were included; 1221 underwent PCI and 916 had CABG. During hospitalization, MACCE was significantly higher in patients with l-LVEF [(10.10%), P = 0.005] and m-LVEF [(10.80%), P = 0.009], whereas total mortality was higher in patients with m-LVEF [(7.40%), P = 0.009] and p-LVEF [(7.10%), P = 0.045] who underwent CABG. There was no mortality difference between groups in patients with l-LVEF. At a median follow-up of 15 months, there was no difference in MACCE and total mortality between patients who underwent CABG or PCI with p-LVEF and m-LVEF.CABG was associated with higher in-hospital events. Hospital mortality in patients with l-LVEF was comparable between CABG and PCI. At 15 months' follow-up, PCI could have an advantage in decreasing MACCE in patients with l-LVEF.

Allobates ripicolus sp. nov. Colostethus aff. marchesianus Vences et al. 2003 Allobates granti Fouquet et al. 2007 Allobates spumaponens Avila-Pires et al. 2010 Allobates sp. Saul Fouquet et al. 2012 Allobates sp. gr. trilineatus Fouquet et al. 2015a Allobates aff. tapajos 4 Vacher et al. 2020 Allobates aff. tapajos 2 Réjaud et al. 2020 Allobates aff. tapajos Moraes and Lima 2021 Allobates tapajos Clade D Ferr„o et al. 2022 Holotype. MNHN-RA-2022.0095 (field n° APA-973-1-AF2828), an adult male from Mitaraka, French Guiana (2.23577 N 54.44928 W, 300 m asl), collected by A. Fouquet and M. Dewynter on 01/03/2015 (Fig. 7). Paratopotypes. Two adults: MNHN-RA-2022.0094 and 0096 (field n° APA-973-1-AF2789 and APA-973-1- AF2855), two females collected with the holotype. Paratypes. Sixteen adults: MNHN-RA-2022.0081 (field n° AF1048), a male from Gros Arbres, Saul, French Guiana (3.62573 N 53.28052 W, 220 m asl), collected by A. Fouquet, K. Pineau, E. Courtois, B. Villette and C. Bedeau on 16/03/2013; MNHN-RA-2022.0083–84 (field n° AF1658; AF1686), two males from Crique Limonade, Saul, French Guiana (3.56311 N 53.19083 W, 280 m asl), collected by A. Fouquet, E. Courtois and J.P. Vacher on 23/02/2014; MNHN-RA-2022.0085 (field n° AF1905), a male, and MNHN-RA-2022.0086 (field n° AF1907), a female from Flat de la Waki, French Guiana (3.0835 N 53.41257 W, 180 m asl), collected by J.P. Vacher on 05/04/2014; MNHN-RA-2022.0092–93; 0088–89 (field n° AF2072–3; AF2216; AF2218), four males and MNHN-RA-2022.0087; 0090–91 (field n° AF1962; AF2276; AF2290), three females from Sipaliwini, Suriname (2.03253 N 56.11449 W, 280 m asl), collected by A. Fouquet and J.P. Vacher on 25/04/2014; MNHN-RA-2022.0097 (field n° AF3221), a male from Mitan, French Guiana (2.62840 N 52.55404 W, 100 m asl) collected by A. Fouquet and P. Nunes on 26/03/2015; MNHN-RA-2022.0098 (field n° AF3587), a male from Itoupé, French Guiana (3.02647 N 53.07983 W, 800 m asl), collected by A. Fouquet, E. Courtois, B. Villette and M. Dewynter on 07/01/2016; MNHN-RA-2022.0100 (field n° AF5397), a male from Camp Saut Richard, French Guiana (3.47363 N 53.20857 W, 200 m asl), collected by E. Courtois and M. Dewynter on 03/05/2019; MNHN-RA-2022.0099 (field n° AF5476), a male from Trois-Saut, French Guiana (2.19689 N 52.90168 W, 180 m asl), collected by E. Courtois and M. Dewynter on 28/04/2019. Etymology. The specific epithet “ripicolus” is derived from a Latin word which means river banks, referring to the ecology of the species that is generally found nearby mid-sized rivers, on the ground of the frequently flooded major bed. Generic placement. The new species is assigned unambiguously to the genus Allobates because the tip of finger IV does not reach the distal subarticular tubercle of finger III, toe IV with basal webbing and lateral fringe on its preaxial side, pale paracloacal marks (characters 5, 43 and 50 of Grant et al. 2017), respectively) and its phylogenetic relationship as assessed by molecular data. Definition. A small species of cryptically-colored Allobates. (1) Mean SVL of males 15.8 mm (range 15.0– 16.4 mm); mean SVL of females 16.4 mm (range 15.5–16.8 mm); (2) In life, dorsal surface of snout light brown, same color extending posteriorly until eye level; dorsum light brown laterally, with diffuse dark brown blotches scattered from interorbital region to urostyle region; background color of dorsal surfaces of legs light brown to gray; conspicuous diffuse transverse bands or blotches of a darker brown color present across dorsal surfaces of thigh (on its proximal region), shank (at mid-level) and foot (at mid-level); posterior surface of thigh and groin dark brown; (3) skin texture of dorsum granular, with larger granules on the posterior half of dorsum and legs; (4) lateral dark brown band with diffuse upper and lower edges particularly on posterior parts; (5) pale ill-defined dorsolateral stripe only reaching midbody; (6) oblique lateral stripe inconspicuous reaching midbody, reduced to a paler inguinal region within the lateral dark brown band; (7) cream ventrolateral stripe present, extending from the inguinal region to the snout, at times interrupted; (8) pale paracloacal mark present; (9) throat and chest of males white in preserved specimens, yellow in life, with melanophores concentrated on the posterior half of the throat; (10) abdominal surfaces white centrally, yellow towards the flanks in live males; (11) throat translucent without any melanophores, chest and abdomen uniformly white in preserved and live females; (12) dark throat collar absent; (13) iris is metallic gold, without a pupil ring; (14) median lingual process absent; (15) vocal sac distinct, subgular; (16) maxillary teeth present; (17) third phalanx of Finger III slightly swollen preaxially in males; (18) distal tubercle absent on Finger IV; (19) tip of Finger IV not reaching the distal subarticular tubercle of Finger III; (20) tip of Finger II reaching the base of distal subarticular tubercle of Finger III; (21) terminal discs clearly expanded; (22) basal webbing present between Toes III and IV; (23) weak lateral fringes preaxially on Toe II and III; (24) Toe I very short, its tip not reaching the base of the subarticular tubercle on Toe II; (25) mature oocytes pigmented; (26) diurnal habits, males calling in daytime; (27) advertisement calls characterized by the continuous emission of single notes; notes with ascending frequency modulation and dominant frequencies between 5,519 –6,072 Hz, split by regular silent intervals of approximately 391 to 686 ms between calls. Morphological comparisons with other Allobates. The character states of compared species are shown in parenthesis. Allobates ripicolus differs from A. granti and A. vicinus, the two other co-occurring species of cryptically colored Allobates in the eastern Guiana Shield by (1) its dark brown lateral band with diffuse edges and not as wide as the eye (lateral band as wide as the eye with sharp edges, black in A. granti and dark brown in A. vicinus); (2) its longer feet but small arms FL/FAL= 44–45% (46–49% in A. granti and A. vicinus); (3) the presence of melanophores concentrated on the posterior half of throat in males and yellow throat in life, females with white ventral surface (from chin to mid-belly and translucent throat, females ventral surface yellow); (4) its single-note call (two-notes call). Allobates ripicolus differs from the closely related A. tapajos occurring south of the Amazon River by (1) the absence of basal webbing between Toes II and III (present); (2) the presence of melanophores concentrated on the posterior half of throat (no melanophores); (3) its cream ventrolateral stripe continuous or interrupted (absent); (4) its call composed exclusively by a single note (usually composed of two notes [73% of calls], less frequently of one note [23% of calls] and rarely three notes [4% of calls]; Lima et al. (2005)) (Fig. 4). Allobates ripicolus differs from the closely related A. kamilae by (1) its throat entirely translucent without melanophores in femals (yellowish anteriorly with melanophores) (Fig. 7,8); (2) its Finger III slightly swollen preaxially in males (Finger III not swollen); (3) its call composed exclusively of a single note (frequently 2–5 notes and rarely 6–17 notes per call) (Fig. 4). Allobates ripicolus differs from A. sumtuosus by (1) the presence of diffuse irregular dark brown blotches scattered on dorsum from eye level to urostyle region (dorsum uniformly brown); (2) its throat and chest yellow with melanophores concentrated on the posterior half of throat in males (white translucent uniformly covered with melanophores only in the throat margins); (3) its single note call with dominant frequency 5,519 –6,072 Hz (call consisting of a trill of 23–35 notes and dominant frequency 6,172 –6,480 Hz). Allobates ripicolus differs from A. amissibilis by (1) the presence of diffuse irregular dark brown blotches scattered on dorsum from eye level to urostyle region (dorsum uniformly brown); (2) its throat and chest yellow with melanophores concentrated on the posterior half of throat in males (white translucent uniformly covered with melanophores); (3) its single note call (call consisting of a trill of 1–19 notes). Description of the holotype. An adult male 16.2 mm SVL (Fig. 7; Table 1) in good condition, with a few superficial scars on dorsum and snout and a large incision in the abdomen for tissue sample; body slender; head slightly longer than wide (HL/HW=1.05); head length 33.0 % of SVL; snout broadly rounded in dorsal view, acutely rounded in lateral view, extending past lower jaw. Nares located laterally, opening posterolaterally; canthus rostralis concave, loreal region slightly concave, flaring slightly at upper lip; internarial distance 41.2 % of head width (IN/HW); eye-naris distance distance 28.2 % of head length (EN/HL); 79.5 % of eye length (EN/ED). Tympanum sub circular, directed posterolaterally, 54.2 % of eye length (TD/ED); supratympanic fold absent, supratympanic area slightly concave; tympanic annulus visible anteroventrally, posterodorsal aspect of tympanum barely visible. Tongue attached anteriorly, broadly rounded posteriorly, longer than wide, median lingual process absent. Choanae very small, sub circular, lateral. Vocal slits long, lateral. Very small teeth present on maxillary and premaxillary, dentigerous process of vomers absent. Cloacal tubercles absent; vent at level of upper thighs, a small anal flap above it.Skin granular on dorsum, granules weakest on head, with scattered larger granules becoming denser posteriorly, more easily visible in life; one distinctly enlarged tubercle on each eyelid; belly smooth. Forelimb slender, skin smooth; metacarpal ridge absent; ulnar fold absent; hand length 23.3 % of SVL; Finger I as long as II when fingers adpressed; fingers unwebbed, proximal edge of Finger III conspicuously swollen; tip of Finger IV not reaching distal subarticular tubercle on Finger III when fingers adpressed; terminal discs clearly expanded, discs of Fingers III and IV widest; width of disc on Finger III 0.44 mm; discs with distinct dorsal scutes. Relative lengths of adpressed fingers III>I =II> IV; palmar tubercle large, ovoid, 0.67 mm in its largest diameter, 17.7 % of hand length, periphery pigmented; thenar tubercle conspicuous but not protuberant, ovoid, periphery pigmented, about a third the size of the palmar tubercle and largely separated from it. One subarticular tubercle on Fingers I, II, and IV; two subarticular tubercles on Finger III; subarticular tubercles on Finger I largest, distal tubercle on Finger III smallest (Fig. 7). Hindlimb robust, skin granular; thigh length 44.8 % of SVL; tibia length 48.9 % of SVL; heels overlapping when hindlimbs are flexed at right angles to sagittal plane of body; foot length 46.0 % of SVL; relative length of adpressed toes IV> III> V> II> I; Toe I very short, its tip not reaching the base of the subarticular tubercle on Toe II when toes are adpressed; discs on Toes II, III, IV, and V larger than width of distal phalanges; disc on Toe I equal to width of distal phalanx. Width of disc on Toe IV 0.55 mm; basal webbing present only between Toes III–IV, posteriorly pigmented; weak lateral fringes preaxially on Toe III and IV. Inner metatarsal tubercle oval, 0.40 mm in length, periphery pigmented, outer metatarsal tubercle round, projecting, 0.33 mm in diameter. Two subarticular tubercles present on Toes III, IV and V, and one on Toes I and II, basal tubercle of Toe IV barely visible on the right toe and very small (about 0.05 mm) and located postaxially on the left one. Subarticular tubercles on Toe I largest; distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV smallest. Metatarsal fold absent. Tarsal keel well-defined, short, tubercle-like, directed transversely across tarsus, located 0.62 mm from proximal edge of inner metatarsal tubercle, not extending from it (Fig. 7). Color of holotype in life. Color in life of the holotype is shown in Fig. 7. Dorsal coloration medium brown with dark brown scapular region and diffuse dark brown blotches on dorsum; dorsum light brown laterally from eye level to midbody forming an ill-defined dorsolateral band; laterally a wide dark-brown band from tip of snout around the body to the groin with ill-defined boundaries posterodorsally. The oblique lateral stripe embedded in the black band consists of a diffuse lighter area extending from the groin to about two-third of the distance to the arm insertion. Flanks are creamish white below the lateral dark brown band forming an interrupted ventrolateral stripe extending ventrally along flanks. Upper lip is creamish white. Throat is yellow with scattered tiny melanophores particularly concentrated on the posterior half. Belly is immaculate creamish with scattered tiny melanophores. Upper surfaces of thighs and shanks are brown with ill-defined dark brown transverse bands or blotches. A pale paracloacal mark is present. Forelimbs are reddish anterodorsally and dark gray on the posterior surface of forearms from elbow to wrist. A gray blotch is present on the wrists. Digits are dark gray with a few white dots. The upper surface of tympanum is black, the lower surface white. The iris is copper. Color of holotype in preservative. After seven years in 70 % ethanol, colors of the specimen have faded, the dorsum is light brown; the lateral band is dark brown and the diffuse oblique lateral stripe is barely distinguishable. Flanks, belly, and upper lips are immaculate white. Throat is white; the melanophores are visible. Upper surface of thighs and shanks are brown with dark brown blotches and dark brown bands. The pale paracloacal mark is still visible. Forelimbs are white. Fingers and digits are light brown. (Fig. 7). Variation in the type series. Apart from sexual dimorphism and dichromatism (males are slightly smaller than females and throat of females is translucent white and without melanophores), there is considerable variation in size, conspicuousness and distribution of dark brown blotches on dorsum and legs (Fig 8). The dorsal surface of legs varies in coloration from dark gray to light brown with more or less conspicuous dark brown bands and blotches. The ventrolateral stripe is continuous (MNHN-RA-2022.0081) or interrupted in some individuals (MNHN-RA-2022.0086; Fig 8). Ventral surface is immaculate white to yellowish. Advertisement call. The call consists of a single high pitched note emitted regularly every 550 ms (391–686 ms) and lasting 37 ms (26–45 ms). These notes have an upward frequency modulation, with a dominant frequency about 5,770 Hz (5,519 –6,072 Hz), and a minimum starting frequency of about 5,250 Hz (4,914 –5,745 Hz) and as maximum ending frequency of about 6,090 Hz (5,875 –6,465 Hz), which represents a 463 Hz (352–613 Hz) difference (MxF1-MiF1) (Fig 4a). Natural history and distribution. Allobates ripicolus is generally associated with the temporary flooded banks of medium-sized rivers where males form patches of two to three individuals. But it is also found on bauxite plateaus such as Itoupé, where individuals were found around a temporary pond at 800 m. Males are territorial and call mainly in the morning and late afternoon. Two egg clutches were found in Sipaliwini (Suriname). They were deposited within folded dead leaves of Cecropia spp. One was very recent and contained 18 eggs (Fig 7). The male was calling 40 cm from it. The second one was cloudy and contained 37 well developed embryos, possibly in fact corresponding to two different clutches. The tadpoles are probably carried to a nearby water body by the male. Allobates ripicolus occupies the southern half of French Guiana (Saul, upper Oyapock, Itoupé, Mitaraka) and is absent from the northern half. It also occurs in the west of Amapá (Brazil), the south of Suriname and the north of Pará (Brazil). It is therefore an endemic species of the eastern part of the Guiana region. Its distribution is similar to that of Rhinella aff. magnussoni which also has its sister species south of the Amazon River, Brazil (Vacher et al. 2020)., Published as part of Fouquet, Antoine, Ferrão, Miquéias & Jairam, Rawien, 2023, Two new species of Allobates of the trilineatus clade (Anura: Aromobatidae) from the Eastern Guiana Shield, pp. 533-561 in Zootaxa 5297 (4) on pages 547-549, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5297.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/8009188, {"references":["Vences, M., Kosuch, J., Boistel, R., Haddad, C. F., La Marca, E., L ˆ tters, S. & Veith, M. (2003) Convergent evolution of aposematic coloration in Neotropical poison frogs: a molecular phylogenetic perspective. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution, 3, 215 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1078 / 1439 - 6092 - 00076","Fouquet, A., Gilles, A., Vences, M., Marty, C., Blanc, M. & Gemmell, N. J. (2007) Underestimation of species richness in Neotropical frogs revealed by mtDNA analyses. PLoS ONE, 2 (10), e 1109. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0001109","Avila-Pires, T. C. S. D., Hoogmoed, M. S. & Rocha, W. A. D. (2010) Notes on the Vertebrates of northern Para, Brazil: a forgotten part of the Guianan Region, I. Herpetofauna. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi. Ciencias Naturais, 5, 13 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.46357 / bcnaturais. v 5 i 1.647","Fouquet, A., Noonan, B. P., Rodrigues, M. T., Pech, N., Gilles, A. & Gemmell, N. J. (2012) Multiple quaternary refugia in the eastern Guiana Shield revealed by comparative phylogeography of 12 frog species. Systematic Biology, 61, 461 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syr 130","Fouquet, A., Vacher J. P., Kadosoe, V., Jairam, R. & Ouboter, P. (2015 a) Checklist of the Amphibians of the Sipaliwini area, Suriname. Herpetology Notes, 8, 63 - 68.","Vacher, J. P., Chave, J., Ficetola, F. G., Sommeria-Klein, G., Tao, S., Thebaud, C., Blanc, M., Camacho, A., Cassimiro, J., Colston, T. J., Dewynter, M., Ernst, R., Gaucher, P., Gomes, J. O., Jairam, R., Kok, P. J. R., Lima, J. D., Martinez, Q., Marty, C., Noonan, B. P., Nunes, P. M. S., Ouboter, P., Recoder, R., Rodrigues, M. T., Snyder, A., Marques-Souza, S. & Fouquet, A. (2020) Large scale DNA-based survey of frogs in Amazonia suggests a vast underestimation of species richness and endemism. Journal of Biogeography, 47, 1781 - 1791. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 13847","Rejaud, A., Rodrigues, M. T., Crawford, A. J., Castroviejo-Fisher, S., Jaramillo, A. F., Chaparro, J. C., Glaw, F., Gagliardi-Urrutia, G., Moravec, J., Ignacio, J., Perez, P., Lima, A. P., Werneck, F. P., Hrbek, T., Ron, S. R., Ernst, R., Kok, P. J. R., Driskell, A., Chave, J. & Fouquet A. (2020) Historical biogeography identifies a possible role of Miocene wetlands in the diversification of the Amazonian rocket frogs (Aromobatidae: Allobates). Journal of Biogeography, 47, 2472 - 2482. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 13937","Moraes, L. J. C. L. & Lima, A. P. (2021) A new Nurse Frog (Allobates, Aromobatidae) with a cricket-like advertisement call from eastern Amazonia. Herpetologica, 77, 146 - 163. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / Herpetologica-D- 20 - 00010.1","Grant, T., Rada, M., Anganoy-Criollo, M., Batista, A., Dias, P. H., Jeckel, A. M., Machado, D. J. & Rueda-Almonacid, J. V. (2017) Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives revisited (Anura: Dendrobatoidea). South American Journal of Herpetology, 12, 1 - 262. https: // doi. org / 10.2994 / SAJH-D- 17 - 00017.1"]}

Allobates vicinus sp. nov. Allobates granti Fouquet et al. 2007; 2012; Vacher et al. 2020; Grant et al. 2017 Allobates cf. granti Fouquet et al. 2015a Allobates aff. granti Réjaud et al. 2020 Holotype. MNHN-RA-2022.0079 (field n° AF3771), an adult male from Voltzberg, Suriname (4.68169 N 56.18568 W, 100 m asl) collected by A. Fouquet and R. Jairam on 25/01/2016 (Fig. 5). Paratopotypes. two adults: NZCSA1181 (field n° AF3777) a male and MNHN-RA-2022.0080 (field n° AF3805), a female collected with the holotype. Paratypes. Twelve adults: MNHN-RA-2022.0070–74 (field n° AF2476; AF2479; AF2510; AF2513; AF2515), five males and MNHN-RA-2022.0067–68 (field n° AF2416; AF2421; AF2474), three females from Nassau, Suriname (4.80262 N 54.61502 W, 580 m asl) collected by A. Fouquet and R. Jairam on 20/12/2014; MNHN-RA-2022.0075–78 (field n° AF3428–9; AF3431; AF3436), four males from Bakhuis, Suriname (4.70646 N 56.77943 W, 340 m asl) collected by A. Fouquet and R. Jairam on 05/01/2015. Etymology. The specific epithet “vicinus” is a latin word that means “neighbor”, referring to the two sister species A. granti in French Guiana and A. vicinus sp. nov. in Suriname facing each other on each side of the Maroni River. Generic placement. The new species is assigned unambiguously to the genus Allobates because the tip of finger IV does not reach the distal subarticular tubercle of finger III, toe IV with basal webbing and lateral fringe on its preaxial side, pale paracloacal marks (characters 5, 43 and 50 of Grant et al. 2017, respectively) and its phylogenetic relationship as assessed by molecular data. Definition. A small species of cryptically-colored Allobates. (1) Mean SVL of males 15.5 mm (range 14.6–16.5 mm); mean SVL of females 16.6 mm (range 16.0– 17.1 mm); (2) In life, dorsal surface light brown with diffuse dark brown irregular blotches often forming an hourglass pattern and sometimes only scattered from interorbital to urostyle region; background color of dorsal surfaces of legs light brown to gray; diffuse, transverse dark brown bands present across dorsal surfaces of thigh (on its proximal region), irregular bands on shank (at mid-level), tarsus and foot (at mid-level); posterior surface of thigh and groin dark brown; (3) skin texture of dorsum granular, with numerous and large tubercles scattered throughout dorsum, more abundant on the posterior half and legs; (4) lateral dark brown band with sharp upper and lower edge, as large as the posterior edge of the eye; (5) pale dorsolateral stripe poorly delimited dorsally by the hourglass pattern and sharply delimited ventrally by the dark brown colouration of the flanks; (6) oblique lateral stripe inconspicuous not reaching midbody length reduced to inguinal region of the lateral dark brown band; (7) pale ventrolateral stripe present only in live specimens, extending from the inguinal region to the snout, sometimes interrupted and irregular forming a marbled pattern extending ventrally; (8) white or cream comma-shape paracloacal mark; (9) throat and chest of males cream in preserved specimens, translucent in life, with uniformly distributed melanophores from the chin to the anterior half of the abdomen; (10) abdominal surfaces white centrally, yellow towards the flanks and ventral surface of legs in live males; (11) throat, chest and abdomen uniformly white in preserved specimens and bright yellow in live females, without any melanophores; (12) dark throat collar absent; (13) iris metallic copper, without a pupil ring; (14) median lingual process absent; (15) vocal sac distinct, subgular; (16) maxillary teeth present; (17) third phalanx of Finger III slightly swollen preaxially in males; (18) distal tubercle absent on Finger IV; (19) tip of Finger IV not reaching the distal subarticular tubercle of Finger III; (20) tip of Finger II reaching the distal edge of distal subarticular tubercle of Finger III; (21) terminal discs weakly expanded; (22) rudimentary basal webbing present between Toes III and IV; (23) fringes on toes inconspicuous; (24) Toe I very short, its tip reaching the base of the subarticular tubercle on Toe II; (25) mature oocytes pigmented; (26) diurnal habits, males calling in daytime; (27) advertisement calls characterized by the continuous emission of note pairs; notes with ascending frequency modulation with dominant frequencies between 5,422 –5,785 Hz for the first note and 5,586 –6,020 Hz for the second, split by regular silent intervals of approximately 233–374 ms between calls. Morphological comparisons with other Allobates. The character states of compared species are shown in parenthesis. Allobates vicinus differs from its closest relative A. granti (Fig. 6) by (1) its brown legs (gray-blueish); (2) its dorsum with numerous and large tubercle (finely granular); (3) its hourglass darker pattern on a light brown coloured back (brick or reddish-brown, rarely with an hourglass pattern); (4) by its dark brown lateral band, in life and preservative (uniformly black, exceptionally dark brown); (5) by its call consisting of two notes with distinct maximum dominant frequencies DMxF1–2: 190–347 Hz (very similar values between the two notes DMxF1–2: -44–90 Hz in A. granti) (Fig. 3D) and longer intervals between calls SC: 233–374 ms (151–202 ms in A. granti) (Fig. 4). See below the comparison with the other species of Allobates occurring in the Guiana region. According to the literature Allobates vicinus differs from A. sumtuosus (Morales 2002; Kok & Ernst 2007; Sim&imath;es et al. 2013) by (1) its throat uniformly covered with melanophores in males (melanophores restricted to tip and sides of chin in A. sumtuosus males); (2) the presence of transverse dark brown marks on thigh, shank and tarsus (absent or brown irregular spots); (3) its call consisting of pairs of notes (3.9– 5.9 s long trills of 23–35 single notes) with dominant frequency of 5,422 –6,020 Hz (vs. 6,172 –6,480 Hz). According to the literature Allobates vicinus differs from A. amissibilis Kok, H ̂lting, and Ernst, 2013 by (1) its belly coloration in life clearly sexually dimorphic being white in male, yellow in females, (cream to yellow in both sexes); (2) its oblique lateral stripe inconspicuous, not reaching midbody length (diffuse broad area extending from groin to about midbody length); (3) its calls consisting of pairs of notes (0.03– 7.98 s long series of 1–19 single notes). Description of the holotype. An adult male 15.5 mm SVL (Fig. 5; Table 1) in good condition, with a few superficial scars on dorsum and a large incision in the abdomen for tissue sample; body slender; head as wide as long (HL/ HW= 1.0); head length 33.4 % of SVL; snout broadly subacuminate in dorsal view, acutely rounded in lateral view, extending past lower jaw. Nares located laterally, opening posterolaterally; canthus rostralis concave, loreal region slightly concave, slightly flaring at upper lip; internarial distance 40.1 % of head width (IN/HW); eye-naris distance 29.8 % of head length (EN/HL); 77.0 % of eye length (EN/ED). Tympanum subcircular, directed posterolaterally, 45.0 % of eye length (TD/ED); supratympanic fold absent, supratympanic area slightly concave; tympanic annulus visible anteroventrally, posterodorsal aspect of tympanum barely visible. Tongue attached anteriorly, broadly rounded posteriorly, longer than wide, median lingual process absent. Choanae very small, subcircular, lateral. Vocal slits long, lateral. Very small teeth present on maxillary and premaxillary, dentigerous process of vomers absent. Cloacal tubercles absent; vent at level of upper thighs, a small anal flap above it. Skin granular on dorsum, granules weakest on head, with scattered larger granules becoming denser posteriorly, more easily visible in life; one distinctly enlarged tubercle on each eyelid; belly smooth. Forelimb slender, skin smooth; metacarpal ridge absent; ulnar fold absent; hand length 22.2 % of SVL; Finger I longer than II when fingers adpressed; fingers unwebbed, preaxial edge of Finger III slightly swollen; tip of Finger IV not reaching distal subarticular tubercle on Finger III when fingers adpressed; terminal discs weakly expanded, slightly wider than long; width of disc on Finger III 0.38 mm; discs with distinct dorsal scutes. Relative lengths of adpressed fingers III>I> II> IV; palmar tubercle large, ovoid, 0.65 mm in its largest diameter, 18.9 % of hand length, periphery pigmented; thenar tubercle conspicuous but not protuberant, ovoid, anterior periphery pigmented, about a quarter the size of the palmar tubercle and narrowly separated from it. One subarticular tubercle on Fingers I, II, and IV; two subarticular tubercles on Finger III; subarticular tubercles on Finger I and II subequal and largest, distal tubercle on Finger III smallest (Fig. 5). Hindlimb robust, skin granular; thigh length 42.9 % of SVL; tibia length 45.9 % of SVL; heels overlapping when hindlimbs are flexed at right angles to sagittal plane of body; foot length 40.2 % of SVL; relative length of adpressed toes IV> III> V> II> I; Toe I very short, its tip reaching the base of the subarticular tubercle on Toe II when toes are adpressed; discs on Toes II, III, IV, and V larger than width of distal phalanges; disc on Toe I equal to width of distal phalanx. Width of disc on Toe IV 0.60 mm; rudimentary webbing present only between Toes III–IV, webbing not pigmented; lateral fringes inconspicuous. Inner metatarsal tubercle oval, 0.40 mm in length, distal portion pigmented, outer metatarsal tubercle round, projecting, 0.32 mm in diameter. Three subarticular tubercles on Toe IV, two subarticular tubercles on Toes III and V, and one on Toes I and II. Subarticular tubercles on Toes I and II largest; distal and basal subarticular tubercles on Toe IV smallest. Metatarsal fold absent. Tarsal keel well defined, short, tubercle like, directed transversely across tarsus, located 0.90 mm from proximal edge of inner metatarsal tubercle, not extending from it (Fig. 5). Color of holotype in life. Color in life of the holotype is shown in Fig. 5. Dorsal coloration is brown with a dark brown diffuse hourglass pattern from the scapular region to the urostyle; laterally a wide dark brown (almost black) band from tip of snout to around the body and above the vent, as wide as the eye at the level of its posterior edge; inconspicuous dorsolateral stripe above this band. The upper surface of tympanum is black, the lower surface white. The oblique lateral stripe embedded in the dark brown band consists of a diffuse lighter area extending from the groin to about one-third of the distance to the arm insertion. Flanks are creamish white below the lateral dark brown band forming a ventrolateral stripe extending ventrally along flanks. Upper lip is creamish white. Throat is gray entirely covered with scattered melanophores. Belly is immaculate creamish white anteriorly with tiny scattered melanophores and yellowish posteriorly without melanophores. Forelimbs are light reddish with a dark brown line on the posterior surface of forearms from elbow to wrist. A black blotch is present on the dorsal side of wrists. Upper surfaces of thighs and shanks are dark brown with inconspicuous black bands and blotches. A pale comma-shape paracloacal mark is present. Digits are dark gray with a few white dots. Fingers are dark gray with a few small white shaped dots. The iris is copper. Color of the holotype in preservative. After six years in preservative (70% ethanol), the colors of the specimen have faded. The dorsum is light brown; the lateral band is dark brown and the diffuse oblique lateral stripe is barely distinguishable. Flanks, belly, and upper lips are immaculate white. Throat is white; the melanophores are visible. Upper surface of thighs is brown with dark brown blotch or dark brown band. The pale paracloacal mark is still visible. Forelimbs are white. Fingers and digits are light brown. Variation in the type series. Apart from sexual dimorphism and dichromatism (males are slightly smaller than females and the ventral surface of females in life is bright yellow and without melanophores), most of the specimens have a clear dark brown dorsal hourglass pattern, although in a few specimens the pattern is only diffused (holotype) or reduced to irregular blotches (MNHN-RA-2022.0068; Fig 6). The dorsal surface of legs varies in coloration from dark grey to light brown with more or less conspicuous dark brown bands and blotches. The ventrolateral stripe is interrupted in some individuals (MNHN-RA-2022.0070; Fig 6) and does not extend ventrally in most females (MNHN-RA-2022.0068; Fig 6). Ventral surface is posteriorly immaculate white to yellow. Advertisement call. The call consists of pairs of high pitched notes and is emitted regularly (without clear clusters) every 295 ms (233–374 ms) and sounds like a cricket chirp. The two notes within a call are spaced by 34 ms (30–39 ms) with the first note being shorter 24 ms (13–31 ms) than the second one 34 ms (27–43 ms). These notes have an upward frequency modulation, i.e. the first note varies from 5,422 –5,785 Hz as dominant frequency (DF1) and second note varies from 5,586 –6,020 Hz (DF2) but differs more clearly in maximum frequencies (190– 247 Hz) (DMxF1–2). The maximum frequency of the first note is lower (5,635 –6,035 Hz) than of the second note (5,869 –6,275 Hz) (Fig. 3a). Natural history and distribution. It is a diurnal and terrestrial species inhabiting the leaf litter of mature forest on moderate hills and massifs. It is particularly abundant along the slopes of swampy streams where the males transport the tadpoles to complete their development. Allobates vicinus probably has a breeding ecology similar to its sister species A. granti, where the tadpoles are deposited in small collections of water formed along swampy streams and at the base of trees or by the stems of fallen palms. This species can also be observed far from any permanent water body. Males are territorial and defend territories of a few square meters throughout the rainy season. When an intruder approaches, the occupant emits a vocalization distinct from the usual advertisement call. The calling activity is concentrated in the morning between 7 and 10 am and at the end of the afternoon between 4 and 7 pm. One male can keep several clutches during the same period and could be replaced by the female for guarding of the eggs as well as transport to a water body. The species described herein is known from seven localities in Suriname; three from which type material is included: Voltzberg, Nassau, and Bakhuis mountains; and four more from molecular data: Lely mountain, Brownsberg, Raleighvallen and the Gros Rosebel area. The range of Allobates vicinus probably extends throughout the forested area of Suriname. However, it reaches its eastern boundaries along the Maroni River. Southward, A. vicinus may enter in contact with the third related lineage remaining unnamed (A. aff. granti 2) and with A. sumtuosus. A similar pattern of distribution and degree of molecular divergence between A. granti and A. vicinus was recently described in Pristimantis grandoculis from Suriname and its sister undescribed species (P. sp. “Guianas” East) from French Guiana, although the lack of phenotypic divergence advocates to consider the French Guiana populations as conspecific (Fouquet et al. 2022). There are also many other examples of species that similarly display pronounced genetic divergence across the Maroni River (Fouquet et al. 2012).

Allobates ripicolus sp. nov. Colostethus aff. marchesianus Vences et al. 2003 Allobates granti Fouquet et al. 2007 Allobates spumaponens Avila-Pires et al. 2010 Allobates sp. Saul Fouquet et al. 2012 Allobates sp. gr. trilineatus Fouquet et al. 2015a Allobates aff. tapajos 4 Vacher et al. 2020 Allobates aff. tapajos 2 Réjaud et al. 2020 Allobates aff. tapajos Moraes and Lima 2021 Allobates tapajos Clade D Ferr„o et al. 2022 Holotype. MNHN-RA-2022.0095 (field n° APA-973-1-AF2828), an adult male from Mitaraka, French Guiana (2.23577 N 54.44928 W, 300 m asl), collected by A. Fouquet and M. Dewynter on 01/03/2015 (Fig. 7). Paratopotypes. Two adults: MNHN-RA-2022.0094 and 0096 (field n° APA-973-1-AF2789 and APA-973-1- AF2855), two females collected with the holotype. Paratypes. Sixteen adults: MNHN-RA-2022.0081 (field n° AF1048), a male from Gros Arbres, Saul, French Guiana (3.62573 N 53.28052 W, 220 m asl), collected by A. Fouquet, K. Pineau, E. Courtois, B. Villette and C. Bedeau on 16/03/2013; MNHN-RA-2022.0083–84 (field n° AF1658; AF1686), two males from Crique Limonade, Saul, French Guiana (3.56311 N 53.19083 W, 280 m asl), collected by A. Fouquet, E. Courtois and J.P. Vacher on 23/02/2014; MNHN-RA-2022.0085 (field n° AF1905), a male, and MNHN-RA-2022.0086 (field n° AF1907), a female from Flat de la Waki, French Guiana (3.0835 N 53.41257 W, 180 m asl), collected by J.P. Vacher on 05/04/2014; MNHN-RA-2022.0092–93; 0088–89 (field n° AF2072–3; AF2216; AF2218), four males and MNHN-RA-2022.0087; 0090–91 (field n° AF1962; AF2276; AF2290), three females from Sipaliwini, Suriname (2.03253 N 56.11449 W, 280 m asl), collected by A. Fouquet and J.P. Vacher on 25/04/2014; MNHN-RA-2022.0097 (field n° AF3221), a male from Mitan, French Guiana (2.62840 N 52.55404 W, 100 m asl) collected by A. Fouquet and P. Nunes on 26/03/2015; MNHN-RA-2022.0098 (field n° AF3587), a male from Itoupé, French Guiana (3.02647 N 53.07983 W, 800 m asl), collected by A. Fouquet, E. Courtois, B. Villette and M. Dewynter on 07/01/2016; MNHN-RA-2022.0100 (field n° AF5397), a male from Camp Saut Richard, French Guiana (3.47363 N 53.20857 W, 200 m asl), collected by E. Courtois and M. Dewynter on 03/05/2019; MNHN-RA-2022.0099 (field n° AF5476), a male from Trois-Saut, French Guiana (2.19689 N 52.90168 W, 180 m asl), collected by E. Courtois and M. Dewynter on 28/04/2019. Etymology. The specific epithet “ripicolus” is derived from a Latin word which means river banks, referring to the ecology of the species that is generally found nearby mid-sized rivers, on the ground of the frequently flooded major bed. Generic placement. The new species is assigned unambiguously to the genus Allobates because the tip of finger IV does not reach the distal subarticular tubercle of finger III, toe IV with basal webbing and lateral fringe on its preaxial side, pale paracloacal marks (characters 5, 43 and 50 of Grant et al. 2017), respectively) and its phylogenetic relationship as assessed by molecular data. Definition. A small species of cryptically-colored Allobates. (1) Mean SVL of males 15.8 mm (range 15.0– 16.4 mm); mean SVL of females 16.4 mm (range 15.5–16.8 mm); (2) In life, dorsal surface of snout light brown, same color extending posteriorly until eye level; dorsum light brown laterally, with diffuse dark brown blotches scattered from interorbital region to urostyle region; background color of dorsal surfaces of legs light brown to gray; conspicuous diffuse transverse bands or blotches of a darker brown color present across dorsal surfaces of thigh (on its proximal region), shank (at mid-level) and foot (at mid-level); posterior surface of thigh and groin dark brown; (3) skin texture of dorsum granular, with larger granules on the posterior half of dorsum and legs; (4) lateral dark brown band with diffuse upper and lower edges particularly on posterior parts; (5) pale ill-defined dorsolateral stripe only reaching midbody; (6) oblique lateral stripe inconspicuous reaching midbody, reduced to a paler inguinal region within the lateral dark brown band; (7) cream ventrolateral stripe present, extending from the inguinal region to the snout, at times interrupted; (8) pale paracloacal mark present; (9) throat and chest of males white in preserved specimens, yellow in life, with melanophores concentrated on the posterior half of the throat; (10) abdominal surfaces white centrally, yellow towards the flanks in live males; (11) throat translucent without any melanophores, chest and abdomen uniformly white in preserved and live females; (12) dark throat collar absent; (13) iris is metallic gold, without a pupil ring; (14) median lingual process absent; (15) vocal sac distinct, subgular; (16) maxillary teeth present; (17) third phalanx of Finger III slightly swollen preaxially in males; (18) distal tubercle absent on Finger IV; (19) tip of Finger IV not reaching the distal subarticular tubercle of Finger III; (20) tip of Finger II reaching the base of distal subarticular tubercle of Finger III; (21) terminal discs clearly expanded; (22) basal webbing present between Toes III and IV; (23) weak lateral fringes preaxially on Toe II and III; (24) Toe I very short, its tip not reaching the base of the subarticular tubercle on Toe II; (25) mature oocytes pigmented; (26) diurnal habits, males calling in daytime; (27) advertisement calls characterized by the continuous emission of single notes; notes with ascending frequency modulation and dominant frequencies between 5,519 –6,072 Hz, split by regular silent intervals of approximately 391 to 686 ms between calls. Morphological comparisons with other Allobates. The character states of compared species are shown in parenthesis. Allobates ripicolus differs from A. granti and A. vicinus, the two other co-occurring species of cryptically colored Allobates in the eastern Guiana Shield by (1) its dark brown lateral band with diffuse edges and not as wide as the eye (lateral band as wide as the eye with sharp edges, black in A. granti and dark brown in A. vicinus); (2) its longer feet but small arms FL/FAL= 44–45% (46–49% in A. granti and A. vicinus); (3) the presence of melanophores concentrated on the posterior half of throat in males and yellow throat in life, females with white ventral surface (from chin to mid-belly and translucent throat, females ventral surface yellow); (4) its single-note call (two-notes call). Allobates ripicolus differs from the closely related A. tapajos occurring south of the Amazon River by (1) the absence of basal webbing between Toes II and III (present); (2) the presence of melanophores concentrated on the posterior half of throat (no melanophores); (3) its cream ventrolateral stripe continuous or interrupted (absent); (4) its call composed exclusively by a single note (usually composed of two notes [73% of calls], less frequently of one note [23% of calls] and rarely three notes [4% of calls]; Lima et al. (2005)) (Fig. 4). Allobates ripicolus differs from the closely related A. kamilae by (1) its throat entirely translucent without melanophores in femals (yellowish anteriorly with melanophores) (Fig. 7,8); (2) its Finger III slightly swollen preaxially in males (Finger III not swollen); (3) its call composed exclusively of a single note (frequently 2–5 notes and rarely 6–17 notes per call) (Fig. 4). Allobates ripicolus differs from A. sumtuosus by (1) the presence of diffuse irregular dark brown blotches scattered on dorsum from eye level to urostyle region (dorsum uniformly brown); (2) its throat and chest yellow with melanophores concentrated on the posterior half of throat in males (white translucent uniformly covered with melanophores only in the throat margins); (3) its single note call with dominant frequency 5,519 –6,072 Hz (call consisting of a trill of 23–35 notes and dominant frequency 6,172 –6,480 Hz). Allobates ripicolus differs from A. amissibilis by (1) the presence of diffuse irregular dark brown blotches scattered on dorsum from eye level to urostyle region (dorsum uniformly brown); (2) its throat and chest yellow with melanophores concentrated on the posterior half of throat in males (white translucent uniformly covered with melanophores); (3) its single note call (call consisting of a trill of 1–19 notes). Description of the holotype. An adult male 16.2 mm SVL (Fig. 7; Table 1) in good condition, with a few superficial scars on dorsum and snout and a large incision in the abdomen for tissue sample; body slender; head slightly longer than wide (HL/HW=1.05); head length 33.0 % of SVL; snout broadly rounded in dorsal view, acutely rounded in lateral view, extending past lower jaw. Nares located laterally, opening posterolaterally; canthus rostralis concave, loreal region slightly concave, flaring slightly at upper lip; internarial distance 41.2 % of head width (IN/HW); eye-naris distance distance 28.2 % of head length (EN/HL); 79.5 % of eye length (EN/ED). Tympanum sub circular, directed posterolaterally, 54.2 % of eye length (TD/ED); supratympanic fold absent, supratympanic area slightly concave; tympanic annulus visible anteroventrally, posterodorsal aspect of tympanum barely visible. Tongue attached anteriorly, broadly rounded posteriorly, longer than wide, median lingual process absent. Choanae very small, sub circular, lateral. Vocal slits long, lateral. Very small teeth present on maxillary and premaxillary, dentigerous process of vomers absent. Cloacal tubercles absent; vent at level of upper thighs, a small anal flap above it.Skin granular on dorsum, granules weakest on head, with scattered larger granules becoming denser posteriorly, more easily visible in life; one distinctly enlarged tubercle on each eyelid; belly smooth. Forelimb slender, skin smooth; metacarpal ridge absent; ulnar fold absent; hand length 23.3 % of SVL; Finger I as long as II when fingers adpressed; fingers unwebbed, proximal edge of Finger III conspicuously swollen; tip of Finger IV not reaching distal subarticular tubercle on Finger III when fingers adpressed; terminal discs clearly expanded, discs of Fingers III and IV widest; width of disc on Finger III 0.44 mm; discs with distinct dorsal scutes. Relative lengths of adpressed fingers III>I =II> IV; palmar tubercle large, ovoid, 0.67 mm in its largest diameter, 17.7 % of hand length, periphery pigmented; thenar tubercle conspicuous but not protuberant, ovoid, periphery pigmented, about a third the size of the palmar tubercle and largely separated from it. One subarticular tubercle on Fingers I, II, and IV; two subarticular tubercles on Finger III; subarticular tubercles on Finger I largest, distal tubercle on Finger III smallest (Fig. 7). Hindlimb robust, skin granular; thigh length 44.8 % of SVL; tibia length 48.9 % of SVL; heels overlapping when hindlimbs are flexed at right angles to sagittal plane of body; foot length 46.0 % of SVL; relative length of adpressed toes IV> III> V> II> I; Toe I very short, its tip not reaching the base of the subarticular tubercle on Toe II when toes are adpressed; discs on Toes II, III, IV, and V larger than width of distal phalanges; disc on Toe I equal to width of distal phalanx. Width of disc on Toe IV 0.55 mm; basal webbing present only between Toes III–IV, posteriorly pigmented; weak lateral fringes preaxially on Toe III and IV. Inner metatarsal tubercle oval, 0.40 mm in length, periphery pigmented, outer metatarsal tubercle round, projecting, 0.33 mm in diameter. Two subarticular tubercles present on Toes III, IV and V, and one on Toes I and II, basal tubercle of Toe IV barely visible on the right toe and very small (about 0.05 mm) and located postaxially on the left one. Subarticular tubercles on Toe I largest; distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV smallest. Metatarsal fold absent. Tarsal keel well-defined, short, tubercle-like, directed transversely across tarsus, located 0.62 mm from proximal edge of inner metatarsal tubercle, not extending from it (Fig. 7). Color of holotype in life. Color in life of the holotype is shown in Fig. 7. Dorsal coloration medium brown with dark brown scapular region and diffuse dark brown blotches on dorsum; dorsum light brown laterally from eye level to midbody forming an ill-defined dorsolateral band; laterally a wide dark-brown band from tip of snout around the body to the groin with ill-defined boundaries posterodorsally. The oblique lateral stripe embedded in the black band consists of a diffuse lighter area extending from the groin to about two-third of the distance to the arm insertion. Flanks are creamish white below the lateral dark brown band forming an interrupted ventrolateral stripe extending ventrally along flanks. Upper lip is creamish white. Throat is yellow with scattered tiny melanophores particularly concentrated on the posterior half. Belly is immaculate creamish with scattered tiny melanophores. Upper surfaces of thighs and shanks are brown with ill-defined dark brown transverse bands or blotches. A pale paracloacal mark is present. Forelimbs are reddish anterodorsally and dark gray on the posterior surface of forearms from elbow to wrist. A gray blotch is present on the wrists. Digits are dark gray with a few white dots. The upper surface of tympanum is black, the lower surface white. The iris is copper. Color of holotype in preservative. After seven years in 70 % ethanol, colors of the specimen have faded, the dorsum is light brown; the lateral band is dark brown and the diffuse oblique lateral stripe is barely distinguishable. Flanks, belly, and upper lips are immaculate white. Throat is white; the melanophores are visible. Upper surface of thighs and shanks are brown with dark brown blotches and dark brown bands. The pale paracloacal mark is still visible. Forelimbs are white. Fingers and digits are light brown. (Fig. 7). Variation in the type series. Apart from sexual dimorphism and dichromatism (males are slightly smaller than females and throat of females is translucent white and without melanophores), there is considerable variation in size, conspicuousness and distribution of dark brown blotches on dorsum and legs (Fig 8). The dorsal surface of legs varies in coloration from dark gray to light brown with more or less conspicuous dark brown bands and blotches. The ventrolateral stripe is continuous (MNHN-RA-2022.0081) or interrupted in some individuals (MNHN-RA-2022.0086; Fig 8). Ventral surface is immaculate white to yellowish. Advertisement call. The call consists of a single high pitched note emitted regularly every 550 ms (391–686 ms) and lasting 37 ms (26–45 ms). These notes have an upward frequency modulation, with a dominant frequency about 5,770 Hz (5,519 –6,072 Hz), and a minimum starting frequency of about 5,250 Hz (4,914 –5,745 Hz) and as maximum ending frequency of about 6,090 Hz (5,875 –6,465 Hz), which represents a 463 Hz (352–613 Hz) difference (MxF1-MiF1) (Fig 4a). Natural history and distribution. Allobates ripicolus is generally associated with the temporary flooded banks of medium-sized rivers where males form patches of two to three individuals. But it is also found on bauxite plateaus such as Itoupé, where individuals were found around a temporary pond at 800 m. Males are territorial and call mainly in the morning and late afternoon. Two egg clutches were found in Sipaliwini (Suriname). They were deposited within folded dead leaves of Cecropia spp. One was very recent and contained 18 eggs (Fig 7). The male was calling 40 cm from it. The second one was cloudy and contained 37 well developed embryos, possibly in fact corresponding to two different clutches. The tadpoles are probably carried to a nearby water body by the male. Allobates ripicolus occupies the southern half of French Guiana (Saul, upper Oyapock, Itoupé, Mitaraka) and is absent from the northern half. It also occurs in the west of Amapá (Brazil), the south of Suriname and the north of Pará (Brazil). It is therefore an endemic species of the eastern part of the Guiana region. Its distribution is similar to that of Rhinella aff. magnussoni which also has its sister species south of the Amazon River, Brazil (Vacher et al. 2020).

Fouquet, Antoine, Ferrão, Miquéias, Jairam, Rawien (2023): Two new species of Allobates of the trilineatus clade (Anura: Aromobatidae) from the Eastern Guiana Shield. Zootaxa 5297 (4): 533-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5297.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5297.4.4

Allobates vicinus sp. nov. Allobates granti Fouquet et al. 2007; 2012; Vacher et al. 2020; Grant et al. 2017 Allobates cf. granti Fouquet et al. 2015a Allobates aff. granti Réjaud et al. 2020 Holotype. MNHN-RA-2022.0079 (field n° AF3771), an adult male from Voltzberg, Suriname (4.68169 N 56.18568 W, 100 m asl) collected by A. Fouquet and R. Jairam on 25/01/2016 (Fig. 5). Paratopotypes. two adults: NZCSA1181 (field n° AF3777) a male and MNHN-RA-2022.0080 (field n° AF3805), a female collected with the holotype. Paratypes. Twelve adults: MNHN-RA-2022.0070–74 (field n° AF2476; AF2479; AF2510; AF2513; AF2515), five males and MNHN-RA-2022.0067–68 (field n° AF2416; AF2421; AF2474), three females from Nassau, Suriname (4.80262 N 54.61502 W, 580 m asl) collected by A. Fouquet and R. Jairam on 20/12/2014; MNHN-RA-2022.0075–78 (field n° AF3428–9; AF3431; AF3436), four males from Bakhuis, Suriname (4.70646 N 56.77943 W, 340 m asl) collected by A. Fouquet and R. Jairam on 05/01/2015. Etymology. The specific epithet “vicinus” is a latin word that means “neighbor”, referring to the two sister species A. granti in French Guiana and A. vicinus sp. nov. in Suriname facing each other on each side of the Maroni River. Generic placement. The new species is assigned unambiguously to the genus Allobates because the tip of finger IV does not reach the distal subarticular tubercle of finger III, toe IV with basal webbing and lateral fringe on its preaxial side, pale paracloacal marks (characters 5, 43 and 50 of Grant et al. 2017, respectively) and its phylogenetic relationship as assessed by molecular data. Definition. A small species of cryptically-colored Allobates. (1) Mean SVL of males 15.5 mm (range 14.6–16.5 mm); mean SVL of females 16.6 mm (range 16.0– 17.1 mm); (2) In life, dorsal surface light brown with diffuse dark brown irregular blotches often forming an hourglass pattern and sometimes only scattered from interorbital to urostyle region; background color of dorsal surfaces of legs light brown to gray; diffuse, transverse dark brown bands present across dorsal surfaces of thigh (on its proximal region), irregular bands on shank (at mid-level), tarsus and foot (at mid-level); posterior surface of thigh and groin dark brown; (3) skin texture of dorsum granular, with numerous and large tubercles scattered throughout dorsum, more abundant on the posterior half and legs; (4) lateral dark brown band with sharp upper and lower edge, as large as the posterior edge of the eye; (5) pale dorsolateral stripe poorly delimited dorsally by the hourglass pattern and sharply delimited ventrally by the dark brown colouration of the flanks; (6) oblique lateral stripe inconspicuous not reaching midbody length reduced to inguinal region of the lateral dark brown band; (7) pale ventrolateral stripe present only in live specimens, extending from the inguinal region to the snout, sometimes interrupted and irregular forming a marbled pattern extending ventrally; (8) white or cream comma-shape paracloacal mark; (9) throat and chest of males cream in preserved specimens, translucent in life, with uniformly distributed melanophores from the chin to the anterior half of the abdomen; (10) abdominal surfaces white centrally, yellow towards the flanks and ventral surface of legs in live males; (11) throat, chest and abdomen uniformly white in preserved specimens and bright yellow in live females, without any melanophores; (12) dark throat collar absent; (13) iris metallic copper, without a pupil ring; (14) median lingual process absent; (15) vocal sac distinct, subgular; (16) maxillary teeth present; (17) third phalanx of Finger III slightly swollen preaxially in males; (18) distal tubercle absent on Finger IV; (19) tip of Finger IV not reaching the distal subarticular tubercle of Finger III; (20) tip of Finger II reaching the distal edge of distal subarticular tubercle of Finger III; (21) terminal discs weakly expanded; (22) rudimentary basal webbing present between Toes III and IV; (23) fringes on toes inconspicuous; (24) Toe I very short, its tip reaching the base of the subarticular tubercle on Toe II; (25) mature oocytes pigmented; (26) diurnal habits, males calling in daytime; (27) advertisement calls characterized by the continuous emission of note pairs; notes with ascending frequency modulation with dominant frequencies between 5,422 –5,785 Hz for the first note and 5,586 –6,020 Hz for the second, split by regular silent intervals of approximately 233–374 ms between calls. Morphological comparisons with other Allobates. The character states of compared species are shown in parenthesis. Allobates vicinus differs from its closest relative A. granti (Fig. 6) by (1) its brown legs (gray-blueish); (2) its dorsum with numerous and large tubercle (finely granular); (3) its hourglass darker pattern on a light brown coloured back (brick or reddish-brown, rarely with an hourglass pattern); (4) by its dark brown lateral band, in life and preservative (uniformly black, exceptionally dark brown); (5) by its call consisting of two notes with distinct maximum dominant frequencies DMxF1–2: 190–347 Hz (very similar values between the two notes DMxF1–2: -44–90 Hz in A. granti) (Fig. 3D) and longer intervals between calls SC: 233–374 ms (151–202 ms in A. granti) (Fig. 4). See below the comparison with the other species of Allobates occurring in the Guiana region. According to the literature Allobates vicinus differs from A. sumtuosus (Morales 2002; Kok & Ernst 2007; Sim&imath;es et al. 2013) by (1) its throat uniformly covered with melanophores in males (melanophores restricted to tip and sides of chin in A. sumtuosus males); (2) the presence of transverse dark brown marks on thigh, shank and tarsus (absent or brown irregular spots); (3) its call consisting of pairs of notes (3.9– 5.9 s long trills of 23–35 single notes) with dominant frequency of 5,422 –6,020 Hz (vs. 6,172 –6,480 Hz). According to the literature Allobates vicinus differs from A. amissibilis Kok, H ̂lting, and Ernst, 2013 by (1) its belly coloration in life clearly sexually dimorphic being white in male, yellow in females, (cream to yellow in both sexes); (2) its oblique lateral stripe inconspicuous, not reaching midbody length (diffuse broad area extending from groin to about midbody length); (3) its calls consisting of pairs of notes (0.03– 7.98 s long series of 1–19 single notes). Description of the holotype. An adult male 15.5 mm SVL (Fig. 5; Table 1) in good condition, with a few superficial scars on dorsum and a large incision in the abdomen for tissue sample; body slender; head as wide as long (HL/ HW= 1.0); head length 33.4 % of SVL; snout broadly subacuminate in dorsal view, acutely rounded in lateral view, extending past lower jaw. Nares located laterally, opening posterolaterally; canthus rostralis concave, loreal region slightly concave, slightly flaring at upper lip; internarial distance 40.1 % of head width (IN/HW); eye-naris distance 29.8 % of head length (EN/HL); 77.0 % of eye length (EN/ED). Tympanum subcircular, directed posterolaterally, 45.0 % of eye length (TD/ED); supratympanic fold absent, supratympanic area slightly concave; tympanic annulus visible anteroventrally, posterodorsal aspect of tympanum barely visible. Tongue attached anteriorly, broadly rounded posteriorly, longer than wide, median lingual process absent. Choanae very small, subcircular, lateral. Vocal slits long, lateral. Very small teeth present on maxillary and premaxillary, dentigerous process of vomers absent. Cloacal tubercles absent; vent at level of upper thighs, a small anal flap above it. Skin granular on dorsum, granules weakest on head, with scattered larger granules becoming denser posteriorly, more easily visible in life; one distinctly enlarged tubercle on each eyelid; belly smooth. Forelimb slender, skin smooth; metacarpal ridge absent; ulnar fold absent; hand length 22.2 % of SVL; Finger I longer than II when fingers adpressed; fingers unwebbed, preaxial edge of Finger III slightly swollen; tip of Finger IV not reaching distal subarticular tubercle on Finger III when fingers adpressed; terminal discs weakly expanded, slightly wider than long; width of disc on Finger III 0.38 mm; discs with distinct dorsal scutes. Relative lengths of adpressed fingers III>I> II> IV; palmar tubercle large, ovoid, 0.65 mm in its largest diameter, 18.9 % of hand length, periphery pigmented; thenar tubercle conspicuous but not protuberant, ovoid, anterior periphery pigmented, about a quarter the size of the palmar tubercle and narrowly separated from it. One subarticular tubercle on Fingers I, II, and IV; two subarticular tubercles on Finger III; subarticular tubercles on Finger I and II subequal and largest, distal tubercle on Finger III smallest (Fig. 5). Hindlimb robust, skin granular; thigh length 42.9 % of SVL; tibia length 45.9 % of SVL; heels overlapping when hindlimbs are flexed at right angles to sagittal plane of body; foot length 40.2 % of SVL; relative length of adpressed toes IV> III> V> II> I; Toe I very short, its tip reaching the base of the subarticular tubercle on Toe II when toes are adpressed; discs on Toes II, III, IV, and V larger than width of distal phalanges; disc on Toe I equal to width of distal phalanx. Width of disc on Toe IV 0.60 mm; rudimentary webbing present only between Toes III–IV, webbing not pigmented; lateral fringes inconspicuous. Inner metatarsal tubercle oval, 0.40 mm in length, distal portion pigmented, outer metatarsal tubercle round, projecting, 0.32 mm in diameter. Three subarticular tubercles on Toe IV, two subarticular tubercles on Toes III and V, and one on Toes I and II. Subarticular tubercles on Toes I and II largest; distal and basal subarticular tubercles on Toe IV smallest. Metatarsal fold absent. Tarsal keel well defined, short, tubercle like, directed transversely across tarsus, located 0.90 mm from proximal edge of inner metatarsal tubercle, not extending from it (Fig. 5). Color of holotype in life. Color in life of the holotype is shown in Fig. 5. Dorsal coloration is brown with a dark brown diffuse hourglass pattern from the scapular region to the urostyle; laterally a wide dark brown (almost black) band from tip of snout to around the body and above the vent, as wide as the eye at the level of its posterior edge; inconspicuous dorsolateral stripe above this band. The upper surface of tympanum is black, the lower surface white. The oblique lateral stripe embedded in the dark brown band consists of a diffuse lighter area extending from the groin to about one-third of the distance to the arm insertion. Flanks are creamish white below the lateral dark brown band forming a ventrolateral stripe extending ventrally along flanks. Upper lip is creamish white. Throat is gray entirely covered with scattered melanophores. Belly is immaculate creamish white anteriorly with tiny scattered melanophores and yellowish posteriorly without melanophores. Forelimbs are light reddish with a dark brown line on the posterior surface of forearms from elbow to wrist. A black blotch is present on the dorsal side of wrists. Upper surfaces of thighs and shanks are dark brown with inconspicuous black bands and blotches. A pale comma-shape paracloacal mark is present. Digits are dark gray with a few white dots. Fingers are dark gray with a few small white shaped dots. The iris is copper. Color of the holotype in preservative. After six years in preservative (70% ethanol), the colors of the specimen have faded. The dorsum is light brown; the lateral band is dark brown and the diffuse oblique lateral stripe is barely distinguishable. Flanks, belly, and upper lips are immaculate white. Throat is white; the melanophores are visible. Upper surface of thighs is brown with dark brown blotch or dark brown band. The pale paracloacal mark is still visible. Forelimbs are white. Fingers and digits are light brown. Variation in the type series. Apart from sexual dimorphism and dichromatism (males are slightly smaller than females and the ventral surface of females in life is bright yellow and without melanophores), most of the specimens have a clear dark brown dorsal hourglass pattern, although in a few specimens the pattern is only diffused (holotype) or reduced to irregular blotches (MNHN-RA-2022.0068; Fig 6). The dorsal surface of legs varies in coloration from dark grey to light brown with more or less conspicuous dark brown bands and blotches. The ventrolateral stripe is interrupted in some individuals (MNHN-RA-2022.0070; Fig 6) and does not extend ventrally in most females (MNHN-RA-2022.0068; Fig 6). Ventral surface is posteriorly immaculate white to yellow. Advertisement call. The call consists of pairs of high pitched notes and is emitted regularly (without clear clusters) every 295 ms (233–374 ms) and sounds like a cricket chirp. The two notes within a call are spaced by 34 ms (30–39 ms) with the first note being shorter 24 ms (13–31 ms) than the second one 34 ms (27–43 ms). These notes have an upward frequency modulation, i.e. the first note varies from 5,422 –5,785 Hz as dominant frequency (DF1) and second note varies from 5,586 –6,020 Hz (DF2) but differs more clearly in maximum frequencies (190– 247 Hz) (DMxF1–2). The maximum frequency of the first note is lower (5,635 –6,035 Hz) than of the second note (5,869 –6,275 Hz) (Fig. 3a). Natural history and distribution. It is a diurnal and terrestrial species inhabiting the leaf litter of mature forest on moderate hills and massifs. It is particularly abundant along the slopes of swampy streams where the males transport the tadpoles to complete their development. Allobates vicinus probably has a breeding ecology similar to its sister species A. granti, where the tadpoles are deposited in small collections of water formed along swampy streams and at the base of trees or by the stems of fallen palms. This species can also be observed far from any permanent water body. Males are territorial and defend territories of a few square meters throughout the rainy season. When an intruder approaches, the occupant emits a vocalization distinct from the usual advertisement call. The calling activity is concentrated in the morning between 7 and 10 am and at the end of the afternoon between 4 and 7 pm. One male can keep several clutches during the same period and could be replaced by the female for guarding of the eggs as well as transport to a water body. The species described herein is known from seven localities in Suriname; three from which type material is included: Voltzberg, Nassau, and Bakhuis mountains; and four more from molecular data: Lely mountain, Brownsberg, Raleighvallen and the Gros Rosebel area. The range of Allobates vicinus probably extends throughout the forested area of Suriname. However, it reaches its eastern boundaries along the Maroni River. Southward, A. vicinus may enter in contact with the third related lineage remaining unnamed (A. aff. granti 2) and with A. sumtuosus. A similar pattern of distribution and degree of molecular divergence between A. granti and A. vicinus was recently described in Pristimantis grandoculis from Suriname and its sister undescribed species (P. sp. “Guianas” East) from French Guiana, although the lack of phenotypic divergence advocates to consider the French Guiana populations as conspecific (Fouquet et al. 2022). There are also many other examples of species that similarly display pronounced genetic divergence across the Maroni River (Fouquet et al. 2012)., Published as part of Fouquet, Antoine, Ferrão, Miquéias & Jairam, Rawien, 2023, Two new species of Allobates of the trilineatus clade (Anura: Aromobatidae) from the Eastern Guiana Shield, pp. 533-561 in Zootaxa 5297 (4) on pages 542-545, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5297.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/8009188, {"references":["Fouquet, A., Gilles, A., Vences, M., Marty, C., Blanc, M. & Gemmell, N. J. (2007) Underestimation of species richness in Neotropical frogs revealed by mtDNA analyses. PLoS ONE, 2 (10), e 1109. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0001109","Fouquet, A., Noonan, B. P., Rodrigues, M. T., Pech, N., Gilles, A. & Gemmell, N. J. (2012) Multiple quaternary refugia in the eastern Guiana Shield revealed by comparative phylogeography of 12 frog species. Systematic Biology, 61, 461 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syr 130","Vacher, J. P., Chave, J., Ficetola, F. G., Sommeria-Klein, G., Tao, S., Thebaud, C., Blanc, M., Camacho, A., Cassimiro, J., Colston, T. J., Dewynter, M., Ernst, R., Gaucher, P., Gomes, J. O., Jairam, R., Kok, P. J. R., Lima, J. D., Martinez, Q., Marty, C., Noonan, B. P., Nunes, P. M. S., Ouboter, P., Recoder, R., Rodrigues, M. T., Snyder, A., Marques-Souza, S. & Fouquet, A. (2020) Large scale DNA-based survey of frogs in Amazonia suggests a vast underestimation of species richness and endemism. Journal of Biogeography, 47, 1781 - 1791. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 13847","Grant, T., Rada, M., Anganoy-Criollo, M., Batista, A., Dias, P. H., Jeckel, A. M., Machado, D. J. & Rueda-Almonacid, J. V. (2017) Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives revisited (Anura: Dendrobatoidea). South American Journal of Herpetology, 12, 1 - 262. https: // doi. org / 10.2994 / SAJH-D- 17 - 00017.1","Fouquet, A., Vacher J. P., Kadosoe, V., Jairam, R. & Ouboter, P. (2015 a) Checklist of the Amphibians of the Sipaliwini area, Suriname. Herpetology Notes, 8, 63 - 68.","Rejaud, A., Rodrigues, M. T., Crawford, A. J., Castroviejo-Fisher, S., Jaramillo, A. F., Chaparro, J. C., Glaw, F., Gagliardi-Urrutia, G., Moravec, J., Ignacio, J., Perez, P., Lima, A. P., Werneck, F. P., Hrbek, T., Ron, S. R., Ernst, R., Kok, P. J. R., Driskell, A., Chave, J. & Fouquet A. (2020) Historical biogeography identifies a possible role of Miocene wetlands in the diversification of the Amazonian rocket frogs (Aromobatidae: Allobates). Journal of Biogeography, 47, 2472 - 2482. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 13937","Morales, V. R. (2002) Sistematica y biogeografia del grupo trilineatus (Amphibia, Anura, Dendrobatidae, Colostethus), con descripcion de once nuevas especies. Publicaciones de la Asociacion de Amigos de Donana, 13, 1 - 59.","Simies, P. I., Kaefer, I. L., Farias, I. P. & Lima, A. P. (2013) An integrative appraisal of the diagnosis and distribution of Allobates sumtuosus (Morales, 2002) (Anura, Aromobatidae). Zootaxa, 3746 (3), 401 - 421. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3746.3.1","Fouquet, A., Peloso, P., Jairam, R., Lima, A. P., Monico, A. T., Ernst, R. & Kok, P. J. R. (2022) Back from the deaf: Integrative taxonomy confirms a new species of Pristimantis Jimenez de la Espada, 1870 (Anura, Strabomantidae) endemic to the eastern Guiana Shield and revalidates Hylodes grandoculis van Lidth de Jeude, 1904. Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 22, 1065 - 1098. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13127 - 022 - 00564 - w"]}

Purpose:Clinical biomarkers to identify patients unlikely to benefit from CDK4/6 inhibition (CDK4/6i) in combination with endocrine therapy (ET) are lacking. We implemented a comprehensive circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis to identify genomic features for predicting and monitoring treatment resistance.Experimental Design:ctDNA was isolated from 216 plasma samples collected from 51 patients with hormone receptor–positive (HR+)/HER2-negative (HER2−) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) on a phase II trial of palbociclib combined with letrozole or fulvestrant (NCT03007979). Boosted whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed at baseline and clinical progression to evaluate genomic alterations, mutational signatures, and blood tumor mutational burden (bTMB). Low-pass whole-genome sequencing was performed at baseline and serial timepoints to assess blood copy-number burden (bCNB).Results:High bTMB and bCNB were associated with lack of clinical benefit and significantly shorter progression-free survival (PFS) compared with patients with low bTMB or low bCNB (all P < 0.05). Dominant APOBEC signatures were detected at baseline exclusively in cases with high bTMB (5/13, 38.5%) versus low bTMB (0/37, 0%; P = 0.0006). Alterations in ESR1 were enriched in samples with high bTMB (P = 0.0005). There was a high correlation between bTMB determined by WES and bTMB determined using a 600-gene panel (R = 0.98). During serial monitoring, an increase in bCNB score preceded radiographic progression in 12 of 18 (66.7%) patients.Conclusions:Genomic complexity detected by noninvasive profiling of bTMB and bCNB predicted poor outcomes in patients treated with ET and CDK4/6i and identified early disease progression before imaging. Novel treatment strategies including immunotherapy-based combinations should be investigated in this population.

Gene alterations associated with shorter PFS.

Supplementary Methods

PredicineATLAS gene panel.

DNA sequencing data summary.

Patient demographics.

As there is an increase in the usage of digital applications, the availability of data generated has increased to a tremendous scale. Data is an important component in almost every domain where research and analysis are required to solve the problems. It is available in a structured or unstructured format. Therefore, in order to get corresponding data as per the application's purpose, easily and quickly from different sources of data on the internet, an online content summarizer is desired. Summarizers makes it easier for users to understand the content without reading it completely. Abstractive Text Summarizer helps in defining the content by considering the important words and helps in creating summaries that are in a human-readable format. The main aim is to make summaries in such a way that it should not lose its context. Various Neural Network models are employed along with other machine translation models to bring about a concise summary generation.

Adapting a dynamic load dissemination system for distributed computing pasture has become a hot spot problem of current research. In the instance of overloaded VM’s or node failure, the associated resources face difficult to determine which VM should be selected for load exchanging and/or how many VM’s should migrate to manage load imbalance. This work, introduces a Hierarchical Adaptive Push-Pull system for disseminating dynamic workload and live migration of VM’s among resources in the Cloud. Adhering to the Adaptive Push-Pull, Cloud Resources frequently pull’s the workload or through VM Managers based on load dynamics. In contrast, status information pertaining to Cloud Resources maintained by the Cloud Resource Managers that possess push capability to push the workload only to those VM’s which are capable enough to receive additional load. These two practices contain balancing possessions through efficient load management complications and simulation result addresses reduced load deviation and scalable resources utilization.

The therapeutic options for patients with noninvasive or invasive breast cancer are complex and varied. These NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines for Breast Cancer include recommendations for clinical management of patients with carcinoma in situ, invasive breast cancer, Paget disease, phyllodes tumor, inflammatory breast cancer, and management of breast cancer during pregnancy. The content featured in this issue focuses on the recommendations for overall management of ductal carcinoma in situ and the workup and locoregional management of early stage invasive breast cancer. For the full version of the NCCN Guidelines for Breast Cancer, visitNCCN.org.

Background Estimates of the relative contribution of different pathogens to all-cause diarrhoea mortality are needed to inform global diarrhoea burden models and prioritize interventions. We aimed to investigate and estimate heterogeneity in the case fatality risk (CFR) of different diarrhoeal pathogens. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that reported cases and deaths for 15 enteric pathogens published between 1990 and 2019. The primary outcome was the pathogen-specific CFR stratified by age group, country-specific under-5 mortality rate, setting, study year and rotavirus vaccine introduction status. We developed fixed-effects and multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression models to estimate the pooled CFR overall and for each pathogen, controlling for potential predictors of heterogeneity. Results A total of 416 studies met review criteria and were included in the analysis. The overall crude CFR for all pathogens was 0.65%, but there was considerable heterogeneity between and within studies. The overall CFR estimated from a random-effects model was 0.04% (95% CI: 0.026%–0.062%), whereas the pathogen-specific CFR estimates ranged from 0% to 2.7%. When pathogens were included as predictors of the CFR in the overall model, the highest and lowest odds ratios were found for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) [odds ratio (OR) = 3.0, 95% CI: 1.28–7.07] and rotavirus (OR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.13–0.39), respectively. Conclusion We provide comprehensive estimates of the CFR across different diarrhoeal pathogens and highlight pathogens for which more studies are needed. The results motivate the need for diarrhoeal interventions and could help prioritize pathogens for vaccine development.

Bela Shah,1 Deval Mistry,2 Dharmender Jairam,1 Kajal Kansara,1 Rutvi Pandya,1 Presha Vasani,1 Dhiraj Dhoot,3 Namrata Mahadkar,3 Sumit Bhushan,3 Hanmant Barkate3 1Department of Dermatology, B J Medical College, Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India; 2Mistry Skin Clinic, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India; 3Department of Global Medical Affairs, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaCorrespondence: Dhiraj Dhoot, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd., B D Sawant Marg, Near Bisleri Plant, Chakala, Andheri (E), Mumbai, 400099, India, Tel +919619811219, Email dddhoot@gmail.comIntroduction: Owing to pharmacokinetic challenges of itraconazole, super-bioavailable itraconazole (SB) was developed and recently approved in strengths of 50mg and 65mg. But comparative study was lacking between these two strengths in glabrous tinea (dermatophytosis) management. Hence, this study was planned to compare the efficacy of both these strengths in dermatophytosis.Methods: One hundred eligible patients were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, clinical study during May-2022 to September-2022 at tertiary hospital in Ahmedabad in adults. Efficacy and safety assessments were done at week-3 and 6 with follow up at week-10 for relapse. Primary objective was to assess the proportion of patients achieving complete cure at week-6 following treatment in both the groups. Secondary outcomes compared safety, clinical and mycological cure rates.Results: Of the 100 patients enrolled, 98 patients (50 in SB-50mg and 48 in SB-65mg group) included in the final analysis. At week 6, 20 patients (40%) and 30 patients (62.5%) achieved complete cure (p < 0.05) in SB-50mg and SB-65mg groups, respectively. In completely cured patients, relapse was reported in 3 (15%) and 5 (17%) patients of SB-50mg and SB-65mg groups, respectively (p = 1). A significant difference was noted in clearance of symptoms and lesions in SB-65mg group (p < 0.05). Moreover, similar results were also obtained in sub-group analysis of recalcitrant dermatophytosis. Both the treatments were found to be safe and well tolerated with no discontinuation.Conclusion: Study result concluded the superiority of SB-65mg over SB-50mg in terms of cure rate and resolution of symptoms in dermatophytosis management.Keywords: comparison, dermatophytosis, efficacy, super-bioavailable itraconazole, 50mg, 65mg

Mosaic mutations in normal tissues can occur early in embryogenesis and be associated with hereditary cancer syndromes when affecting cancer susceptibility genes (CSG). Their contribution to apparently sporadic cancers is currently unknown. Analysis of paired tumor/blood sequencing data of 35,310 patients with cancer revealed 36 pathogenic mosaic variants affecting CSGs, most of which were not detected by prior clinical genetic testing. These CSG mosaic variants were consistently detected at varying variant allelic fractions in microdissected normal tissues (n = 48) from distinct embryonic lineages in all individuals tested, indicating their early embryonic origin, likely prior to gastrulation, and likely asymmetrical propagation. Tumor-specific biallelic inactivation of the CSG affected by a mosaic variant was observed in 91.7% (33/36) of cases, and tumors displayed the hallmark pathologic and/or genomic features of inactivation of the respective CSGs, establishing a causal link between CSG mosaic variants arising in early embryogenesis and the development of apparently sporadic cancers.Significance:Here, we demonstrate that mosaic variants in CSGs arising in early embryogenesis contribute to the oncogenesis of seemingly sporadic cancers. These variants can be systematically detected through the analysis of tumor/normal sequencing data, and their detection may affect therapeutic decisions as well as prophylactic measures for patients and their offspring.See related commentary by Liggett and Sankaran, p. 889.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 873

Supplementary Data from Cancer-Causative Mutations Occurring in Early Embryogenesis

Supplementary figure 1 shows visualization of colonic stem cells using stem cell markers ASCL-2 and BMI-1 with negative controls in pigs. Supplementary figure 2 shows colonic stem cells using stem cell markers ASCL-2 and BMI-1 with negative controls in humans. Supplementary figure 3 shows a sketch illustrating the calculation of stem cell zone. Supplementary figure 4 shows separation of proteomic profiles of pigs by hierarchical clustering. Supplementary table 2 shows levels of individual vitamins and minerals in vitamin mix used for the diets. Supplementary table 3 shows levels of inflammatory markers in the colon. Supplementary table 4 shows levels of short chain fatty acids.