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Background: Bone marrow examination has been the confirmatory test for congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II (CDAII). Occasional spherocytes on peripheral blood smear can confound the diagnosis. Since a screening test is still unavailable, we explored the feasibility of using flow cytometry as a preliminary screening method. Methods: Thirteen monoclonal antibodies with specificities for eight erythrocyte membrane proteins were used in FACS analysis to probe the cellular features of red cells from CDAII, normal adults, hereditary spherocytosis (HS), and cord red cells. Confocal microscopy was performed on normal and CDAII to determine the overall distribution of CD44 and CD47. Their expression levels on cultured erythroblasts were also analyzed. Results: The densely stained band 3 as seen in CDAII in gel electrophoresis was also obtained for Dantu phenotype. Likewise analysis of CDAII cases (n = 26) using the eosin-5'maleimide (EMA) binding test found 57% of patients giving results either positive or in the grey area for HS. Enhanced fluorescence of CD44 was detected in 96% of the CDAII patients, and anti-CD47 binding was also elevated to a lesser degree. Although RNA expressions of CD44 and CD47 in the cultured erythroblasts of normal controls and CDAII were similar, confocal microscopy revealed more CDAII red cells giving elevated fluorescence than normal red cells. Conclusions: A distinction between CDAII and HS can be made using the EMA Binding test and anti-CD44 binding. Confirmation of CDAII can subsequently be made based on clinical presentation together with either bone marrow examination or DNA sequencing of SEC23B. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ZusammenfassungGefürchtete Risiken des post-Splenektomiebzw. Hyposplenie-Status sind die der Immuninkompetenz bzw. des Auftretens schwerer Infektionen (Post-Splenektomie-Sepsis, PSS). Milz-erhaltende Operationstechniken werden deshalb gehäuft bei Notfall- und elektiven Splenektomien eingesetzt. Trotzdem ist die Morbidität und Mortalität bei Milzdysfunktion bzw. Asplenie noch immer hoch. Bei Erkrankungen, die mit einer gestörten Milzfunktion assoziiert sind, sollte deshalb die Milzfunktion getestet werden (Szintigraphie, pitted-Erythrozytenzählung bzw. Nachweis Howel-Jolly-Körperchen) und wenn die Milzfunktion nachweisbar gestört bzw. fehlend ist, Präventivmaßnahmen zur Verhinderung von PSS getroffen werden.Prophylaxen gegen kapselbildende Bakterien und Impfmaßnahmen sind bei Asplenie bzw. Hypo splenie unumgänglich. Zudem sollten sich Patienten und Ärzte des lebenslangen PSS-Risikos bewusst sein und dass die sofortige Antibiotikatherapie nicht nur bei Kindern und immunkompromittierten Patienten nötig ist, sondern auch bei Tierbissen und Auslandsreisen. Bei asplenischen oder hypo splenischen Patienten muss jede Fieberepisode sofort und sehr sorgfältig untersucht und prompt behandelt werden.

Bone marrow examination has been the confirmatory test for congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II (CDAII). Occasional spherocytes on peripheral blood smear can confound the diagnosis. Since a screening test is still unavailable, we explored the feasibility of using flow cytometry as a preliminary screening method.Thirteen monoclonal antibodies with specificities for eight erythrocyte membrane proteins were used in FACS analysis to probe the cellular features of red cells from CDAII, normal adults, hereditary spherocytosis (HS), and cord red cells. Confocal microscopy was performed on normal and CDAII to determine the overall distribution of CD44 and CD47. Their expression levels on cultured erythroblasts were also analyzed.The densely stained band 3 as seen in CDAII in gel electrophoresis was also obtained for Dantu phenotype. Likewise analysis of CDAII cases (n = 26) using the eosin-5'maleimide (EMA) binding test found 57% of patients giving results either positive or in the grey area for HS. Enhanced fluorescence of CD44 was detected in 96% of the CDAII patients, and anti-CD47 binding was also elevated to a lesser degree. Although RNA expressions of CD44 and CD47 in the cultured erythroblasts of normal controls and CDAII were similar, confocal microscopy revealed more CDAII red cells giving elevated fluorescence than normal red cells.A distinction between CDAII and HS can be made using the EMA Binding test and anti-CD44 binding. Confirmation of CDAII can subsequently be made based on clinical presentation together with either bone marrow examination or DNA sequencing of SEC23B. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society.

The current debate on medical professionalism is challenged by situations of co-existent “conventional” and “complementary/alternative” medical approaches. The issue of this article is how to realize professional behaviour in such pluralistic context. Medical pluralism is presented as consequence of the inherent pluralistic feature of science. Both conventional and complementary medical approaches need to adhere to the ethical principles and commitments of the medical profession. Though questioning scientific mainstream models, professional pluralism means to comply with scientific attitude. It calls for an unfolding of the premises and consequences of the respective therapeutic concepts. Scientific orientation of individual therapy includes competence, rational assessment of the patient's situation, clinical experience, knowledge of external evidence, and a critical evaluation of the course of disease. Furthermore, shared decision making on individual therapy requires empathy and the consideration of the patient's perspective.

The effect of polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN) on colony stimulating activity (CSA) was studied in double layer cultures of human Ficoll Isopaque separated white blood cells (mononuclear cells = MNC). Previously published data have been confirmed that granulocytes are able to enhance or inhibit MNC derived CSA. Further analysis of the mode of action of PMN in vitro indicates that the enhancing activity ascribed to granulocytes coincides with low CSA in MNC basal layers. In contrast, in cultures with high levels of CSA as provided by lysed red blood cell enhancement rather than concentrations of PMN are sufficient to induce inhibition of colony growth. A very similar effect to that achieved with basal layer derived CSA could be obtained with conditioned media of PMN and MNC short term liquid cultures. The data indicate, that enhancement and inhibition of colony growth reflect a specific reactivity of granulocytes (PMN) to a given CSA level in the cultures. These findings are discussed in terms of a speculative role of PMN in a negative feed back control mechanism regulating granulopoiesis in vivo.

Overwhelming Post-Splenectomy Infection (OPSI or PSS), most frequently caused by encapsulated Gram-positive pathogens, is a complication after splenectomy. Reasons for splenectomy include trauma, or malignant and non-malignant hematologic diseases. OPSI-inducing bacteria are mainly Streptococcus pneumoniae and less frequently Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitides and Gram-negative bacilli. There exist very efficient--albeit often neglected--strategies, how to prevent infections in patients after splenectomy. These include vaccination, prophylactic antibiotics (always for 3 years during childhood and adolescence) and prompt antibiotic treatment, if an infection is suspected. Patients need to know the nature and likelihood of PSS and they should seek immediate medical attention if they become ill or febrile. Each patient should carry at all times a letter or card documenting the splenectomy. With these measures and precautions, the PSS-risk can be significantly reduced or at best be completely avoided.

A new immunoglobulin preparation (Sandoglobulin) was administered to 20 patients, a total of 49 infusions at a dose averaging 12.6 gamma-globulin per infusion. Twelve patients had congenital or acquired immunoglobulin deficiency, in come of them very severe. A In-vivo recovery, on the basis of an estimated plasma volume, averaged 85% of expected values. Half-life on repeat substitutions was over 20 days. There were no severe side-effects or changes in important biochemical values. In one woman with an antibody deficiency syndrome fever regularly developed after several infusions, but it always fell to normal spontaneously after several hours. In two women followed for some time, both with severe antibody-deficiency syndrome, there was a definite decrease in severity and frequency of pulmonary infections.

A randomized and controlled study was undertaken to test whether substitution with factor XIII concentrates influences the clinical course in patients with acute leukaemia and acquired factor XIII deficiency (less than or equal to 60%). A control group of 31 patients was compared with a factor XIII-treated group of 29 patients. Partial factor XIII deficiency was successfully corrected by substitution. On the other hand, there was no statistically significant difference between the two patient groups in the frequency and severity of bleeding complications, transfusion requirements, and the number of remissions. Undesirable side-effects as a result of substitution treatment were not observed.

Immunosuppressive treatment according to four different regimens was administered over the course of eight years to 42 patients with aplastic anemia. With treatment protocols which included horse-ALG and horse-ATG, remissions were achieved in most patients, while with rabbit-ATG improvement was obtained, but only minimally, in 15 patients. First results with Cyclosporin A confirmed the effectiveness of this immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of aplastic anemia. The development of remission was, independently of treatment schedule, recognizable 23-88 days after onset of treatment. Often only partial remission was achieved. The long-term course, especially also survival, correlated with the results achieved within the first three months after onset of treatment. Recurrences occurred in 19% of patients but responded to repeated immunosuppressive treatment if preceded by complete remission. Side-effects to ALG and ATG occurred only during the first two weeks and were easily controllable. In some cases Cyclosporin A led to subjectively distressing side-effects.

In one centre (the medical department of the University of Ulm), over a period of 25 years, the diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) had been made in 40 patients (27 women, 13 men). The data on these patients were analysed and the findings compared with those reported in the literature. Criteria for inclusion were a positive sucrose haemolysis and acid-serum test. Leading clinical symptoms were anaemia, tendency towards bleeding and infections, haemolysis, abdominal pain and thromboembolism. The age at which main symptoms first appeared was most often in the third and fourth decade of life. The sex ratio of 2:1 (female to male) was unusual. PNH was frequently (in 22 patients) associated with aplastic anaemia. If bone marrow transplantation, at present the only curative procedure, was not possible and there was PNH alone, treatment was supportive and directed at relief of symptoms. The course of the disease was highly variable. Lack fo prognostic criteria made it difficult to define indications for intensive therapeutic measures. While haemolytic crisis and thromboembolism are frequent complications in isolated PNH haematopoetic insufficiency defines clinical outcome in PNH combined with aplastic anaemia.

Between April 1982 and December 1986, HLA-identical bone marrow transplantations were performed on 25 patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML), 18 in the chronic phase, 7 in acceleration or blast crisis. Twelve of the 18 patients (67%) in the chronic phase are still alive a median period of 570 days after transplantation, but only two of the seven (29%) in acceleration or blast crisis a median period of 227 days after transplantation (P less than 0.025). The duration of the chronic phase was of great importance for survival after transplantation: 86% of patients in the chronic phase for less than two years survived, but all patients in the chronic phase for over two years died (P less than 0.001). CML relapses occurred in one patient in a late chronic phase and in two in an advanced stage of the disease. These results confirm the unfavorable outcome of bone marrow transplantation in the accelerated phase or blast crisis, as well as in the late chronic phase. Since at present there are no reliable risk factors for the occurrence of acceleration or blast crisis, bone marrow transplantation should be undertaken as early as possible in the chronic phase of CML.

Uncertain gait and weakness on standing, progressing to flaccid paraparesis of both legs, developed in a 76-year-old woman. Proprioceptor reflexes of both legs were absent and there was pallaesthesia up to the pelvic rim. Electromyography pointed to polyneuritis. Administration of prednisone, 1 mg/kg daily for 10 days, was ineffective, as was one-time plasmapheresis. An incomplete tetraparesis developed. Blood white-cell count increased within 2 weeks by 10,400/microliters (52% lymphocytes) to 17,400/microliters. Blood smear, bone-marrow cytology and histology, as well as immunocytology, revealed lymphoplasmocytoid immunocytomas (chronic lymphocytic leukemia). Oral cytoreductive treatment was started with chlorambucil, 0.1 mg/kg daily, and prednisone, 100 mg daily. After 19 days the patient was able to walk with support, after 28 was walking unaided. Treatment was continued over eight cycles (14 days' treatment, 14 days' interval per cycle). 17 weeks after onset of treatment paraesthesias of the legs required renewed administration of chlorambucil, 0.1 mg/kg per day, for 3 months. The patient has now been free of symptoms during a follow-up period of 12 months.

Congenital dyserythropoietic anemias are rare hematological disorders leading to ineffective erythropoiesis with chronic anemia, complicated by iron overload. Here we present a remarkable clinical course of an infant with CDA type II who first presented as a severe fetal hydrops, requiring serial intrauterine red cell transfusions. While postnatal transfusion dependency persisted, the patient was successfully transplanted with a myeloablative conditioning regimen and peripheral blood stem cells of a matched donor. We believe that allogeneic HSCT is a reasonable therapeutic approach for patients with very severe CDA, even if only a matched unrelated donor is available.

Numerical models of earthquake rupture are used to investigate characteristic length scales and size distributions of repeated earthquakes on vertical, planar fault segments. The models are based on exact solutions of static three-dimensional (3-D) elasticity. Dynamical rupture is approximated by allowing the static stress field to expand from slip motions at a single velocity. To show how the vertical fault width affects earthquake size distributions for a broad range of fault behaviors, two different fault strength models are used; a smooth model and a heterogeneous asperity model. The smooth model is a simplified version of the Dieterich-Ruina rate and state dependent friction law. The heterogeneous asperity model uses a slip-dependent random powerlaw strength distribution. It is shown that the characteristic scale of fault segmentation is proportional to the vertical width of a seismogenic fault. This conclusion holds for both the smooth and the heterogeneous models. For the smooth models characteristic quake distributions result, with populations of large events that are obviously distinct from smaller events. The distributions of large events have well-defined mean lengths and moments. The heterogeneous models result in Gutenberg-Richter (GR) powerlaw distributions of event sizes up to a characteristic quake size. Quakes larger than the characteristic size fall off the GR distribution such that the powerlaw would greatly overestimate the probability of occurrence of the larger events.

Zusammenfassung: Die autoimmunhamolytische Anamie (AIHA) wird als die haufigste Ursache aller Hamolysen angesehen [1]. Bei der AIHA, die mit zunehmender Inzidenz auftritt, werden Autoantikorper und/oder Komplementfaktoren gegen erythrozytare Antigene, aber auch gegen gebundene Antigene auf Erythrozyten oder induzierte Antigene (Neoantigene) ­gebildet [2, 3]. Nach der Reaktion mit dem komplementaren Antigen bzw. den Erythrozyten kommt es zu deren beschleunigtem Abbau, zu einer Verkurzung der Uberlebenszeit und konsekutiv zu einer Anamie unterschiedlicher Auspragung [4]. Die erworbenen, autoimmunhamolytischen Anamien stellen extrakorpuskulare Formen der hamolytischen Anamien dar [5]. Sie konnen dabei in verschiedene Gruppen unterteilt werden (Tabelle 1). Die wesentlichen Formen sind die durch Warmeautoantikorper ausgeloste AIHA, die durch Kalteantikorper, die durch eine Kombination aus Warme- und Kalteautoantikorpern und die paroxysmale Kaltehamoglobinurie. Daneben gibt es noch die medikamenteninduzierte Form der AIHA [2]. Summary: Autoimmune hemolytic anemias (AIHA) may be considered the most common reason of hemolysis [1]. With an increasing incidence, autoantibodies and/or complement are produced against antigens of red blood cells (RBC), but also against membrane-bound antigens on RBC or induced antigens [2, 3]. The reaction with the corresponding antigen or RBC results in an increased rate of sequestration and a reduction of RBC survival time with subsequent anemia [4]. Acquired immune hemolytic anemias represent the extra­corpuscular forms of hemolytic anemias [5]. AIHA may be divided into different groups (Table 1) with the most common types being the warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia, the cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia, the paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, and the drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia [2].

The influence of interferon- (IFN) pretreatment on the outcome after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is controversial. One goal of the German randomized CML Studies I and II, which compare IFN ± chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone, was the analysis of whether treatment with IFN as compared to chemotherapy had an influence on the outcome after BMT. One hundred ninety-seven (23%) of 856 Ph/bcr-abl–positive CML patients were transplanted. One hundred fifty-two patients transplanted in first chronic phase were analyzed: 86 had received IFN, 46 hydroxyurea, and 20 busulfan. Forty-eight patients (32%) had received transplants from unrelated donors. Median observation time after BMT was 4.7 (0.7 to 13.5) years. IFN and chemotherapy cohorts were compared with regard to transplantation risks, duration of treatments, interval from discontinuation of pretransplant treatment to BMT, conditioning therapy, graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis and risk profiles at diagnosis and transplantation, and IFN cohorts also with regard to performance and resistance to IFN. Outcome of patients receiving related or unrelated transplants pretreated with IFN, hydroxyurea, or busulfan was not significantly different. Five-year survival after transplantation was 58% for all patients (57% for IFN, 60% for hydroxyurea and busulfan patients). The outcome within the IFN group was not different by duration of prior IFN therapy more or less than 5 months, 1 year, or 2 years. In contrast, a different impact was observed in IFN-pretreated patients depending on the time of discontinuation of IFN before transplantation. Five-year survival was 46% for the 50 patients who received IFN within the last 90 days before BMT and 71% for the 36 patients who did not (P = .0057). Total IFN dosage had no impact on survival after BMT. We conclude that outcome after BMT is not compromised by pretreatment with IFN if it is discontinued at least 3 months before transplantation. Clear candidates for early transplantation should not be pretreated with IFN.

Die onkologischen Erkrankungen gehoren wegen ihrer Haufigkeit und ihrer Bedeutung fur Morbiditat und Mortalitat zu den wesentlichen Herausforderungen, denen sich Absolventen des Medizinstudiums heute und in der Zukunft zu stellen haben. Die altersstandardisierte krebsspezifische Mortalitat liegt in Deutschland bei 280/100.000 Einwohner jahrlich; dies entspricht 250.000 Krebstodesfallen pro Jahr. Da etwa jede zweite Krebserkrankung geheilt wird, ist die Zahl der jahrlich neudiagnostizierten Falle etwa doppelt so hoch. Aufgrund des steilen Anstiegs des Krebsrisikos nach dem 60. Lebensjahr ist, trotz aller Bemuhungen um eine verbesserte Primarpravention, mit weiter steigender Lebenserwartung eine weitere Zunahme wahrscheinlich. Globale Angaben zur Pravalenz sind nicht verfugbar und sagen wegen der unterschiedlichen naturlichen Prognose verschiedener Krebsformen wenig aus. Zweifellos ist unabhangig von der Inzidenzentwicklung jedoch auch hier mit einem weiteren Anstieg zu rechnen, da die Zahl der fur viele Jahre erfolgreich palliativ behandelbaren, aber nicht geheilten Krebspatienten zunimmt. Die Onkologie ist weltweit ein Schwerpunktthema und bedarf der. Gestaltung eines onkologischen Curriculums in der arztlichen Ausbildung.

SummaryThe term ‘second opinion’ in Germany refers to the response, by a second and independent physician, to a patient’s request that their existing diagnostic and/or therapeutic situati

In an attempt to evaluate the role of thrombopoietin (TPO) in the pathobiology of aplastic anaemia (AA), we have examined TPO levels in sera from 54 AA patients and 119 healthy controls. A total of 92 samples were collected from AA patients: 43 samples were harvested at diagnosis, 23 samples in the cytopenic period after treatment, and 26 samples when patients were in partial (n = 10) or complete remission (n = 16) following immunosuppressive treatment. TPO serum levels were assessed by a sandwich-antibody ELISA that utilized a polyclonal rabbit antiserum for both capture and signal. Serum samples from normal donors revealed a mean TPO level of 95.3 ± 54.0 pg/ml (standard deviation). Mean TPO levels in AA sera collected at diagnosis and before onset of treatment were 2728 ± 1074 pg/ml (P

Survival times in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) may vary widely depending on the risk profiles of patients. This fact is frequently not, or not sufficiently, considered in evaluating survival in CML, and some studies do not report risk profiles. Therefore we analysed the relative impact of risk profile and therapy on survival using the median survival times of therapy groups and of risk groups of the three-arm randomized German CML Study I (interferon alpha v hydroxyurea v busulphan; median survival times 65 v 56 v 45 months, n = 490, median observation time 70.4 months). The impact of risk profile (Sokal) on survival as determined by the survival difference between high and low risk patients (40 months) was twice the maximum survival difference between treatment groups (20 months). A similar ratio was obtained after stratification for therapy and for risk profile. Since Sokal's index has been reported to prognostically discriminate IFN-treated patients less well than chemotherapy-treated patients, a new score with better discrimination of IFN-treated patients was also used. The results were similar for both scores. We conclude that the risk profile at diagnosis is still more important for survival of CML patients than therapy. Therefore patients should be stratified according to risk profile for comparisons of survival times between studies and treatment arms.

Ninety patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis were reviewed to identify significant prognostic associations. At diagnosis of blast crisis the main clinical, laboratory, and cytogenetic data were recorded and evaluated for prognostic significance. At the time of the analysis 89 patients had died, with a median survival of 11 weeks from diagnosis of blast crisis. Patient characteristics demonstrated in the univariate analysis to have significant association with shorter survival were: thrombocythemia, leukocyte count above 20 x 10(9), Karnofsky index50%, nonlymphoid blast cell morphology, cytogenetic clonal evolution, the presence of a double Philadelphia chromosome or trisomy 8, and no response to therapy. In 17 of 59 patients (29%) evaluable for response to therapy a complete or partial remission was achieved. These responders had a significantly longer median survival (25 weeks) as compared with nonresponders (9 weeks). Response to therapy was significantly better in lymphoid blast crisis and in patients without clonal evolution. In a multivariate analysis containing all significant variables of the univariate analysis two parameters retained their prognostic significance: response to therapy and trisomy 8. In spite of the short overall survival in blast crisis, the determination of prognostic factors may be a useful tool for the clinician planning therapy, especially new therapeutic approaches.

The methodology of decision analysis was originally developed to improve clinical decisions of physicians for individual patients. However, it is also well suited to support consensus procedures. We have used this methodology to analyse the question whether allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) or consolidation chemotherapy (CCT) should be used as first line postremission treatment in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Main risk factors relevant for the outcome after BMT and CCT are therapy-related mortality and leukemic relapse, respectively. If the possibility of salvage BMT for patients relapsing after CCT is included, the outcomes of the two strategies come rather close. However, they are clearly different in subtypes of leukemia with high or low risk of relapse, and in patients at high risk for BMT-related mortality. Sensitivity analysis considering the variation of more than one risk factor provides valuable information for decision making for both individual patients and particular subgroups of patients with acute myeloid leukemia.

As curative bone marrow transplantation is available only to a minority of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), drug therapy remains of central interest. Several nonrandomized studies have suggested that interferon-alpha (IFN) may prolong survival in CML. In a randomized multicenter study the influence of IFN versus busulfan or hydroxyurea (HU) on survival of Philadelphia-positive (Ph+) CML was examined. A total of 513 Ph+ patients were randomized for treatment as follows: 133 for IFN, 186 for busulfan, and 194 for HU. IFN-treated CML patients have a significant survival advantage over busulfan-treated (P = .008), but not over HU-treated patients (P = .44). The longer survival is due to slower progression to blast crisis. Median survival of IFN-treated patients is 5.5 years [5-year survival, 59%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 48%-70%], of busulfan-treated patients, 3.8 years (5-year survival, 32%; CI, 24%-40%), and of HU-treated patients, 4.7 years (5-year survival, 44%; CI, 36%-53%). Patients who continue on IFN survive longer than those in whom IFN is discontinued before blast crisis (P = .007). Complete hematologic IFN-responders have a survival advantage over partial responders or nonresponders (P = .02). Cytogenetic IFN-responders have no significant survival advantage over nonresponders (P = .2). Patients who attain white blood cell (WBC) counts of 10 x 10(9)/L or less have a survival advantage in the IFN (P = .007) and HU (P = .05) groups. Whereas toxicity in the IFN group was considerably higher than in the busulfan or HU groups, long-lasting cytopenias necessitating discontinuation of therapy as observed with busulfan have not been seen with IFN or HU. The problems of conventional prognostic scores (Sokal's score, Score 1) that we observed in IFN-treated patients support the idea that IFN changes the natural course of CML. We conclude that, with regard to survival of CML in the chronic phase, IFN is superior to busulfan and as effective as HU. Whether and to what extent IFN is superior to HU appears to depend, at least in part, on the degree of WBC suppression by HU-therapy and on the risk profile of the patients.

In a randomized multicenter study the influence of hydroxyurea versus busulfan on the duration of the chronic phase and on survival of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) was determined. In addition cross resistance and adverse reactions of the drugs were analyzed. From July 1983 to January 1991, 441 CML patients were randomized to receive hydroxyurea or busulfan. Of these, 90.7% were Philadelphia positive; 25.7% were low, 38.2% intermediate, and 36.2% high risk patients according to Sokal's score. The median survival of the busulfan treated Philadelphia-positive patients is 45.4 months and of the hydroxyurea group 58.2 months (P = .008). The survival advantage for the hydroxyurea treated patients is recognized in all risk groups. Sixty four patients reached therapy resistance before blast crisis and were crossed over to the alternative drug. The 23 patients with primary hydroxyurea had a median survival of 5.6 years, the 41 patients with primary busulfan therapy a median survival of 2.7 years (P = .02). Adverse reactions were less frequent with hydroxyurea with no severe adverse effects (lung fibrosis, long lasting bone marrow aplasia). The analysis of white blood cell counts in the course of treatment showed lower counts in the hydroxyurea patients. We conclude that hydroxyurea is superior to busulfan in therapy of CML in chronic phase and should be used as first line therapy. Busulfan may have a role as secondary therapy after hydroxyurea resistance or intolerance.

Overwhelming Post-Splenectomy Infection (OPSI or PSS), most frequently caused by encapsulated Gram-positive pathogens, is a complication after splenectomy. Reasons for splenectomy include trauma, or malignant and non-malignant hematologic diseases. OPSI-inducing bacteria are mainly Streptococcus pneumoniae and less frequently Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitides and Gram-negative bacilli. There exist very efficient--albeit often neglected--strategies, how to prevent infections in patients after splenectomy. These include vaccination, prophylactic antibiotics (always for 3 years during childhood and adolescence) and prompt antibiotic treatment, if an infection is suspected. Patients need to know the nature and likelihood of PSS and they should seek immediate medical attention if they become ill or febrile. Each patient should carry at all times a letter or card documenting the splenectomy. With these measures and precautions, the PSS-risk can be significantly reduced or at best be completely avoided.

High-titered spontaneous interferon (IFN) antibodies were detected in a patient with pure red cell aplasia (PRCA), a benign mediastinal tumor, and recurrent cutaneous carcinomas. The circulating IFN antibodies reacted broadly with various human IFN-alpha subtypes (20-140 x 10(3) neutralizing units/ml serum) but not with IFN-beta or IFN-gamma, and they neutralized the antiviral activity of the patient's endogenous IFN-alpha. The IFN-alpha-binding activity was restricted to the IgG1 subclass in a nonmonoclonal manner. Whereas the PRCA repeatedly responded to immunosuppression with high-dose cyclosporin A (CSA) and CSA plus plasmapheresis, IFN antibody production continued during treatment with cyclophosphamide and CSA. Serological analysis revealed past infection with parvovirus B19 and persistent B19 IgM titers. Antibody-mediated impairment of the IFN-alpha system might have favored the development of both PRCA and the various cutaneous carcinomas in this patient.

Clinical trials underestimate the age of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. Incidence and median age of Ph/BCR-ABL-positive CML and other chronic myeloproliferative disorders in a representative area in Germany

With an increasing demand for mobile communications an efficient usage of the available spectral resources gains importance, since suitable frequency bands are limited. Although nearly all frequency bands are assigned to specified services and users causing a frequency shortage, measurements show that nevertheless there are a lot of unused spectrum holes in the time frequency domain, leading to an overall low spectral efficiency (M.A. McHenry et al., 2006). In this paper we consider an overlay scenario with an OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiple access) based additional ad hoc overlay system operating in the same frequency band as the licensed system and exploiting the spectrum holes. Since spectrum sensing is a key issue for the coexistence of both systems we propose a method in the MAC (medium access control) layer for frame synchronization, enabling the coordination of allocation measurements. Furthermore, we point out some signal processing aspects regarding overlay systems.

Ovarian cancer is chemosensitive, but most patients with advanced disease die from tumor progression. As 25% of the patients can be cured by chemotherapy, it is reasonable to evaluate high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT). Forty-eight patients with untreated ovarian cancer were entered in a multicenter phase I/II trial of multicycle HDCT. Median age was 46 (19–59 years); International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics-stage was III in 79% and IV in 21%; 31% had residual disease >1 cm after surgery. Two courses of induction/mobilization therapy with cyclophosphamide (250 mg/m2) and paclitaxel (250 mg/m2) were used to collect peripheral blood stem cells. HDCT consisted of two courses of carboplatin (area under curve (AUC) 18–22) and paclitaxel followed by one course of carboplatin and melphalan (140 mg/m2) with or without etoposide (1600 mg/m2). Main toxicity was gastrointestinal. Limiting carboplatin to AUC 20 and eliminating etoposide resulted in manageable toxicity (69% without grade 3/4 toxicity). One patient died from treatment-related pneumonitis. At 8 years median follow-up, median progression-free-survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) is 13.3 and 37.0 months. Five-years PFS and OS is 18 and 33%. Multicycle HDCT is feasible in a multicenter setting. A European phase III trial based on this regimen is evaluating the efficacy of HDCT.

The chance diagnostic finding of thrombocytopenia occasionally happens during the course of basic laboratory diagnostics (hemogram). This article explains possible differential diagnoses.