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The experiment was laid out in 6x6 lattice design with three replications to evaluate 36 bread wheat genotypes. The objectives were to determine the extent of variability, heritability and genetic advance of traits and to assess the variability of bread wheat via multi variate analysis. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences (≤0.01) among genotypes for all the traits considered, indicating the presence of adequate variability among the genotypes. In this study, the values for phenotypic coefficients of variance ranged from 4.49 % for days to heading to 16.19 % for grain yield while genotypic coefficients of variance ranged from 3.29 % days to heading to 14.52 % for grain yield. Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variance had moderate values for grain yield (16.19, 14.52) and grain filling period (12.59, 11.52) respectively. Heritability was high for most of the traits studied except days to heading (54%) and plant height (67%), which had moderate heritability values. High heritability values coupled with high genetic advance were recorded for grain yield and grain filling period which indicated that additive gene action plays a key role in controlling the expression and existence of high expected genetic gain through selection. Two principal components with eigenvalues greater than unity explained 68% of the total variation. Quantitative traits based cluster analysis classified the genotypes in to five distinct clusters. In general, existence of adequate genetic variation was revealed which can be used in bread wheat improvement. Keywords: Cluster Analysis, Coefficients of Variances. Genetic Advance, Heritability, Principal Component Analysis. Title: Genetic Variability, Principal Component and Cluster Analysis of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes in Enda Mehoni District, Northern Ethiopia Author: Assefa Amare International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences ISSN 2394-966X Vol. 10, Issue 4, July 2023 - August 2023 Page No: 1-6 Novelty Journals Website: www.noveltyjournals.com Published Date: 12-July-2023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8138649 Paper Download Link (Source) https://www.noveltyjournals.com/upload/paper/Genetic%20Variability,%20Principal%20Component-12072023-3.pdf, International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences, ISSN 2394-966X, Novelty Journals, Website: www.noveltyjournals.com

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an ancient oilseed, aromatic, and medicinal crop widely used for its high-quality oil and seeds. The available genetic diversity in Morocco is too limited; thus, a mutagenesis breeding program was adopted. This study was carried out to evaluate the novel variability induced and observed in 11 M4 mutant lines and to estimate some valuable genetic parameters. The experiment was conducted in two different environments using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Phenological, morphological, and agronomic traits were recorded. To estimate the effect of genotype, environment, and their interaction, ANOVA and planned contrast analyses were performed. To examine relatedness among genotypes, cluster analysis was performed. Significant differences among mutants and between parent cultivars and their respective mutant lines were observed. Genetic parameters such as genotypic (GCV) and phenotypic (PCV) coefficients of variation, broad-sense heritability (H2 b.s), genetic advance (GA), and genetic advance over the mean (GAM) were high in most traits. Highly productive mutants, ‘US2-1’ and ‘US1-2’, were observed, exhibiting the highest number of capsules per plant and seed yield ever reported. Additionally, there are other promising mutants with early flowering, early maturity, and a reduced height of the first capsule. This suggests that mutagenesis can be successfully applied to develop high-yielding sesame varieties along with other improved phenological and agromorphological traits. All these mutant lines can be used as promising germplasm to develop competitive sesame cultivars to meet the increasing demand for sesame oil and seeds in the actual context of climate change.

Field investigation was carried out to study the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of watermelon genotypes. The result of the studied showed significant differences among the nine genotypes for all the nine characters studied. Genetic analysis indicated maximum phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation among the studied traits. The results indicates high phenotypic variation for vine length (week 4, 6 and 8), number of leaves (week 6 and 8), number of tendrils (week 6 and 8), number of male flower, and fruit burst however, moderate values was observed for vine length (week 6 and 8) while high genotypic coefficient of variation was observed for number of leaves (week 6), number of branches (week 4 and 6), number of tendrils (week 4), number of male flower, number of female flower, fruit burst, while moderate values were recorded for vine length (week 4,6 and 8), number of leaves (week 4 and 8), number of branches (week 8), number of tendrils (week 6 and 8). High heritability was observed for vine length at (6 weeks), vine length at (8 weeks), number of branches at (6 weeks), and number of tendrils at (8 weeks). High genetic advance was recorded for vine length at (6 weeks), vine length at (8 weeks), and number of leaves at (6 weeks). Coefficient of correlation showed positive and highly significant association for most of the studied traits. These traits can be modified based on the variability observedand can be exploited in watermelon breeding programs for improvement of other traits., {"references":["[1] Bisognin D. A. (2002). Origin and evolution of cultivated cucurbits. Ciência Rural, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 715–723.","[2] Collins J. K. (2007). Watermelon consumption increases plasma arginine concentrations in adults. Nutrition 23, 261-266","[3] FAOSTAT, (2018). Statistical databases, In Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.","[4] Damor A. S., Patil J. N., Parmer H. K., and Vyas N. D. (2016) Studies on genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and quality traits in bottle gourd [Lageneria seceraria (Molina) Stand l.] genotypes. Int. J. Sci. Envi. Tech, 5(4):2301-2307.","[5] Dane F., Lang P., and Bakhtiyarova R (2004). Comparative analysis of chloroplast DNA variability in wild and cultivated Citrullus species. Theor Appl Genet 108: 958-966","[6] Dane F. and Liu J. (2007). Diversity and origin of cultivated and citron type watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution September, Volume 54, Issue 6, pp 1255-1265","[7] Goreta S., Perica S., Dumicic G., Bucan L. and Zanic K. (2005). Growth and yield of watermelon on polyethylene mulch with different spacing and nitrogen rates. American J. Hort. Sci. 40(2): 366-369","[8] NorelahiSoghani Z., Rahimi M., Nasab M. A. and Maleki M. 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K., Malik Y. S. (2010) Estimation of genetic variation in bottle gourd. Haryana J. Hort. Sci. 39(3-4):313-315. 15","[19] Sriramamurthy, N. (2000). Genetic variability and correlation studies in cucumber (Cucumissativas L.). M. Sc., (Ag.) Thesis, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar.","[20] Sultan S., Rahman M. S., Ferdous J., Ahamed F. and Chowdhury A. K. (2018) Studies on genetic variability and inter-relationship in bottle gourd [Lagenariasiceraria(Mol.) Standl]. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 8(1):14-17.","[21] Tomar R. S., Kulkarni G. U. and Kakade D. K. (2008). Genetic analysis in muskmelon (Cucumismelo L.). J. Hort. Sci. 3(2): 112-118.","[22] Valls JFM. (2007). Caracterização de RecursosGenéticosVegetais. In: RecursosGenéticosVegetais (Nass LL, ed.). EmbrapaRecursosGenéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, 282-305.","[23] VishwaNathVerma. (2018). Elemental analysis of Citrulluscolocynthis (L.) using atomic absorption spectrometer. 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Drought is the most complex abiotic stress for crop production at the global level. Therefore, developing new African spider plant genotypes tolerant to drought stress is one of the best approaches to achieving and optimizing high yield potential with water use efficiency. Advances in the selection of this crop can be determined by an understanding of genetic variability, heritability, and the associations that exist among different traits. The aim of this study was to gather information that will aid in the breeding of African spider plant cultivars with improved drought tolerance. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) experiment with eighteen genotypes and four replications was carried out across three water regimes: severe drought (30% field capacity), intermediate drought (50% field capacity), and well-watered (100% field capacity), in two seasons. Data on twelve morpho-physiological traits were recorded. The analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes (p < 0.05) in leaf yield and yield-related traits. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was greater than the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all 12 traits evaluated. High to moderate heritability estimates combined with a high to moderate genetic advance were observed for number of leaves, leaf width, plant height and stem diameter under drought stress conditions, indicating that these traits are controlled by additive gene action. Because of their predominant additive gene effects, correlation with leaf yield and favorable direct and indirect effects via the other yield-attributing traits, number of leaves per plant, plant height, days to 50% flowering, relative water content, net photosynthesis and leaf length could be used as target traits to improve spider plant leaf yield under drought-stressed conditions.

Genetic erosion of shea trees, which has been on-going at an alarming rate, has necessitated urgent conservation attentions. Owing to the vast geographical distribution of the species across Ghana, in situ germplasms conservation was established by tagging and monitoring selected trees annually. Technologies have been developed that enable shea germplasms to be grafted, allowing for the development of germplasm banks at the research station of the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, Bole. However, before these materials could be used in crop improvement programs, there is a need to evaluate them for key fruit traits relevant to the global shea business. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the tagged in situ shea trees for fruit and nut traits. Freshly harvested shea fruits were evaluated for their brix, pulp yield and kernel size properties to see if there was the needed diversity for crop improvement gains. Eight key traits were studied, with all showing significant difference, with high broad sense heritability and genetic advance for all the traits, indicating the potential for genetic gains in breeding programs. Qualitative analysis classified the fruits into five shapes, ellipsoid fruit shape was the most frequent observation (69.5%), while oblong was the least represented (1%). Fruit surface pubescence indicated that the surfaces without hairs (smooth) were slightly higher in number (52.6%) than the surface with hairs (rough), which were 47.4%. Pearson correlation studies showed a positive significant relationship between kernel weight and fruit weight (0.68), fruit length (0.48), fruit width (0.51), pulp weight (0.5) and shell weight (0.77). Key components responsible for total variations observed were decomposed from the first two principal components (PC), which cumulatively explained 78.4% of the total observed variation within the materials. PC1 alone contributed 46.4%, while PC2 contributed 32%. Fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width, pulp weight, nut weight, shell weight and kernel weight were contributing traits to variations observed in PC1, while brix and percent pulp contributed to the variations observed in PC2. Percent kernel to nut ratio contributed to the variations observed in PC3. Clustering of the germplasms showed no regular pattern based on location or any particular trait, indicating a high level of diversity at 58% of the Pearson dissimilarity index.

Information on phenotypic variation helps to breed better varieties. Forty-nine bread wheat genotypes were evaluated in simple lattice design at Jamma and Geregera to determine the extent of variation and association among 11 traits. Analysis of variance showed significant differences (p < 0.01) among the genotypes for all traits, indicating the presence of adequate variability. Maximum values of genotypic coefficients of variation were recorded for spike length (8.66 %), number of productive tillers (8.4 %), number of grains per spike (6.4 %) and thousand-seed mass (6.15 %); this also shows the presence of substantial variability for these traits. Genetic parameters of the study revealed that days to heading, plant height, spike length, number of grains per spike and thousand-seed mass had moderate to high heritability and genetic advance as percent of the mean. Therefore, direct selection could be practiced to improve bread wheat for these traits. Moreover, selection of early-cycle lines which can escape the negative effects of climate change will be possible. Grain yield had strong and significant positive correlation with thousand-seed mass (rg = 0.395**), biological yield (rgv= 0.617**) and harvest index (rg = 0.731**); selection based on these traits will be most effective in future bread wheat yield improvement programs as they also exerted strong positive direct effects on grain yield.

One hundred and eighty nine stabilised lines obtained from the cross VBN (Bg) 5 and Vigna mungo var silvestris 22/10 were evaluated during Rabi, 2019. Analysis of variance for various traits exhibited significant differences among the lines for all the nine quantitative traits. The GCV was lower compared to the values of PCV which revealed the influence of the environment in deciding the expression of these lines. Moderate GCV was recorded for single plant yield (16.22 %), the number of pods per plant (12.60%), plant height (12.48 %), the number of primary branches per plant (11.75 %) and hundred seed weight (11.34%). High heritability was observed for the characters like hundred seed weight (96.99 %), plant height (78.33 %), days to 50 per cent flowering (72.98 %), single plant yield (72.44 %) and pod length (65.70 %). High heritability along with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for hundred seed weight (96.99, 23.00), plant height (78.33, 22.76) and single plant yield (72.44, 28.44) indicates the possibility of improving these traits by selection since there is a wide range of variation and additive gene action exists for these traits. The maximum number of lines with a positive value over the mean was observed for pod length and 100 seed weight. Correlation analysis showed that the number of pods per plant, plant height, the number of seeds per pod, the number of primary branches per plant, the number of pods per cluster, pod length and hundred seed weight had positive significant association with single plant yield. A number of pods per plant and pod length had a high positive direct effect on single plant yield. Hence, the selection for these characters would improve seed yield in blackgram.

A field experiment was carried out to estimate genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for 19 traits among 30 genotypes of China aster. The randomized complete block design with two replications was employed at the College of Horticulture, Mudigere, during the year 2017-18. Analysis of variance revealed that significant differences were observed for all the traits. The phenotypic co-efficient of variation (PCV) was a higher magnitude than the genotypic co-efficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits. Narrow differences between GCV and PCV were recorded in all the characters except flowering duration, vase-life and shelf-life, indicating little environmental influence on the expression of these characters. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent mean was recorded for the number of florets per flower head, the weight of flower per plant, plant height, flower head diameter, individual flower weight, disc diameter, the number of flowers per plant, days to 50 per cent flowering, the number of primary branches per plant, the number of flowers per branches, plant spread (North-South), 1000 seed weight, plant spread (East-West), flower stalk length, seed yield per plant, vase life and shelf life proves more useful for efficient improvement of a character through simple selection.

The present study was performed in a randomized complete block design with three replications to identify higher yielding genotypes and putative traits for grain yield improvement under a rainfed environment. Genotypes recorded highly significant variation for most of the observed agro- morphological traits except the number of effective tillers/m2. IR102774-31-21-2-4-7 (5.40 t/ha) followed by IR99739: 2-1-1-2-1 (5.22 t/ha), and IR103587-23-2-1-B (5.05 t/ha) respectively were the higher grain yielders. These high yielders were among the sets of early flowering (85-96 days) and maturing (120-130 days) genotypes. Plant height (PHT- 86.62% and 25.69%), harvest index (HI-87.17% and 44.66%), and thousand-grain weight (TGW- 71.06% and 30.05%) recorded high heritability values coupled with higher genetic advance as a percentage of the mean (GAM). IR102774-31-21-2-4-7 produced superior agro-morphological character for several traits like grain yield, thousand-grain weight, biological yield, plant height, and days to flowering and maturity. Plant height, biological yield, harvest index, days to flowering, and maturity were highly associated with grain yield and had medium to high heritability and GAM values. Therefore, these traits might be of importance for selection in grain yield improvement of rice under rainfed lowland conditions.

The objectives of this study were to estimate the heritability of yield and yield-related traits and to compute the correlation of grain yield with yield-related traits among the spring barley genotypes. The experiment was laid out in a complete block design with three replications in the Institute of Agriculture – Karnobat, Bulgaria during two consecutive years 2017 and 2018. Genotypes differed significantly for all the traits studied. Genotypic coefficients of variation were lower than the corresponding phenotypic coefficients in all the traits studied, indicating a considerable influence of the environment on the expression of the traits. Estimates for broad-sense heritability ranged from 0.65% for grain number per spike to 44.20% for 1000-grain weight. Moderate heritability coupled with relatively high genetic advance as a percent of the mean was found for 1000-grain weight suggesting a reliable possibility for improvement through selection. A significant and positive correlation between grain yield and number of spikes per m2 and grain weight per spike was found. Results of path analysis showed that grain weight per spike and number of spikes per m2 exhibited the highest direct effects on grain yield. The number of spikes per m2 was highly associated with grain yield but mostly influenced by environmental effects. The grain weight per spike should be prioritized for selection of superior spring barley genotypes under conditions of Southeast Bulgaria due to its highest direct effect on grain yield combined with higher heritability than that of grain yield. Moreover, it must be considered that the grain weight per spike had relatively low heritability in a broad-sense so the selection should be practised in later generations in replicated trials.

In order to develop high-yielding genotypes of adapted maize, multilocation trials of maize were performed including forty-five maize hybrids exploiting genetic variability, trait associations, and diversity. The experiments were laid out in an RCB design and data were recorded on eight yield and yield-contributing traits, viz., days to anthesis (AD), days to silking (SD), anthesis–silking interval (ASI), plant height (PH), ear height (EH), kernels per ear (KPE), thousand-kernel weight (TKW), and grain yield (GY). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant variation present among the different traits under study. The phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) showed a higher value than the genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV), indicating the environmental influence on the expression of the traits. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was found for these traits, indicative of additive gene action. The trait associations showed that genotypic correlation was higher than phenotypic correlation. Based on genetic diversity, the total genotypes were divided into four clusters, and the maximum number of 16 genotypes was found in cluster IV. Among the eight yield and yield-contributing traits, PH, ASI, EH, and TKW were the important traits for variability creation and were mostly responsible for yield. Genotypes G5, G8, G27, G29, and G42 were in the top ranks based on grain yield over locations, while a few others showed region-centric performances; all these genotypes can be recommended upon validation for commercial release. The present findings show the existence of proper genetic variability and divergence among traits, and the identified traits can be used in a maize improvement program.

Kalıtım derecesi, genetik ilerleme ve kütlü pamuk verimi için doğrudan etkilerin tahminlenmesi dolaylı seleksiyon kriterinin belirlenmesi için önem taşımaktadır. Bu amaçla yedi anaç ve bunlara ait F2 populasyonları ileri generasyonlara aktarılabilecek üstün populasyonların belirlenmesi yönünden değerlendirilmiştir. Kütlü pamuk verimi ve lif kalitesi yönünden Claudia x AGC-208, Claudia x AGC-85 ve MD x AGC-85 populasyonlarının üstün populasyonlar olduğu saptanmıştır. Koza sayısı ve lif inceliği yönünden yüksek kalıtım derecesi ve genetik ilerleme belirlenmiştir. Korelasyon ve path analizi sonucunda kütlü pamuk verimi için yürütülecek ıslah çalışmalarında koza sayısı, koza ağırlığı ve koza açma gün sayısının seleksiyon kriteri olarak kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır., The estimation of heritability, genetic advance and direct effect of yield attributing components on seed cotton yield have been used to develop indirect selection criteria. For this purpose, seven parents and their F2 populations were evaluated for the identification of superior populations to be transferred to further generations. Claudia x AGC-208, Claudia x AGC-85 and MD x AGC-85 combinations were superior F2 populations for seed cotton yield and fiber quality. The highest heritability and genetic advance were recorded in boll number and fiber fineness. The results of correlation and path analysis indicated that boll number, days to first boll opening and boll weight could be used as selection criteria to improve seed cotton yield.

The study was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai during 2018. The experimental plot was laid out in Randomized block design without replication due to segregating population with four crosses P2 X P5, P3 x P5, P5 x P6 and P6 x P5 selected from the F2 generation based on the yield attributes of a single plant from the plant population and raised as F3 generation to find out GCV, PCV, heritability, genetic advance, correlation and path analysis for growth and yield traits. Though in segregating generation the plant possesses bizarre of traits in plant population. However, a wider genetic variability was observed in the crosses. The mean performance for vine length (7.47), average fruit weight (1.15) and the number of fruits per plant (3.42) was estimated for the crosses P2 x P5, P3 x P5, P5 x P6 and P6 x P5. The PCV was registered high with low genetic advance over the mean for average fruit weight (40.44), the number of seeds per fruit (30.55) and fruit yield per plant (64.31). From the correlation it was revealed that the traits viz., average fruit weight (0.822), fruit diameter (0.417), the number of seeds per fruit (0.460) and hundred seed weight (0.340) showed a significant and positive association with fruit yield per plant in the F3 generation. Path coefficient analysis revealed that the biometric traits viz., number of fruits per vine (0.5767) and average fruit weight (0.981) showed a positive direct effect on fruit yields per plant and traits like fruit diameter (0.4566), fruit length (0.3221), flesh thickness (0.1728), number of seeds per fruit (0.5719) and hundred seed weight (0.4939) exhibited positive indirect effect through average fruit weight.

Sericulture is an age old traditional occupation in Kashmir which owns a temperate climate and its success is dictated by the quality of mulberry leaves. Like many other plants, Mulberry, Morus spp. is also damaged by frost and has been felt as an impediment in expanding the sericulture for two to three seasons from the present one season activity. The impact of winter 2018-19 on the mulberry accessions at Manasbal, Kashmir was measured during February –April 2019 in terms of frost damage and sprouting. Studies revealed large variability in frost damage ranging from 1.21 to 23.71 per cent. Morus alba accessions though recorded higher frost damage, offer higher scope and potential for frost tolerance breeding with reliable genetic estimates in terms of high GCV (72.37%), PCV (84.38%) and heritability (73.55%) but, had a low genetic advance (7.84%). A recently developed M. multicaulis variety, PPR-1 appeared to be a promising one for frost tolerance breeding as well as commercial cultivation.

Sixteen flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.) genotypes were evaluated at Gemmeiza Agricultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Center, El-Gharbia Governorate, Egypt during the two successive seasons 2015/2016 and 2016/2017. Randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation for all studied traits had closely values. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance (as % of mean) for most studied traits. Plant height, technical length and stem diameter were the best selection indices to improve straw yield /plant, along with number of branches, capsules and seeds were effective selection criteria for improving seed yield /plant as proven by phenotypic and genotypic correlation

Both salinity and submergence are global problems adversely affecting agricultural productivity in the coastal areas around the world. The current climate change made this situation more complex and is a threat to crop production. The present study was aiming to analyze genetic parameters among yield and yield related traits for ten rice genotypes in both saline and submergence condition. An experiment using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and five different treatments viz., control, 9dSm-1 salinity + without submergence, 6dSm-1 salinity + complete submergence, normal water + complete submergence, 9dSm-1 salinity + complete submergence was conducted to estimate the genetic variability of ten rice genotypes. All the traits under this study reduced in both saline and submergence conditions except days to flowering. In stressed conditions, the grain yield of all rice genotypes was reduced than in no stressed condition. Considering all the treatments BRRI dhan47 showed higher stress tolerance followed by Binadhan-8, RC-191 and RC-221. In the present investigation, the highest genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was 21.42% and 30.16% observed for grain yield plant-1 (g), followed by total tillers hill-1 (11.92%, 17.42%) indicating that there is enough genetic variability for the traits. High heritability observed in the traits days to flowering followed by plant height and moderate heritability observed in grain yield plant-1 followed by filled grains panicle-1. This finding can be used for further breeding programs which helps in crop improvement under both saline and submergence condition. [J Bangladesh Agril Univ 2020; 18(4.000): 993-1000]

This study was carried out using 22 promising restorer lines of rice and their parental lines to study genetic variability and genetic advance for yield and yield-associated grain quality traits and floral traits. These genotypes are evaluated in a replicated trial using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications at the Experimental Farm of Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Sakha, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt, during the seasons from 2012 to 2020. Analysis of variance revealed that highly significant variations were observed among the genotypes for all the studied characters. Both GCV% and PCV% were high for the number of spikelets per panicle, the number of filled grains per panicle, and panicle weight. The genetic advance in the percentage of mean was high for days to plant height, panicle length, number of spikelets per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle, panicle weight, grain yield per plant, anther length, anther breadth, duration of floret opening, and head rice percentage. Mean performance of the rice genotypes indicated that the genotypes NRL 59, NRL 55, NRL 62, NRL 63, NRL 66, and NRL 54-2 were promising for grain yield and associated desirable traits. Thus, some of these promising lines can be promoted as a new rice variety and could be used as a source for developing new hybrid combinations in hybrid rice breeding programs. The percentage of advantage over better parent and Giza 178 as the commercial variety was significant and there were highly significant desirable values among the genotypes for all the studied traits in the two years, indicating that the selection is effective in the genetic improvements for these traits.

MSc (Crop Science), North-West University, Mahikeng Campus Nightshades (commonly referred to as African and/or Black nightshade) comprise several species within a section of the genus Solanum. There are 30 species reported in the section in the world, and about 12 species are found in Africa. Nightshade is an indigenous leafy vegetable in Sub-Saharan Africa (including South Africa) valued for its high nutrient content and therefore nutritional security and a potential to generate income especially in subsistence farming. Its use as a food crop needs to be promoted and for this to be achieved there is a need to understand the genetic background and generate knowledge for cultivation through breeding and precision agronomic studies. Therefore, the limited information available on this neglected and utilized family hinders their development as well as sustainable conservation. Existing knowledge on the agronomic and nutrient potential of these plants is limited and the information regarding the morphological and nutritional assessment of Solanum species found in South Africa is scarce. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: (i) to assess and evaluate the genetic variability in 15 nightshade accessions for agronomic, yield and yield components characteristics, (ii) to assess the variability in nightshade accessions for nutrient traits, (iii) to identify potential parents for future use in breeding programs in South Africa. For two consecutive years (2020 and 2021) trials were carried out on the fields of the North-West University research garden on the Mafikeng campus by executing a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The raw data were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS software (version 9.4) at a 5% probability level. Shannon-weaver results exhibited the least diversity as evidenced by low diversity indices for all qualitative descriptors ranging from 0.077 to 0.227 with the lowest average diversity index (0.067), thus suggesting low levels of polymorphism. Multivariate analyses were performed to determine patterns of diversity among accessions. Morpho-agronomic characters for the first two PCs accounted for 62.10% of the total variation and identified stem diameter (mm), fruit fresh mass, leaf fresh mass, leaf dry mass, stem fresh mass, stem dry mass, leaf area, days to 50% flowering, leaf yield, stem yield, and total biomass as the major contributors to variability, while the first two components accounted for 74.61% of the total variation in nutritional traits, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Al, N, K, and P contributed more to the variability. The principal component biplots and cluster analysis among accessions revealed a significant level of variability in both morphological and nutrient traits studied. Cluster analysis resulted in 14 clusters based on accession dissimilarity and similarity. Genetic parameters were estimated for agronomic and nutrient characteristics and showed a considerable amount of variability. The high mean value, high range of variability and genotypic variance was observed for all traits. The phenotypic variance and phenotypic coefficient of variation were more than the genotypic variance and genotypic coefficient of variation under study, thus indicating the role of environmental influence on tested traits. High genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV %), broad-sense heritability (H2), and genetic advance expressed as a percentage of the mean (GAM %) were calculated (82.28%, 70.59%, and 142.40%, respectively) for the smallest leaf area (cm2). On the other hand, the biggest leaf area (cm2) (172.92%, 50.94%, and 254.25%) had high GCV, moderate H2, and high GAM%, while Fe and Al had moderate (32.35%, 34.78%) heritability coupled with high (277.12%, 435.72%) genetic gain at 5% selection intensity, thus suggesting the effects of additive gene action in the inheritance of these characters and selection may be effective. The study revealed sufficient genetic variability for traits among the 15 nightshade accessions studied, which could be exploited for the improvement of the nightshade breeding programme in the country. Furthermore, the study identified accessions Scabrum, Ncampus, Nshad40, N5547, SRetrflx, NigSN18, ManTown, and Nshad9 as superior accessions for high yield and nutrient-dense of the 15 nightshade accessions. Masters

Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance analysis of growth, floral, yield and yield attributing traits were studied in four dwarf x tall coconut hybrids, one tall x dwarf hybrid along with two tall varieties as checks. The palms were raised in four replications in randomised block design with six palms per replication. The age of the palm was nine years. Observations on morphological features were recorded in all the palms and the datas were subjected to statistical analysis. It revealed high to moderate degree of variability among the genotypes for most of the traits studied. The genetic variability studies indicated that the number of nuts per palm, whole nut weight, de-husked nut weight and tender nut water content evidenced high degree for phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation. Superior level of heritability was recorded for palm height, leaflet breadth, the number of leaves, nut yield, fruit length, fruit breadth, tender nut water content, whole nut weight, de-husked nut weight and copra outturn thus indicating the prominence of genetic influence in inheritance of these traits. Genetic advance expressed on per cent mean was high in palm height, nut yield, tender nut water content, whole nut weight, de-husked nut weight and copra outturn. Therefore, the above traits could be given due weightage in coconut breeding programmes.

Linseed is one of the most important oil seed crop in the central highlands of Ethiopia for which yield enhancement is the major breeding purposes and genotypic variability is important for selection in any breeding programs. However, shortage of improved varieties' that provides optimum seed yield is one of the major constraints of the crop. Therefore, this study was carried out to assess the genetic variability and association among quantitative traits of 36 linseed genotypes. The experiment was conducted in 2018 main cropping season by using simple lattice design. The analysis of variances reveled highly significant difference among the genotype for most of traits considered in present study. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation was recorded for tiller per plant, harvest index, oil yield (kg ha-1), and seed yield (ton ha-1) number of capsules per plant. High heritability along with genetic advance was observed for seed yield (tones ha-1), oil yield (kg ha-1) harvest index which indicates selection of these traits at early generation would be effective. Oil yield (kg ha-1) harvest index and number of capsules plant -1 showed highly significant positive with seed yield (ton ha-1). Cluster analysis revealed that 36 linseed genotypes were grouped into two clusters and four genotypes remain ungrouped. The maximum inter clusters distance was observed between clusters II and the local check. The data set was reduced into four significant principal components (PCs) that comprise (80%) of the variance. The first PC accounted for 34% of the variances that implies greater proportion of variable information explained by PC1. The traits, which contributed more to PC1, were seed yield per plant, primary branches per plant, secondary branches per plant and plant height showed positive association and had positive direct effect on seed yield. This indicates that any improvement of oil yield and harvest index would result in substantial increase on seed.

The present investigation was conducted at El-Mattana Agricultural Research Station, Luxor Governorate, Egypt during two successive seasons 2018/2019 (plant cane) and 2019/2020 (first ratoon) to screening of eighteen sugarcane genotypes s for the lesser sugarcane borer, smut, streak and mosaic diseases resistance under natural infection and elimination of sensitive genotypes from sugarcane breeding program and to evaluate the performance of some sugarcane genotypes based on principal components analysis biplot and genetic components; heritability and genetic advance for the studied traits. The experimental design used was a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Results show all studied traits varied significantly among evaluated different genotypes in the plant cane and first ratoon. Cane yield of five and two genotypes in plant cane and first ratoon, respectively, gave significantly the highest mean values of cane yield as compare with check variety. Bored stalks% and bored joints % varied significantly among evaluated genotypes. It found high positive correlation between bored stalks% and bored joints and brix% in the positive direction. Plant height and stalk diameter were positively correlated with cane yield, not only smut, mosaic and streak diseases but also bored stalks and bored joints were negatively correlated with cane and sugar yield and negatively correlated sucrose%, purity% and recovery%. The differences between the estimates of GCV and PCV was comparatively narrow for all the characters (except stalk diameter and Mosaic disease) suggesting the possibility of affective selection of these traits and indicating high prospects for genetic progress through selection under the conditions of this investigation.

The experiment was conducted using simple lattice design with two replication and the trails was totally consisted fifty six genotypes. Data on seed yield and other Agronomic traits were used to estimate the genetic variability parameters, heritability and genetic advance (GA). Analysis of variance revealed highly significant and significant difference for all studied traits. Evaluated characters were exhibited different levels of variability, heritability and genetic advance among the studied genotypes. Low to high phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) were recorded. The highest GCV and PVC values were found particularly for lodging percent (76.65% and 90.63%), harvest index (42.26% and 47.92%) yield per hectare (41.23% and 48.19%) and number of capsule per branch (30.81% and 37.25%) respectively, whereas low GCV and PCV (8.27% and 9.73% respectively) manifested for days to maturate. The highest broad sense heritability value manifested for harvest index (77.78%) followed by seed yield per hectare (73.21%), while lowest heritability (3.78%) revealed only for seed per capsule. In present study low to moderate genetic advance were manifested and high heritability and genetic advance as percentage of mean (>50) was recorded for lodging percentage, number of capsule per branch, seed yield per hectare and harvest index, indicating predominance of additive gene action for these characters. Therefore the result of this study suggests existence of variability for seed yield and other agronomic traits in these linseed genotypes, which should be exploited in future breeding.

A study was carried out at the Department of Vegetable Science, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam, during 2019-20 to assess the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of important quantitative and qualitative traits in fifty-two perennial moringa genotypes. Analysis of variance revealed a significant differences for all traits. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were noticed for pod yield, the number of pods per tree, total carotenoids, iron and pod weight indicating maximum variability among the different genotypes. High estimates of heritability coupled with high genetic advance obtained for all the traits except crude fibre content indicating the presence of additive gene effect which showed the effectiveness of selection for these traits. Presence of high heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance for crude fibre content revealed that the straight selection has a limited scope for further improvement of the trait. Among fifty two genotypes PKM MO-55 has the highest iron content (7.20mg/100g), number of pods/tree (306.50) and pod yield (36.47 kg/tree).

An experiment was conducted to know the variability among 22 maintainers on maldandi and milo source of male sterility in rabi sorghum along with four checks M 35-1, BJV-44, DJ6514 and PKV Kranti. The study revealed considerable amount of variability for all the characters studied. The genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation observed to be the highest for grain yield per-plant, the number of seeds per panicle and panicle weight. All the characters showed an arrow difference between PCV and GCV, indicating that the observed variability has been primarily due to genotypic differences with the least influence of environment. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance over mean was noticed for all the characters studied there by indicating that the selection would be effective in improvement of these characters as they are controlled by the additive genes. Based on mean performance the genotypes IS 14010 and IS 19445 were found significantly superior over the checks M35-1 and DJ6514.

In the present study, forty American cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes of diverse origin were evaluated to observe the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and fibre quality traits. The analysis of variance study indicated the presence of significant difference among all the traits. The highest PCV and GCV were observed for the number of monopodia per plant, followed by seed cotton yield per plant. Genotypic coefficients of variation had a similar trend as the phenotypic coefficient of variation indicating a less environmental effect on the expression of the traits. High heritability along with high genetic advance was observed in seed cotton yield per plant. The high heritability was recorded for the traits viz., days to 50% flowering, the number of monopodia per plant, the number of sympodia per plant, boll weight, seed index, ginning outturn, 2.5% span length, bundle strength and seed cotton yield per plant. The high genetic advance was also observed for seed cotton yield per plant indicating the use of simple selection for the improvement of this character in the future breeding programmes.

The present study was conducted to evaluate 24 sesame genotypes under rainfed conditions to determine the magnitude of variability and to understand the heritable component of variation for 10 agro-morphological characters. Analysis of variance revealed considerable variability among all the characters studied. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was greater than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the characters studied, this shows the influence of the environmental effect on the characters. High genetic advance coupled with high heritability (broad sense) were observed for number of branches/plants, biological yield/plant, harvest index and seed yield/plant as these characters were controlled by additive gene effects, and selection based on these characters would be effective for future sesame crop improvement programme for rainfed agriculture.

The present investigation was undertaken with 107 elite rice genotypes to study the variability, heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean for yield and yield component traits. In addition, character association between the yield and yield components and their direct and indirect effects on grain yield were also studied. High PCV and GCV were recorded for ear bearing tillers per plant, while high heritability were recorded for all the traits studied. Further, the high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for plant height, the number of ear bearing tillers per plant, the total number of grains per panicle, test weight and grain yield per plant. Among these, ear bearing tillers per plant had recorded a high variability, heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean in addition to correlation and direct effects with grain yield per plant indicating its effectiveness as important selection criterion for the yield improvement.

A field experiment was conducted at the Institute of Agriculture – Karnobat, Southeastern Bulgaria in three growing seasons. Twenty barley varieties were laid out in a complete block design with 4 replications. Variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield-related traits and grain yield were studied. There were significant differences among varieties for all studied traits including grain yield. Heritability in broad sense ranged from 10.10% for grain yield to 94.60% for spike length. High heritability estimates and genetic advance as percent of mean was computed for spike length and 1000 grain weight. Besides, genotypic coefficient of variance and phenotypic coefficient of variance had low differences for these characters. Therefore, these traits could be easily improved by selection. Grain yields of the check varieties Veslets and Izgrev were 5.27 t/ha and 5.09 t/ha, respectively. The varieties that performed better than the checks for grain yield were PA86-49-95 (6.43 t/ha), Bojin (6.01 t/ha), and Express (5.90 t/ha). Hence, using these varieties in the breeding program of winter feed barley could lead to the improvement of grain yield.

BackgroundTrait selection for rice production under submergence stress and its effective investigation are important for sustainable improvement. Gene action is a principle, measures allelic interactions for traits that express the nature of phenotypic behavior, and leads to perfect selection of traits.AimThis study was aimed to measure the allelic interactions of genes responsible for different quantitative traits which have strong association with yield of submergence tolerant rice.ResultsIn this study, generation mean analysis has been performed for yield-contributing traits and found that plant height, no. of primary branches panicle−1, no. of secondary branches panicle−1, no. of filled grain panicle−1, no. of grain panicle−1and dominant effects for yield hill−1, yield tiller−1, and 1000 grain weight have association to yield, governed by additive gene effect. In respect of epistatic effect, duplicate epistasis was predominant for all the traits except panicle length. From a heritability view, plant height, no. of primary branches panicle−1, and no. of grain panicle−1showed high heritability and plant height, panicle length, no. of filled grain panicle−1, and 1000 seed weight which found high genetic advance.ConclusionIt could be concluded that days to heading is an important trait that needs to be investigated in every generation and days to maturity and panicle length that needs to be selected in early segregating generation.

In a study carried out with 71 genotypes of Indian mustard under sub-Himalayan condition during rabi 2017-18, it was found that all the genotypes differed significantly for yield and its attributing traits. Both GCV and PCV were found to be higher for height up to first fruiting branch, aphid count and penetration force indicating high variability in the genotypes. High heritability along with high genetic advance was observed for height up to first fruiting branch, primary branches per plant, secondary branches per plant, siliquae per plant and 1000 seed weight. The trait association study revealed that secondary branches per plant and siliquae per plant had positive significant association with seed yield per plant. Path coefficient analysis indicated that penetration force exhibited the highest direct effect on seed yield. Siliquae per plant and secondary branches per plant exhibited high direct positive effect and positive association with seed yield per plant. On the basis of all the eleven traits taken together, the genotype PRD-2013-9 (rank-1) was the best.

The present research consists of the 25 genotypes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) which was carried out at the field experimentation center, Department of the Genetics and Plant Breeding, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during Rabi 2019-20 in Randomized Block Design with three replications with an aim to determine genetic variability, correlation, direct and indirect effects yield, biochemical and physiological characters on seed yield. All the genotypes of chickpea showed significant differences among them, significance variability existed for all the characters. Based on the mean performance, high yield was found for the C-18106 followed by C-18122, C-18103, and C-18101, genotypes C-18123, ICC-15896, C-18102 & GPF-02 showed against pod borer. High heritability (?70%) coupled with high genetic advance (?20%) were being observed for the number of seeds per plant, biological yield. Seed yield per plant exhibited positive and highly significant correlation with biological yield, chlorophyll index, starch content and number of seeds per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic level. Path analysis at phenotypic level identified hundred seed weight followed by chlorophyll index, number of seeds per plant, number of secondary branches, trypsin inhibitor and harvest index important direct components for seed yield per plant. Thus, due consideration should be given to these characters during the selection.

Background Sugar beet is considered a very important strategic economic crop, as it comes at the second place for white sugar production in Egypt after sugar cane and the sugar percentage in its roots is 20%. This work was conducted in Egypt as a direct response to bridge the gap which began to expand significantly between the production and consumption of white sugar and the desire for the genetic improvement process to increase the productivity of this crop. Further, as serious attempt to understand the nature of the genetic diversity among a group of sugar beet accessions with different origins, it constitutes an important source for establishing a program of breeding and improving sugar beet crop under Egyptian conditions. Results The process of verifying the existence of significant genetic variation between the eight sugar beet varieties with various origins was carried out through a set of genetic parameters through two growing seasons besides, the data of ISSR markers profile. Further, all the sugar beet varieties were superior in all the studied traits during their evaluation over two agricultural years, where the two sugar beet accessions Oscar Poly and Rass Poly are superior in TSS % and sucrose % traits, Mont Bianco and Sultan in apparent purity % trait, Blino and Sultan in root yield and top yield traits and Rass Poly and Blino in sugar yield trait, respectively. In addition, the values of heritability in broad sense were high in all studied traits except the two traits; sucrose % and sugar yield where their results were appeared medium during both growing seasons. In the same regard, expected genetic advance values showed significant genetic progress in all studied traits during the two growing seasons. As well, highly genetic diversity was obtained between the eight sugar beet accessions through generated 169 amplified fragments from the twelve ISSR primers, 122 of them were polymorphic with 72.18% polymorphism. Conclusions The eight sugar beet varieties achieved remarkable and distinctive results for all traits under study during two agricultural years. However, they were differentiated and various from each other. As they differed in their superiority in all estimated traits and they proved to be fertile material for studying in this investigation and very suitable for enriching the breeding and genetic improvement program to promote the sugar beet yield in order to increase the productivity of white sugar in Egypt.

A field experiment was carried out with 20 genotypes of Transplant Aman (T. Aman) rice at the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Salna, Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh. The study was performed to evaluate the genetic deviation, trait association, and path coefficient (PC) based on grain yield (GY) and different yield-contributing agronomic characters. Variance analysis displayed extensive traits-wise variations across accessions, indicating variability and the opportunity for genetic selection for desirable traits. The high mean, range, and genotypic variances observed for most of the characters indicated a wide range of variation for these traits. All the characters indicated the minimum influence of environment on the expression of the trait and genetic factors had a significant role in the expressivity of these characters. High heritability in broad sense (h2b) and high to moderate genetic advance in percent of the mean (GAPM) were recorded for all the characters except for panicle length (PL). Based on mean, range, and all genetic parameters, the selection of all the traits except for PL would contribute to the development of T. Aman rice genotypes. A correlation study revealed that selection based on plant height (PH), number of effective tillers per hill (NET), PL, number of filled spikelets per panicle (NFS), flag leaf length (FLL), spikelet sterility (SS) percentage, and harvest index (HI) would be effective for increasing the GY of rice. Genotypic correction with grain yield (GCGY), PC and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that direct selection of NFS, HI, SS%, and FLL would be effective for improving the GY of rice in future breeding programs.

Knowledge of the heritability, genetic advance, and stability of key traits, such as the height to the first fruit, trunk circumference, number of marketable fruit, wasted fruit, fruit weight, fruit width, fruit length, flesh thickness, cavity width, cavity length, and soluble solid contents, is required. These were determined in ten advanced generation red papaya recombinant inbred lines (RIL; F5 generation). The F5 RIL were grown in four field sites, two each within two distinct agroecological climates: the Tablelands and Coastal regions. At each site, biological replicates (trees) of each RIL and the industry-standard red papaya cultivar, RB1, were grown. Agronomic traits and fruit-specific traits were assessed at five and 10 months, respectively, after seedling transplantation to the field. Height to first fruit, trunk circumference, fruit weight, and soluble solid contents were highly heritable and stable at all field sites (h2b.s, 0.7–0.9) with genetic gains of almost 18% observed for height to first fruit and fruit weight. Across all sites, the trunks of the F5 lines were 37% wider, the trees set fruit 47% closer to the ground and had 20% more marketable fruit with 33% smaller fruit cavity widths, and their fruit was 11% heavier and 12% sweeter than RB1.

An investigation was carried out during kharif, 2018 in Randomized Block Design to estimate the variability parameters in blackgram using thirty five genotypes including two checks viz., Pratap Urd-1 and Pant Urd-31. The results of ANOVA showed that the genotypes varied significantly for all the traits. The high GCV and PCV estimates were recorded for seed yield per plant, plant height, harvest index and 100-seed weight. High magnitude of heritability combined with the high genetic gain was found fortraits viz., plant height, the number of pods per cluster and 100-seed weight. Therefore, direct selection for the traits like, plant height, harvest index, 100-seed weight and the number of pods per cluster would be useful for increasing seed yield in blackgram.

Forty five genotypes of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss] were evaluated for seed yield and quality traits in Randomized Block Design with four replications during the Rabi, 2019-2020. The analysis of variance revealed that the mean sum of squares due to genotypes was significant for all the eighteen characters studied indicating the presence of variability for all the traits among the genotypes under study. Low difference between genotypic and phenotypic variances revealed that the contribution of genotypic variance to total variance was more for all the traits except days to maturity and plant height. The high values of genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation for the number of branches per plant, seed yield per plant , myristic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid which indicated the potential variability available for these traits. The high heritability estimates obtained in conjunction with high genetic advance were observed for the number of branches per plant, the number of siliquae per plant, seeds per siliqua, length of siliqua , 1000-seed weight , seed yield per plant , myristic acid , palmitic acid, stearic acid , linoleic acid , linolenic acid and glucosinolate suggesting the predominant role of additive gene action for their expression. Association analysis between seed yield per plant and other seventeen characters revealed significantly positive correlation of seed yield per plant with the number of siliquae per plant, seeds per siliqua, length of siliquam, myristic acid and erucic acid. Path analysis revealed positive direct effects of the number of siliquae per plant and seeds per siliqua towards seed yield per plant while myristic acid, the number of branches per plant had a positive indirect effect on seed yield per plant via the number of siliquae per plant suggesting that the selection for such traits would be more effective for improving seed yield in Indian mustard.

The present study was conducted at AKS University, Satna (M.P.) during kharif 2019-20. Altogether 25 maize genotypes were grown under RBD design with three replications. In this study various parameters of genetic variability, broad sense heritability and genetic advance estimated in inbreed line of maize. Analysis of variance revealed that the mean sum of square showed significant due to genotypes for all the 17 characters studied. High GCV and PCV were recorded for seed yield per plant, seed yield per cob, cob ear weight and shelling %. Traits seed yield per plant, seed yield per cob, total seeds per cob, cob year weight and shelling % were showed high heritability accompanied with high genetic advance which indicated that most likely the heritability due to additive gene effects and selection may be effective in the early generation for these traits. Whereas high to moderate heritability along with low estimates of genetic advance which indicates that non additive gene effects. The genotypes which shows non additive gene effects will not be consider for further breeding programme.

This study aimed to estimate the predicted genetic gains with the simultaneous selection of yield traits and soluble solids content in cherry tomato hybrids. Twenty cherry tomato hybrids were evaluated in hydroponic cultivation in randomized block design with three replicates. The following traits were evaluated: number of clusters per plant, number of flowers per cluster, number of fruits per cluster, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit yield per plant, and total soluble solids content. The parameters of heritability, experimental cv, and genotypic cv were estimated. Subsequently, selection gains by direct selection and Mulamba and Mock index were estimated. Direct selection of cherry tomato hybrids for fruit yield and soluble solids content is inefficient because selection based on one of these traits will provide undesirable gains in the other. However, simultaneous selection for yield and taste quality is possible based on the Mulamba and Mock index because the methodology provided high selection gains for both yield and soluble solids content.

Groundnut is a highly self-pollinated crop and due to the uniformity of the traits imposed by the peanut growers, it is losing its genetic base. Hence, there arises a concern for creating more genetic variability in the population. With this information in background, the present study was carried out to examine the variability of prominent yield and yield attributing traits in this unpredictable legume crop. This will provide insight into the expression of traits and the influence of environment on those traits. High GCV, PCV values were recorded for the number of pods per plant, 100 pod weight, 100 kernel weight, shelling percent and number of mature kernels in the present study. This indicates the presence of ample variability for these traits. Hence these traits can be opted for selection as they contribute more towards variability with least influence of environment over it. Most of the traits recorded high heritability and high GAM, which is a positive sign for least influence of environment on population and presence of additive gene action.

Maize grain yield is a complicated character which depends on multiple factors. Considering this aspect, we carried out an experiment to estimate the genetic parameters and character association of thirty inbred line in maize during November 2017 to April 2018. The highest genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) was observed for a Number of kernel row per ear (NKRE), ear diameter (ED), plant height (PH), number of kernels per row (NKR). However, heritability (percentage) exhibited highest for the yield per plant (YP), thousands kernel weight (TKW), cob weight (CW), first ear height (FEH), ear length (EL). The percentage of genetic advance (GAM%) was high for YP, CW, PH, FEH, TKW. Results demonstrated that EL has a significant positive correlation with NKR (r = 0.661**). YP showed significant positive correlation with PH (r = 0.718**). While EL (r = 0.587**), NKR (r = 0.501**), NKE (r = 0.422**), and TKW (r = 0.612**) showed insignificant association with YP (0.718). YP has insignificant association with EL to NKRE (r = -0.0414) and PH to FEH (r = -0.092). Highest and positive direct effect on YP was exhibited by TKW (0.519). Considering all traits, IL-28, performed better followed by IL-9, IL-15, and IL-10. The development of hybrids genotypes, these genotypes have the chance to obtain higher heterosis with high performing crosses.

A better understanding of variability in plant populations is crucial for crop improvement which plant breeders can use through selection. This study aimed to determine selection criteria for the sixth generation of black rice through genetic variability, heritability value and genetic advance. This research was conducted from March to July 2018 at Pakahan Village, Jogonalan Sub-district, Klaten Regency, Central Java, using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The variables observed were plant height, total number of tillers and productive tillers, panicle length, number of seeds per panicle, panicle intensity index, weight per panicle, 1,000 seed weight, seed weight per plant, flowering age, harvest age, plot yield, yield per hectare, rice color and total anthocyanin content. Variance analysis showed that there was a very significant difference (p

An experiment on eleven rice genotypes was designed at field of Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Lamjung, under randomized complete block design with three replications from June-October, 2018 to study genetic variability and character association. Analysis of variance showed significant difference among the genotypes for all the characters studied except for grain yield and fertility percent which indicates the existence of sufficient genetic variability and potential for selection and further improvement. Grain yield was significantly positively correlated with panicle length while positively and non-significantly correlated with days of flowering, leaf area and straw yield except for plant height, SPAD60, fertility percent, thousand grain weight and effective tillers. Leaf area had maximum positive direct effect on grain yield followed by panicle length, thousand grain weight and effective tillers which indicates help for selection and improvement of rice genotypes. The higher value of correlation between panicle length and grain yield is due to the direct effect of panicle length which exhibit true relationship between them. The variability study showed that there was high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) for thousand grain weight. High heritability estimates coupled with high genetic advance as per percentage of mean (GAM) was found for thousand grain weight, days of flowering, leaf area and effective tillers which indicate the control of additive gene of action and a greater scope of selection for crop improvement.

The field experiment was carried out by using 46 sunflower progenies of two cross combinations (COSF6B x CMS 335B and COSF7B x 343 B) of F3 generation at Department of Oilseeds, CPBG, TNAU, Coimbatore during kharif 2018 to study the genotypic coefficient of variation, phenotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance. The analysis of variance imparted significant differences for all the characters. In the B (maintainer ) line development programme, the characters like head diameter, percent disease index (PDI), seed yield per plant, 100 seed weight, volume weight and oil yield in both the populations recorded high heritability associated with high genetic advance, whereas the traits; days to flowering and days to maturity showed low values of GAM in both the populations. The results indicated that the characters with high heritability and high or moderate genetic advance can be further improved with individual plant selection, whereas characters with high heritability and low genetic advance indicated little scope for further improvement through individual plant selection.

Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance are the important factors which provides the knowledge about the nature of traits in breeding programme. The aim of this study is to estimate the genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance in the backcross population of UMI1200β+ × HKI163 and UMI1230β+ × HKI163 to identify the individuals in the population with superior agronomic traits. Fourteen biometrical traits were analysed and thus revealed that all the backcross (BC1F1, BC2F1) and selfed (BC2F2) generations, phenotypic coeffiecient of variation is higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation. Highest heritability combined with genetic advance as percent of mean was observed in BC2F2 generation for 100 kernel weight (UMI1200β+ × HKI163) and single plant yield (UMI1230β+ × HKI163). Hence, the genetic gain of the individuals in the population are controlled by additive gene action.

The present study was carried out during kharif 2018 at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Trichy under sodic field condition. The experimental material comprising of 120 finger millet genotypes along with two checks viz., TRY 1and Paiyur 2 was laid out in randomized complete block design. Observations were recorded for 13 quantitative characters and the data were analyzed for biometric characters viz., phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), heritability(h2) and genetic advance as per cent of mean (GAM).High PCV and GCV were recorded for the characters Na+/K+ ratio, grain yield per plant, number of tillers per plant, number of productive tillers per plant and straw yield per plant indicating the presence of high variability among the finger millet genotypes. High heritability coupled with genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for all the characters except days to maturity it may be due to additive effects and selection may be effective for those character with high heritability and genetic advance viz., days to 50% flowering, plant height, earhead length, finger length, number of fingers per earhead, number of tillers per plant, number of productive tillers per plant, 1000 grain weigh, Na+/K+ ratio, straw yield per plant and grain yield per plant.

The success of crop improvement programme depends on the extent of genetic variability existing in the population of germplasm. The improvement and development of new varieties depends to a great extent upon the magnitude of genetic variability. The present investigation was carried out at three different locations during Rabi season (November 2014- April 2015) to evaluate 26 genotypes of marigold. The analysis of variance for all the traits revealed presence of considerable genetic variability in the material studied. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits studied, which indicated appreciable influence of environment. The high magnitude for genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation as well as high magnitude of broad sense heritability coupled with genetic gain was observed for plant height, number of secondary branches per plant, leaf area, leaf biomass, photosynthetic rate, flower weight, number of flower per plant, flower yield per plant, seed yield per plant and carotenoid content, which indicated additive gene effects. Hence, these characters were less influenced by environment and direct selection for these traits would be effective for further improvement.

Highest genotypic coefficient of variation was recorded for number of secondary branches per plant. High genetic variation was found in length of siliqua, seed yield per plant, number of siliqua per plant and 1000 seed weight (g). Where number of secondary branches per plant, number of siliqua per plant, length of siliqua, 1000 seed weight (g), oil content and seed yield per plant possessing high G.C.V. and heritability. High estimates of genetic advance were observed for number of siliqua per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance; it was inferred that additive gene action was in operation for control of length of siliqua, seed yield per plant, 1000 seed weight, number of secondary branches per plant and number of siliqua per plant. The genotypic correlation coefficients were higher than phenotypic and environmental correlation coefficients. This indicated that there is strong inherent association between the various characters studied. Number of siliqua per plant and number of seeds per siliqua were the major characters which had highest direct contribution towards yield per plant.

Thirty pearl millet accessions including inbreds and hybrids procured from ICRISAT, Hyderabad were evaluated during summer 2017 over three sowing dates. The wide range of phenotypic variation was noted in an individual and pooled environment for all fourteen qualitative and quantitative traits. Higher estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed over the genotypic coefficient of variation for the number of effective tillers per plant, grain yield per plant, number of total tillers per plant, harvest index, leaf area, test weight and seed setting on main tiller. The high GCV (%) and PCV (%) were obtained for most of the traits. High heritability was associated with high genetic advance (% mean) for plant height, dry fodder yield, earhead girth and length, leaf area, grain yield, test weight, harvest index and number of total tillers per plant suggesting additive gene action for inheritance and could be improved through selection. The trait grain yield was positively and highly significantly correlated with earhead girth, seed setting on main tiller, plant height, leaf area, dry fodder yield, test weight, number of total tillers per plant, number of effective tillers per plant and harvest index at genotypic, phenotypic and environmental levels. The path coefficient analysis concluded that the desirable ideotype for improving grain yield should possess maximum earhead girth, more number of effective tillers with moderate plant height and flowering time.