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Depuis sa création en 2017, la collection « Mondes sauvages » a publié plusieurs ouvrages qui participent aux débats sur l’écologie politique et dont certains présentent une dimension clairement géographique comme Ré-ensauvageons la France paru en 2018. Ce nouvel opus poursuit cette réflexion politique sur la nature avec, en vedette, la bête noire, le sanglier. S’inscrivant dans un courant illustré en histoire par Éric Baratay, les auteurs affichent leur projet de « participer à la constituti...

Le néologisme d’origine ukrainienne Leninopad (Ленінопад), maître mot de cette étude, désigne la démolition des statues de Lénine. Dès lors, il décrit un important processus de transformation de l’espace public et de la sémiosphère dans l’espace post-soviétique. Dominique Colas estime en effet qu’au moins 10 000 statues de Lénine avaient été érigées dans l’ensemble de l’ex-Union soviétique, dans une stratégie assumée de saturation monumentale de l’espace. Depuis 1991, mais surtout depuis la r...

L’invention des lieux du tourisme se double d’une production toponymique cohérente avec le développement de la fonction touristique. Les toponymes ainsi produits peuvent s’inscrire dans le domaine public, mais ils relèvent parfois de la propriété industrielle. Dans le temps, ces noms se prêtent à toutes sortes de déclinaisons et d’évolutions au gré des recompositions territoriales.

International audience; Climate change induces profound changes in mountain territories that affect the activities pursued there. Tourism is one activity that is strongly impacted by these changes. Most research on tourism in mountain regions has focused on winter sports tourism, but glacier tourism, a summer activity, is also severely affected by climate change-induced phenomena, including glacier retreat and other geomorphological processes. Given that Alpine glacier tourism has been pursued since the 18th century and glaciers have been changing throughout this period, this article aims to examine the adaptations implemented by glacier tourism operators since the activity’s beginnings. Through analysis of historical documents, glaciological surveys and semi-structured interviews, this paper reveals how tourism activities around the Mer de Glace (the largest French glacier) have been impacted by glacier fluctuations since the first visit to the area in 1741. The study reveals that these developments have mainly been driven by glacier retreat and associated paraglacial dynamics. More recently, the shortening of the period of snow cover on the glacier has also impacted tourism activities. Most of the adaptation strategies implemented by tourism operators during the period in question are found to be reactive, consisting in the installation of safety equipment, the renovation of access points or the building of new structures to allow tourist activities to continue despite the consequences of glacier retreat. Other strategies, such as the adoption of new activities by workers previously specialised in another, are identified that could be considered transformative strategies, although these were only adopted by workers when their activity was no longer feasible. The analysis of materials from 1741 to the present also reveals that the recent impacts of climate change on glacier tourism are much more significant and diverse than those produced by past fluctuations. Therefore, it is important that stakeholders take suitable measures to ensure the sustainable future of the Mer de Glace and other glacier tourism destinations.

International audience; The major economic and health consequences of COVID-19 called for various protective measures and mass vaccination campaigns. A previsional model was used to predict the future impacts of various measure combinations on COVID-19 mortality over a 400-day period in France. Calibrated on previous national hospitalization and mortality data, an agent-based epidemiological model was used to predict individual and combined effects of booster doses, vaccination of refractory adults, and vaccination of children, according to infection severity, immunity waning, and graded non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). Assuming a 1.5 hospitalization hazard ratio and rapid immunity waning, booster doses would reduce COVID-19-related deaths by 50–70% with intensive NPIs and 93% with moderate NPIs. Vaccination of initially-refractory adults or children ≥5 years would half the number of deaths whatever the infection severity or degree of immunity waning. Assuming a 1.5 hospitalization hazard ratio, rapid immunity waning, moderate NPIs and booster doses, vaccinating children ≥12 years, ≥5 years, and ≥6 months would result in 6212, 3084, and 3018 deaths, respectively (vs. 87,552, 64,002, and 48,954 deaths without booster, respectively). In the same conditions, deaths would be 2696 if all adults and children ≥12 years were vaccinated and 2606 if all adults and children ≥6 months were vaccinated (vs. 11,404 and 3624 without booster, respectively). The model dealt successfully with single measures or complex combinations. It can help choosing them according to future epidemic features, vaccination extensions, and population immune status.

Dans cette enquête sociologique, Jennifer Bidet livre des informations de première main sur le rôle joué par les vacances dans le maintien des liens entre les familles immigrées et leur pays d’origine. Les vacances ne sont pas l’objet premier de cette recherche, et le tourisme encore moins. Pour J. Bidet, il s’agit avant tout d’interroger la « double présence » des descendants d’immigrés, c’est-à-dire « leur inscription dans deux espaces sociaux disjoints dans lesquels ils n’occupent pas la m...

In this paper, we propose and study a first risk model in which the insurer may invest into a prevention plan which decreases claim intensity. We determine the optimal prevention investment for different risk indicators. In particular, we show that the prevention amount minimizing the ruin probability maximizes the adjustment coefficient in the classical ruin model with prevention, as well as the expected dividends until ruin in the model with dividends. We also show that the optimal prevention strategy is different if one aims at maximizing the average surplus at a fixed time horizon. A sensitivity analysis is carried out. We also prove that our results can be extended to the case where prevention starts to work only after a minimum prevention level threshold., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Trente ans après que le concept de développement durable ait été formulé et se soit diffusé au point de former un nouveau paradigme (Diemer, 2017), le concept de transition est en passe de devenir un référentiel pour les territoires de montagne, notamment dans le domaine du tourisme. Pour les territoires de la montagne alpine, cette injonction au changement conduit à la mise en œuvre de stratégies de diversification, visant à sortir d’une logique mono-ressourciste autour de la ressource neige. L’objectif de cet article est d’interroger les dynamiques en cours à l’échelle de la Haute-Maurienne et d’interroger les choix effectués par les acteurs touristiques et politiques locaux concernant l’offre touristique actuelle, et vise à expliciter pourquoi les sites d’art rupestre, alors qu’ils pourraient être activés en tant que ressource dans des logiques de diversification touristique, restent en retrait de telles dynamiques. Thirty years after the concept of sustainable development was formulated and spread to the point of forming a new paradigm (Diemer, 2017), the concept of transition is becoming a reference for mountain areas, particularly in the field of tourism. For the territories of the Alps, this injunction to change leads to the implementation of diversification strategies, aiming to move away from a mono-resource logic based on the snow resource. The objective of this article is to examine the dynamics underway in the Haute-Maurienne and to question the choices made by local tourist and political actors concerning the current tourist activities on offer, and to explain why rock art sites, although they could be activated as a resource in the logic of tourist diversification, remain on the sidelines of such dynamics.

Cet article aborde les trajectoires paysagères d’espaces de montagne aménagés pour le ski alpin durant la seconde moitié du xxe siècle et où l’activité est aujourd’hui abandonnée soit partiellement, soit totalement. À partir d’une observation des traces paysagères actuelles complétée par des analyses documentaires, cartographiques et dendro-chronologiques, sur trois sites du Vercors (Gresse-en-Vercors, le col de l’Arzelier et Saint-Nizier-du-Moucherotte), nous proposons de comprendre les dynamiques de tels abandons dans le temps et dans l’espace. Les infrastructures liées aux remontées mécaniques qui restent en place sont souvent particulièrement prégnantes et évocatrices, mais elles sont finalement minoritaires et de nombreux autres marqueurs paysagers, comme les terrassements et les boisements, permettent de reconstituer l’histoire récente mais pourtant en partie oubliée de ces sites aménagés pour les loisirs hivernaux. Ces différentes trajectoires paysagères établies selon des critères de visibilité permettent aussi de mieux appréhender les usages et les valeurs de ces espaces totalement ou partiellement délaissés et abandonnés par les skieurs et les aménageurs, mais également réinvestis par d’autres pratiques, voire d’autres projets. This article investigates the trajectories of landscapes in mountain areas developed for alpine skiing during the second half of the 20th century and looks at those where the activity is partially or totally abandoned today. From an observation of the current traces in the landscape complemented by documentary, cartographic and dendro-chronological analyses of three sites in the Vercors (Gresse-en-Vercors, the Arzelier pass and Saint-Nizier-du-Moucherotte), we study the dynamics of their abandonment through time and space. The infrastructures linked to the ski lifts that remain in place are often particularly significant and evocative, but they are the least prevalent remains and many other landscape markers, such as earthworks and woodlands, allow us to reconstruct the recent yet partly forgotten history of these sites developed as winter resorts. These different landscape trajectories, categorised according to their visibility, also make it possible to better understand the uses and values of these areas, which have been totally or partially abandoned by skiers and developers, but which have also been re-appropriated for other practices or projects.

International audience

On paper, prevention appears to be a good complement to health insurance. However, its implementation is often costly. To maximize the impact and efficiency of prevention plans, plans should target particular groups of policyholders. In this article, we propose a way of clustering policyholders that could be a starting point for the targeting of prevention plans. This two-step method considers mainly policyholder health consumption for classification. The dimension is first reduced using a nonnegative matrix factorization algorithm, producing intermediate health product clusters. Policyholders are then clustered using Kohonen’s map algorithm. This leads to a natural visualization of the results, allowing the simple comparison of results from different databases. The method is applied to two real French health insurer datasets. The method is shown to be easily understandable and able to cluster most policyholders efficiently.

Dans le champ des patrimoines culturels, le recours à des copies, partielles ou intégrales, donne aux visiteurs la possibilité de voir et d’accéder à des objets ou des lieux difficiles d’accès, voire fermés. Dans le cas des grottes ornées, où les copies sont réalisées dans un souci de perfection, avec la volonté de restituer des images et de transmettre les émotions que les visiteurs auraient devant les peintures originales, les questions de l’authenticité et de l’expérience patrimoniale se posent. Quels sont les procédés mobilisés par les concepteurs en vue de faire éprouver l’authenticité ? Dans quelle mesure le dispositif scénographique déployé conduit-il les visiteurs à faire une expérience authentique de ce qui fait patrimoine ? Cette problématique de la construction de l’authenticité et de l’expérience patrimoniale sera travaillée à partir de l’analyse de la réplique de la grotte Chauvet - Pont d’Arc, située à proximité de l’originale dans le sud Ardèche (France). Après avoir discuté la place de l’authenticité et de l’expérience dans ce qui fait patrimoine, l’article analyse les modalités de construction puis de réception de la fiction élaborée, en observant dans quelle mesure les visiteurs se laissent prendre au jeu du « demi-croire » (Lambert, 2013) et de l’enchantement proposé par les concepteurs (Winkin, 1998, 2001). In fine, ces réflexions dépassent la seule thématique des grottes ornées et amènent à reformuler la place de l’expérientiel dans la construction d’un rapport patrimonial (Tornatore, 2019). In the field of cultural heritage, the use of partial or complete copies provides visitors with the chance to see and experience objects and places that are hard to or impossible to access. In the case of painted caves, where copies are made with great concern for perfection in order to render images and convey the sense that visitors would have had in front of the originals, questions of authenticity and the cultural experience come to the fore. What processes are employed by designers in order to give the feeling of authenticity? To what extent do staging devices induce visitors to have an authentic experience of what is made cultural heritage? These issues of the construction of authenticity and the heritage experience will be studied through the analysis of the replica of the Chauvet - Pont d’Arc Cave, located a short distance from the original in South Ardèche (France). After having discussed the importance of authenticity and our experience of it in terms of cultural heritage, this article will analyze the ways in which this fabrication is constructed and received by observing to what extent visitors are willing to play along with this game of “half-believing” (Lambert, 2013) and enchantment proposed by its designers (Winking, 1998, 2001). In fine, these considerations surpass the sole field of painted caves and lead us to a reformulation of the place of experience in the construction of cultural heritage (Tornatore, 2019). En el ámbito de los patrimonios culturales, emplear copias, parciales o completas, ofrece a los visitantes la posibilidad de ver y acceder a objetos o lugares de difícil acceso o incluso cerrados. En el caso de las cuevas ornamentadas, en las que se realizan copias con una preocupación por la perfección, con el objetivo de restituir las imágenes y transmitir las emociones que los visitantes experimentarían ante las pinturas originales, surgen cuestionamientos sobre la autenticidad y la experiencia patrimonial. ¿Cuáles son los procesos movilizados por los diseñadores para producir la sensación de autenticidad? ¿En qué medida el dispositivo escenográfico desarrollado, lleva a los visitantes a vivir una experiencia auténtica de lo que constituye el patrimonio? Esta problemática de la construcción de la autenticidad y la experiencia del patrimonio se trabajará a partir del análisis de la réplica de la cueva de Chauvet - Pont d’Arc, situada cerca de la original en el sur de la Ardèche (Francia). Después de discutir el lugar de la autenticidad y la experiencia en lo que constituye el patrimonio, el artículo analiza las modalidades de construcción y de recepción de la ficción elaborada, observando en qué medida los visitantes se abandonan al juego de “casi-créer” (Lambert, 2013) y del encantamiento propuesto por los diseñadores (Winkin, 1998, 2001). Al final, estas reflexiones van más allá de la temática de las cuevas ornamentadas y conducen a reformular el lugar de lo experiencial en la construcción de una relación patrimonial (Tornatore, 2019).

Voilà une dizaine d'années, Pierre George dans Le temps des collines avait proposé la colline comme une métaphore du territoire rural traditionnel. C'est sur un registre assez différent qu'Ada Acovitsioti-Hameau convoque ici cette notion de colline qu'elle définit plus précisément comme des terres sans habitat permanent, en marge des terrains cultivés mais appropriées par les populations qui en exploitent les multiples ressources. La colline n'est pas ici un élément de relief, il peut s'agir ...

Dans la Yougoslavie de l’après 1945, le régime titiste issu de la guerre de Libération couvrit le territoire national de milliers de monuments commémoratifs à la mémoire des Partisans, de leurs faits d’armes ou des massacres commis pendant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale (1941-1945). Nos relevés indiquent qu’il y eut souvent deux ou trois monuments par commune, parfois davantage. Comme le titre de l’ouvrage l’indique, « spomenik » voulant dire « monument » en serbo-croate, il s’agit là d’une base ...

International audience; Les palafittes sont des vestiges archéologiques palustres et lacustres du Néolithique. L'examen détaillé de la façon dont ils ont été inscrits sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial, en tant que bien sériel transnational, montre combien un bien patrimonial est un construit. Son élaboration est le fruit du travail d'un large panel d'acteurs avec leurs négociations, leurs concessions, leurs lectures différenciées des normes énoncées par l'UNESCO, et leurs choix à la fois scientifiques, politiques ou pragmatiques.

Glaciers have been popular tourist attractions for almost two centuries. However, current climate change is now posing a new threat. In this context, this paper aims to question the tourism forms which are currently identifiable within Alpine glacier tourism sites. An inventory carried out on an Alpine scale shows that different tourist practices (contemplation, visit of ice caves, recreational activities, environmental education, and luxury) can coexist. The analysis of the way various sites function demonstrates that these practices can be related to the different forms of tourism that exist in the scientific literature: modern, post-modern and hyper-modern tourism. The coexistence of these forms of tourism at glacier sites reveals six possible combinations, i.e. six types of sites: contemplative, experiential, recreational, interpretative, premium and distinctive. Spatial analysis also shows that the premium and distinctive sites are mainly located around the major Alpine tourist destinations (Chamonix, Zermatt and Grindelwald), while the others are more homogeneously distributed. These results raise questions about the way in which these sites was and will develop and the role climate change plays, both of which constitute potential research topics for the future.

International audience; Cet article aborde les trajectoires paysagères d’espaces de montagne aménagés pour le ski alpin durant la seconde moitié du xxe siècle et où l’activité est aujourd’hui abandonnée soit partiellement, soit totalement. À partir d’une observation des traces paysagères actuelles complétée par des analyses documentaires, cartographiques et dendro-chronologiques, sur trois sites du Vercors (Gresse-en-Vercors, le col de l’Arzelier et Saint-Nizier-du-Moucherotte), nous proposons de comprendre les dynamiques de tels abandons dans le temps et dans l’espace. Les infrastructures liées aux remontées mécaniques qui restent en place sont souvent particulièrement prégnantes et évocatrices, mais elles sont finalement minoritaires et de nombreux autres marqueurs paysagers, comme les terrassements et les boisements, permettent de reconstituer l’histoire récente mais pourtant en partie oubliée de ces sites aménagés pour les loisirs hivernaux. Ces différentes trajectoires paysagères établies selon des critères de visibilité permettent aussi de mieux appréhender les usages et les valeurs de ces espaces totalement ou partiellement délaissés et abandonnés par les skieurs et les aménageurs, mais également réinvestis par d’autres pratiques, voire d’autres projets.

Les outils cartographiques classiques ne permettent pas de formaliser une trajectoire paysagère autrement que par l’étude diachronique. L’objectif est de proposer une démarche géohistorique par l’analyse spatiale des phases de changements à travers l’utilisation dans un SIG d’un corpus documentaire. Ce texte présente le cas du cône de déjection de Saint-Antoine (Savoie), dont la trajectoire paysagère, déclinée sous forme de cartes diachroniques, diagrammes de transition, graphique ternaire et frises heuristiques, révèle les tendances et les rythmes de changement (continuité, bifurcation, tournant). Conventional cartographic tools do not allow a landscape trajectory to be formalized other than through a diachronic study. The objective is to propose a geohistorical approach by analyzing the phases of change and their spatialization through the use of a documentary corpus gathered in a GIS. This article presents the case of Saint-Antoine alluvial fan (Northern Alps), whose landscape trajectory, in the form of diachronic maps, transition diagram, ternary plot and heuristic timelines, reveals the trends and rhythms of change (continuity, bifurcation, turning point). Las herramientas cartográficas clásicas solo permiten formalizar la evolución paisajística mediante estudios diacrónicos. Este artículo propone un enfoque geohistórico analizando espacialmente los documentos de las fases de cambio mediante sistemas de información geográfica (SIG). Este trabajo estudia el caso del abanico aluvial de St-Antoine (Saboya), cuya evolución paisajística, presentada mediante mapas diacrónicos, diagramas de transición, gráficos ternarios y mapas conceptuales, previendo sus tendencias y ritmos de cambio (continuidad, bifurcación, punto de inflexión).

Les outils cartographiques classiques ne permettent pas de formaliser une trajectoire paysagère autrement que par l’étude diachronique. L’objectif est de proposer une démarche géohistorique par l’analyse spatiale des phases de changements à travers l’utilisation dans un SIG d’un corpus documentaire. Ce texte présente le cas cône de déjection de St-Antoine (Savoie), dont la trajectoire paysagère, déclinée sous forme de cartes diachroniques, diagramme de transition, graphique ternaire et frises heuristiques, révèle les tendances et les rythmes de changement (continuité, bifurcation, tournant)., Classical cartographic tools do not allow to formalize a landscape trajectory other than by diachronic study. The objective is to propose a geohistorical approach by analyzing the phases of change and their spatialization through the use of a documentary corpus gathered in a GIS. This article presents the case of Saint-Antoine alluvial fan (Northern Alps), whose landscape trajectory, in the form of diachronic maps, transition diagram, ternary plot and heuristic timelines, shows the trends and rhythms of change (continuity, bifurcation, turning).

Expected utility is an influential theory to study rational choice among risky assets. For each investment, an economic agent expects to receive a random payoff and therefore maximizes its expected utility. To the best of our knowledge, there exists no general procedure to take the derivative of the expected utility as a function of the investment without heavy assumptions on the underlying processes. This article considers expected utility maximization when payoffs are modeled by a family of random variables increasing with investment for the convolution order such as Poisson, Gamma or Exponential distributions. For several common utility functions, with the help of fractional calculus, we manage to obtain closed-form formulas for the expected utility derivative. The paper also provides two economic applications: production of competitive firms and investment in prevention.

International audience; The outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, enhanced by rapid spreads of variants, has caused a major international health crisis, with serious public health and economic consequences. An agent-based model was designed to simulate the evolution of the epidemic in France over 2021 and the first six months of 2022. The study compares the efficiencies of four theoretical vaccination campaigns (over 6, 9, 12, and 18 months), combined with various non-pharmaceutical interventions. In France, with the emergence of the Alpha variant, without vaccination and despite strict barrier measures, more than 600,000 deaths would be observed. An efficient vaccination campaign (i.e., total coverage of the French population) over six months would divide the death toll by 10. A vaccination campaign of 12, instead of 6, months would slightly increase the disease-related mortality (+6%) but require a 77% increase in ICU bed–days. A campaign over 18 months would increase the disease-related mortality by 17% and require a 244% increase in ICU bed–days. Thus, it seems mandatory to vaccinate the highest possible percentage of the population within 12, or better yet, 9 months. The race against the epidemic and virus variants is really a matter of vaccination strategy.

International audience; Glacier landscapes attract millions of tourists every year; however, climate change induces alterations in these popular destinations. Although landscape changes can affect visitor behaviour, very few studies have investigated their impact on tourism. This study investigated how recent changes in the most-visited French glacier, the Mer de Glace (Chamonix, Mont Blanc massif), influenced tourist judgments and dissatisfaction. The methodology comprised a qualitative analysis, which was performed by interviewing tourists, supported by a quantitative survey. Despite the landscape being severely affected by climate change, the results revealed that the visitor's dissatisfaction level remained low. Nonetheless, the glacier is negatively perceived owing to changes in length, colour, and size. In addition, factors such as the glacier tongue covered by debris, lack of snow, dryness, desolation, and 'degraded nature' have adversely impacted the landscape's aesthetics. A linear regression analysis demonstrated that tourists' motivation to visit, estimation of the retreat rate of Mer de Glace, and living in France or abroad significantly predicted landscape dissatisfaction. Moreover, the results revealed that up to 30.2% of the respondents might not visit the site if glacier visibility was hindered, which is the likely situation within the next 30 years. Consequently, solutions that tourism operators can implement include reorganising marketing resources and focusing on the glacier as a resource for climate-change interpretation.

International audience; In this paper, we propose and study a risk model with two types of claims in which the insurer may invest into a prevention plan which decreases the intensity of large claims without impacting the small claims. We identify a necessary and sufficient condition for insurers to use prevention if there is no surplus. If, in addition, the severity of large claims dominates that of small claims by the harmonic mean residual life (HMRL) order, insurers invest more in prevention in the presence of a surplus.Finally, we characterize the asymptotic optimal prevention strategy when the initial surplus tends to infinity in the two main cases where both claim types are light-tailed and where one of them is light-tailed and the other one is heavy-tailed.

On paper, prevention appears to be a good complement to health insurance. However, its implementation is often costly. To maximize the impact and efficiency of prevention plans these should target particular groups of policyholders. In this article, we propose a way of clustering policyholders that could be a starting point for the targeting of prevention plans. This two-step method mainly classifies using policyholder health consumption. This dimension is first reduced using a Nonnegative matrix factorization algorithm, producing intermediate health-product clusters. We then cluster using Kohonen's map algorithm. This leads to a natural visualization of the results, allowing the simple comparison of results from different databases. We apply our method to two real health-insurer datasets. We carry out a number of tests (including tests on a text-mining database) of method stability and clustering ability. The method is shown to be stable, easily-understandable, and able to cluster most policyholders efficiently.

Background and objective: Classifying people according to their health profile is crucial in order to propose appropriate treatment. However, the medical diagnosis is sometimes not available. This is for example the case in health insurance, making the proposal of custom prevention plans difficult. When this is the case, an unsupervised clustering method is needed. This article aims to compare three different methods by adapting some text mining methods to the field of health insurance. Also, a new clustering stability measure is proposed in order to compare the stability of the tested processes. Methods : Nonnegative Matrix Factorization, the word2vec method, and marginalized Stacked Denoising Autoencoders are used and compared in order to create a high-quality input for a clustering method. A self-organizing map is then used to obtain the final clustering. A real health insurance database is used in order to test the methods. Results: the marginalized Stacked Denoising Autoencoder outperforms the other methods both in stability and result quality with our data. Conclusions: The use of text mining methods offers several possibilities to understand the context of any medical act. On a medical database, the process could reveal unexpected correlation between treatment, and thus, pathology. Moreover, this kind of method could exploit the refund dates contained in the data, but the tested method using temporality, word2vec, still needs to be improved since the results, even if satisfying, are not as better as the one offered by other methods.

International audience; Le processus d'inscription d'un bien sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial suit un certain nombre de normes fixées par les Orientations, un document émanant de l'UNESCO. Or non seulement ces Orientations ont évolué dans le temps, mais elles ont aussi été appliquées avec une grande élasticité, dont l'étude permet de révéler les stratégies d'acteurs, avec leurs contournements et leurs arrangements.

Ces voyages sont en réalité les comptes rendus de visites que l'auteur a rendues à cinq communautés isolées ou peuples minoritaires d'Europe : juifs de Sarajevo, Souabes de Gottschee, Arberèches de Calabre, Sorabes de Lusace et Aroumains de Macédoine. L'auteur, un essayiste autrichien qui s'est auparavant intéressé à ses compatriotes (De l'Autriche, 2001, chez le même éditeur), trouve le ton juste, la bonne distance et livre des portraits vivants. Sans doute les cinq chapitres sont-ils inégau...

Le tourisme est un secteur important d’activité pour certains pays en développement mais est-il toujours un facteur de développement ? Constitue-t-il vraiment une solution ou au contraire un problème sur le plan économique et social des régions voire des pays défavorisés. Sa capacité à améliorer la qualité de la vie en société ou au contraire à la dégrader, à résoudre ou à créer des problèmes sociaux, à préserver le patrimoine ou à le détruire est incontestable. Les communications présentées dans cet ouvrage présentent quelques-unes des opportunités offertes par ce phénomène et soulignent la nécessité d’en contrôler la croissance susceptible de menacer l’environnement naturel et la vie sociale et culturelle des pays concernés. Dans ce cadre, et même si l’expansion du tourisme relève souvent du secteur privé, le rôle de la firme (grandes entreprises autant que petites et moyennes entreprises) et la place dévolue à l’éthique, ne doivent pas occulter la responsabilité des pouvoirs publics garants de la stabilité politique, de la gestion de l’environnement et de la sécurité, qui conditionnent le succès des destinations.

International audience; Gletscher sind seit fast zwei Jahrhunderten beliebte Touristenattraktionen. Doch der aktuelle Klimawandel stellt sogar die Existenz von Gletschern in Frage. In diesem Zusammenhang soll in diesem Artikel die Frage gestellt werden, welche Formen des Tourismus heute in allen alpinen Gletschertourismusorten zu erkennen sind. Eine Bestandsaufnahme im Maßstab des Alpenbogens zeigt, dass verschiedene touristische Praktiken (Betrachten, Besuch von Eishöhlen, Freizeitaktivitäten, Umweltbildung und Luxus) nebeneinander bestehen. Die Analyse der Funktionsweise der verschiedenen Standorte zeigt, dass diese Praktiken mit den verschiedenen in der Literatur beschriebenen Formen des Tourismus in Verbindung gebracht werden können: moderner, postmoderner und hypermoderner Tourismus. Die Koexistenz dieser Formen auf der Ebene der Gletscherstandorte offenbart sechs mögliche Kombinationen, d.h. sechs Standorttypen: betrachtend, erlebnisorientiert, erholsam, interpretativ, hochwertig und unverwechselbar. Ihre räumliche Analyse zeigt auch, dass die Orte mit der höchsten Qualität (Premium und distinktiv) sich hauptsächlich um die Höhepunkte des Alpentourismus (Chamonix, Zermatt und Grindelwald) befinden, während die anderen gleichmäßiger verteilt sind. Diese Ergebnisse stellen die Frage nach den Entwicklungsverläufen der Standorte und der Rolle des Klimawandels, mögliche Objekte zukünftiger Forschung.

International audience; Glaciers have been popular tourist attractions for almost two centuries. However, current climate change is now posing a new threat. In this context, this paper aims to question the tourism forms which are currently identifiable within Alpine glacier tourism sites. An inventory carried out on an Alpine scale shows that different tourist practices (contemplation, visit of ice caves, recreational activities, environmental education, and luxury) can coexist. The analysis of the way various sites function demonstrates that these practices can be related to the different forms of tourism that exist in the scientific literature: modern, post-modern and hyper-modern tourism. The coexistence of these forms of tourism at glacier sites reveals six possible combinations, i.e. six types of sites: contemplative, experiential, recreational, interpretative, premium and distinctive. Spatial analysis also shows that the premium and distinctive sites are mainly located around the major Alpine tourist destinations (Chamonix, Zermatt and Grindelwald), while the others are more homogeneously distributed. These results raise questions about the way in which these sites was and will develop and the role climate change plays, both of which constitute potential research topics for the future.

Gletscher sind seit fast zwei Jahrhunderten beliebte Touristenattraktionen. Doch der aktuelle Klimawandel stellt sogar die Existenz von Gletschern in Frage. In diesem Zusammenhang soll in diesem Artikel die Frage gestellt werden, welche Formen des Tourismus heute in allen alpinen Gletschertourismusorten zu erkennen sind. Eine Bestandsaufnahme im Maßstab des Alpenbogens zeigt, dass verschiedene touristische Praktiken (Betrachten, Besuch von Eishöhlen, Freizeitaktivitäten, Umweltbildung und Luxus) nebeneinander bestehen. Die Analyse der Funktionsweise der verschiedenen Standorte zeigt, dass diese Praktiken mit den verschiedenen in der Literatur beschriebenen Formen des Tourismus in Verbindung gebracht werden können: moderner, postmoderner und hypermoderner Tourismus. Die Koexistenz dieser Formen auf der Ebene der Gletscherstandorte offenbart sechs mögliche Kombinationen, d.h. sechs Standorttypen: betrachtend, erlebnisorientiert, erholsam, interpretativ, hochwertig und unverwechselbar. Ihre räumliche Analyse zeigt auch, dass die Orte mit der höchsten Qualität (Premium und distinktiv) sich hauptsächlich um die Höhepunkte des Alpentourismus (Chamonix, Zermatt und Grindelwald) befinden, während die anderen gleichmäßiger verteilt sind. Diese Ergebnisse stellen die Frage nach den Entwicklungsverläufen der Standorte und der Rolle des Klimawandels, mögliche Objekte zukünftiger Forschung.

BackgroundThe outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused a major international health crisis with serious consequences in terms of public health and economy. In France, two lockdown periods were decided in 2020 to avoid the saturation of intensive care units (ICU) and an increase in mortality. The rapid dissemination of variant SARS-CoV-2 VOC 202012/01 has strongly influenced the course of the epidemic. Vaccines have been rapidly developed. Their efficacy against the severe forms of the disease has been established, and their efficacy against disease transmission is under evaluation. The aim of this paper is to compare the efficacy of several vaccination strategies in the presence of variants in controlling the COVID-19 epidemic through population immunity.MethodsAn agent-based model was designed to simulate with different scenarios the evolution of COVID-19 pandemic in France over 2021 and 2022. The simulations were carried out ignoring the occurrence of variants then taking into account their diffusion over time. The expected effects of three Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (Relaxed-NPI, Intensive-NPI, and Extended-NPI) to limit the epidemic extension were compared. The expected efficacy of vaccines were the values recently estimated in preventing severe forms of the disease (75% and 94%) for the current used vaccines in France (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna since January 11, 2021, and AstraZeneca since February 2, 2021). All vaccination campaigns reproduced an advanced age-based priority advised by the Haute Autorité de Santé. Putative reductions of virus transmission were fixed at 0, 50, 75 and 90%. The effects of four vaccination campaign durations (6-month, 12-month, 18-month and 24-month) were compared.ResultsIn the absence of vaccination, the presence of variants led to reject the Relaxed-NPI because of a high expected number of deaths (170 to 210 thousands) and the significant overload of ICUs from which 35 thousand patients would be deprived. In comparison with the situation without vaccination, the number of deaths was divided by 7 without ICU saturation with a 6-month vaccination campaign. A 12-month campaign would divide the number of death by 3 with Intensive-NPI and by 6 with Extended-NPI (the latter being necessary to avoid ICU saturation). With 18-month and 24-month vaccination campaigns without Extended-NPI, the number of deaths and ICU admissions would explode.ConclusionAmong the four compared strategies the 6-month vaccination campaign seems to be the best response to changes in the dynamics of the epidemic due to the variants. The race against the COVID-19 epidemic is a race of vaccination strategy. Any further vaccination delay would increase the need of strengthened measures such as Extended-NPI to limit the number of deaths and avoid ICU saturation.

La personne du géographe, impliqué ès-qualités dans le règlement de la paix, a souvent pour nous la figure d’un Emmanuel de Martonne participant au redécoupage des frontières dans l’Europe centrale et dans les Balkans d’après 1918. Khalil Tafakji propose une nouvelle incarnation de ce géographe impliqué dans un conflit, mais dans une position moins confortable que celle du géographe siégeant comme conseil auprès des vainqueurs. Rédigées avec l’aide de Stéphanie Maupas, ces chroniques raconten...

International audience; Globally, tourism is being deeply impacted by glacial retreat caused by climate change. However, research on stakeholders’ adaptation to climatic change and its threat to the industry on tourism niche is currently inadequate. Thus, through a literature review of 61 glacier peer-reviewed papers, this paper highlights the advancement in research on glacier tourism and provides some basis for understanding stakeholders’ adaptation strategies to climate change. The review shows that glacier tourism research publications increased between 2015 and 2020. It also identifies some impacts of climate change on the glacier tourism industry as well as 27 adaptation strategies to climatic change, which are classified under seven main themes: changes to access, activities, tourism planning, educational activities, temporal substitutions, spatial substitutions, and glacier shrinkage attenuation. We discuss the relevance of the resilience concept in the tourism industry and recommend that tourists’ experiences should be enhanced by applying the findings of research on tourists’ motivations and landscape perception and developing more adaptation-oriented research. The findings suggest that the glacier tourism industry can reduce its vulnerability to climate change through increased collaboration between tourism operators and climate and tourism researchers.

Entre les années 1930 et les années 1960 sont apparus dans les montagnes françaises des centaines de petits centres de ski alpin. Ces centres sont souvent restés assez marginaux sur le plan économique, mais ils se caractérisaient par un fort ancrage local et territorial : le village qui possédait un ou deux téléski se distinguaient des visages voisins qui ne s’en étaient pas dotés. Or, depuis les années 1980-90, des dizaines de ces centres disparaissent régulièrement, à la fois parce qu’ils ont de moins en moins en leur place dans l’évolution économique du tourisme des sports d’hiver, et aussi parce qu’ils sont plus vulnérables aux aléas de l’enneigement. L’Observatoire national du Tourisme recense la disparition de 68 centres de ski alpin entre 1996 et 2006, soit presque 1 sur 5 ! Certains remontées mécaniques sont abandonnées sur place, d’autres sont démontées après un délai plus ou moins long : comme pour les bateaux, on parle alors de « désarmement ». Ainsi, se referme une parenthèse de vingt à quarante ans pendant lesquels ces centres avaient participé, fût-ce modestement, à L’économie touristique, au risque de se retrouver aujourd’hui dans un statut peu enviable de communes de moyenne montagne plus ou moins isolées... Certes, les pistes de reconversion existent parfois, parmi lesquelles la mise en valeur de ressources patrimoniales, ce qui suppose de reformuler l’intérêt touristique, ou le glissement vers activité estivale beaucoup plus extensive... L’étude s’appuiera sur le cas d’Abondance (Haute-Savoie) dont la municipalité a décidé de fermer le domaine skiable à l’issue de la saison 2006-2007. Cet événement permet de vérifier les hypothèses que nous avions formulées autour de la vulnérabilité des territoires touristiques, en analysant d’une part les facteurs qui ont conduit à cette cessation d’activité, d’autre part les impacts de cette fermeture sur le territoire. Le mouvement de fermeture de stations petites et moyennes paraît assez inéluctable. Il mérite d’être étudié, non seulement sous L’angle de la géographie du tourisme en espace rural, mais aussi en termes de perception du territoire touristique, tant par les locaux que par les touristes eux-mêmes. Ces téléskis avaient été accueillis en leur temps comme des signes de modernité. Leur arrêt, et parfois leur démontage, apparaît comme une régression, obligeant à redéfinir les liens au territoire : le jeu des acteurs se réorganise, les uns résistent à la fermeture, d’autres préfèrent l’accompagner. In the middle of XXth century appear in France mountains hundreds of little skiing resorts. Economically, their weakness was patent, but locally they took a prominent part in the definition of a modernized territory. When a village owned one or two ski-lifts, it became eminent in comparison with neighbours. Now, for more than 20 years, many of these little resorts closed, all together because of the economic evolution of winter sports tourism and because of a greater vulnerability to the hazardous lake of snow. Beyond the French national Observatory of Tourism statistics, 68 resorts closed between 1996 and 2006, i.e. almost a fifth. Some ski-lifts are just given up, others are dismantled. So it is ended with twenty or forty years of implication into tourist economy, even if slender, and these villages may come back to the unenviable status of any middle mountain community, more or less isolated. Of course, reconversion is sometimes possible, either by valorisation of heritage, or by a greater place made to summer tourism. This study will rely on the case of Abondance (Haute-Savoie, French north Alps): in this village, local council decided in may 2007 to close the ski resort which was in activity since 1964. This unprecedented event gives the opportunity to explain the reasons of this decision and to test our hypothesis about tourism territories vulnerability. This trend seems now ineluctable: everybody knows that many little ski resorts will have to disappear still in the next years. Of course, it is of a great importance for tourism geography, but furthermore for the way in which tourism territory is perceived by local and tourist populations. These ski-lifts had been built and received as strong signs of modernity; their stop seems no less than a main regression. Some ones deny this new definition of their territory, other try to accompany it.

BackgroundCompartmental models help making public health decisions. They were used during the COVID-19 outbreak to estimate the reproduction numbers and predict the number of hospital beds required. This study examined the ability of closely related compartmental models to reflect equivalent epidemic dynamics.MethodsThe study considered three independently designed compartmental models that described the COVID-19 outbreak in France. Model compartments and parameters were expressed in a common framework and models were calibrated using the same hospitalization data from two official public databases. The calibration procedure was repeated over three different periods to compare model abilities to: i) fit over the whole lockdown; ii) predict the course of the epidemic during the lockdown; and, iii) provide profiles to predict hospitalization prevalence after lockdown. The study considered national and regional coverages.ResultsThe three models were all flexible enough to match real hospitalization data during the lockdown, but the numbers of cases in the other compartments differed. The three models failed to predict reliably the number of hospitalizations after the fitting periods at national as at regional scales. At the national scale, an improved calibration led to epidemic course profiles that reflected hospitalization dynamics and reproduction numbers that were coherent with official and literature estimates.ConclusionThis study shows that prevalence data are needed to further refine the calibration and make a selection between still divergent models. This underlines strongly the need for repeated prevalence studies on representative population samples.

International audience; In this paper, we discuss the management strategies applied to rock art in western cultural contexts. How do the persons responsible for rock art sites manage the tension between the two opposing imperatives of, on one side, their conservation and long-term transmission, and the other, their opening to the public to enable their heritage value to be shared and transmitted in the present? What forms do the articulation of conservation and public access take? Drawing on a typology of the many possible configurations, we discuss the choices made by the actors in charge of decorated sites, as well as the variability of some of the criteria considered, such as the 'carrying capacity' of a site, to define visit protocols. We thus demonstrate that the implementation of quotas depends not only on climatic and biochemical factors but on the priorities of the decision-makers and their interpretation of the preservation of a decorated site as well. Finally, our empirical approach leads to a discussion of the accessibility of rock art sites from the angle of heritage access rights and the heritage-making process. What meaning do we ascribe to sites that remain closed and thus cannot be experienced by the public? To what degree are they (still?) heritage sites and for whom? Through an empirical and comparative approach, we address these questions based on an analysis of case studies in France and northern Spain.