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Orthodontic-surgical considerations of dental and bone corrections in cleft Cleft lip and palate is a collective term for a heterogeneous group of congenital abnormalities at the level of the lips and mouth. It is the most frequent congenital craniofacial disorder and is subdivided into cleft palate and cleft lip with or without cleft palate. The condition has a major impact on the patient’s speech, hearing, appearance, nutritional intake and mental stress. Therefore, the goal of the treatment is to restore function and form with ultimately a satisfied patient. After primary surgery, closing lip and palate clefts, dento-maxillofacial growth should be monitored, adjusted and corrected. Orthodontic-surgical treatment should provide restoration of the jaw wall, tooth arch, occlusion and facial relationships. This aspect of multidisciplinary treatment is subject to specific clinical challenges for the orthodontist, oral and maxillofacial surgeon and restorative dentistry team. The orthodontic-surgical interventions in dental and bony corrections run from birth to adult age and include a postnatal presurgical orthopedic intervention (0 to 4 months), an early orthopedic-orthodontic treatment (2,5 to 6/7 years), a conventional orthopedic-orthodontic treatment (from the age of 7), the placement of a bone graft or bone-in-gnatho (BIG) intervention, a definitive orthodontic treatment (12 to 14 years) and finally, if necessary, orthognathic surgery (from the age of 17).

Embryology and genetics in clefts A cleft of the lip and/or palate occurs between the 6th and 12th week of pregnancy as a result of no or insufficient fusion of 5 fundamental facial prominences. This fusion is a complex process involving a combination of multiple genetic and environmental factors. An orofacial cleft can occur isolated or along with other congenital anomalies and may thus be part of a syndrome. About 5 to 15% of the lip and/or palate clefts are syndromic. Finding out the cause is important to determine the recurrence risk and to assess the prognosis of the affected child as best as possible.

Cleft care in Flanders This article describes the differences in cleft lip and palate forms, its incidence, the composition of a cleft team and the differences in the treatment protocols between Dutch and Flemish teams. In this respect, centralization of cleft care is crucial. Registering and compiling databases creates the necessary epidemiological knowledge to organize this care in a better way. Today, more and more attention is paid to quality measurements with the possibility to compare final outcomes between different centers. Visitations and accreditations of teams also contribute to a better organization and operation. Finally, cleft lip and palate research is discussed.

25th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors, 2017, Jeju, Corea del Sur., This paper presents the first report on on-line and final blind field test results of a pipeline integrity threat surveillance system. The system integrates a machine+activity identification mode, and a threat detection mode. Two different pipeline sections were selected for the blind tests: One close to the sensor position, and the other 35 km away from it. Results of the machine+activity identification mode showed that about 46% of the times the machine, the activity or both were correctly identified. For the threat detection mode, 8 out of 10 threats were correctly detected, with 1 false alarm., European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Comunidad de Madrid

As far as craniofacial development is concerned, the orthodontist is mainly interested in growth of the jaws, craniofacial growth patterns and physiologic backgrounds of bone remodelling after tooth displacement. In biomechanics, the principle "action is equal to reaction" is one of the most important issues to deal with. The art in orthodontics is to distribute the reaction forces or to use them on purpose in an attempt to achieve one of the treatment goals. Reaction forces can be neutralized intra-orally. In this respect the location of the center of resistance of the tooth or a group of teeth needs to be defined carefully in order to have a good understanding of the biomechanical principles of tooth displacement. The action forces can be neutralized extra-orally. When no reaction forces on other teeth are applied, there will be no side effects of the reaction forces on other teeth. Research on the biomechanical principles of the headgear does offer some clinical information. Recently in orthodontics, the use of implants has been introduced. It can be used to neutralize reaction forces intra-orally. Moreover, the implants can be used primarily as anchorage during orthodontic tooth movement and later on to replace missing teeth. Recent animal studies at our department have shown that non-axial loading of implants with forces higher than 5 Newton can be used.

SUMMARY This study was undertaken to determine the variation in crown–root angle (CRA) of the upper incisors and canines as well as the variation in their labial contour. In addition, the infl uence of the variability of the labial contour and of different bracket heights on torque was evaluated. Proximal radiographs were taken of 160 extracted maxillary teeth (81 incisors and 79 canines). They were digitized and analysed with Jasc® Paint Shop Pro 7TM and Mathcad 2001 Professional®. The incisal edge, the centre of the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ), and the root apex were digitized to defi ne the crown and root long axis. For all teeth the CRA was measured. At several heights of the labial surface a tangent was determined, enabling measurement of the inclination of the labial surface. The CRA had great variability, ranging from 167 to 195 degrees for the canines (mean value 183 degrees) and from 171 to 195 degrees for the incisors (average 184 degrees). The mean inclinations of the labial surfaces for the incisors varied greatly. Between 4 and 4.5 mm from the incisal edge the standard deviations (SD) were the smallest and between 2 and 4.5 mm from the incisal edge the labial surface angle differed by approximately 10 degrees. For the canines the mean inclinations of the buccal surface also varied. This angle differed by around 10 degrees between 2 and 4.5 mm from the incisal edge, but the SD were much larger than for the incisors. It can be concluded that placement of a bracket on a tooth at varying heights, still within a clinically acceptable range, results in important differences in the amount of root torque.

Removable orthodontic appliances have some limitations compared to fixed appliances. However, a removable appliance can be used during each period of craniofacial growth and dental development. A number of clinical applications for the removable appliance during the mixed and permanent dentition is explained. The use of functional orthopedic appliances and removable retention appliances are also described. It is concluded that the removable appliance can still play a favorable part in the treatment of malocclusions in each developmental stage.

From the rat intestinal microflora we isolated a gram-positive rod, termed HDCA-1, that is a member of a not previously described genomic species and that is able to transform the 3α,6β,7β-trihydroxy bile acid β-muricholic acid into hyodeoxycholic acid (3α,6α-dihydroxy acid) by dehydroxylation of the 7β-hydroxy group and epimerization of the 6β-hydroxy group into a 6α-hydroxy group. Other bile acids that were also transformed into hyodeoxycholic acid were hyocholic acid (3α,6α,7α-trihydroxy acid), α-muricholic acid (3α,6β,7α-trihydroxy acid), and ω-muricholic acid (3α,6α,7β-trihydroxy acid). The strain HDCA-1 could not be grown unless a nonconjugated 7-hydroxylated bile acid and an unidentified growth factor produced by a Ruminococcus productus strain that was also isolated from the intestinal microflora were added to the culture medium. Germfree rats selectively associated with the strain HDCA-1 plus a bile acid-deconjugating strain and the growth factor-producing R. productus strain converted β-muricholic acid almost completely into hyodeoxycholic acid.

We examined the effect of the type of cholic acid conjugation (taurine-conjugated, glycine-conjugated, or unconjugated cholic acid) on cholic acid 7 alpha-dehydroxylation by intestinal flora. Cholic acid 7 alpha-dehydroxylation in fecal cultures, in cultures of a defined limited flora consisting of a mixture of seven bacterial species isolated from the intestinal tract, and in a binary culture of a 7 alpha-dehydroxylating Clostridium species plus a cholic acid-deconjugating Bacteroides species was studied. We found that tauroconjugation of cholic acid significantly (P < 0.05) increased bacterial 7 alpha-dehydroxylation of cholic acid into deoxycholic acid from 34 to 55% in fecal cultures, from 45 to 60% in defined limited fecal cultures, and from 75 to 100% in binary cultures. Equimolar concentrations of free taurine did not stimulate 7 alpha-dehydroxylation in fecal cultures or in the defined limited flora, but free taurine did stimulate 7 alpha-dehydroxylation in the binary culture. In the binary culture of Clostridium species strain 9/1 plus Bacteroides species strain R1, the minimal flora capable of increased 7 alpha-dehydroxylation of taurocholic acid, strain R1 deconjugated taurine and rapidly reduced it to H2S. Bacteroides species strain R1 did not grow unless taurine or another appropriate reducible sulfur source was present. Clostridium species strain 9/1 did not grow or 7 alpha-dehydroxylate unless H2S or another source of reduced sulfur was present. We conclude that the increased 7 alpha-dehydroxylation of tauroconjugated cholic acid depends on the reduction of taurine to H2S, which is a necessary growth factor for the 7 alpha-dehydroxylating bacteria.

La crise du logement est l’occasion de se pencher sur des modeles immobiliers a la croisee du public et du prive, qui depassent les limites du « tout a l’Etat » sans pour autant courir les risques du « tout au marche ». Parmi les formules alternatives d’habitat, on voit poindre le retour des cooperatives de logement. Or l’histoire de ces cooperatives montre leur proximite avec les Community Land Trusts anglo-saxons, qui permettent a un particulier d’acquerir la propriete d’un logement sur un fonds appartenant a une collectivite. Une fois exposees les limites de la politique actuelle du logement, ce Courrier hebdomadaire retrace la genese des cooperatives de logement qui ont ete a la base de l’essor du logement social. On assiste aujourd’hui a leur retour en force, en Belgique et ailleurs en Europe, par exemple en Italie. Les Community Land Trusts sont l’un des modeles les plus stimulants face aux defis actuels de la politique du logement. Les origines du modele, ainsi que ses ressorts actuels, sont analyses dans un premier temps, avant que le projecteur soit braque sur le plus ancien Community Land Trust urbain des Etats-Unis : le Champlain Housing Trust. Les auteurs analysent les conditions d’operationnalisation des Community Land Trusts en Belgique. La cooperative semble etre une bonne forme juridique pour une telle organisation. L’emphyteose et le droit de superficie font aussi l’objet d’un examen specifique. Enfin, la presente etude s’acheve sur l’expose des avantages que peuvent constituer cooperatives et Community Land Trusts face aux vicissitudes actuelles de la politique du logement.

A strictly anaerobic gram-positive coccus, identified as Peptococcus niger, that developed sulfatase activity towards steroid-3-sulfate esters was isolated from human fecal material. This strain desulfated the arylsulfate esters estrone-3-sulfate (100%) and beta-estradiol-3-sulfate (50%); only trace amounts of desulfated estriol-3-sulfate were found. In addition, alkylsulfatase activity was found towards the 3 alpha-sulfates of 5 alpha-androstane-17-one and 5 beta-androstane-17-one and towards the 3 beta-sulfates of 5 alpha-androstane-17-one, delta 5-androstene-17-one, 5 alpha-pregnane-20-one, and delta 5-pregnene-20-one, all of which were 100% desulfated. No sulfatase activity was found towards the 17-sulfate esters of beta-estradiol or delta 4-androstene-3-one-17 alpha-ol. The nonsteroid arylsulfate esters paranitrophenyl sulfate, paranitrocatechol sulfate, and phenolphthalein disulfate were desulfated 70, 40, and 40%, respectively. In addition to its sulfatase activity, this strain also developed C-17 oxidoreductase activity towards the estrogens and androsta(e)nes and C-3 oxidoreductase activity towards androsta(e)nes and pregna(e)nes.

Hyodeoxycholate is a major fecal bile acid in conventional rats, but does not occur in germfree rats, and arises via intestinal microbial 7β-dehydroxylation of β-muricholate which is a major bile acid in rat bile. We now isolated from rat feces pure cultures of a fastidious and unnamed microorganism that converts the muricholates into hyodeoxycholate.

This article deals with the possibilities and limitations of autogenous transplantations. In properly selected cases (trauma, missing teeth,...), this procedure might be a valuable alternative treatment. The indications for transplantation, the surgical technique, the recipient site and the choice of the transplant are discussed. The most important parameters which influence the success of a transplantation are: the stage of root formation, the atraumatic removal and insertion of the germ, the final position of the transplant and the post-operative fixation. Clinical examples will illustrate some indications.

Three anaerobic bacteria, isolated from the ceca of rats and mice, converted, through a concerted mechanism, beta-muricholic acid, the predominant bile acid in germfree rats, into omega-muricholic acid. One isolate was a Eubacterium lentum strain; the second and third isolates were tentatively identified as atypical Fusobacterium sp. strains. The conversion of beta-muricholic acid into omega-muricholic acid proceeded in two steps: E. lentum oxidized the 6 beta-hydroxyl group of beta-muricholic acid to a 6-oxo group, which was reduced by either of the two other species to a 6 alpha-hydroxyl group, yielding omega-muricholic acid. This transformation occurred both in vitro and in gnotobiotic rats. Monoassociation of germfree rats with the E. lentum strain gave rise to an unidentified fecal bile acid, probably a derivative of beta-muricholic acid having a double bond in the side chain.

Available on-line at http://aflat.org/files/saltmil8-aflat2012.pdf; International audience; In this paper, we show how the concept of metagrammar originally introduced by Candito (1996) to design large Tree-Adjoining Grammars describing the syntax of French and Italian, can be used to describe the morphology of Ikota, a Bantu language spoken in Gabon. Here, we make use of the expressivity of the XMG (eXtensible MetaGrammar) formalism to describe the morphological variations of verbs in Ikota. This XMG specification captures generalizations over these morphological variations. In order to produce the inflected forms, one can compile the XMG specification, and save the resulting electronic lexicon in an XML file, thus favorising its reuse in dedicated applications.