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application/pdf, 『人間知性新論』第3 巻において、ライプニッツは「一般名辞」が言語には不可欠であるとみなしている。しかし、一般名辞が表すという語の意味の一般性はどこから得られるのか。本稿は、ライプニッツが一般名辞ないし一般性を重視する意義を明らかにすることを目的とする。まず、ロックの複合観念と名前について、およびライプニッツの観念の分類を取り上げ、論旨を比較する。ライプニッツにおける観念の明晰判明さは、名前が指示する意味内容に反映されている。次に、一般名辞と固有名詞、本質に注目し、ライプニッツにおいて固有名ではなく一般名辞が要請され、実在する一般性を表しうることを考察する。事物の本質ないし実在に基づく一般的なものをわれわれが判明に認識して言表するならば、それは実在的定義である。最後に、子どもの言語獲得の洞察から、一般性がもつ意義とは新たな種の発見や分類、そしてより正確な定義をもたらすという可能性であることが示される。, In New Essays, Book Ⅲ, Leibniz regards general term, which is universal, as essential in languages. What is the source of such universal generality? This paper aims to clarify the importance of Leibniz’s emphasis on general term or generality. First, I deal with Leibniz’s features of ideas, comparing them with Locke’s complex ideas and names. We can see that Leibniz’s clarity and distinctness of ideas is concerned with what is indicated by names. Secondly, I consider generality as a reality, focusing on essence and general term, or proper name. According to Leibniz, if we recognize that something general is based on some essence of things or reality among things, it is described by real definition. Finally, I demonstrate that generality suggests possibilities to discover more species or classification corresponding to the natural order in this world or to define species diversity more precisely.

本稿では、日本において展開されてきた中小企業研究のアイデンティティを考察することを目的としている。経営学領域の国内外の諸研究に焦点を当て、経営学領域で中小企業を研究対象とすることの学術的かつ実践的な意義について本質的側面と現象的側面の観点から考察し、日本の中小企業をめぐる本質(的側面)と現象(的側面)を同時に追求していく研究を推進させていくことが日本における中小企業研究の展望となることを示した。, 同志社大学商学部100周年記念論文集(Special issue in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of Doshisha College Department of Commerce)

Modern project management in software engineering still lacks a commonly accepted applicable formal model of projects that can be used for accumulating experience or for developing applied optimization methods that can potentially help IT companies to reduce risks and deliver software in a more efficient way. The Essence language which was developed by SEMAT initiative can potentially work as such a formal model for software projects, but current Essence practitioners mostly focus on methodology work for describing different approaches to perform tasks for software projects. In this work, we propose a way to develop a prototype of a decision support system based on the Essence kernel and language in combination with an applied optimization model. In order to do this, we firstly design how to include Essence practice in an applied math model and then modify a Bayesian network that finds false-positive manager mistakes. As an example of implementation of the achieved results, we present the current state of the plugin for the software project management system Redmine that uses our approach to help managers of projects.

The essence, content and structure of leadership competence of future officers - specialists in physical education and sports are substantiated. The views of domestic and foreign scientists regarding the essence of the concept of «leadership competence of specialists» were analyzed. The content of the leadership competence of future officers - specialists in physical culture and sports is defined and revealed, and it is indicated that their leadership competence represents an integrated component of military-professional competence, which combines values and motivation of leadership behavior and activity, leadership qualities as a military specialist, his leadership theoretical and practical preparedness, ability and willingness to solve professional and professional problems and tasks in accordance with job duties with the actualization of leadership knowledge, abilities, skills, values, motivation and professionally important leadership qualities acquired during professional training. Based on the generalization of scientific sources, taking into account the specifics of the professional activity of future specialists in physical culture and sports in the Armed Forces of Ukraine (hereinafter – the Armed Forces), the structure of their leadership competence was determined, which includes a value-motivational (a set of perceived values, motives, motivation, desires for leadership behavior and activity as a professional in the field of physical culture and sports in a military environment), cognitive (theoretical knowledge about one’s leadership behavior and activities as an officer and a professional leader in the field of physical culture and sports of military personnel), behavioral and operational (a set of professional practical leadership skills, skills and abilities necessary for military professional activity and behavior in a military environment ), individual-psychological (purposefulness, determination, reliability, self-improvement, stress resistance, endurance) and subject (awareness and perception of oneself as a subject - leader, as well as responsibility, autonomy, independence and leadership subjectivity) components., Обґрунтовано сутність, зміст і структуру лідерської компетентності майбутніх офіцерів – фахівців фізичної культури і спорту. Проаналізовано погляди українських і зарубіжних науковців щодо сутності поняття «лідерська компетентність фахівців». Визначено і розкрито зміст лідерської компетентності майбутніх офіцерів – фахівців фізичної культури і спорту. На основі узагальнення наукових джерел з урахуванням специфіки фахової діяльності майбутніх фахівців фізичної культури і спорту в Збройних силах України (ЗСУ) визначено структуру їх лідерської компетентності, яка містить ціннісно-мотиваційний (цінності, мотиви, мотивація та бажання до лідерської поведінки і діяльності як професіонала у сфері фізичної культури і спорту у військовому середовищі), когнітивний (теоретичні знання щодо своєї лідерської поведінки і діяльності як офіцера, так і професіонала-лідера у сфері фізичної культури і спорту військовослужбовців), поведінково-діяльнісний (професійні практичні лідерські навички, уміння та здатності, необхідні для лідерської військово-професійної діяльності і поведінки у військовому середовищі), індивідуально-психічний (цілеспрямованість, рішучість, надійність, стресостійкість, витривалість) і суб’єктний (усвідомлення і сприйняття самого себе як суб’єкта – лідера, а також відповідальність, автономність, лідерська суб’єктність) компоненти.

The essence, content and structure of leadership competence of future officers - specialists in physical education and sports are substantiated. The views of domestic and foreign scientists regarding the essence of the concept of «leadership competence of specialists» were analyzed. The content of the leadership competence of future officers - specialists in physical culture and sports is defined and revealed, and it is indicated that their leadership competence represents an integrated component of military-professional competence, which combines values and motivation of leadership behavior and activity, leadership qualities as a military specialist, his leadership theoretical and practical preparedness, ability and willingness to solve professional and professional problems and tasks in accordance with job duties with the actualization of leadership knowledge, abilities, skills, values, motivation and professionally important leadership qualities acquired during professional training. Based on the generalization of scientific sources, taking into account the specifics of the professional activity of future specialists in physical culture and sports in the Armed Forces of Ukraine (hereinafter – the Armed Forces), the structure of their leadership competence was determined, which includes a value-motivational (a set of perceived values, motives, motivation, desires for leadership behavior and activity as a professional in the field of physical culture and sports in a military environment), cognitive (theoretical knowledge about one’s leadership behavior and activities as an officer and a professional leader in the field of physical culture and sports of military personnel), behavioral and operational (a set of professional practical leadership skills, skills and abilities necessary for military professional activity and behavior in a military environment ), individual-psychological (purposefulness, determination, reliability, self-improvement, stress resistance, endurance) and subject (awareness and perception of oneself as a subject - leader, as well as responsibility, autonomy, independence and leadership subjectivity) components., Обґрунтовано сутність, зміст і структуру лідерської компетентності майбутніх офіцерів – фахівців фізичної культури і спорту. Проаналізовано погляди українських і зарубіжних науковців щодо сутності поняття «лідерська компетентність фахівців». Визначено і розкрито зміст лідерської компетентності майбутніх офіцерів – фахівців фізичної культури і спорту. На основі узагальнення наукових джерел з урахуванням специфіки фахової діяльності майбутніх фахівців фізичної культури і спорту в Збройних силах України (ЗСУ) визначено структуру їх лідерської компетентності, яка містить ціннісно-мотиваційний (цінності, мотиви, мотивація та бажання до лідерської поведінки і діяльності як професіонала у сфері фізичної культури і спорту у військовому середовищі), когнітивний (теоретичні знання щодо своєї лідерської поведінки і діяльності як офіцера, так і професіонала-лідера у сфері фізичної культури і спорту військовослужбовців), поведінково-діяльнісний (професійні практичні лідерські навички, уміння та здатності, необхідні для лідерської військово-професійної діяльності і поведінки у військовому середовищі), індивідуально-психічний (цілеспрямованість, рішучість, надійність, стресостійкість, витривалість) і суб’єктний (усвідомлення і сприйняття самого себе як суб’єкта – лідера, а також відповідальність, автономність, лідерська суб’єктність) компоненти.

UDC 330.131.7; JEL Classification: М11 Babailov V.K., Dmytriieva O.I. RISK-ENGINEERING AND RISK-PRODUCTION AS MANAGEMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF ENGINEERING AND PRODUCTION RISKS Recently, significant progress has been made in the development of risk management – new terms were introduced: "risk-engineering", "risk-production", "risk-economics" and "risk-administration" as four parts of risk management. At the same time, the following most important conclusion was made: each of the four specified types of risk management must be handled exclusively by relevant specialists. This will lead to dramatic changes in the views, interpretation and practice of risk management. Therefore, a general problem appeared – determining the meaning of each of the four elements of risk management. This publication is devoted to an unresolved component of the general problem – determining the meaning of only engineering and production risks as the basis of risk-engineering and risk-production. The analysis of recent studies and publications shows that most authors are still in the grip of traditional management practices in risk conditions that are not classified through professional criteria; therefore, there is still no acceptable distribution of engineering and production risks. Currently, there are the following identical, typical, characteristic, general features of perceptions of risks: lack of clear criteria for risk classification; consideration of risks within a single, undivided entire risk management; engineering risks are almost not considered at all. The analysis also showed that there is only one reason for such a chaotic approach to risk classification – the lack of a well-founded risk classification criterion, a criterion based on the division of risks through professions, that is, division, first of all, into engineering, economic, administrative and production risks. The determination of the meaning of engineering and production risks remains an unresolved component of the general problem. Without this, the meaning of risk-engineering and risk-production cannot be determined. The purpose of the article was to define engineering risk and production risk through the most complete interpretation of the most important aspects of engineering and production risks. In order to achieve it, the following tasks were set: substantiating the priority of risk classification according to professional criteria; establishing the nature, similarities, differences and connection of engineering and production risks as the basis of risk-engineering and risk-production; definition of other aspects of risk-engineering and risk-production; description of the main results of the study. Research methods: analogy, concepts, review of literary sources, 2С70, AIO. Results: priority of risk classification according to professional criteria was justified; the nature, similarity, difference and connection of engineering and production risks as the basis of risk-engineering and risk-production were established; the nature of the relationship between risk-engineering and risk-production was defined. Scientific novelty: for the first time, the meaning of the new concepts "risk-engineering" and "risk-production" was determined through the most complete treatment of the most important aspects of engineering and production risks. Practical significance: The obtained results will contribute to a significant increase in the understanding of the nature of engineering and production risks, and therefore to an increase in the effectiveness of management in their conditions. They also provide a model for managing any other risks., УДК 330.131.7; JEL Classification: М11 Бабайлов В.К., Дмитрієва О.І. РИЗИК-ІНЖЕНЕРІЯ І РИЗИК-ВИРОБНИЦТВО ЯК УПРАВЛІННЯ В УМОВАХ ІНЖЕНЕРНИХ І ВИРОБНИЧИХ РИЗИКІВ Зовсім недавно у розвитку управління в умовах ризиків стався значний прогрес – були введені нові терміни: «ризик-інженерія», «ризик-виробництво», «ризик-економіка» і «ризик-адміністрація», як чотирі частини ризик-управління. При цьому був зроблений такий найважливіший висновок: кожним з чотирьох вказаних видів ризик-управління зобов’язані займатися виключно відповідні спеціалісти. Це приведе до кардинальних змін у поглядах, трактуванні і практиці управління в умовах ризиків. Тому з’явилася загальна проблема – визначення сенсу кожного з чотирьох елементів ризик-управління. Дана публікація присвячена невирішеної складової загальної проблеми – визначення сенсу тільки інженерних і виробничих ризиків як основи ризик-інженерії і ризик-виробництва. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій свідчить про те, що більшість авторів все ще знаходяться у полоні традиційної практики управління в умовах ризиків, які не класифіковані через професійний критерій; тому й досі відсутнє прийнятне розподілення на інженерні і виробничі ризики. Зараз існують такі однакові, типові, характерні, загальні риси уявлень про ризики: відсутність чітких критеріїв класифікації ризиків; розгляд ризиків у межах єдиного, неподіленого цілого ризик-управління; інженерні ризики майже взагалі не розглядаються. Аналіз також показав, що причина такого сумбурного підходу до класифікації ризиків одна – відсутність обґрунтованого критерію класифікації ризиків, критерію, заснованого на поділення ризиків через професії, тобто, поділення, перш за все, на інженерні, економічні, адміністративні і виробничі ризики. Невирішеною складовою загальної проблеми залишається визначення сенсу саме інженерних і виробничих ризиків. А без цього не може визначитиме й сенс ризик-інженерії і ризик-виробництва. Метою статті стало визначення ризик-інженерії і ризик-виробництва через найбільш повне трактування найважливіших аспектів інженерних і виробничих ризиків. Для її досягнення були поставлені задачі: обґрунтування пріоритету класифікації ризиків за професійним критерієм; встановлення природи, схожості, відмінності і зв’язку інженерних і виробничих ризиків як основи ризик-інженерії і ризик-виробництва; визначення інших аспектів ризик-інженерії і ризик-виробництва; характеристика основних результатів дослідження. Методики дослідження: аналогія, поняття, огляд літературних джерел, 2С70, ВЄО. Результати: обґрунтований пріоритет класифікації ризиків за професійним критерієм; встановлене природу, схожість, відмінність і зв’язок інженерних і виробничих ризиків як основи ризик-інженерії і ризик-виробництва; визначений характер взаємозв’язку ризик-інженерії і ризик-виробництва. Наукова новизна: вперше визначений сенс нових понять «ризик-інженерія» і «ризик-виробництво» через найбільш повне трактування найважливіших аспектів інженерних і виробничих ризиків. Практична значимість: Отримані результати сприятиме суттєвому підвищенню розуміння природи інженерних і виробничих ризиків, а значить – й підвищенню ефективності управління в їх умовах. Вони також надають модель, зразок управління в умовах будь-яких інших ризиків.

Purpose: The study aims (1) to explore the comprehension and implementation of halal certification essence from the producers perspective of MSMEs, and (2) to make the model to apply the halal certification essence to MSMEs. Design/methodology/approach: This study used qualitative methods with Hussel's phenomenological approach. This research takes a setting in East Java. The data analysis is the Interactive Model Analysis from Miles and Huberman. Findings: The results showed indicate that the comprehension and implementation of halal certification essence from a producer's perspective of MSMEs in East Java is still relatively low. There are many MSMEs do not have certificates even though they understand the importance of halal certificates. The phenomenon at MSME producers showed that theoretically the halal certificates refers to the first basis set by Islam, namely the origin of something created by Allah is halal and permissible. Research limitations/implications: The samples and findings are exclusively to MSMEs that very supportive in determining informants and research clusters based on MSME industry groups Practical implications: Local governments should conduct training or coaching on positive mental strength, financial management, financial management literacy, risk management training, promotion and marketing strategy training and tourism management training. These trainings need to be done in order MSMEs have the competence and the comprehension on halal certification as one of capabilities of a good promotion The strategy and marketing strategy Social Implications: The training pattern should use a mentoring system by involving academics. The training to MSMEs should be done routinely. Training should be maintained properly at intervals, coordination and cooperation between the government and entrepreneurs. Originality/value: The research originality is shown by the MSMEs comprehension and mapping of halal certification as well as models to implement the halal certification essence in form of MUI regulations, MUI supervision, producer aspects and increased awareness of MSMEs in essence halal certification to supports the development of MSMEs.

Типографията може да се разгледа като метод, чрез който дадена информация достига до група от реципиенти. Буквите са неразделна част от ежедневието на съвременния човек. В исторически план са добре извести метаморфозите на писмените знаци, които са довели до това буките днес да изглеждат по начина по който ги познаваме. От натурализъм към абстракция, от сложни системи за комуникация, известни на шепа просветени хора, към все по-логични системи на изписване и глобално разпространение. Най-общо казано, в исторически план, типографията се разглежда, като изкуството и умението да конструираш букви. Букви, които в последствие се отпечатват върху физически насител. Към днешна дата, контекстът в който се използва типографията е по-широко обхватен. Всички аранжирани букви, без значение от носителя (в някои случаи, дори носенето на конвенционно значение не е задължително), които достигат до реципиент притежават типографски аспект. Цялата тази многопластовост на типографията води до затруднението да се дефинират ясни граници на нейното определение. We can consider typography as a method by which information reaches a group of recipients. Letters are inseparable of our everyday life. Historically, we all know the metamorphoses of written signs to look the way they do today. From naturalism to abstraction, from complex communication systems known to a handful of enlightened people, to increasingly logical systems of writing. Historically, we define typography as art and craft of designing letters. Letters that should be printed on physical media. Nowadays, the context in which typography is used is more complex. All arranged letters, regardless of medium (carrying a conventional meaning is not even mandatory), which reach the recipient has a typographic dimensio.

Dissertação de mestrado em Arquitetura, Cultura Arquitetónica, A nossa contemporaneidade carateriza-se por ser uma época de transformações constantes em busca de uma possível padronização cultural. Esta ânsia de atualizar, nomeadamente, a paisagem, faz com que se criem, hoje, réplicas em todo o mundo, tornando-nos numa sociedade globalizada. Assim sendo, o que acontece à identidade do "local”, no que a arquitetura diz respeito, será a questão principal que se colocará nesta dissertação. Logo, este trabalho visa focar-se na arquitetura do habitar, no sentido de questionar o conceito de "casa universal", trazendo ao de cima a autenticidade que a identidade arquitetónica pode revelar, com a ajuda da geografia, da antropologia e de algumas questões culturais. Daí a importância, numa primeira abordagem, de reconhecer os conceitos de "identidade do lugar" e de “tradição". Numa segunda parte, percorre-se, explora-se e reconhece-se. Procura-se referências relevantes de diferentes formas da arquitetura, no “pousar no solo" e no "sentir o clima". Como reage e se comporta a arquitetura a condicionantes geográficas extremas? Como fazer uma boa arquitetura enquadrada no espaço e no tempo? A partir de casos de estudo, são reveladas formas de habitar, muito próprias à escala global. Integram do tradicional ao contemporâneo, evidenciando o que de mais genuíno um território possa ter. Daqui nasce o projeto. De uma paisagem. Daquilo que a natureza nos oferece e da cultura da sociedade que a ocupa. Escolhemos quatro locais de geografias distintas. Quatro tradições destoantes. Nada modificamos, apenas adaptamos a forma e a pele ao lugar. O que antes era apenas matéria, será transformado em matéria que serve um propósito e que transmite “significados''. A intenção é ir ao encontro de uma arquitetura que comunique com clareza a união da obra, da sociedade e do território. Isto é, uma arquitetura que esteja conectada ao lugar, assim como se espera que se conecte com o habitante, revelando o seu espírito e o seu simbolismo. Uma casa com "identidade de lugar"., Our contemporaneity is characterized by being a time of constant transformations in search of a possible cultural standardization. This eagerness to update, namely, the landscape, causes replicas to be created all over the world today, making us a globalized society. Therefore, what happens to the identity of the “place”, as far as architecture is concerned, will be the main question that will be posed in this dissertation. Thus, this work aims to focus on the architecture of dwelling, in the sense of questioning the concept of “universal house”, bringing to the fore the authenticity that architectural identity can reveal, with the help of geography, anthropology, and some cultural questions. Hence the importance, in a first approach, of recognizing the concepts of “place identity” and “tradition”. In the second part, we wander, explore, and recognize. Relevant references are sought in different forms of architecture, in “set on the ground” and in “feeling the climate”. How does architecture react and behave to extreme geographic conditions? How to make good architecture framed in space and time? Based on case studies, unique ways of inhabiting are revealed, on a global scale. These integrate from the traditional to the contemporary, highlighting the most genuine aspects of the territory. From here the project is born. From a landscape. From what nature offer us and the culture of the society that occupies it. We chose four locations from different geographies. Four discordant traditions. Nothing was modify; it was just adapted the shape and the skin to the place. What was once just matter will be transformed into matter that serves a purpose and conveys “meanings”. The intention is to look for an architecture that communicates clearly the union of the work, society, and territory. That is to say, an architecture that is connected to the place, just as it is expected to connect with the inhabitant, revealing its spirit and symbolism. A house with “place identity”.

Introduction Dans ce chapitre, je propose d’examiner une question à l’interface de la métaphysique, de la philosophie des sciences, et de l’épistémologie. Cette question est celle de savoir si nous pouvons découvrir l’essence des « espèces naturelles » (natural kinds), dont les instances paradigmatiques seraient les espèces chimiques et biologiques. Depuis les années 1970, nombreux ont été ceux à répondre par l’affirmative à cette question, dans le sillage des travaux fondateurs de Saul Kripk...

Depuis une dizaine d’années, les recherches menées sur la nature de la connaissance philosophique, le défi de l’intégration, et la connaissance des essences se sont beaucoup enrichies. En faisant appel à des philosophes engagés sur ces sujets, cet ouvrage se donne pour ambition de faire le point sur ces recherches brûlantes et d’en dégager les perspectives. On s’interrogera sur les relations entre connaissance métaphysique et connaissance philosophique, sur la nature des essences et sur leur connaissance, sur les liens entre essences et modalités, sur la place que joue, pour élucider celles-ci, une réflexion sur l’essentialisme et sur les espèces naturelles, sans oublier la manière dont doit se faire l’articulation entre les formes a priori et a posteriori de la connaissance.

Introduction Les métaphysiciens ont longtemps conçu l’essence comme une notion modale : ils traitaient les vérités essentielles comme des vérités modales d’un certain type, nécessaires et de re, et les propriétés essentielles comme des caractéristiques qu’une entité possède nécessairement, si cette entité existe. Cependant, cette approche a été critiquée dans une série de travaux entrepris par Kit Fine dès les années 1990 (1994, 1995a, 1995b, 1995c). Fine montre que l’approche modale classe, ...

Une réponse négative à cette question caractérise la philosophie moderne. Ma réponse en revanche sera positive. Pour l’expliquer j’entremêlerai des considérations spéculatives et historiques. La principale sera qu’après Descartes, la désintégration de l’épistémologie et de la métaphysique a été jugée inévitable. Ce qui s’opposait à la tradition aristotélico-thomiste. Dans cette tradition, nous sommes faits pour connaître. À mon sens, elle est dans le vrai. Mais dire qu’à la réponse positive d...

As a preface to the paper proper, let me share a brief anecdote, told to me some years ago. The details aren’t entirely veridical (notably, names have been changed to protect the innocent), but the gist of the story remains. R and F, two metaphysicians at a major R1 university on the US eastern seaboard, were sitting around a table, debating whether there really was a table or just some simples arranged table-wise. During a lull in the argumentative to and fro, R let out a deep sigh and said,...

Introduction Je m’intéresserai ici au rapport entre l’essence et la nécessité, et plus exactement à la question qui est de savoir si l’essence peut fonder la nécessité. La question est revenue sur le devant de la scène depuis une vingtaine d’années, avec l’émergence d’un courant de métaphysiciens néo-essentialistes tels que Kit Fine (Fine 1994, 1995, 2000), Jonathan Lowe (Lowe 2007, 2008, 2012), Bob Hale (Hale 2013) ou Gideon Rosen (Rosen 2010, 2015). Ces auteurs ont pour point commun de défe...

Introduction Pourquoi étudier l’œuvre de Christian Wolff dans la cadre d’un colloque plutôt centré sur la « métaphysique analytique » ? Pour le comprendre, il convient de rappeler brièvement une remarque du philosophe français Léon Brunschvicg en 1922 rapprochant l’interprétation des textes de Leibniz par Russell et la pensée de Christian Wolff : […] les travaux de M. M. Couturat et Russell, appuyés sur la publication de très importants textes inédits, ont remis en faveur l’interprétation que...

« On définit communément l’essence ce par quoi une chose est ce qu’elle est ; mais comme une chose est par elle-même ce qu’elle est, la définition de l’essence se termine à dire que l'essence d'une chose est d’être cette chose : ce qui ne nous fait guère plus connaître l’essence, en général, que si on ne s’était point mêlé de l’expliquer. » (Buffier 1724, paragraphe 197) Les métaphysiciens, classiques ou contemporains, ont de nombreux désaccords concernant l’essence des choses. Une propriété...

Martial Gueroult écrivait : La défense de l’autonomie de la métaphysique se confond avec celle de l’esprit philosophique. La définition de la philosophie comme ancilla scientiae est tout aussi périlleuse pour elle que la définition de la philosophie comme ancilla theologiae. Dans les deux cas, elle subit un joug étranger. Dans les deux cas, elle vient « à la suite » ; un intérêt extérieur à elle est la lisière étroite qui limite a priori ses pas. Tout ce qui excède ou déborde dans les différe...

Introduction Selon Michael Dummett, le problème philosophique de la nécessité se résume aux deux questions suivantes : quelle est sa source ? Comment peut-on la reconnaître ? (Dummett 1978, p. 169). Mutatis mutandis, les deux mêmes questions ne nous semblent pas moins pertinentes pour cerner le problème philosophique de l’essence. En particulier, la question de la reconnaissance du caractère essentiel ou non d’une propriété est une question dont la difficulté est plus souvent appréciée qu’ef...

Que peut-on espérer apprendre de la métaphysique ? On peut attendre d’elle des savoirs sur l’être, la substance, le temps, l’espace, les universaux et les particuliers, les modalités, les propriétés, les catégories, les classes, les genres, etc. De ces notions on peut espérer avoir connaissance de la nature, au sens de leur nature intrinsèque, ou profonde, ou essentielle – leur essence –, éventuellement au moyen de la connaissance de leur structure. Par nature essentielle ou essence il suffit...

Si l’on suppose que la causalité maintient l’univers dans son ensemble, comme l’a clairement exprimé J. L. Mackie (1974), quel est le « moteur » qui fait en sorte que les mécanismes causaux continuent à se déclencher ? Cette question représente un défi important dans l’histoire de la philosophie, au point que certains philosophes ont préféré nier l’existence de la causalité en tant que phénomène réel dans le monde. Cependant, à travers l’histoire de la philosophie, ceux qui ont estimé que les...

This paper aims to demonstrate how, by questioning the essence of Technique, Heidegger examines the Platonic conceptions of idea, genus, and essence. Whether such concepts are indispensable to the Platonic philosophy of language, in contrast, the Heideggerian question about the essence of Technique culminates in questioning in what sense the concept of essence can be understood; a crucial concept for the foundation of language and Being. Therefore, it is about presenting how the questioning about the essence of technique leads us to question the essence itself in language: in what sense of essence can one speak of essence?

This article is devoted to the problem of cognition and understanding of the essence of state power. Actualization is carried out by searching for a new paradigm approach in order to determine the fundamental principles that are correlated with the idea to optimize and increase the efficiency of the corresponding sphere of public relations. Acting as an alternative to the substantial and relativistic approach to the study of state power, the system-synergetic approach analyzes the phenomenon of power based on the definition of system, within which the functions of communication and regulation of public relations are assigned to power. As a result, power is seen as a property or function of a social, in particular, political system, the need for which is determined by the presence of society itself and the task of maintaining its integrity. The analysis allows stating that in most modern concepts there is a consistent rejection of the traditional interpretation of power as the result of subject-object relations, where the subject of power is an active, energetic principle, and the object undergoes impact. In contrast to the position of traditionalism, there is a tendency to interpret power as a complex polysystem permeating the entire social structure of society. As a structural and synergistic effect of the system, power is not a property of its individual element, since each element must certainly be correlated with other units of the given system. Power is an intrasystem relatedness of all elements. As a structural principle, power is realized on the basis of equivalent exchange, which means not the equivalence of the exchanged elements, but a situation in which one element is unconceivable without the other, i.e. one element exists in relation to the other, and co-develops with it. Thus, power really fulfills the function of streamlining socio-political ties, making their separation and differentiation expedient. Power, therefore, is the beginning, creating structures, increasing heterogeneities in a continuous social environment and connecting them together. Such a view allows interpreting power as a principle of functioning of the state system: if the state system, with the help of some value proposition, manages to reproduce the corresponding content of consciousness, then it functions quite stably.

The purpose of the study is to conduct a general theoretical analysis of scientific approaches to the definition of the concept and essence of the legal regime in order to overcome its narrow industrial understanding and identify the role and significance in the process of legal regulation. General scientific and private scientific methods of knowledge including formal legal and comparative legal methods have been chosen as research methods of this paper. Logical techniques allowing to reveal the essence of legal regimes and formulate the author's definition of them have also been applied. The analysis of scientific works expressing various opinions indicates that at present an instrumental approach to the definition of the concept and essence of the legal regime prevails directly (or indirectly through the procedure of legal regulation) as a set of legal means (instruments). The following are mentioned as signs of the legal regime: mandatory normative legal consolidation (formal legal nature), specific target, special regulatory order based on a combination of legal means and methods of legal regulation, in relation to subjects of law, i.e., in a subjective sense, creating of favorable (or unfavorable) conditions to achieve certain interests, systemic and integrated character of a regime and its special structure. As a result, the author's definition of the legal regime is presented as a special procedure for the legal regulation of public relations, based on a certain combination of legal means and methods of legal regulation (permits, prohibitions, and positive obligations) aimed at achieving the relevant legal goals and planned optimal socially significant result.

The article discusses the organization of practical work of students in the field of technology and the direction of young people in the profession of national crafts through the use of educational technologies combined in creative activities.

BRU ELT JOURNAL, 1, 1, 1-11

Sa stajališta racionalizma čin spoznavanja shvaća se kao pojmovno razumijevanje stvari, odnosno kao moć kojom čovjek kao svjesno jesuće (mens) oblikuje ideju stvari u pojmu. Pojmovno shvaćanje utoliko predstavlja adekvatan način spoznavanja same bîti stvari. Pri tom je važno naglasiti kako je pojam proizvod djelujućeg mišljenja, a ideja kao pojam nije svediva ni na predodžbu/sliku (imago) ni na riječ (verbum). U svjetlu prepoznavanja otvorenosti pojma spram medija, istraživanje je usredotočeno na mogućnosti virtualne stvarnosti (VR) i integriranje multimedija u svrhu efikasnog izražavanja bîti stvari. Može li se korištenjem multimedijske platforme izbjeći zbrci konotacija koju osjetilni podražaji u stvarnosti evociraju? U praktičnoj primijeni, istraživanje se oslanja na primjere integracije i upotrebu VR medija i uređaja u brodogradnji., The rationalism understands an act of cognition as a conceptual understanding of things, that is, as the power with which human as a conscious being (mens) forms the idea of a thing in a concept. Therefore, conceptual understanding represents an adequate mode in knowing the essence of a thing. It is important to emphasize that the concept is a product of an act of thinking, while the idea as a concept is not reducible to the image (imago) nor to the word (verbum). In light of recognized openness of the concept to the medium, the focus of the research are the possibilities of virtual reality (VR) and integration of multimedia for the purpose of effective expression of the essence of things. Can using a multimedia platform avoid the confusion of connotations that sensory stimuli actually evoke? In its practical application, the research relies on examples of integration and use of VR media and devices in shipbuilding.

Автор выясняет роль и значение логических форм и методов познания в раскрытии сущности микромира. Обозначены и анализированы основные тенденции познавательного процесса, а также количественные и качественные особенности, сложности многообразия исследования микрообъектов., The author clarifies the role and significance of logical forms and methods of cognition in revealing the essence of the microcosm. The main trends of the cognitive process are identified and analyzed, as well as quantitative and qualitative features, the complexity of the diversity of the study of micro-objects., Социально-гуманитарные знания, Выпуск 7 2023, Pages 77-79

The article is devoted to the study of medical errors. Based on the study of literary sources, it was revealed that there are various approaches to the interpretation of the term. Various classifications of medical errors have been developed, which do not fully take into account their types in the context of the specialty, essence, causes of occurrence, place of admission and their influence on the outcome.

[ES] El proyecto parte esencialmente de la siguiente pregunta: ¿Es posible que un albergue (y el turismo que genera) pueda convertirse en el impulsor de la regeneración urbana de un municipio? La respuesta es: SI. Los albergues se caracterizan por la reducción de la privacidad a la cama de modo que al abandonar dicha unidad los individuos se introducen en una amalgama de relaciones sociales. Estos nexos sociales, se producen entre componentes de un mismo grupo de visitantes, compañeros de habitación, personas itinerantes en el interior del albergue, etc. Pero, ¿Que sucede si esta interacción interpersonal traspasa los muros de la propio construcción? Esta es la clave del proyecto. La construcción de un alberge en Jijona persigue la generación espontánea de nexos sociales entre jijonencos y visitantes, de forma que estos últimos se sientan inmersos en la vida cotidiana del municipio. Así, el albergue se convierte en un lugar al que se va para, una vez estar allí, conocer, descubrir, relacionarse¿ y, finalmente, no irse sino recordar. Con ello, se pretende que el municipio aspire a convertirse en un nuevo foco de interés y, de esta manera, animar la aparición de una tendencia positiva a la compra de viviendas del caso antiguo y su correspondiente rehabilitación por parte de particulares. Teniendo en cuanta dicho objetivo, el albergue se construye en el interior del que fue un punto importante en la vida diaria de los Jijonencos: la antigua fábrica de turrones de ¿La Jijonenca¿. De esta manera, los visitantes son capaces de experimentar en primera persona la tradición, cultura e historia que esconde este lugar y, además, los Jijonencos vuelven a apropiarse de este lugar tan arraigado a la esencia de su pueblo. En definitiva, el proyecto persigue la regeneración urbana a partir de las relaciones interpersonales que se producen de forma espontanea en los pueblos y, en este caso, en los albergues. Todo ello, recuperando un símbolo arraigado a la etnografía de Jijona como es la antigua fábrica de ¿La Jijonenca¿., [EN] The project essentially starts from the following question: Is it possible that a hostel (and the tourism that it generates) can become the driving force behind the urban regeneration of a town? The answer is: YES. Hostels are characterised by the reduction of privacy to the bed, so that when individuals leave this unit they enter into an amalgam of social relations. These social links occur between members of the same group of visitors, roommates, people roaming within the hostel, etc. But what happens if this interpersonal interaction goes beyond the walls of the building itself? This is the key of the project. The construction of a hostel in Jijona seeks the spontaneous generation of social links between Jijonencos and visitors, so that the latter feel immersed in the daily life of the town. Thus, the hostel becomes a place to go to, once there, to get to know, discover, interact... and, finally, not to leave but to remember. With this, it is intended that the municipality aspires to become a new focus of interest and, in this way, to encourage the emergence of a positive trend towards the purchase of houses in the old town and their corresponding rehabilitation by private individuals. With this aim in mind, the hostel is built inside what was once an important point in the daily life of the Jijonencos: the old nougat factory of "La Jijonenca". In this way, visitors are able to experience first-hand the tradition, culture and history hidden in this place and, in addition, the Jijonencos once again take ownership of this place so deeply rooted in the essence of their village. In short, the project pursues urban regeneration based on the interpersonal relationships that occur spontaneously in the villages and, in this case, in the hostels. All this, recovering a symbol rooted in the ethnography of Jijona such as the old "La Jijonenca" factory.

The Quran is a divine book sent by Allah to ensure the happiness of people in this world and in the hereafter. In the history of humanity, there have been those who accepted the prophets sent to them and the books they brought, as well as those who denied and rejected them with various accusations. The polytheists of Makkah, who were the first addressees of the Qur'an, were also Hz. They rejected the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and the Qur'an sent to him and made some criticisms and accusations against him. The Qur'an, which did not remain indifferent to the claims of the Makkan polytheists, aimed to save them from the swamp of polytheism and reach tawhid by responding to them with the most perfect answers. The Qur'an, which has influenced hearts in every period with its unique style, beauties in wording and meaning, has increased the faith of believers and left their enemies in awe. In this study, it will be revealed on which subjects the criticisms and accusations of the Makkan polytheists against the Qur'an focus on, whether the criticisms are consistent or not, and how the Qur'an answers these claims with its dynamic structure., Kur'ân-ı Kerim, Allah Teâla tarafından insanların dünya ve ahiret saadetini temin etmek için gönderilmiş ilahî bir kitaptır. İnsanlık tarihinde kendilerine gönderilen peygamberleri ve getirdikleri kitapları kabul edenler olduğu gibi çeşitli ithamlarla onları yalanlayanlar ve reddedenler de olmuştur. Kur’an’ın ilk muhatapları olan Mekke müşrikleri de Hz. Muhammed (as)’ı ve kendisine gönderilen Kur’an’ı reddederek ona yönelik bir takım eleştiri ve ithamlarda bulunmuşlardır. Mekke müşriklerinin iddialarına kayıtsız kalmayan Kur'ân-ı Kerim, en mükemmel cevaplarla onlara karşılık vererek şirkin bataklığından kurtarıp tevhide ulaşmalarını hedeflemiştir. Eşsiz üslûbu, lafız ve manasındaki güzelliklerle her dönemde gönüllere tesir etmiş olan Kur’ân, müminlerin imanını artırırken, düşmanlarını da kendisine hayran bırakmıştır. Bu çalışmada Mekke müşriklerinin Kur’an’a yönelik eleştiri ve ithamlarının hangi konular üzerinde yoğunlaştığı, yapılan eleştirilerin tutarlı olup olmadığı, Kur’an’ın dinamik yapısıyla bu iddiaları nasıl cevaplandırdığı ortaya konulacaktır.

As M. Loux has recently reminded us, there are two basic strategies for explaining the character of particular objects, the ‘relational approach’ and the ‘constituent approach’. The prime example of a constituent approach would be Aristotelian hylomorphism. This article reveals three things. First, it gives a roadmap towards what the author considers to be the exegetically correct reconstruction of Aristotle’s hylomorphic theory. Second, it provides a presentation of the basic claims of a neo-Aristotelian hylomorphic theory, the one argued for by M. Johnston. Finally, it argues that regardless of whatever shortcomings it may have, Aristotle’s theory has an advantage over that proposed by Johnston. Unlike Johnston’s theory, it may give us a complete account of the character of a particular object.

Many different factors affect brand homogeneity, including the different products associated with a brand, how they are made, and how they are branded. How does the perceived homogeneity of a brand’s offered products, in turn, affect consumers’ experiences with those products? Nine experiments reveal that consumers have more polarized judgments of product experiences when the sampled products are perceived to belong to more homogeneous brands. When a consumption experience is positive, the consumer has an even more positive experience when they think the sampled product came from a homogeneous brand; however, when a consumption experience is negative, the consumer has an even more negative experience when they think the sampled product came from a homogeneous brand. This polarization occurs because the individual product inherits the brand-level quality of perceived internal consistency—when a brand seems homogeneous (i.e., consisting of homogeneous products), consumers also perceive any individual product from the brand as similarly consisting of homogeneous ingredients or parts. We suggest that brand homogeneity leads to selective processing of individual product experiences, which makes products seem more coherent, products rated faster, and ratings of different product ingredients or features more highly correlated. The perception that all of the parts within the individual sampled product are homogeneous in quality polarizes judgments of the product experience.

U doktorskoj se disertaciji analizira i kritički razmatra uloga umjetnosti u kontekstu pokušaja uspostave sustava filozofije Friedricha Wilhelma Josepha Schellinga. Općeprihvaćeno je stajalište u povijesti filozofije da se Schellingova ranija filozofija može sagledati kao dovršenje transcendentalnoga idealizma i pokušaj uspostave sustava cjelokupne filozofije, a kasnija kao pokušaj dovršenja idealizma uopće u pozitivnoj filozofiji. Dovršenje transcendentalnoga idealizma Schelling je pronašao u umjetnosti, kao trećemu osnovnomu dijelu filozofije u kojemu se objedinjuju filozofija prirode i filozofija povijesti. Umjetnost u Schellingovoj filozofiji nije shvaćena kao estetika ili teorija umjetnosti, nego kao znanost, odnosno kao osnovni dio filozofije real-idealizma. Premda Schelling za života nije objavio filozofiju umjetnosti, posthumno su ipak objavljena njegova predavanja o filozofiji umjetnosti, koja je održao u Jeni 1802./1803. godine te ih je u više navrata ponovio u Würzburgu 1804./1805. godine. Uz Schellingova predavanja, umjetnost ima značajnu ulogu u djelu Sustav transcendentalnoga idealizma (1800.) te u Schellingovu govoru u Akademiji likovnih umjetnosti u Münchenu pod naslovom O odnosu likovnih umjetnosti prema prirodi (1807.). Bitno različita forma i zadaća pojedinih djela u kojima je umjetnosti pridana značajna uloga, te Schellingovo očitovanje o vlastitoj filozofiji identiteta kao negativnoj filozofiji naspram kasnije pozitivne, rezultirali su uvriježenim shvaćanjem nekonzistentnosti uloge umjetnosti u Schellingovoj filozofiji. S obzirom da je od sredine dvadesetoga stoljeća pa sve do danas pronađen i objavljen niz rukopisa i zapisa Schellingovih predavanja, razumijevanje pojma umjetnosti u Schellingovoj filozofiji u novije se doba bitno izmijenilo. Cilj je disertacije hermeneutičkom i imanentno-kritičkom metodom protumačiti Schellingovu osnovnu misao, kako bi se iz cjeline njegova sustava odredila uloga umjetnosti. Na taj se način nastoji ukazati na konzistentnost i kontinuirani razvoj kako pojma umjetnosti tako i cjelokupnoga sustava Schellingove filozofije. Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schellingʼs lectures on the philosophy of art can be considered a unique attempt in the history of philosophy at providing art with a scientific basis. However, they are not notable for being the only such endeavor, as similar attempts were made even before Schelling, but because he made art an essential and indispensable part of the entire system of philosophy. Schellingʼs notion of art is not limited to establishing art as a science, but in his system, it is understood as the organon and document of philosophy and, therefore, as the completion of transcendental idealism. Schelling’s lectures on the philosophy of art were first held in Jena in 1802/1803 and were repeated several times in Würzburg, where he continued his academic work after leaving Jena. Unlike philosophy of nature and transcendental philosophy, Schelling’s philosophy of art was not published during his lifetime. These lectures, entitled Philosophy of Art, were posthumously published by Schellingʼs son, Karl Friedrich August Schelling, in the fifth volume of Schelling’s Complete Works, containing lectures both from Jena and Würzburg. Since Schelling did not intend to publish these lectures, he did not finalize them. From the middle of the twentieth century to the present day, nine more lecture transcripts have been found. The Jena transcript by Johann Friedrich Heinrich Schlosser, published in the second part of the sixth volume of the Historical-Critical Edition, is of a particular note. Bearing in mind Schellingʼs ambiguous statement about his own earlier philosophy as a mere negative philosophy and many later interpretations by his critics of the role of art he presented in the last chapter of the System of Transcendental Idealism, it is the newly found transcripts that provide new insights into the interpretation of the role of art in Schellingʼs system. The sixth volume of the Historical-Critical Edition is dedicated to the Philosophy of Art and was published in two volumes in 2018 by the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, which has been republishing his works together with newly found manuscripts and transcripts. Furthermore, the sixth volume provides not only new insights into common interpretations that his earlier philosophy has been surpassed in the later works and that the notion of art is presented inconsistently in various works but also sheds new light on the relationship between Jena and Würzburg lectures. Considering the subsequently gathered manuscripts and transcripts of Schellingʼs lectures, our doctoral dissertation examines the role of art in specific periods of Schellingʼs philosophy in order to support the hypothesis that art has a continuous and consistent role in the development of his system of philosophy and that seemingly contradictory views on art should be viewed in terms of the task and context of a particular work. In order to consistently substantiate the hypothesis, the first three chapters are divided according to these periods and consider works that have directly or indirectly contributed to the understanding of the concept of art. The first chapter examines the earliest period of Schellingʼs philosophy from 1794 to 1800, focusing on a collection of articles entitled A General Review of the Latest Philosophical Literature, in which philosophy of art is for the first time mentioned as the third basic part of philosophy, combining the philosophy of nature and transcendental philosophy. Furthermore, it focuses on the final sixth chapter of the System of Transcendental Idealism, in which art is understood as the completion of transcendental idealism, therefore, the general organon and capstone of the overall philosophy. The second chapter presents the period of the philosophy of identity from 1800 to 1806. It is particularly significant as the lectures on the philosophy of art were held on several occasions during that period. After elaborating on the philosophy of nature in the period from 1797 to 1799 and completing the system of transcendental philosophy with the notion of aesthetic intuition in art in 1800, Schelling focused on establishing a system of the overall philosophy. The chapter aims to demonstrate that Schelling, with the unity of philosophy of nature and transcendental philosophy, laid the foundation for presenting his overall system, which only confirms that in the philosophy of identity, art is no longer regarded as the main subject matter. Instead, he treats art concerning the whole system. In doing so, the second chapter considers the basic concepts of the Philosophy of Art, thus accentuating the general views of real-idealism in Schellingʼs interpretations of specific forms of formative and verbal arts. The fact that Schelling relied heavily on other authors in preparing his lectures gave many later interpretations reason to challenge his originality, therefore, the chapter emphasizes his original thought based on the interpretation of general views. After considering the role of art in Schellingʼs early philosophy, having concluded that the role of art has not fundamentally changed, the third chapter discusses the notion of art in the first Munich period from 1806 to 1815. Just as in the second chapter the role of art is viewed concerning philosophy, so in the third chapter it is considered concerning religion. The emphasis is placed on Schellingʼs speech at the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich in 1807 entitled On the Relation of the Formative Arts to Nature. Furthermore, the notion of art is placed in the broader context of Schellingʼs attempt to establish historical philosophy. After covering the historical context of the development of Schellingʼs system of philosophy from 1795 to 1815 and pointing out the consistent role of art in the overall system, the fourth chapter elaborates on the romantic idea of the return of science to poetry, present in all periods of his work. By presenting the elementary moments of the fall from the absolute and the return to it, the chapter seeks to substantiate the view that Schellingʼs system of realidealism is fundamentally aesthetic. The final section of the fourth chapter summarizes the relationship between earlier negative and later positive philosophy to further consistently elaborate on Schellingʼs overall philosophy, and confirms that art has the same role in positive philosophy, although it is no longer the issue under consideration.

İslam düşüncesi, hangi gelenek içerisinde yer alırsa alsın on ikinci yüz-yıldan sonraki düşünürlerin önemli bir kısmının İbn Sînâ (ö. 428/1037) şârihi olduğu bir sürecin içerisinden geçti. Bu olgu Fahreddîn er-Râzî’nin (ö. 606/1210) sorunsallaştırma kabiliyetiyle birleşince, onun eleştirel okumaları, kendisinden sonraki kuşakları meşgul edecek aporiaları su yüzüne çıkarıp çözülmeyi bekleyen birer probleme dönüştürdü. Gerek ontoloji, epistemoloji ve aksiyolojinin kesiştiği birçok hususla yakından ilintili olması gerekse İslam düşünce geleneklerinin varlık anlayışlarının doğrudan yansıdığı bir problem alanı olması açısından bilginin mahiyeti, bunlar arasında önemli bir yere sahiptir. Râzî başta olmak üzere birçok düşünürün çözümlemelerinde görüldüğü üzere, Meşşâî felsefede bilginin ontolojisi, mahiyeti ve kategorisi, sistemin bütünü dikkate alındığında önemli meydan okumalarla karşılaşmaya elverişli unsurlar içermektedir. Buna bağlı olarak Şemseddin İsfahânî (ö. 749/1349), Teftâzânî (ö. 792/1390), Seyyid Şerîf Cürcânî (ö. 816/1413), Ali Kuşçu (ö. 879/1474), Devvânî (ö. 908/1502), Sadreddîn Deştekî (ö. 903/1498) gibi düşünürler gerek sorunun tespiti ve imalarının açığa çıkarılması gerekse çözüm teklifleri açısından tartışmayı daha ileri bir noktaya taşımışlardır. Elinizdeki çalışma işte bu birikimi tevarüs eden on altıncı yüzyıl düşünürü Kutbüddin el-Îcî’nin (ö. 955/1548) soruna yaklaşım biçimini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Değerlendirmelerini özellikle Ali Kuşçu’nun, Devvânî’nin ve Deştekî’nin konuyla ilgili yorumları üzerinden yapan Îcî, bu düşünürlerin kategori sorununun çözümüne dair tekliflerini analiz etmek ve kendi yaklaşımını ortaya koymak suretiyle önemli katkılar sunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda Îcî, Ali Kuşçu’nun husûl-kıyâm ayırımını, Deştekî’nin dönüşüm teorisini çeşitli açılardan sorunlu bulmaktadır. Filozofların sisteminde bilginin gerçek anlamda nitelik kategorisinde yer alamayacağına dair Devvânî’nin iddiasının da tatmin edici olmadığını düşünen Îcî, hariçte var olan türsel hakikat ile fert arasındaki ilişkiyi yorumlayarak kategori sorununun çözümü için araçsallaştırmakta ve nesnenin mahiyetine özdeş olan cevherî anlamın, nefste araz olarak bulunan bilginin zihnî varlığa sahip bir parçası olabileceğini öne sürmektedir., Islamic thought, no matter what tradition it belonged to, went through a process in which almost all thinkers after the twelfth century were also commentators of Avicenna (d. 428/1037). When this phenomenon combined with Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī's (d. 606/1210) ability to problematize, his critical readings revealed the aporias and turned them into problems which would occupy the thinker’s mind after him and waiting to be solved. The quiddityof knowledge has an important place among these, both in terms of being closely related to many issues where ontology, epistemology and axiology intersect and being a problem area where the Islamic intellectual traditions’ conception of existence is directly reflected. As seen in the analyses of many thinkers, notably Râzî, the ontology, quiddity and category of knowledge in Avicennian philosophy contain elements that are conducive to encountering important challenges when the system as a whole is taken into consideration. Accordingly, scholars like Shams al-Dīn al-Isfahānî (ö. 749/1349), al-Taftāzānī (ö. 792/1390), al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (ö. 816/1413), Alî al-Qūshjī (ö. 879/1474), al-Dawwānī (ö. 908/1502), Sadr al-Dīn al-Dashtakī (ö. 903/1498) have taken the discussion to a further point both in terms of identifying the problem and revealing its implications and proposing solutions. This study aims to analyze the sixteenth-century thinker Kutb al-Dīn al-Ījī’s treatment of this problem who inherited the debates of past on the matter in question. He carries out his evaluations especially through the Alī al-Qūshjī (ö. 879/1474), al-Dawwānī (ö. 908/1502) and al-Dashtakī’s comments on the subject. He makes important contributions by analyzing these scholars’ solution offers con-cerning the problem of categorical status of knowledge and putting forward his own approach. He thinks that Alī al-Qūshjī’s distinction between realization (husūl) and subsistence (qiyām), al-Dashtakī’s theory of transformation and al-Dawwānī’s offer to not put the knowledge under the category of quality are problematic from various aspects.

[ES] "Persona y ego a través de la fotografía" intenta visualizar, a través de una cámara, el contraste entre cómo cada modelo se ve a sí mismo y cómo cree que los demás le ven. Para lograr esta hazaña, el fotógrafo hará uso de cambios en la iluminación, vestimenta, maquillaje, atrezzo, poses, composición, etc. para expresar las diferentes "personas" que los modelos guardan por dentro y exteriorizan por fuera., [EN] "Persona & Ego via Photography" attempts to visualize, through a camera lens, the contrast between how each model sees themself and how they believe they portray themselves to others. To achieve this feat, the photographer will make use of changes in lighting, clothing, makeup, props, poses, composition, etc. to express the different "personas" the models hold inside and express outwards.

The article examines the theoretical and methodological principles of intellectual property, which is one of the components of the intellectual capital of an industrial enterprise. It is substantiated that the development of intellectual property in a historical perspective involves the creation of methodological foundations of this economic and legal category, connected by subjects of intellectual activity, functions of intellectual property in society, objective factors of the formation of the theory of intellectual property, etc. A scientometric analysis of existing definitions of intellectual property in various contexts was carried out. The existence of different approaches to the definition of the concept of "intellectual property" (legal, socio-philosophical, economic) that limit the content and value of this category. It has been established that a comprehensive approach combining all aspects of the concept of "intellectual property" most fully reflects the essence and nature of this concept. Areas of use of intellectual property in the real sector of the economy are highlighted, among which the most important are recognized. Taking into account the multidisciplinary content, it is proposed to define the definition of "intellectual property" based on a combination of economic, legal and managerial components. It has been proven that the basis for such a proposal is the fact that the definition of the category "intellectual property" must be based on three key components: property, its intellectual content and legal support in the sphere of creation, production, distribution, exchange, use and withdrawal from economic circulation It is substantiated that property is the original and defining element of the system of economic relations, since the processes of distribution and exchange of the social product are carried out in accordance with the right of appropriation. The author's definition of intellectual property recommended for use organically combines the legal, economic, and organizational and managerial components of this term. This approach will more accurately and professionally reproduce the processes of creation, distribution and use of intellectual property and market products created with its use., У статті розглянуто теоретико-методологічні засади інтелектуальної власності, яка представляє собою одну із складових інтелектуального капіталу промислового підприємства. Проведено наукометричний аналіз існуючих визначень інтелектуальної власності у різних контекстах. Виявлено найбільш характерні складові поняття «інтелектуальна власність». Виділено напрямки використання інтелектуальної власності в реальному секторі економіки, серед яких найбільш важливим визнано. З урахування мультидисциплінароного змісту запропоновано дефініцію «інтелектуальна власність» визначати на основі поєднання економічної, правової та управлінської складових. Рекомендоване до вжитку авторське визначення інтелектуальної власності органічно поєднує в собі і правову, і економічну, і організаційно-управлінську складові цього терміну.

Tawhid has been accepted as a basic concept in Sufism as in other Islamic disciplines and has been handled in different dimensions. In this context, Sheikh Muhyiddin Yawsī, an important scholar and mystic who lived during the rise of the Ottoman Empire, evaluated tawhid in three stages. The first stage of Tawhid is based on theoretical knowledge. According to this, a person believes in the unity of Allah by learning the information about the person and attributes of Allah from the sources. The second stage is a spiritual state that occurs with a mystical upbringing under the guidance of the perfect master, and in which a person lives with divine manifestations to his heart and mind. After passing these two stages, the devotee experiences tawhid in the third stage, which is an indescribable state of spiritual pleasure. At this level, there is no being other than Allah. According to Yawsī, who focuses on the concepts of ahadiyyah and unity in the context of tawhid, it is not possible to know the essence of Allah, either mentally or verbally. However, He has attributes that determine His essence in beings to be known, and the existence of everything depends on these attributes. In our study, the place of tawhid in Sheikh Yavsî's world of thought will be revealed, and his views will be evaluated., Tevhid diğer İslamî disiplinlerde olduğu gibi tasavvufta da temel bir kavram olarak kabul edilmiş ve farklı boyutlarda ele alınmıştır. Bu çerçevede Osmanlı Devleti’nin yükseliş döneminde yaşamış bir mutasavvıf olan Şeyh Muhyiddin Yavsî, tevhidi üç aşamalı olarak değerlendirmiştir. Tevhîd’in ilk aşaması teorik bilgiye dayanmaktadır. Buna göre kişi Allah’ın zât ve sıfatlarıyla ilgili bilgileri kaynaklardan öğrenerek O’nun birliğine iman eder. İkinci aşama ise mürşid-i kâmilin rehberliğinde tasavvufî bir terbiye ile meydana gelen, kişinin kalbine ve aklına ilahî tecelliler ile yaşadığı manevî bir haldir. Sâlik bu iki aşamayı geçtikten sonra tevhidi üçüncü aşamada yaşar, bu ise tarifi mümkün olmayan manevî bir zevk halidir. Bu mertebede Allah’ın dışında hiçbir varlık yoktur. Tevhid bağlamında ahadiyyet ve vâhidiyyet kavramları üzerinde duran Yavsî’ye göre Allah’ın zâtının bilmek aklen ve naklen mümkün değildir. Ancak O’nun zâtının bilinmesi için varlıklarda taayyün eden sıfatları vardır ve her şeyin varlığı bu sıfatlara bağlıdır. Çalışmamızda Şeyh Yavsî’nin düşünce dünyasında tevhidin yeri ortaya konularak görüşleri değerlendirilecektir.

This article is devoted to the analysis of the concept, essence, structure and types of corporate relations in joint-stock companies in the Russian Federation. The authors note that joint-stock companies are the most important type of corporate organizations, which account for a significant share of the country's gross domestic product.

The subject of research in the article is is the processes of constructing explanations in intelligent systems using causal relationships. The aim is to develop a representation of the entities of the subject area, taking into account the temporal aspect in order to represent the binary relations in time between the properties of the same entity. The construction of temporal relations between the properties of entities makes it possible to determine the probabilistic causal relationships between the states of these entities and use these dependencies to form explanations for the implemented decision-making process in the intelligent system, taking into account possible alternatives. Tasks: structuring the objects of the subject area, taking into account their essential properties for the decision-making process, including temporal; definition of classes of essences of subject area; determination of equivalence classes of entities of the subject area taking into account changes in the properties of these entities over time; development of a temporal model of representation of essences of subject area for construction of explanations in intellectual systems on the basis of definition of dependences in time between properties of essences. The approaches used are: set-theoretic approach, which is used to describe the classes of entities and classes of equivalence of entities of the subject area; linear temporal logic, which provides a representation of the relationship between entities in the temporal aspect. The following results were obtained. The structuring of the objects of the subject area is performed taking into account their properties, which are used in the decision-making process in the intellectual system; defined classes of entities; the classes of equivalence of entities of the subject area are defined as a kind of class of entities with the same values of key attributes, which makes it possible to take into account changes in these values over time; a temporal model of representation of the essences of the subject area is developed, which takes into account their static, dynamic properties and properties of time. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the results is as follows. An equivalence class for entities is distinguished, which contains entities with the same key static properties and different dynamic properties considering the time of their change, which allows to reflect changes in the state of the entity in the decision-making process in the intelligent system. The temporal model of representation of essences of subject area which contains classes of equivalence of essences, and also temporal communications between properties of elements of these classes is offered. The selection of classes of equivalence of entities makes it possible to present the decision-making process in the intellectual system in the form of a sequence of temporal connections between the properties of entities of the subject area, and to form on this basis casual relationships between states of entities., Предметом вивчення в статті є процеси побудови пояснень в інтелектуальних системах з використанням причинно-наслідкових залежностей. Метою є розробка представлення сутностей предметної області з урахуванням темпорального аспекту з тим, щоб представити бінарні відношення у часі між властивостями однієї й тієї ж сутності. Побудова темпоральних відношень між властивостями сутностей дає можливість визначити ймовірнісні каузальні залежності між станами цих сутностей і використати ці залежності для формування пояснень щодо реалізованого процесу прийняття рішення в інтелектуальній системі з урахуванням можливих альтернатив такого процесу. Завдання: структуризація об'єктів предметної області з урахуванням їх суттєвих для процесу прийняття рішень властивостей, в тому числі темпоральних; визначення класів сутностей предметної області; визначення класів еквівалентності сутностей предметної області з урахуванням змін властивостей цих сутностей з часом; розробка темпоральної моделі представлення сутностей предметної області для побудови пояснень в інтелектуальних системах на основі визначення залежностей у часі між властивостями сутностей. Використовуваними підходами є: теоретико-множинний підхід, який застосовується для опису класів сутностей та класів еквівалентності сутностей предметної області; лінійна темпоральна логіка, яка забезпечує представлення відношень між сутностями у темпоральному аспекті. Отримані наступні результати. Виконано структуризацію об'єктів предметної області з урахуванням їх властивостей, які використовуються у процесі прийняття рішень в інтелектуальній системі; визначено класи сутностей; визначено класи еквівалентності сутностей предметної області як різновид класу сутностей з однаковими значеннями ключових атрибутів, що дає можливість врахувати зміни цих значень з часом; розроблено темпоральну модель представлення сутностей предметної області, яка враховує їх статичні, динамічні властивості та властивості часу. Висновки. Наукова новизна отриманих результатів полягає в наступному. Виділено клас еквівалентності для сутностей, який містить сутності із однаковими ключовими статичними властивостями й різними динамічними властивостями з урахуванням часу їх зміни, що дає можливість відобразити зміни стану сутності у процесі прийняття рішення в інтелектуальній системі. Запропоновано темпоральну модель представлення сутностей предметної області, яка містить класи еквівалентності сутностей, а також темпоральні зв'язки між властивостями елементів цих класів. Виділення класів еквівалентності сутностей дає можливість представити процес прийняття рішення в інтелектуальній системі у вигляді послідовності темпоральних зв'язків між властивостями сутностей предметної області, та сформувати на цій основі казуальні залежності між станами сутностей з подальшою побудовою пояснень як ланцюжка каузальних залежностей.

UDK 338.2; JEL Classification: L23, M11 Babailov V., Levchenko Ya., Kulai O. DEVELOPMENT OF administration PARADIGMS Purpose. Administration - the most important phenomenon and concept in the past and present of mankind. It has ancient origins, a variety of forms, uses, connections and understandings. Despite its ancient origins, there are still misconceptions about its important aspects and even identification with management. Administration is closely related to management, but it is not the same concepts and phenomena. As practice shows, the degree of understanding of administration significantly affects the results of its use. Therefore, the correct definition of its aspects are relevant components of the administration problem. Such an unresolved component of the problem becomes especially relevant as the definition of its more important aspect, which is undoubtedly its essence, the basic law, or rather the result of its approbation by the method of historical and logical Hegel, ie - global strategies, administration paradigms. It is global administration strategies that have significant practical application. However, they are still not developed. An analysis of recent research and publications shows that in the literature there are different interpretations of administration and the nature of its relationship with management and even their identification; but its authors also do not even pose the problem of developing administration paradigms. They focus on secondary aspects of administration, on the characteristics of its types and avoid determining the nature, content, establishment of private laws of management. But it is private laws and the basic law of administration, as a result of the generalization of its private laws, becomes the foundation for the development of administration paradigms. The reason for this is that historically there has been a situation where throughout the twentieth century the attention of specialists has been focused on management. Therefore, first of all, paradigms of management were developed. But the development of administration paradigms remains an unresolved issue. However, administration is not limited to management, and therefore the paradigms of administration can not coincide with the paradigms of management. Based on this, the development of management paradigms becomes relevant. The aim of the article is to develop administration paradigms. To achieve the aim, the task of defining the main aspects of administration was solved. Research methods. To achieve this aim, the following general scientific and special research methods and techniques were used: comparative analysis of scientific literature and information sources based on methods of comparison, systematization and generalization; generalization of analysis results and logical generation of conclusions, theory of Babaylov's method. Results: identified the main aspects of administration (its essence, content, basic law); developed three administration paradigms: Pre-industrial, Industrial, Post-industrial. Scientific novelty: administration paradigms were developed for the first time. Practical significance: the developed administration paradigms, as its global strategies, will help increase the effectiveness of strategic administration of any enterprise (organization)., УДК 338.2; JEL Classification: L23, M11 Бабайлов В.К., Левченко Я.С., Кулай О.О. РОЗРОБКА ПАРАДИГМ УПРАВЛІННЯ Мета. Управління – найважливіше явище і поняття в минулій і сучасній діяльності людства. Воно має давне походження, самі різні форми, сфери використання, зв’язки і розуміння. Незважаючи на давнє походження, досі існує помилкове визначення його важливих аспектів й навіть ототожнення з менеджментом. Управління тісно пов’язане з менеджментом, але це не однакові поняття і явища. Як свідчить практика, ступінь розуміння управління суттєво впливає на результати його використання. Тому правильні визначення його аспектів є актуальними складовими проблеми управління. Особливу актуальність набуває така невирішена складова проблеми як визначення його важливішого аспекту, яким без сумніву є його сутність, основний закон, а точніше результат його апробації методикою історичного-логічного Гегеля, тобто – глобальні стратегії, парадигми управління. Саме глобальні стратегії управління мають значне практичне застосування. Однак саме вони й досі не розроблені. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій свідчить про те, що у літературі існують різні трактування управління й характеру його зв’язку з менеджментом й навіть їх ототожнення; але його автори також навіть не ставлять проблему розробки парадигм управління. Вони концентрують увагу на другорядних аспектах управління, на характеристиках його видів і уникають визначення сутності, змісту, встановленні приватних законів управління. Але саме приватні закони і основний закон управління, як результат узагальнення його приватних законів, стає фундаментом для розробки парадигм управління. Причина цього в тому, що історично склалася ситуація, коли протягом всього ХХ століття увага спеціалістів була прикута до менеджменту. Тому, перш за все, були розроблені парадигми саме менеджменту. Але розробка парадигм управління залишається невирішеною проблемою. Однак, управління не зводиться до менеджменту, а тому й парадигми управління не можуть співпадати з парадигмами менеджменту. Виходячи з цього актуальним стає розробка парадигм управління. Метою статті є розробка парадигм управління. Для її досягнення була вирішена задача з визначення основних аспектів управління. Методики дослідження. Для досягнення поставленої мети в роботі були використані такі загальнонаукові та спеціальні методи і прийоми дослідження: порівняльний аналіз наукової літератури та інформаційних джерел на основі методів порівняння, систематизації та узагальнення; узагальнення результатів аналізу і логічна генерація висновків, теорія методу Бабайлова. Результати: визначені основні аспекти управління (його сутність, зміст, основний закон); розроблені три парадигми управління: Доіндустріальний, Індустріальниій, Постіндустріальний. Наукова новизна: вперше розроблені парадигми управління. Практична значимість: розроблені парадигми управління, як його глобальні стратегії, будуть сприяти підвищенню ефективності стратегічного управління будь-якого підприємства (організації).

The article searches to retract the theme of the inversion of theology in (on the )anthropology in(of) Ludwig Feuerbach, achieving the context of the philosophical tradition to create another vision in what sense it is correct to comprehend what the 19th century philosopher is not an atheist and also does not reduce to serving as a little point between two great authors: Hegel and Marx. Focusing(Proposing) on the an important question on the history of the philosophy, in those who looked deeply to the man, that claims a lot to find spur (encouragement),sense or peace, if in font of emptiness, of pain, produced by uncertainty, scarcity, anguish, impotency and suffering, can be realized all of this density that brought on the Feuerbach's philosophical work, which will be so much understood by inserting it in the context of discussions , tied on the field of our presenting world, because the problem that it is concerned there is the central themes of the philosophy leading to meditations on God, religion , theology, and everything that will be related to it in theoretical and practical life. Reviewing the structure and functioning of religion and the religious events as such, to the beyond that can be judge an atheist by the way. O artigo busca retratar o tema da inversão da teologia em antropologia em Feuerbach alcançando o contexto da tradição filosófica para redimensionar em que sentido é correto entender que o filósofo do século XIX não é ateu e também não se reduz a servir de mero ponto de passagem entre dois grandes autores: Hegel e Marx. Focalizando a questão candente da história da filosofia, naqueles que olharam mais fundo para o homem, que muito clama por encontrar alento, sentido, paz, diante do vazio, da dor, produzida pela incerteza, a finitude, angústias, impotência e sofrimentos, percebe-se estar revestida desta densidade o trabalho filosófico de Feuerbach que será bem compreendido ao inseri-lo no contexto de discussões presas ao campo de nosso mundo atual, pois o problema com o qual se ocupa diz respeito aos temas centrais da filosofia desembocando nas meditações sobre Deus, religião, teologia, e tudo o que com isso se relacione na vida teórica e prática, revendo a estrutura e funcionamento da religião e dos eventos religiosos como tal, para além de poder ser julgado um mero ateu.

Sea bass (Lates calcarifer) is rich in protein, amino acids, and long-chain omega 3 (omega-3), which have many health benefits. In East Asian food culture, soup is often eaten as a nutritional supplement. The purpose of this study was to investigate the benefits of Hi-Q sea bass essence (SBE) supplementation for improved exercise performance and anti-fatigue. Fifty male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were divided to five groups (10 mice/group) and administered different doses of SBE (EC): (1) vehicle (water); (2) isocaloric (0.94 g casein/kg/mice/day); (3) SBE-1X (1.04 g/kg/mice/day); (4) SBE-2X (2.08 g/kg/mice/day); and (5) SBE-4X (4.16 g/kg/mice/day). We found that SBE supplementation significantly improved more than 1.96-fold endurance exercise performance (p < 0.05) and more than 1.13-fold glycogen storage in the liver and muscles (p < 0.05), and had dose-dependent by SBE dose (p < 0.05). In addition, supplementation with SBE at different doses had significant effects on the fatigue-related biochemical markers, i.e., lactate, ammonia, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were reduced significantly (p < 0.05), and were also dose-dependent. In conclusion, supplementation with SBE for 4 weeks was able to effectively improve exercise performance and had an anti-fatigue effect. In addition, it did not cause any physiological or histopathological damage.

En esta investigación se realiza un estudio de la interpretación de la obra filosófica de Xavier Zubiri, elaborada por su discípulo Ignacio Ellacuría. Se parte del análisis del vínculo existente entre ambos autores, el cual se construye bajo aspectos no sólo de orden académico, sino también filial. Posteriormente, se desarrolla la interpretación zubiriana realizada por el filósofo vasco-salvadoreño, a partir de la asimilación de la metafísica y antropología zubiriana. Luego se da el paso al análisis del uso que Ellacuría realiza de Zubiri en su obra central Filosofía de la realidad histórica (1991), a través del estudio de sus diferentes componentes. Finalmente, se esboza, a grosso modo el aporte de Zubiri en la construcción del pensamiento maduro de Ellacuría. This research is a study of the interpretation of the philosophical work of Xavier Zubiri, carried out by his disciple Ignacio Ellacuría. It starts from the analysis of the existing link between both authors, which is built under aspects not only academic, but also filial. Subsequently, the Zubirian interpretation made by the Basque-Salvadoran philosopher is developed, based on the assimilation of Zubirian metaphysics and anthropology. Then take place the analysis of Ellacuría’s use of Zubiri in her central work Philosophy of historical reality (1991), through the study of its different components. Finally, the contribution of Zubiri in the construction of Ellacuría’s mature thought is roughly outlined, Post-filosofie, N. 14 (2021): Anno 14. Numero 14. Xavier Zubiri e la filosofia del XX secolo

The purpose of the paper is to define the concept and essence of the interpretation of the rules of law based on the generalized analysis of scientific, journalistic, and regulatory sources. Results. It is established that the interpretation of the rules of law is an intellectual and volitional activity of an interpreter, which is carried out under the principles and by means of interpretations and aimed at clarifying and/or specifying the content of the rules of law to understand and apply them in practice correctly and uniformly. Value/originality. It may be enshrined in special acts of interpretation, scientific and practical commentary on legislation, doctrinal sources and other external forms of interpretation.

A person or a human community needs learning (the need for knowledge, skills, and attitudes) to emerge, so there should be non-formal education. It’s in this capacity that non-formal education is said to be multi-audience, not only in terms of age, but also individual and social characteristics such as gender and gender, demographics, geography, occupation, formal educational background, and so on. Various problems are still often faced by these non-formal educators, where they should be guaranteed protection under the law. In fact, non-formal educators continue to experience discomfort conditions without an adequate protection system. Legal efforts to improve the status of non-formal educators according to the national education system, so that non-formal educators haven’t been recognized by the government even though they are temporary teachers who work in private educational institutions, so they haven’t received the protection and protection of the government as provided to teachers. Civil servants and private teachers.

The purpose of the study of this article is a general theoretic analysis of scientific views on the essence of legal regulation and its object for the development and formation of a definition of the object of procedural legal regulation. General scientific and special scientific methods including formal-legal and comparative-legal, as well as logical techniques, have been chosen for the research; they allowed to reveal the essence of the legal regulation and its object, and eventually - to formulate the author 's definition of the object of procedural-legal regulation. A review of scientific publications shows that legal regulation generally implies a streamlining effect on social relations on the part of authorized entities. The essence of legal regulation lies in the legal impact on social relations with a view to their regularization, carried out by authorized entities through legal activities. The object of legal regulation is a set of social relations subject to legal regulation, which is the starting point for understanding the concept of the object of procedural and legal regulation. In turn, social relations, as a stable connection of interacting subjects, meet such criteria as social importance, conscious will, typology, frequency, formal equality of subjects of legal life and others. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the object of procedural and legal regulation should be understood as a scope of certain social relations regulated by the rules of procedural law and procedural activities of specially authorized entities.

This article shows how and why hermeneutic phenomenological research can promote knowledge and understanding in research practices in education. The main focus of the article is aimed to provide rich textual descriptions of the experiencing of selected phenomena in the life world of individuals that are able to connect with the experience of all. It gives a brief overview of hermeneutic phenomenology and discuss its use in research work in education. The paper also presents on the diverse field of application, recent developments and the essence of hermeneutic phenomenological in education research. The article further examines the philosophical standpoint and establishes its linkages with various other methodologies. Finally, paper concludes with Clark Moustakas phenomenological data analysis for the analysis of the gathered data consisting three main components: phenomenological reduction, imaginative variation, and synthesis to come to the conclusion. This article demonstrates and explores the value of hermeneutics as a credible, rigorous, and creative way to address the different aspects of professional practices and how hermeneutic phenomenology is useful in studying the personal and social facets of making psychological knowledge and searching for philosophical truth as a research methods in educational research.