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There is much market hype about the potential of IoT to transform firms and industries. Taking perspective of actors in the quadruple helix—industry, government, universities and end users—we consider the enabling opportunities and challenges that IoT brings. Enabling opportunities for firms include firm purpose reconfiguration, competitive disruption and market dominance, value reconfiguration, value creation and business models environmental and customer insights and ecosystem integration. Regulation, infrastructural investment and capacity, societal awareness and adoption, entrepreneurial ecosystem development are challenges that IoT brings to quadruple helix actors. The chapter concludes by discussing the implications of IoT for these actors.

The Covid-19 pandemic has severely tested the leadership and communication abilities of political leaders globally. Guiding an effective response to the global pandemic has required leaders to demonstrate not only effective planning and coordination skills, but the ability to communicate clear consistent messages in an empathetic manner as well. In New Zealand the first confirmed case of Covid-19 was recorded on February 28 and over the course of March and April 2020, 1,132 further cases of Covid-19 were confirmed and 19 deaths – a much lower transmission rate than most industrialized nations. On 27 April 2020, New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern announced that they had won the battle against community transmission of Covid-19. This paper analyses the speeches and public statements (n = 40) made by Prime Minister Ardern in March and April 2020 through the lens of crisis leadership and crisis communication. In particular, it looks at the use of different mediums (parliamentary statements, daily briefings, Facebook Live broadcasts and podcasts) as mechanisms for engaging in narrative and dialogue with the public. The paper underscores the importance of communication in crisis management and looks at how positive and consistent messaging inspires confidence and social solidarity.

University-industry collaboration now extends beyond traditional intermediary structures and logics, enabled by more contemporary virtual networks and digital formats. This however poses new strategic and operational challenges for effective and responsive knowledge transfer. The purpose of this paper is to compare traditional models of knowledge transfer intermediaries in university-industry collaboration with emerging, virtual (network-based) and digital intermediaries by exploring their structures (thus institutional logics) and their services (their agency). We synthesise literature to form a comprehensive analytical framework to assess the structure and agency of twenty international knowledge transfer intermediaries from around the world. Further running a cluster analysis using multiple correspondence analysis method and following its results we propose a unique combination of institutional logic and bounded rationality lenses, which allowed us to identify four types of knowledge transfer intermediaries: rigid, rigid-unbounded, agent-bounded and agile. Our unique framework contributes to existing knowledge focused on traditional forms of knowledge transfer intermediaries, by identifying and positing institutional logics for emerging contemporary virtual and digital intermediaries in university-industry collaboration. Post-print / Final draft

Social enterprises are often characterized by the vision and drive of an individual founder. We challenge this by taking inspiration from Alistair R. Anderson's arguments that social entrepreneurship is better understood as enacted within a social context. We move beyond linear conceptualizations to consider a more nuanced, contextually informed picture, where understandings of what it is to be 'social' in one's entrepreneuring are created at the interaction of the individual and their situation. A narrative approach is used to analyse 25 life stories used by social entrepreneurs in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa region of Pakistan, an area of social transition. We access how these entrepreneurs give meaning to the 'social' aspects of what they do. Our findings present a multifaceted character, defined by their responses to changing social contexts. This is manifest in entrepreneurial practice, where we have a vacillation between acts of social rebellion and an enterprising organization of benevolence, evolving in a social context which changes with and, in part, because of our social entrepreneurs. We move beyond definitional characteristics and closer to a theory of practice, by considering how social entrepreneurs interact with changing social demands and adapt their activities accordingly.

Ensembl (https://www.ensembl.org) is unique in its flexible infrastructure for access to genomic data and annotation. It has been designed to efficiently deliver annotation at scale for all eukaryotic life, and it also provides deep comprehensive annotation for key species. Genomes representing a greater diversity of species are increasingly being sequenced. In response, we have focussed our recent efforts on expediting the annotation of new assemblies. Here, we report the release of the greatest annual number of newly annotated genomes in the history of Ensembl via our dedicated Ensembl Rapid Release platform (http://rapid.ensembl.org). We have also developed a new method to generate comparative analyses at scale for these assemblies and, for the first time, we have annotated non-vertebrate eukaryotes. Meanwhile, we continually improve, extend and update the annotation for our high-value reference vertebrate genomes and report the details here. We have a range of specific software tools for specific tasks, such as the Ensembl Variant Effect Predictor (VEP) and the newly developed interface for the Variant Recoder. All Ensembl data, software and tools are freely available for download and are accessible programmatically.

This report presents key findings of the Innovation Radar Project Coordinators Survey in Framework Programme Research and Innovation projects, a purposeful sample of European Framework Programme (FP) Project Coordinators (PC). The objective is to identify the practices and activities of PCs leading EU FP projects and to understand their impact on innovation outcomes. The survey findings confirm the lynchpin role of PCs in the European FP R&I projects. Their role clearly extends significantly beyond that identified in the Horizon 2020 User Guide which sees the PC as “the main contact point between the consortium and the Commission for a particular grant”. The PC is far more than simply “the proposal initiator in the submission phase” but taking account of their prime role in project conceptualisation and consortia formation, the PC is in effect the principal translator of the EC funded research programme and responsible for how the majority of the European research budget is invested. Identifying the PC as a scientific entrepreneur significantly changes how the PC role is viewed. From an EC perspective, recognising the PC as a scientific entrepreneur means their engagement with the PC during the project should be less about monitoring and oversight during project implementation, and more about providing the entrepreneur with support., JRC.B.6-Digital Economy

We present a policy and process framework for secure environments for productive data science research projects at scale, by combining prevailing data security threat and risk profiles into five sensitivity tiers, and, at each tier, specifying recommended policies for data classification, data ingress, software ingress, data egress, user access, user device control, and analysis environments. By presenting design patterns for security choices for each tier, and using software defined infrastructure so that a different, independent, secure research environment can be instantiated for each project appropriate to its classification, we hope to maximise researcher productivity and minimise risk, allowing research organisations to operate with confidence.

Background:\ud Antiplatelet therapy reduces the risk of major vascular events for people with occlusive vascular disease, although it might increase the risk of intracranial haemorrhage. Patients surviving the commonest subtype of intracranial haemorrhage, intracerebral haemorrhage, are at risk of both haemorrhagic and occlusive vascular events, but whether antiplatelet therapy can be used safely is unclear. We aimed to estimate the relative and absolute effects of antiplatelet therapy on recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage and whether this risk might exceed any reduction of occlusive vascular events.\ud \ud Methods:\ud The REstart or STop Antithrombotics Randomised Trial (RESTART) was a prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded endpoint, parallel-group trial at 122 hospitals in the UK. We recruited adults (≥18 years) who were taking antithrombotic (antiplatelet or anticoagulant) therapy for the prevention of occlusive vascular disease when they developed intracerebral haemorrhage, discontinued antithrombotic therapy, and survived for 24 h. Computerised randomisation incorporating minimisation allocated participants (1:1) to start or avoid antiplatelet therapy. We followed participants for the primary outcome (recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage) for up to 5 years. We analysed data from all randomised participants using Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusted for minimisation covariates. This trial is registered with ISRCTN (number ISRCTN71907627).\ud \ud Findings:\ud Between May 22, 2013, and May 31, 2018, 537 participants were recruited a median of 76 days (IQR 29–146) after intracerebral haemorrhage onset: 268 were assigned to start and 269 (one withdrew) to avoid antiplatelet therapy. Participants were followed for a median of 2·0 years (IQR [1·0– 3·0]; completeness 99·3%). 12 (4%) of 268 participants allocated to antiplatelet therapy had recurrence of intracerebral haemorrhage compared with 23 (9%) of 268 participants allocated to avoid antiplatelet therapy (adjusted hazard ratio 0·51 [95% CI 0·25–1·03]; p=0·060). 18 (7%) participants allocated to antiplatelet therapy experienced major haemorrhagic events compared with 25 (9%) participants allocated to avoid antiplatelet therapy (0·71 [0·39–1·30]; p=0·27), and 39 [15%] participants allocated to antiplatelet therapy had major occlusive vascular events compared with 38 [14%] allocated to avoid antiplatelet therapy (1·02 [0·65–1·60]; p=0·92).\ud \ud Interpretation:\ud These results exclude all but a very modest increase in the risk of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage with antiplatelet therapy for patients on antithrombotic therapy for the prevention of occlusive vascular disease when they developed intracerebral haemorrhage. The risk of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage is probably too small to exceed the established benefits of antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention.

Venture capital syndication plays a pivotal role in fuelling the growth of new ventures that subsequently become unicorns, privately owned companies valued above $1bn. China has been very successful in generating new unicorns, surpassed only by the United States. In this paper we examine the impact of the experience of venture capital companies and the strategic choice(s) of the unicorn to grow inorganically through acquisition in two areas: the amount of funding available to unicorns and the size of the syndication network. It is argued in the literature that both of these play a key role in shaping the growth of new enterprises.\ud \ud We find that the experience in lead investments of the first investor of the unicorn has a positive impact in terms of both amount of funding and size of the syndication. We also find that the presence of an experienced investor has a positive effect on the syndication size but a negative effect on the total amount of funding that is raised. Finally, acquisitions have a strong effect on both the amount of funding and the size of the syndication.

The concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems has been used as a framework to explain entrepreneurial activities within regions and industrial sectors. Despite the usefulness of this approach, the concept is under-theorized, especially with regard to the evolution of entrepreneurial ecosystems. The current literature is lacking a theoretical foundation that addresses the development and change of entrepreneurial ecosystems over time and does not consider the inherent dynamics of entrepreneurial ecosystems that lead to their birth, growth, maturity, decline and re-emergence. Taking an industry lifecycle perspective, this paper addresses this research gap by elaborating a dynamic entrepreneurial ecosystem lifecycle model. We propose that an ecosystem transitions from an entrepreneurial ecosystem, with a focus on new firm creation, towards a business ecosystem, with a core focus on the internal commercialization of knowledge, i.e. intrapreneurial activities, and vice versa. Our dynamic model thus captures the oscillation that occurs among entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs through the different phases of an ecosystem's lifecycle. Our dynamic lifecycle model may thus serve as a starting point for future empirical studies focusing on ecosystems and provide the basis for a further understanding of the interrelatedness between and co-existence of new and incumbent firms.

The aim of this paper is to examine the participation identities and networking roles in a Community of Practice (CoP) where members participate in horizontal peer networking in order to enable and facilitate knowledge creation amongst its members. A commonly occurring critique of the CoP literature is that insufficient attention has been paid to the effect of unequal power relations amongst its members, with power in this sense relating to members’ position in the social structure of the CoP. In order to address this research gap, our full population country level study which set in the Irish Agri-Farmhouse cheese sector adopted a two-stage research design consisting of social network analysis (SNA) and 51 in-depth qualitative interviews. Our findings not only provide a deeper nuanced understanding and extension of different forms of participation but also of the power dynamics within a CoP. In this particular CoP, we find that membership is not negotiated in a uniform manner and that differences in participation can be identified and categorised by a focus on the intersection of ownermanagers’ participation identity and firm network positions. Building on this, we develop an original role typology depicting five distinct networking roles and how these different network identities relate to firm network positions and roles. It is posited that this typology can act as a sense-making tool for researchers and practitioners by which to diagnose and understand variation in small firm horizontal peer networking behaviour, particularly within the agri-food sector

Conceptual models of the quadruple helix have largely taken a macro perspective. While these macro perspectives have motivated debates and studies, they fall short in understanding value creation activities at the micro level of the quadruple helix. The purpose of this paper is to address this deficit by focusing on the fundamental research question how value is collectively created, captured, and enhanced at the micro level of the quadruple helix. Drawing on theoretical considerations centred on simmelian ties, boundary work and value postures (motives, creation, destruction, and drivers), we develop a micro level conceptual model of principal investigators (PIs) as value creators in the quadruple helix. Scientists in the PI role engage in boundary spanning activities with other quadruple helix actors. This engagement builds strong simmelian ties with these actors and enables PIs to develop collective value motives by bridging diverse knowledge and creating common value motives. Our conceptual model extends our understanding of the quadruple helix at the micro level and highlights the importance of PIs having strong simmelian in order to realise collective and individual value motives. The paper concludes with some suggestions for future avenues of research on this important topic.

Individual and organizational entrepreneurial activity varies across regions/countries. Universities have increasingly become knowledge-intensive environments that support entrepreneurship. Extant studies demonstrate the need to explore graduate start-ups using different levels of analysis an across economies. This paper explores individual and university determinants of graduates' start-ups creation from a multi-campus entrepreneurial university in a transition economy. A proposed model was tested with 11,569 graduates from 30 campuses across 21 Mexican cities. Results show that specific individual determinants are the most relevant determinant of graduate entrepreneurship as well as that some university mechanisms (incubators and research parks) have limited impact on graduates' entrepreneurship.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to focus on the processes that occur between entrepreneurs’ primary attribution for failure and the emergent learning dimensions from failure, in the context of regenerative failures.\ud \ud Design/methodology/approach - The study focusses on 21 entrepreneurs operating in the producing services sector, a major subsector of the Irish Information and Communication Technology industry. All the entrepreneurs experienced business failure and subsequently re-entered the entrepreneurial sphere at a later date. A qualitative approach examines their attributions for failure, responses to failure, and learning dimensions from failure.\ud \ud Findings - Regenerative entrepreneurs’ primary attributions for business failure are examined in detail; four types of failure attributions are uncovered – internal individual level; external firm level; external market level; and hybrid attributions. Entrepreneurs’ attributions impact their responses to the failure; this in turn affects entrepreneurial learning. When failure is primarily attributed to internal factors, the entrepreneur’s response is affective, leading to deep, personal learning about oneself. External attributions (both firm level and market level) result in a primarily behavioural response, with learning focussed on the venture, and networks and relationships. Those primarily attributing failure to hybrid factors have a largely cognitive response and they learn about venture management.\ud \ud Research limitations/implications - This study is a retrospective analysis of business failure.\ud \ud Originality/value - The study contributes to the growing literature on entrepreneurs’ attributions for business failure by focussing on regenerative failure; it links attributions to – responses to, and learning from, failure. The key contribution to knowledge emerges from the development of a model of the underlying processes affecting learning from failure for regenerative entrepreneurs. The research also establishes and identifies clear links between attributions, responses, and lessons learned in the context of regenerative failure.

Incubators are increasingly used to support the development of technology-based nascent entrepreneurs and typically provide a range of services and resources. In providing such support, incubators use a variety of practices such as peer-to-peer learning, workshops, mentoring and access to wider expert support network. This chapter explores the practices through which incubators facilitate lower and higher order learning. This chapter applies theories of Organizational Learning and uses a multi case study of software and life sciences incubators in Silicon Valley. The findings suggest that software incubators focus on facilitating higher-order learning, by creating a high-pressure environment that challenges the start-up’s existing technologies, markets and business models, and stimulates start-ups to experiment with new ideas. In contrast, life science incubators emphasize lower-order learning and optimization of existing technologies by providing quick access to missing knowledge.

Objective. To present a case of bilateral brachial artery disease presenting with features of Raynaud’s phenomenon which was successfully treated with angioplasty and stenting, together with a review of the relevant literature. Case. A 71-year-old female presented with a one-year history of intermittent pallor of both hands precipitated with cold objects. On examination, bilateral radial pulses were reduced. Prior photos showed pallor of the distal aspect of both palms. Angiogram showed high grade stenosis of the right brachial artery and focal occlusion with likely dissection of the left brachial artery. She underwent angioplasty and stenting for both lesions. She was asymptomatic without further episodes of Raynaud’s phenomenon after five months on dual antiplatelet therapy. Upper-extremity vascular stenosis is uncommon. Structural changes in the vessel wall can cause vasospastic attacks, a mechanism described in secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon. We hypothesize that these attacks may have been precipitated by the bilateral brachial artery disease. Furthermore, resolution of the symptoms after stent further supports our theory. Conclusion. Bilateral brachial artery disease is uncommon. Physicians should consider this in patients presenting with Raynaud’s phenomenon. Brachial artery stenosis and occlusion is a treatable disease with good symptomatic outcomes after angioplasty and stenting.

Incubators are increasingly used to support the development of technology-based nascent entrepreneurs and typically provide a range of services and resources. In providing such support, incubators use a variety of practices such as peer-to-peer learning, workshops, mentoring and access to wider expert support network. This chapter explores the practices through which incubators facilitate lower and higher order learning. This chapter applies theories of Organizational Learning and uses a multi case study of software and life sciences incubators in Silicon Valley. The findings suggest that software incubators focus on facilitating higher-order learning, by creating a high-pressure environment that challenges the start-up’s existing technologies, markets and business models, and stimulates start-ups to experiment with new ideas. In contrast, life science incubators emphasize lower-order learning and optimization of existing technologies by providing quick access to missing knowledge.

Introduction - Based on the growing focus on how best to train, educate and prepare all types of entrepreneurs (Fayolle, 2013, Nabi et al., 2016, Thrane et al., 2016) this development paper seeks to extend the psychological dimensions of entrepreneurship through the development of a model of entrepreneurial psychological capital (EPC). EPC attempts to identify those psychological resources which are open to development, and which help potential, nascent and early stage entrepreneurs achieve positive outcomes. Limited attempts have been made to apply the organisation-employee model of psychological capital to entrepreneurship (Hmieleski and Carr, 2008b, Baron et al., 2013) but to date no one has developed a model of entrepreneurial psychological capital built up from the entrepreneurship psychology literature. \ud Entrepreneurship Psychology Models: Source of Construct\ud The entrepreneurship psychology literature is reviewed using the framework developed by Ács and Audretsch (2006) and updated by Omorede et al. (2015) which divides the literature into the subareas of personality, cognition, emotion, attitude and self. Each section is analysed through the lens of the search for potential psychological resource constructs, which could be open to development, and could therefore be included in our model.\ud Entrepreneurial Psychological Capital: What is it?\ud Our working definition of entrepreneurial psychological capital is, “the psychological resources which entrepreneurs need to pursue and sustain their entrepreneurial ambition”. The organisation-employee model of psychological capital (Luthans et al., 2007) is explained and the existing studies which have applied this model to entrepreneurship are reviewed.\ud \ud Research Approach and Methodology - The constructs to be included in this initial and ongoing study are discussed and the proposed methodology for developing and validating a tool to define and measure entrepreneurial psychological capital is set out. Initial results of the iterative and ongoing and face and content validity results are discussed.\ud \ud Contribution - This study will make two contributions: firstly, the theoretical development of entrepreneurial psychological capital from the entrepreneurship literature, which will provide a resource based perspective for entrepreneurship psychology, and secondly the development of a tool which can be used to validate and operationalise the construct.

The development of a model of entrepreneurial psychological capital will provide both an advance in the theoretical understanding of entrepreneurship, and has practical implications for policy makers and those who design entrepreneurship education. Derived from the positive psychological capital model, first developed by Luthans et al. (2007), in the organisational context, this new model of entrepreneurial psychological capital will also draw on the existing entrepreneurship psychology literature. Entrepreneurial psychological capital is defined as the psychological resources which entrepreneurs need to be successful. Unlike the predominant trait and cognitive models, it will focus on those state-like characteristics which are open to development, such as domain specific efficacy and resilience. This developmental paper considers the existing literature, where entrepreneurial psychological might fit within it and how it might be developed.

Business failure research has been the focus of renewed interest in the entrepreneurship field. It is complex, being both a sign of economic vibrancy and the source of great individual trauma. An understanding of these complexities is important to academics, practitioners and regulators. This monograph provides a review of the literature to date. It charts the emergence of business failure research in the finance literature through to its recent development within the contemporary entrepreneurship field. The multidisciplinary nature of business failure research is explored through incorporation of studies from accountancy, information systems, social psychology, general management, economics and entrepreneurship. Research on the topic is diverse; the lack of a universally accepted definition of failure coupled with the absence of an underpinning theory has resulted in an expansive range of studies. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive and critical review of business failure research, bridge the gap between the various perspectives, and develop a cohesive understanding of the phenomena, upon which future studies can be based.

The business validation phase can be a tough time for an entrepreneur, which is why it’s important that they use any and all tools necessary to help them at this stage of their business development. In this article, Natasha Evers, James Cunningham and Thomas Hoholm outline the key principles from their new book, Technology Entrepreneurship – Bringing Innovation to the Marketplace, behind market validation and business model development for successfully creating, and capturing, value. Not

This article is published online with Open Access by IOS Press and distributed under the termsof the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License; International audience; In Europe, health and medical administrative data is increasingly accumulating on a national level. Looking further than re-use of this data on a national level, sharing health and medical administrative data would enable large-scale analyses and European-level public health projects. There is currently no research infrastructure for this type of sharing. The PHRIMA consortium proposes to realise the Public Health Research Infrastructure for Sharing of health and Medical Administrative data (PHRIMA) which will enable and facilitate the efficient and secure sharing of healthcare data.

Una investigació sobre l'impacte econòmic que suposen les activitats desenvolupades per les universitats emprenedores al Regne Unit ha utilitzat dades de 147 universitats durant el període 2005-2007. Els resultats mostren l'impacte econòmic positiu i significatiu de les activitats de les universitats, així com diferències entre les universitats del Grup Russell, l'impacte econòmic de les quals prové de les activitats emprenedores (spin-offs) i la resta d'universitats, l'impacte econòmic de les quals està associat a activitats de transferència de coneixement. Una investigación sobre el impacto económico que suponen las actividades desarrolladas por las universidades emprendedoras en el Reino Unido ha utilizado datos de 147 universidades durante el periodo 2005-2007. Los resultados muestran el impacto económico positivo y significativo de las actividades de las universidades, así como diferencias entre las universidades del Grupo Russell, cuyo impacto económico proviene de las actividades emprendedoras (spin-offs) y el resto de universidades, cuyo impacto económico está asociado a actividades de transferencia de conocimiento. A study on the economic impact of the activities conducted by the entrepreneurial universities in the UK used data from 147 universities for the period 2005-2007. The results show the significant positive economic impact of the activities of universities, and also differences between the Russell Group universities, whose economic impact comes from entrepreneurial activities (spin-offs), and other universities, whose economic impact is associated with knowledge transfer activities.

In Europe, health and medical administrative data is increasingly accumulating on a national level. Looking further than re-use of this data on a national level, sharing health and medical administrative data would enable large-scale analyses and European-level public health projects. There is currently no research infrastructure for this type of sharing. The PHRIMA consortium proposes to realise the Public Health Research Infrastructure for Sharing of health and Medical Administrative data (PHRIMA) which will enable and facilitate the efficient and secure sharing of healthcare data.

Whitaker Institute Working Paper This paper advances our understanding of university - industry research and development (R&D) collaborations. These strategic relationships are a dimension of entrepreneurial activity, and they are thus important drivers of economic growth and development. Business collaboration with universities increases the efficiency and effectiveness of industrial investments. Previous studies have found that universities are more likely to collaborate with industry if the business is mature and large, is engaged in exploratory internal R&D, and there are not major intellectual property (IP) issues between both parties. Businesses gain from such collaborations through increased commercialisation probabilities and economies of technological scope. Based on publicly available data collected by the Science - to - Business Marketing Research Centre of Germany as part of a European Commission project, our paper focuses on two key questions. First, why are there cross - country differences in the extent to which universities collaborate with business in R&D? Second, are there covariates with these differences that might offer insight into policy prescriptions and policy levers for enhancing the extent to which such collaboration takes place? We find that access is positive and statistically significant in relation to fostering university - business R&D collaborations. Our results, albeit that they are tempered by a small sample of data, have implications how national innovation systems support further harmonization of IP regimes across universities and how universities priorities its own investments and incentives. non-peer-reviewed

This paper advances our understanding of university-industry research and development (R&D) collaborations. These strategic relationships are a dimension of entrepreneurial activity, and they are thus important drivers of economic growth and development. Business collaboration with universities increases the efficiency and effectiveness of industrial investments. Previous studies have found that universities are more likely to collaborate with industry if the business is mature and large, is engaged in exploratory internal R&D, and there are not major intellectual property (IP) issues between both parties. Businesses gain from such collaborations through increased commercialisation probabilities and economies of technological scope. Based on publicly available data collected by the Science-to-Business Marketing Research Centre of Germany as part of a European Commission project, our paper focuses on two key questions. First, why are there cross-country differences in the extent to which universities collaborate with business in R&D? Second, are there covariates with these differences that might offer insight into policy prescriptions and policy levers for enhancing the extent to which such collaboration takes place? We find that access is positive and statistically significant in relation to fostering university business R&D collaborations. Our results, albeit that they are tempered by a small sample of data, have implications how national innovation systems support further harmonization of IP regimes across universities and how universities priorities its own investments and incentives.

The concept of the creative economy first emerged in the mid-1980s in response to a crisis brought about by the decline in manufacturing in many of the world’s most developed economies. The idea suggests a productive convergence between culture, creativity and technology that has the potential to transform the productive relationships held between economy and society. Culture and creativity are high-value growth areas, and a vibrant relationship between culture and creativity enhances the competitiveness of countries, cities, regions and businesses, and is increasingly significant in personal and social development. Northern Periphery Programme 2007-2013 peer-reviewed

This paper documents our current research into using mobile devices to integrate remote physical movement and sound into the online structure of Waterwheel's Tap, allowing participation away from keyboard and mouse based computers. We asked participants in Australia, Indonesia, Europe and the U.S.A. to explore their local waterways or bodies of water. Taking a cue from research using sensors in dance, we are using mobile devices carried by, or attached to, these participants in order to transmit location and motion sensor data, plus live audio, for use as experimental content, feedback and control sources for elements of the Waterwheel Tap while outdoors.

Background: This paper presents the protocol for an ongoing research study to develop and test the feasibility of a multi-behavioral mHealth app. Approximately 27 million women smoke in the US, and more than 180,000 women die of illnesses linked to smoking annually. Women report greater difficulties quitting smoking. Concerns about weight gain, negative body image, and low self-efficacy may be key factors affecting smoking cessation among women. Recent studies suggest that a multi-behavioral approach, including diet and physical activity, may be more effective at helping women quit. Guided imagery has been successfully used to address body image concerns and self-efficacy in our 3 target behaviors—exercise, diet and smoking cessation. However, it has not been used simultaneously for smoking, diet, and exercise behavior in a single intervention. While imagery is an effective therapeutic tool for behavior change, the mode of delivery has generally been in person, which limits reach. mHealth apps delivered via smart phones offer a unique channel through which to distribute imagery-based interventions. Objective: The objective of our study is to evaluate the feasibility of an mHealth app for women designed to simultaneously address smoking, diet, and physical activity behaviors. The objectives are supported by three specific aims: (1) develop guided imagery content, user interface, and resources to reduce weight concern, and increase body image and self-efficacy for behavior change among women smokers, (2) program a prototype of the app that contains all the necessary elements of text, graphics, multimedia and interactive features, and (3) evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of the app with women smokers. Methods: We created the program content and designed the prototype application for use on the Android platform in collaboration with 9 participants in multiple focus groups and in-depth interviews. We programmed and tested the application’s usability with 6 participants in preparation for an open, pre- and posttest trial. Currently, we are testing the feasibility and acceptability of the application, evaluating the relationship of program use to tobacco cessation, dietary behaviors, and physical activity, and assessing consumer satisfaction with approximately 70 women smokers with Android-based smart phones. Results: The study was started January 1, 2014. The app was launched and feasibility testing began in April 1, 2015. Participants were enrolled from April 1-June 30, 2015. During that time, the app was downloaded over 350 times using no paid advertising. Participants were required to use the app “most days” for 30 days or they would be dropped from the study. We enrolled 151 participants. Of those, 78 were dropped or withdrew from the study, leaving 73 participants. We have completed the 30-day assessment, with a 92% response rate. The 90-day assessment is ongoing. During the final phase of the study, we will be conducting data analyses and disseminating study findings via presentations and publications. Feasibility will be demonstrated by successful participant retention and a high level of app use. We will examine individual metrics (eg, duration of use, number of screens viewed, change in usage patterns over time) and engagement with interactive activities (eg, activity tracking). Conclusions: We will aggregate these data into composite exposure scores that combine number of visits and overall duration to calculate correlations between outcome and measures of program exposure and engagement. Finally, we will compare app use between participants and non-participants using Google Analytics.

Although principal investigators (PIs) are becoming key strategic actors in shaping new scientific trajectories, little is known about how they strategise in an evolving publicly funded research environment. Drawing on thirty interviews and extensive documentation from Ireland's science, engineering and technology (SET) sector, we take a closer look at the heretofore neglected strategic behaviours underlying the research activities of PIs. Our findings suggest that their strategic behaviours fall into four categories - research designer; research adapter; research supporter and research pursuer. We find that the mechanisms for selecting research strategies are interwoven with the posture (reactive/proactive) of PIs as well as their degree of conformance. We argue that more proactive PIs utilising non-conformance strategies shape new research trajectories, while conformative and/or more reactive PIs predominantly pursue and deepen existing trajectories. We discuss the wider implications of these findings for policy makers, funding bodies and the practicing PI and strategist.

Publicly funded research continues to be an important and critical source of research funding for Higher Education Institutions, public research organisations and industry with many benefits accruing to the various stakeholders. Key actors in delivering publicly funded research projects are Principal Investigators (PIs). PIs are responsible for all aspects of publicly funded research projects and are awarded grants based on their scientific eminence, past achievements, the quality of the proposal and articulated outcomes relating to the public funding calls. Becoming a publicly funded PI is seen as significant developing in a scientists career. Despite their importance, PIs have not been the focus of empirical investigation and the research eminence play is a significant consideration in awarding grants by funding agencies. The combination of increased level of competition for publicly funded research and a more managerialist approach being adopted by Higher Education Institutions, coupled with industry influences has heightened the expectations associated with the role of PI. This paper provides evidence of the inhibiting factors that Principal Investigators experience in leading collaborative publicly funded national and international research projects as well as the tensions it creates for them. The inhibiting factors that we have unearthed are political and environmental, institutional and project based. We have found the optimal balance for publicly funded PIs of conducting, leading and administrating research is significantly skewed towards administrative and managerial issues. The inhibiting factors that publicly funded PIs experience has the potential to undermine the 'ethos of science (Merton, 1968), research autonomy and the prioritization of discovery by scientists. peer-reviewed

The 'Creative West' report by the Western Development Commission in 2009 was the first attempt to map out the Creative Sector in an Irish context. This economic impact assessment follows on from that report by assessing the growth potential for the Creative Sector in the Ireland's Western Region resulting from recommendations made by Creative West and has attempted to measure the outcome of these actions through consultation with the sector. This economic impact assessment demonstrates the potential impact of the growth of the sector alone. It also attempts to gauge the spillover impacts of the sector in the region and beyond. Ultimately, this is an extremely difficult exercise such is the far reaching and deeply ingrained nature of creativity in social, economic and cultural senses. In line with the Creative West report, we recognize that the creative sector stimulates innovation in other sectors, plays a key social role and can stimulate both rural and regional development. With this in mind, the region should turn its attention to estimating the costs of not investing in its creative sector. What are the quality of life implications of a place that neglects its creativity? How will it look to outsiders (tourists and business investors) if it fails to combine natural talent with a growing economic sector? What of its lived environment? Without a vibrant local industry, one as forward looking (in terms of conservation and innovation) what will appeal to the youth to stay in the region and help build its economy, society and community. peer-reviewed

Book chapter (case study) Key issues facing LotusWorks are how to double turnover within four years, increase the company's global impact and ensure that the appropriate management structures and employee talents are in place for LotusWorks to exploit market opportunities and to deal with competitive threats. Not

The principal investigators (PI) of publicly funded research projects are the key actors charged with direct responsibility for directing the research, reporting to the funding agency, and completing the project. Since the beginning of the 1990s the requirements for academic research and the management of academic research have undergone important changes, with the principal investigator now operating in a more complex environment and moved onto centre stage of industrial policy. Despite this shift, we continue to have a poor understanding of the PI role at a micro level. Set in an Irish context, this research employs thirty in-depth interviews with PIs from a range of cross disciplines, involving both national and European research projects and funding agencies, all of which were collaborative in nature. Together with offering recommendations for policy makers in the area, the findings of this research provide unique insights into how PIs can be categorized with respect to the distinguishable push and pull factors which underpin their decision to take on the role; how they strategically position their projects in their respective fields; and the nature of challenges they encounter when holding the position.

This paper deals with three elements of the Irish National Innovation System namely structures, performance and challenges. The paper begins by outlining the policy context and then focuses on technology trajectories and institutional structures and evolution. In focusing on outputs of the national innovation system key indicators are outlined as well as technology commercialisation initiatives. The paper concludes by outlining the strengths and weaknesses in the Irish National Innovation system and the cultural drivers the have driven it evolution. peer-reviewed

Book chapter A few days back from a trip to China, Fergal Broder is driving into the offices of LotusAutomation in Sligo for a meeting with his Chief Financial Officer and other members of his management team. He is looking forward to seeing the hard copies of the new corporate brochures, which are part of a major re-branding exercise for the company. As he parks his car, memories of the trip to China still linger in his mind - the food, the colours, the smells, the enthusiasm of people to do deals are all part of a different world to his home county of Sligo. As he enters his office, the new orange and brown brochures on his desk appear distinctive and bold. He reads through them with the same intensity as reading a Stephen King novel. He has now one hour to go before the business strategy meeting with his CFO and senior management team... Not

Repositioning is conscious adaptation to a changing environment, representing a fundamental shift in the firm's value proposition (Turner, 2003). Repositioning as a pure play is largely neglected in the strategy literature, while empirical studies are rare. This paper explores the concept and process of strategic repositioning, based on the case of Bulmers cider in Ireland. A framework for successful repositioning is proposed, with six elements: core strategic values, strategic flexibility/learning capabilities, customer awareness and sensitivity, external orientation, management commitment, and belief in the product and brand. The Bulmers case affirms the ontological status of repositioning as a viable strategy. The case also indicates that repositioning is a feasible means of strategic change, which is transformational with limited scale, and is largely intellectual and enacted with strategic learning. This paper affirms the external/internal duality and need for an evolutionary, repositioning process of Turner (2003). It also extends Turner's study due to the successful and more persuasive context of the Bulmers study, and by providing a tentative template for successful repositioning. peer-reviewed

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The case describes the market growth of Web Reservation International an Irish SME company, which is a market leader in the Budget, Independent and Youth Travel (BIYT) market through its online reservation system. The case describes the development of the company through organic growth and acquisitions. The case raises four main questions. Is the WRI domination position sustainable in the long term? Is WRI business and revenue model transferable into other sectors of the travel industry? Does WRI have the management capability to transition to a post-entrepreneurial phase? What is the most appropriate option to develop the business?

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Neocortical projection neurons, which segregate into six cortical layers according to their birthdate, have diverse morphologies, axonal projections and molecular profiles, yet they share a common cortical regional identity and glutamatergic neurotransmission phenotype. Here we demonstrate that distinct genetic programs operate at different stages of corticogenesis to specify the properties shared by all neocortical neurons. Ngn1 and Ngn2 are required to specify the cortical (regional), glutamatergic (neurotransmitter) and laminar (temporal) characters of early-born (lower-layer) neurons, while simultaneously repressing an alternative subcortical, GABAergic neuronal phenotype. Subsequently, later-born (upper-layer) cortical neurons are specified in an Ngn-independent manner, requiring instead the synergistic activities of Pax6 and Tlx, which also control a binary choice between cortical/glutamatergic and subcortical/GABAergic fates. Our study thus reveals an unanticipated heterogeneity in the genetic mechanisms specifying the identity of neocortical projection neurons.

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