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Patients with refractory or relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have poor survival, necessitating the exploration of optimized therapeutic strategy. Here, we aimed to investigate clinical outcomes and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) after total therapy, which included allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), and prophylactic donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) in the early phase after transplantation, followed by multiple measurable residual disease (MRD) and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD)-guided DLIs.Consecutive patients who had refractory or relapsed AML and had received non-T-cell-depleted allo-HSCT at Peking University Institute of Hematology were included in the study. If the patients achieved complete remission at 30 days after transplantation and had no evidence of relapse, severe infection, organ failure, and active GvHD at the time of planned DLI, prophylactic DLI was administered at 30 days after transplantation for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched related HSCT or at 45-60 days after transplantation for haploidentical or unrelated HSCT. Subsequently, multiple DLIs were administered based on MRD results and whether they developed GvHD after transplantation.A total of 105 patients were eligible. Eighty-seven patients received prophylactic DLI (group B), while 18 did not receive prophylactic DLI (group A). Among 105 patients, the cumulative incidence of grade 2-4 acute GvHD and chronic GvHD was 40.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 30.6%-50.6%) and 73.3% (95% CI = 67.4%-79.2%), respectively. The cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR), transplant-related mortality (TRM), and leukemia-free survival (LFS) at 5 years after transplantation were 31.5% (95% CI = 21.9%-41.1%), 22.1% (95% CI = 11.3%-32.9%), and 46.4% (95% CI = 36.8%-56.0%), respectively. In group B, the CIR, TRM, and LFS at 5 years after transplantation were 27.6% (95% CI = 17.6%-37.6%), 21.6% (95% CI = 11.2%-32.0%), and 50.8% (95% CI = 40.0%-61.6%), respectively. At the end of follow-up, 48 patients survived, and more than 90% of survivors had satisfactory recoveries of HR-QoL.Our study indicated that total therapy is not only associated with decreased CIR, comparable TRM, and better long-term LFS, but also with satisfactory HR-QoL for refractory or relapsed AML, compared with those of standard of care therapy reported previously. Therefore, total therapy may be an optimized therapeutic strategy for refractory or relapsed AML.

Li et al delineate a novel technique for assessing measurable residual disease (MRD) by the assessment of isolated leukemia stem cells (LSCs). They report that assessment of MRD in LSCs provides a better prediction of outcome than standard multiparameter flow cytometry.

Figure S1-S3. Table S1-S3

Purpose:Although myeloablative HLA haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) following pretransplant anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) stimulated grafts (ATG+G-CSF) has been confirmed as an alternative to HSCT from HLA-matched sibling donors (MSD), the effect of haplo-HSCT on postremission treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with intermediate risk (int-risk AML) who achieved first complete remission (CR1) has not been defined.Patients and Methods:In this prospective trial, among 443 consecutive patients ages 16–60 years with newly diagnosed de novo AML with int-risk cytogenetics, 147 patients with molecular int-risk AML who achieved CR1 within two courses of induction and remained in CR1 at 4 months postremission either received chemotherapy (n = 69) or underwent haplo-HSCT (n = 78).Results:The 3-year leukemia-free survival (LFS) and overall survival (OS) were significantly higher in the haplo-HSCT group than in the chemotherapy group (74.3% vs. 47.3%; P = 0.0004 and 80.8% vs. 53.5%; P = 0.0001, respectively). In the multivariate analysis with propensity score adjustment, postremission treatment (haplo-HSCT vs. chemotherapy) was an independent risk factor affecting the LFS [HR 0.360; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.163–0.793; P = 0.011], OS (HR 0.361; 95% CI, 0.156–0.832; P = 0.017), and cumulative incidence of relapse (HR 0.161; 95% CI, 0.057–0.459; P = 0.001) either in entire cohort or stratified by minimal residual disease after the second consolidation.Conclusions:Myeloablative haplo-HSCT with ATG+G-CSF is superior to chemotherapy as a postremission treatment in patients with int-risk AML during CR1. Haplo-HSCT might be a first-line postremission therapy for int-risk AML in the absence of HLA-MSDs. Haplo-HSCT might be superior to chemotherapy as a first-line postremission treatment of intermediate-risk AML in CR1.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the adverse effects of mixed chimaerism (MC) on survival outcomes and to assess the ability of different factors to predict MC in severe aplastic anaemia (SAA) patients after HLA-matched donor transplantation. A retrospective study was conducted in 103 consecutive SAA patients who received matched related (MRD) or unrelated donor (MUD) transplantation. The cumulative incidences of mixed chimaerism were 17.8 ± 0.2% and 25.0 ± 0.8% in the MRD and MUD cohorts, respectively (P = 0.432). Patients with mixed chimaerism had significantly poorer 10-year failure-free survival (FFS) than those with donor chimaerism (35.0% vs. 87.0%, P P P = 0.018), at the final follow-up. Therefore, patients with mixed chimaerism suffered poorer long-term FFS, and patients with high-risk scores will be more likely to develop mixed chimaerism. Thus, more intensive conditioning might be recommended for these high-risk patients.

Haploidentical allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) is a significant alternative treatment for severe aplastic anaemia (SAA). To improve this process by modifying the risk stratification system, we conducted a retrospective study using our database. 432 SAA patients who received haplo-HSCT between 2006 and 2020 were enrolled. These patients were divided into a training (n = 288) and a validation (n = 144) subset randomly. In the training cohort, longer time from diagnosis to transplantation, poorer Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) status and higher haematopoietic cell transplantation-specific comorbidity index (HCT-CI) score were independent risk factors for worse treatment-related mortality (TRM) in the final multivariable model. The haplo-HSCT scoring system was developed by these three parameters. Three-year TRM after haplo-HSCT were 6% [95% confidence interval (CI), 1-21%], 21% (95% CI, 7-40%), and 47% (95% CI, 20-70%) for the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk group, respectively (P < 0·0001). In the validation cohort, the haplo-HSCT scoring system also separated patients into three risk groups with increasing risk of TRM: intermediate-risk [hazard ratio (HR) 2·45, 95% CI, 0·92-6·53] and high-risk (HR 11·74, 95% CI, 3·07-44·89) compared with the low-risk group (P = 0·001). In conclusion, the haplo-HSCT scoring system could effectively predict TRM after transplantation.

Relapse is the main problem after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). The outcome of a second allo-HSCT (HSCT2) for relapse post-HSCT has shown promising results in some previous studies. However, little is known about the efficacy of HSCT2 in patients with relapsed/refractory acute leukemia (AL) post-chemotherapy plus modified donor lymphocyte infusion (post-Chemo + m-DLI) after the first allo-HSCT (HSCT1). Therefore, we retrospectively analyzed the efficacy of HSCT2 in 28 patients with relapsed/refractory AL post-Chemo + m-DLI in our center. With a median follow-up of 918 (457-1732) days, 26 patients (92.9%) achieved complete remission, and 2 patients exhibited persistent disease. The probabilities of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) 1 year after HSCT2 were 25.0% and 21.4%, respectively. The cumulative incidences of nonrelapse mortality on day 100 and at 1 year post-HSCT2 were 7.1% ± 4.9% and 25.0% ± 8.4%. The cumulative incidences of relapse were 50.0% ± 9.8% and 53.5% ± 9.9% at 1 and 2 years post-HSCT2, respectively. Risk stratification prior to HSCT1 and percentage of blasts before HSCT2 were independent risk factors for OS post-HSCT2, and relapse within 6 months post-HSCT1 was an independent risk factor for DFS and relapse post-HSCT2. Our findings suggest that HSCT2 could be a salvage option for patients with relapsed AL post-Chemo + m-DLI.

The objective of this study was to compare clinical outcomes between noninherited maternal antigen (NIMA)-mismatched and noninherited paternal antigen (NIPA)-mismatched haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) among patients with hematological malignancies and perform a subgroup analysis. We retrospectively analyzed 378 patients with hematological malignancies who received haplo-HSCT from NIMA-mismatched (n = 201) and NIPA-mismatched (n = 177) donors between January 2012 and December 2017. The cumulative incidence of 100-d grades II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) (19.2% vs. 32.8%, P = 0.003) was significantly lower in NIMA mismatch. Multivariate analysis showed that NIMA mismatch was associated with lower incidence of grades II-IV aGVHD and better overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). According to the subgroup analysis, the clinical outcomes of older and/or female NIMA mismatches were comparable to those of younger and/or male NIPA mismatches with respect to grades II-IV aGVHD, chronic GVHD (cGVHD), nonrelapse mortality (NRM), relapse, DFS, and OS. In conclusion, this study confirmed the NIMA effect on aGVHD and demonstrated that NIMA mismatch was associated with better survival. In the NIMA mismatch context, donor age and sex did not seem to influence haplo-HSCT, which provides a basis for the selection of sibling donors.

SummaryWe performed a retrospective analysis to investigate dynamic peri-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) minimal/measurable residual disease (MRD) on outcomes in patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). A total of 271 patients were enrolled and classified into three groups: unchanged negative MRD pre- and post-HSCT group (group A), post-MRD non-increase group (group B), and post-MRD increase group (group C). The patients in group B and group C experienced a higher cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) (42% vs. 71% vs. 16%, Pvs. 21% vs. 70%, Pvs. 28% vs. 72%, Pvs. 12% vs. 8%, P=0.752). Multivariate analysis showed that dynamic peri-HSCT MRD was associated with CIR (HR=2.392, 95% CI, 1.816–3.151, PPPversus-host disease (GVHD). This risk scoring system could better distinguish CIR (c=0.730) than that for pre-HSCT MRD (c=0.562), post-HSCT MRD (c=0.616) and pre- and post-MRD dynamics (c=0.648). Our results confirm the outcome predictive value of dynamic peri-HSCT MRD either alone or in combination with other variables for patients with T-ALL.

Background. For patients with B cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL) who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT), many variables have been demonstrated to be associated with leukemia relapse. In this study, we attempted to establish a risk score system to predict transplant outcomes more precisely in patients with B-ALL after allo-SCT. Methods. A total of 477 patients with B-ALL who underwent allo-SCT at Peking University People's Hospital from December 2010 to December 2015 were enrolled in this retrospective study. We aimed to evaluate the factors associated with transplant outcomes after allo-SCT, and establish a risk score to identify patients with different probabilities of relapse. The univariate and multivariate analyses were performed with the Cox proportional hazards model with time-dependent variables. Results. All patients achieved neutrophil engraftment, and 95.4% of patients achieved platelet engraftment. The 5-year cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR), overall survival (OS), leukemia-free survival (LFS), and non-relapse mortality were 20.7%, 70.4%, 65.6%, and 13.9%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that patients with positive post-transplantation minimal residual disease (MRD), transplanted beyond the first complete remission (≥CR2), and without chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) had higher CIR (P

We aimed to identify the characteristics of immune reconstitution (IR) in patients who recovered from steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease (SR-aGVHD) after basiliximab treatment. A total of 179, 124, 80, and 92 patients were included in the analysis for IR at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, respectively, after haploidentical donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HID HSCT). We observed that IR was fastest for monocytes and CD8+ T cells, followed by lymphocytes, CD3+ T cells, and CD19+ B cells and slowest for CD4+ T cells. Almost all immune cell subsets recovered comparably between patients receiving

As a serious complication after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), venous thromboembolism (VTE) is significantly related to increased nonrelapse mortality. Therefore distinguishing patients at high risk of death who should receive specific therapeutic management is key to improving survival. This study aimed to establish a machine learning-based prognostic model for the identification of post-transplantation VTE patients who have a high risk of death. We retrospectively evaluated 256 consecutive VTE patients who underwent allo-HSCT at our center between 2008 and 2019. These patients were further randomly divided into (1) a derivation (80%) cohort of 205 patients and (2) a test (20%) cohort of 51 patients. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) approach was used to choose the potential predictors from the primary dataset. Eight machine learning classifiers were used to produce 8 candidate models. A 10-fold cross-validation procedure was used to internally evaluate the models and to select the best-performing model for external assessment using the test cohort. In total, 256 of 7238 patients were diagnosed with VTE after transplantation. Among them, 118 patients (46.1%) had catheter-related venous thrombosis, 107 (41.8%) had isolated deep-vein thrombosis (DVT), 20 (7.8%) had isolated pulmonary embolism (PE), and 11 (4.3%) had concomitant DVT and PE. The 2-year overall survival (OS) rate of patients with VTE was 68.8%. Using LASSO regression, 8 potential features were selected from the 54 candidate variables. The best-performing algorithm based on the 10-fold cross-validation runs was a logistic regression classifier. Therefore a prognostic model named BRIDGE was then established to predict the 2-year OS rate. The areas under the curves of the BRIDGE model were 0.883, 0.871, and 0.858 for the training, validation, and test cohorts, respectively. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test showed a high agreement between the predicted and observed outcomes. Decision curve analysis indicated that VTE patients could benefit from the clinical application of the prognostic model. A BRIDGE risk score calculator for predicting the study result is available online (47.94.162.105:8080/bridge/). We established the BRIDGE model to precisely predict the risk for all-cause death in VTE patients after allo-HSCT. Identifying VTE patients who have a high risk of death can help physicians treat these patients in advance, which will improve patient survival.

The prognosis of 11q23/KMT2A-rearranged (KMT2A-r) acute leukemia (AL) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is poor. Minimal residual disease (MRD) is an important prognostic factor for relapse. Thus, we aimed to identify the evolution of KMT2A before and after allo-HSCT and the efficacy of preemptive immunotherapies for KMT2A-r AL patients receiving allo-HSCT. KMT2A expression was determined through TaqMan-based RQ-PCR technology. Preemptive immunotherapies included interferon-α and donor lymphocyte infusion. We collected 1751 bone marrow samples from 177 consecutive KMT2A-r AL patients. Pre-HSCT KMT2A positivity was correlated with post-HSCT KMT2A positivity (correlation coefficient=0.371, P 0

Background Sequential monitoring of Wilms’ tumor gene 1 (WT1) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) could predict relapse in adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, the prognostic role of WT1 in pediatric AML after allo-HSCT is unclear. Thus, we determined to see whether sequential monitoring of WT1 after allo-HSCT could predict relapse in AML children. Methods Pediatric AML patients receiving allo-HSCT from January 21, 2012 to December 20, 2018 at the Peking University Institute of Hematology were included in this study. WT1 expression level was determined by TaqMan-based reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. WT1 sequential monitoring was performed 1, 2, 3, 4.5, 6, 9, and 12 months post-transplantation and at 6-month intervals thereafter. The primary end point was relapse. The secondary end points included disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and non-relapse mortality (NRM). Kaplan–Meier analysis was used for DFS and OS estimates, while competing risk analysis was used for estimating relapse and NRM. Results Of the 151 consecutive patients included, the median age was 10 years (range, 1–17). The optimal cutoff value of WT1 within 1 year after allo-HSCT to predict relapse was 0.8% (80 WT1 copies/104 ABL copies), with a sensitivity of 60% and specificity of 79%. Compared with WT1 expression P = 0.001), lower 5-year disease-free survival (DFS, 60.4% vs. 80.8%; P = 0.009), and lower 5-year overall survival (OS, 64.9% vs. 81.6%; P = 0.038) rates. Multivariate analyses showed that WT1 was an independent risk factor for relapse (HR 2.89; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.25–6.71; P = 0.014). Both the CIR (5-year CIR: 8.3% vs. 11.3%; P = 0.513) and DFS (5-year DFS: 91.7% vs. 80.8%; P = 0.208) were comparable between patients achieving minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity after preemptive interferon-α (IFN-α) treatment and those without MRD after allo-HSCT, which were better than those of MRD-positive patients without preemptive therapies. Conclusions Sequential monitoring of WT1 could predict relapse in pediatric AML after allo-HSCT. WT1-directed immunotherapy may have the potential to prevent relapse and improve survival.

BGL3, a novel long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that plays a crucial role in several human malignancies. However, the clinical significance and biological function of BGL3 in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) have not been explored. Herein, we aimed to investigate the role of BGL3 in human PTC. A total of 85 pairs of PTC and normal tissues were collected for clinicopathological analysis. Expression of BGL3 was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The effects of BGL3 on PTC cells ware determined by CCK-8, colony formation, EdU and wound healing assays. The molecular mechanism underlying BGL3 was tested by ChIP, Co-IP, RNA pull-down and luciferase reporter assays. In vivo experiments were conducted using xenografts in nude mice. BGL3 was significantly decreased in PTC tissues compared to adjacent normal thyroid tissues, and it was transcriptionally repressed by oncogene Myc. Low BGL3 is positively related to larger tumor size, lymph node metastasis, later TNM stage and poor prognosis. Overexpression of BGL3 inhibited PTC cell proliferation and migration in vitro, and reduced tumor size and lung metastasis nodules in vivo. BGL3 was mainly located in the cytoplasm, in which interacted with PTEN and recruited OTUD3, enhancing the de-ubiquitination effect of OTUD3 on PTEN, resulting in increasing PTEN protein stability and inactivating carcinogenic PI3K/AKT signaling. Our data underscore the critical tumor-inhibiting role of BGL3 in PTC via post-translational regulation of PTEN protein stability, which may serve as a novel therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker in human PTC.

Background The role of pre‐hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) cytoreduction with either induction chemotherapy (IC) or hypomethylating agents (HMAs) in treating advanced myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) remains debatable. We aimed to evaluate pre‐HSCT strategies by comparing the endpoints related to disease control between advanced MDS patients with pre‐HSCT cytoreduction and those with best supportive care. Methods We described 228 consecutive advanced MDS patients who received HSCT from a haploidentical donor (HID, n = 162) or matched related donor (MSD, n = 66) with uniform myeloablative conditioning regimens between January 2015 and December 2018. Of these 228 patients, 131 (57.5%) were treated exclusively with pre‐HSCT best supportive care (BSC), 49 (22.5%) were given HMA, and 48 (21.1%) received both IC and HMA. Propensity score‐matching analysis, multivariate analyses, and subgroup analyses were performed to elucidate the impact of pre‐HSCT strategies on transplant outcomes. Results The 3‐year relapse‐free survival (RFS) rates were 78.2% and 70.0% for the BSC and cytoreduction cohorts (P = 0.189) and were 78.2%, 66.7%, and 73.2% for the BSC, HMA, and HMA+IC groups, respectively (P = 0.269). A propensity score‐matching analysis confirmed that the 3‐year RFS rates were 81.9%, 87.5%, and 66.9% for BSC, cytoreduction complete remission (CR), and cytoreduction non‐CR groups, respectively (P = 0.051). Multivariate analyses demonstrated that pre‐HSCT cytoreduction, older patient age, monosomal karyotype, and interval between diagnosis and HSCT were poor prognostic factors for RFS. In the subgroup analyses, BSC was associated with longer RFS compared to cytoreduction among the younger patients, those with international prognostic scoring system intermediate‐2/high risk at diagnosis, and those with intermediate/poor cytogenetics. Conclusions Different pre‐HSCT therapies did not yield discrepant post‐HSCT outcomes. No benefit in terms of post‐HSCT outcomes were correlated with pre‐HSCT cytoreduction in advanced MDS even for cytoreduction CR patients. Early referral to HSCT is essential for advanced MDS patients.

We aimed to develop a disease risk comorbidity index (DRCI) based on disease risk index (DRI) and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation-Specific Comorbidity Index (HCT-CI) in patients receiving haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT). We identified the prognostic factors of disease-free survival (DFS) in a training subset (n = 593), then assigned a weighted score using these factors to the remaining patients (validation subset; n = 296). The multivariable model identified two independent predictors of DFS: DRI and HCT-CI before transplantation. In this scoring system, we assigned a weighted score of 2 to very high-risk DRI, and assigned a weighted score of 1 to high-risk DRI and intermediate- and high-risk HCT-CI (i.e., haplo-DRCI). In the validation cohort, the three-year DFS rate was 65.2% (95% confidence interval (CI), 58.2%–72.2%), 55.8% (95% CI, 44.9%–66.7%), and 32.0% (95% CI, 5.8%–58.2%) for the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk group, respectively (P = 0.005). Haplo-DRCI can also predict DFS in disease-specific subgroups, particularly in acute leukemia patients. Increasing score was also significantly predictive of increased relapse, increased non-relapse mortality (NRM), decreased DFS, and decreased overall survival (OS) in an independent historical cohort (n = 526). These data confirmed that haplo-DRCI could effectively risk stratify haplo-HSCT recipients and provide a tool to better predict who will best benefit from haplo-HSCT.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) has been regarded as a potential strategy for myeloid sarcoma (MS). The previous reports focused mainly on matched sibling donor (MSD) or matched unrelated donor (MUD) transplantation. There are no reports on haploidentical HSCT (haplo-HSCT) in MS. We retrospectively reviewed 14 MS patients who underwent haplo-HSCT. All patients achieved complete donor engraftment. The median time for neutrophil engraftment and platelet engraftment were 10 (12–21) days and 18 (8–31) days. The 100-day cumulative incidence of grade II–IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and 3-year cumulative incidence of chronic GVHD were 37.7% (95%CI, 23.2–52.1%) and 35.7% (95%CI, 22.2–49.2%). Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation was documented in 86% patients, and only one patient developed CMV pneumonia. Treatment-related mortality occurred in one (7%) patient. The 1- and 3-year cumulative incidence of relapse was 21.4% (95%CI, 11.8–31.1%) and 35.7% (95%CI, 22.4–49.0%). The probability of overall survival at 1 and 3 years was 71.4% (95%CI, 51.3–99.5%) and 64.3% (95%CI, 43.5–95.0%), respectively. The probability of disease-free survival at 1 and 3 years was 71.4% (95%CI, 51.3–99.5%) and 57.1% (95%CI, 36.3–89.9%), respectively. In conclusion, haplo-HSCT is a feasible method for patients with MS who have no MSD or MUD.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is an effective and curative treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We explored the outcome of haploidentical donor (HID) transplantation for intermediate-risk AML and compared to that of matched sibling donor (MSD) transplants. One hundred twenty-seven consecutive patients with intermediate-risk AML in the first complete remission (CR1) who underwent allo-HSCT between January 1, 2015, and August 1, 2016, were enrolled. Thirty-seven patients received MSD grafts, and 90 received HID grafts. The 2-year leukemia-free survival (LFS) of the HID group was comparable to that of the MSD group: 82.0% ± 4.1% versus 82.7% ± 6.4%, P = 0.457. The 2-year cumulative incidences of relapse and transplantation-related mortality (TRM) were comparable between the HID and MSD groups (relapse, 4.5% ± 0.1%, versus 11.5% ± 0.3%, P = 0.550; TRM, 13.4% ± 0.1% vs. 5.8% ± 0.2%, P = 0.154). The HID recipients had a trend of a lower 2-year cumulative incidence of positive posttransplant flow cytometry (FCM+) and relapse than the MSD recipients (5.6% ± 0.1% vs. 19.9% ± 0.5%, P = 0.092). These results suggest that the outcomes of allo-HSCT with HIDs are comparable to those with MSDs in terms of LFS, TRM, and relapse for intermediate-risk AML in CR1. HIDs could be an alternative to MSDs for intermediate-risk AML.

Haploidentical stem cell transplantation (haplo-SCT) achieves superior or at least comparable clinical outcomes to HLA-matched sibling donor transplantation (MSDT) in treating hematological malignancies. To define the underlying regulatory dynamics, we analyzed time courses of leukemia burden and immune abundance of haplo-SCT or MSDT from multiple dimension. First, we employed two nonirradiated leukemia mouse models which carried human AML-ETO or MLL-AF9 fusion gene to establish haplo-identical and major histocompatibility (MHC)-matched transplantation models and investigated the immune cell dynamic response during leukemia development in vivo. We found that haplo-matching the MHCs of leukemia cells with recipient mouse T cells prolonged leukemic mice survival and reduced leukemia burden. The stronger graft-versus-leukemia activity in haplo-SCT group mainly induced by decreased apoptosis and increased cytotoxic cytokine secretion including tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, pore-forming proteins and CD107a secreted by T cells or natural killer cells. Furthermore, we conducted a prospective clinical trial which enrolled 135 patients with t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia that displayed minimal residual disease before transplantation and underwent either haplo-SCT or MSDT. The results showed that the haplo-SCT slowed the kinetics of the leukemia burden in vivo and reduced the cumulative incidence of relapse compared with MSDT. Ex vivo experiments showed that, 1 year after transplantation, cytotoxic T lymphocytes from the haplo-SCT group had higher cytotoxicity than those from the MSDT group during the same period. Our results unraveled the role of immune cells in superior antileukemia effects of haplo-SCT compared with MSDT.

We performed a nested case-control study to investigate the incidence, treatment, and prognosis of central nervous system (CNS) relapse after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and compared the outcomes of patients with CNS relapse following haploidentical donor (HID) HSCT versus identical sibling donor (ISD) HSCT. A total of 37 patients (HID-HSCT, 24; ISD-HSCT, 13) developed CNS relapse after transplantation between January 2009 and January 2019, with an incidence of 1.81%. The median time from transplantation to CNS relapse was 239 days. Pre-HSCT CNS involvement (HR 6.940, 95% CI 3.146–15.306, p

Background aims The efficacy of CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cells for treatment of relapsed B-cell malignancies after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and the long-term outcomes of these patients remain inconclusive. Methods The authors focused on the survival of 35 patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia who relapsed after allo-HSCT and received CAR T cells. Results Of the 34 eligible patients, 30 achieved minimal residual disease-negative complete remission (CR), with a total CR rate of 85.7% (79.8–91.6%). There were 14 patients who received various forms of additional therapy after achieving CR. After a median follow-up of 20.7 months, it was noted that 17 patients had relapsed at a median of 4.5 months (2–34 months). The cumulative recurrence rate (RR) at 18 months was 68.3% (57.6–79.0%). Additional treatment did not reduce the RR but seemed to delay the time to relapse (mean: 5.9 months vs 13.1 months; P = 0.046). Patients with a lower tumor burden (≤10%) had a lower RR (25.0% vs 78.6% at 12 months; P = 0.006). The overall survival (OS) rate for the CR patients was 30.0% (20.3–29.7%) at 18 months, with a median OS of 12.7 months. Conclusions The authors’ study indicated that for patients who relapsed after HSCT, although a high CR rate was achieved after CAR T therapy, the long-term efficacy was unsatisfactory. It is necessary to optimize additional treatment, including a second HSCT, to further improve long-term efficacy after CAR T infusion.

Relapse was the major cause of treatment failure in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). We aimed to identify the efficacy and safety of preemptive interferon-α (IFN-α) treatment in ALL patients who had minimal residual disease (MRD) after allo-HSCT. Multiparameter flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction assays were applied for MRD monitoring. Recombinant human IFN-α-2b injections were administered subcutaneously twice weekly in every 4 weeks cycle. Twenty-four (35.3%), 5 (7.4%), 6 (8.8%), and 13 (19.1%) patients achieved MRD negativity at 1, 2, 3, and > 3 months, respectively, after treatment. Seven patients showed grade ≥ 3 toxicities after IFN-α treatment. The 4-year cumulative incidence of total acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), severe aGVHD, total chronic GVHD (cGVHD), and severe cGVHD after treatment was 14.7%, 2.9%, 40.0%, and 7.5%, respectively. The 4-year cumulative incidences of relapse and non-relapse mortality after treatment was 31.9% and 6.0%, respectively. The 4-year probabilities of disease-free survival and overall survival after IFN-α treatment were 62.1% and 71.1%, respectively. Thus, preemptive IFN-α treatment could protect against relapse and improve long-term survival for ALL patients who had MRD after allo-HSCT. The study was registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02185261 (09/07/2014).

ObjectiveWe aimed to establish a model that can predict refractory/recurrent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection after haploidentical donor (HID) hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).MethodsConsecutive acute leukemia patients receiving HID HSCT were enrolled (n = 289). We randomly selected 60% of the entire population (n = 170) as the training cohort, and the remaining 40% comprised the validation cohort (n = 119). Patients were treated according to the protocol registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03756675).ResultsThe model was as follows: Y = 0.0322 × (age) – 0.0696 × (gender) + 0.5492 × (underlying disease) + 0.0963 × (the cumulative dose of prednisone during pre-engraftment phase) – 0.0771 × (CD34+ cell counts in graft) – 1.2926. The threshold of probability was 0.5243, which helped to separate patients into high- and low-risk groups. In the low- and high-risk groups, the 100-day cumulative incidence of refractory/recurrent CMV was 42.0% [95% confidence interval (CI), 34.7%–49.4%] vs. 63.7% (95% CI, 54.8%–72.6%) (P < 0.001) for total patients and was 50.5% (95% confidence interval (CI), 40.9%–60.1%) vs. 71.0% (95% CI, 59.5%–82.4%) (P = 0.024) for those with acute graft-versus-host disease. It could also predict posttransplant mortality and survival.ConclusionWe established a comprehensive model that could predict the refractory/recurrent CMV infection after HID HSCT.Clinical Trial Registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT03756675.

Aphelopus nivealis Mita & Olmi, 2014 Fig. 15 Aphelopus nivealis Mita & Olmi, 2014: 93. Aphelopus nivealis – Olmi & Xu 2015: 25. Material examined CHINA • 1 &female;; Guangdong, Guangzhou University Town, secondary forest; 23°3′9″ N, 113°23′23″ E; 20 Jan.–17 Feb. 2019; Hua-Yan Chen leg.; MT; SCAU 3040508 (SYSBM) • 1 &female;; Guangdong, Shenzhen, Mt Tanglangshan; 22.570411639° N, 113.99317344° E; LSX498, 7–30 May 2020; Long-Long Chen leg.; MT-GD7; SCAU 3049357 (SYSBM). Distribution Japan (Honshu), China (Guangdong) (new record). Remarks Aphelopus nivealis Mita & Olmi, 2014 was originally described from the Eastern Palaearctic region (Honshu, Japan) (see Olmi & Xu 2015). In this species there are no notauli. One of the two specimens above (from Guangdong, 22.570411639° N, 113.99317344° E) matches completely with the description of A. nivealis, including the body colour and the absence of notauli (Fig. 15A–B). On the contrary, the other specimen (from Guangdong, 23°3′9″ N, 113°23′23″ E) is whiter and seems to have shallow traces of notauli reaching about 0.5 × length of mesoscutum (Fig. 15C–D). The genetic distance between the two specimens is only 0.6%, suggesting that the variations are just intraspecific. These records indicate that A. nivealis is present both in the Eastern Palaearctic and the Oriental regions.

Aphelopus zaifui Olmi, Chen & Liu sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 730357C7-2449-42BE-99A6-6DBFFE97DC67 Figs 7, 8D Diagnosis Male with head black, except mandible testaceous; notauli complete (Fig. 7B) or almost complete (Fig. 7F), posteriorly separated; distivolsella in the form of a long straight rod (Fig. 8D); basivolsella long and narrow, with distal apex very widened (Fig. 8D). Etymology The species is named after the late Prof. Zaifu Xu (SCAU), a famous specialist of Chinese Dryinidae. Material examined Holotype CHINA ��� &male;; Yunnan, Dali, Yunlong County, Tianchi; 25.854158�� N, 99.239927�� E; 2933 m a.s.l., 14���28 Jun. 2020; You-Jing Gong leg.; MT; SCAU 3042343 (SYSBM). Paratypes CHINA ��� 1 &male;; Yunnan, Dali, Mt Cangshan; 25��41���16��� N, 100��8���33��� E; 25 May 2009; Jie Zeng leg.; SCAU 3040717 (SYSBM) ��� 1 &male;; Dali Dist., Mt Cangshan, 25.66723�� N, 100.14762�� E; 2300 m a.s.l.; 31 May 2020; MT; SCAU 3042339 (SYSBM). Description Male Fully winged (Fig. 7A); length 2.0 mm. Head black, except mandible testaceous; antenna brown-black; mesosoma and metasoma black; fore and mid leg yellow, except club of femur brown; hind leg yellow, except part of coxa, club of femur and tibia brown. Antenna filiform, with setae about as long as breadth of antennomeres; antennomeres in following proportions: 5:5:5:6:6:7:7:7:7:10; length/breadth ratio of ninth antennomere: 7:2. Head (Fig. 7C���D) dull, granulate; frontal line incomplete, present only in anterior half of frons; POL = 5; OL = 3; OOL = 3; OPL = 2; TL = 3; greatest breadth of lateral ocelli about as long as OPL; occipital carina complete. Mesoscutum (Figs 7B, F) dull, granulate. Notauli complete (Fig. 7B) or nearly complete (Fig. 7F), posteriorly separated; minimum distance between notauli slightly shorter than POL (4:5). Mesoscutellum shiny, very slightly granulate. Mesopleuron and metapleuron shiny, unsculptured. Metanotum shiny, unsculptured. Metapectal-propodeal disc reticulate rugose; propodeal declivity with two longitudinal keels and median area shiny, unsculptured. Fore wing hyaline, without dark transverse bands. Distivolsella in form of long straight rod (Fig. 8D); basivolsella long and narrow, with two medial bristles and distal apex very widened (Fig. 8D); distal apex of aedeagus not tridentate (Fig. 8D). Tibial spurs 1/1/2. Female Unknown. Remarks The distivolsella in the form of a long straight rod indicates that the new species is different from all known Aphelopus species, except A. serratus Richards, 1939, from the Palaearctic region. However, in A. zaifui Olmi, Chen & Liu sp. nov. the basivolsella has a widened apex (Fig. 8D), whereas in A. serratus it has a slender apex (Fig. 8F). Following the description of A. zaifui Olmi, Chen & Liu sp. nov., the key to males of Oriental Aphelopus published by Xu et al. (2013) should be modified by replacing couplet 1 as follows: 1. Distivolsella in the form of a long straight rod (Fig. 8D); basivolsella long and narrow, with distal apex very widened (Fig. 8D)..................................................... A. zaifui Olmi, Chen & Liu sp. nov. ��� Distivolsella and basivolsella with different shape (Fig. 8A���B)..................................................... 1��� 1���. Mesosoma and metasoma totally testaceous, except petiole black........... A. borneanus Olmi, 1984 ��� Mesosoma and metasoma partly or totally black or brown.............................................................. 2, Published as part of Olmi, Massimo, Chen, Hua-Yan, Guglielmino, Adalgisa, ��degaard, Frode, Vollaro, Massimo, Capradossi, Leonardo & Liu, Jing-Xian, 2022, DNA barcoding of Aphelopus Dalman (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from China, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 40-71 in European Journal of Taxonomy 794 (1) on pages 53-56, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.794.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/6078154, {"references":["Richards O. W. 1939. The British Bethylidae (s. l.) (Hymenoptera). The Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 89: 185 - 344. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1939. tb 00740. x","Xu Z., Olmi M. & He J. 2013. Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3614 (1): 1 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3614.1.1","Olmi M. 1984. A revision of the Dryinidae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 37: i - xii + 1 - 1913."]}

Aphelopus sabahnus Olmi, 1991 Fig. 18 Aphelopus sabahnus Olmi, 1991: 113. Aphelopus sabahnus – Xu et al. 2013: 35. Material examined CHINA • 1 &female;; Guangdong, Guangzhou, University Town; 23°2′55″ N, 113°23′12″ E; 11–24 Nov. 2018; Hua-Yan Chen leg.; forest, MT; SCAU 3011690 (SYSBM). Distribution China, Malaysia (Xu et al. 2013)., Published as part of Olmi, Massimo, Chen, Hua-Yan, Guglielmino, Adalgisa, Ødegaard, Frode, Vollaro, Massimo, Capradossi, Leonardo & Liu, Jing-Xian, 2022, DNA barcoding of Aphelopus Dalman (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from China, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 40-71 in European Journal of Taxonomy 794 (1) on pages 63-65, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.794.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/6078154, {"references":["Olmi M. 1991. Supplement to the revision of the world Dryinidae (Hymenoptera Chrysidoidea). Frustula entomologica (N. S.) 12: 109 - 395.","Xu Z., Olmi M. & He J. 2013. Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3614 (1): 1 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3614.1.1","Olmi M. 1984. A revision of the Dryinidae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 37: i - xii + 1 - 1913.","Mita T. & Olmi M. 2014. A taxonomic study of Aphelopus Dalman from Japan, with descriptions of two new species (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae: Aphelopinae). Esakia 54: 91 - 101."]}

Genus Aphelopus Dalman, 1823 See Xu et al. (2013) and Olmi & Xu (2015) for taxonomic details on the genus., Published as part of Olmi, Massimo, Chen, Hua-Yan, Guglielmino, Adalgisa, ��degaard, Frode, Vollaro, Massimo, Capradossi, Leonardo & Liu, Jing-Xian, 2022, DNA barcoding of Aphelopus Dalman (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from China, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 40-71 in European Journal of Taxonomy 794 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.794.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/6078154, {"references":["Dalman J. W. 1823. Analecta Entomologica. Typis Lindhianis, Stockholm [Holmiae], Sweden. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 66069","Xu Z., Olmi M. & He J. 2013. Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3614 (1): 1 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3614.1.1","Olmi M. & Xu Z. 2015. Dryinidae of the Eastern Palaearctic region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3996 (1): 1 - 253. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3996.1.1"]}

Aphelopus wushensis Olmi, 2010 Fig. 20 Aphelopus wushensis Olmi, 2010: 12. Aphelopus wushensis – Xu et al. 2013: 40. Material examined CHINA • 1 &female;; Guangdong, Guangzhou, SYSU, bamboo Garden; 23°3′9″ N, 113°23′23″ E; 23 Dec. 2018 – 20 Jan. 2019; Hua-Yan Chen leg.; MT; SCAU 3040509 (SYSBM) • 1 &female;; Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Menghai, Bulangshan Village, Area D, near road; 21°44.745′ N, 100°26.07′ E; 1621 m a.s.l., 28 Jun–19 Jul. 2019; Li Ma leg.; MT; SCAU 3044042 (SYSBM). Distribution China, Philippines (Xu et al. 2013)., Published as part of Olmi, Massimo, Chen, Hua-Yan, Guglielmino, Adalgisa, Ødegaard, Frode, Vollaro, Massimo, Capradossi, Leonardo & Liu, Jing-Xian, 2022, DNA barcoding of Aphelopus Dalman (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from China, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 40-71 in European Journal of Taxonomy 794 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.794.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/6078154, {"references":["Olmi M. 2010. A contribution to the knowledge of Dryinidae from the Oriental, Nearctic, Neotropical and Australian regions (Hymenoptera Chrysidoidea). Frustula entomologica (N. S.) 31: 11 - 34.","Xu Z., Olmi M. & He J. 2013. Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3614 (1): 1 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3614.1.1"]}

Aphelopus spadiceus Xu & He, 1997 Figs 8E, 19 Aphelopus spadiceus Xu & He in Xu et al., 1997: 8. Aphelopus spadiceus – Xu et al. 2013: 36. Material examined CHINA • 1 &male;; Yunnan, Lanping Dist., Mt Lasha; 26.324010° N, 99.275624° E; 2500 m a.s.l., 20–30 Jul. 2018; Jin-Ku Li leg.; farm land, MT; SCAU 3040510 (SYSBM). Distribution Brunei, China, Thailand (Olmi & Xu 2015), South Korea (Kim & Lee 2016)., Published as part of Olmi, Massimo, Chen, Hua-Yan, Guglielmino, Adalgisa, Ødegaard, Frode, Vollaro, Massimo, Capradossi, Leonardo & Liu, Jing-Xian, 2022, DNA barcoding of Aphelopus Dalman (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from China, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 40-71 in European Journal of Taxonomy 794 (1) on page 65, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.794.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/6078154, {"references":["Xu Z., He J. & Yao S. 1997. Descriptions of three new species of the genus Aphelopus Dalman from Mt. Fangjingshan, China. Zoological Research 18 (1): 7 - 11.","Xu Z., Olmi M. & He J. 2013. Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3614 (1): 1 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3614.1.1","Olmi M. & Xu Z. 2015. Dryinidae of the Eastern Palaearctic region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3996 (1): 1 - 253. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3996.1.1","Kim C. J. & Lee J. W. 2016. A taxonomical review of the genus Aphelopus (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae: Aphelopinae) from South Korea. Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity 32 (3): 159 - 168. https: // doi. org / 10.5635 / ASED. 2016.32.3.002"]}

Aphelopus penanganus Olmi, 1984 Fig. 16 Aphelopus penanganus Olmi, 1984: 68. Aphelopus penanganus – Xu et al. 2013: 33. — Barthélémy & Olmi 2019: 533. Material examined CHINA • 1 &female;; Heilongjiang, Nenjiang County, Jianshan Farm; 48°46′55″ N, 125°19′53″ E; 15 Jun. 2015; MT; SCAU 3011639 (SYSBM). Distribution China (Fujian, Hainan, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hong Kong, Ningxia, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Tamil Nadu), Indonesia (Sulawesi), Malaysia (Malaya, Sabah), Thailand (Chaiyaphum, Chiang Mai, Trang) (Xu et al. 2013; Barthélémy & Olmi 2019). Remarks The presence of A. penanganus in China, Heilongjiang Province, indicates that this species is present both in the Eastern Palaearctic and Oriental regions., Published as part of Olmi, Massimo, Chen, Hua-Yan, Guglielmino, Adalgisa, Ødegaard, Frode, Vollaro, Massimo, Capradossi, Leonardo & Liu, Jing-Xian, 2022, DNA barcoding of Aphelopus Dalman (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from China, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 40-71 in European Journal of Taxonomy 794 (1) on pages 61-63, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.794.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/6078154, {"references":["Olmi M. 1984. A revision of the Dryinidae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 37: i - xii + 1 - 1913.","Xu Z., Olmi M. & He J. 2013. Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3614 (1): 1 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3614.1.1","Barthelemy C. & Olmi M. 2019. Checklist of Dryinidae and Sclerogibbidae (Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea) from Hong Kong. Zootaxa 4615 (3): 529 - 548. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4615.3.7","Mita T. & Olmi M. 2014. A taxonomic study of Aphelopus Dalman from Japan, with descriptions of two new species (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae: Aphelopinae). Esakia 54: 91 - 101."]}

Aphelopus niger Xu & He, 1999 Fig. 14 Aphelopus niger Xu & He, 1999: 2. Aphelopus niger – Xu et al. 2013: 30. Material examined CHINA • 1 &female;; Guangdong, Guangzhou SYSU, bamboo garden; 23°3′9″ N, 113°23′23″ E; 23 Dec. 2018 – 20 Jan. 2019; Hua-Yan Chen leg.; MT; SCAU 3040438 (SYSBM). Distribution China (Xu et al. 2013)., Published as part of Olmi, Massimo, Chen, Hua-Yan, Guglielmino, Adalgisa, Ødegaard, Frode, Vollaro, Massimo, Capradossi, Leonardo & Liu, Jing-Xian, 2022, DNA barcoding of Aphelopus Dalman (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from China, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 40-71 in European Journal of Taxonomy 794 (1) on page 61, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.794.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/6078154, {"references":["Xu Z., Olmi M. & He J. 2013. Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3614 (1): 1 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3614.1.1"]}

Aphelopus mangshanensis Xu, Olmi, Guglielmino & Chen, 2011 Fig. 13 Aphelopus mangshanensis Xu, Olmi, Guglielmino & Chen, 2011: 243. Aphelopus mangshanensis – Xu et al. 2013: 27. Material examined CHINA • 1&male;; Yunnan, Xianggelila, Gaoshan Botanical Garden; 27°53′47″ N, 99°38′22″ E; 30 May–5 Aug. 2018; Jie Zeng leg.; MT; SCAU 3011672 (SYSBM). Distribution China (Xu et al. 2013).

Aphelopus atratus (Dalman, 1823) Dryinus (Aphelopus) atratus Dalman, 1823: 15. Aphelopus atratus (Dalman) ��� Olmi & Xu 2015: 14. Material examined NORWAY ��� 1 &female;; Vestfold, Stokke, Melsomvik; 59��218��� N, 10��346��� E; A. Staverl��kk leg.; NTNU. Distribution Widely spread across all of the Palaearctic region, from Europe to Russian Far East, South Korea and Japan (Olmi & Xu 2015; Kim & Lee 2016). Probably present in northeastern China, but not found so far., Published as part of Olmi, Massimo, Chen, Hua-Yan, Guglielmino, Adalgisa, ��degaard, Frode, Vollaro, Massimo, Capradossi, Leonardo & Liu, Jing-Xian, 2022, DNA barcoding of Aphelopus Dalman (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from China, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 40-71 in European Journal of Taxonomy 794 (1) on page 67, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.794.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/6078154, {"references":["Dalman J. W. 1823. Analecta Entomologica. Typis Lindhianis, Stockholm [Holmiae], Sweden. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 66069","Olmi M. & Xu Z. 2015. Dryinidae of the Eastern Palaearctic region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3996 (1): 1 - 253. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3996.1.1","Kim C. J. & Lee J. W. 2016. A taxonomical review of the genus Aphelopus (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae: Aphelopinae) from South Korea. Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity 32 (3): 159 - 168. https: // doi. org / 10.5635 / ASED. 2016.32.3.002"]}

Aphelopus mangshanensis Xu, Olmi, Guglielmino & Chen, 2011 Fig. 13 Aphelopus mangshanensis Xu, Olmi, Guglielmino & Chen, 2011: 243. Aphelopus mangshanensis – Xu et al. 2013: 27. Material examined CHINA • 1&male;; Yunnan, Xianggelila, Gaoshan Botanical Garden; 27°53′47″ N, 99°38′22″ E; 30 May–5 Aug. 2018; Jie Zeng leg.; MT; SCAU 3011672 (SYSBM). Distribution China (Xu et al. 2013)., Published as part of Olmi, Massimo, Chen, Hua-Yan, Guglielmino, Adalgisa, Ødegaard, Frode, Vollaro, Massimo, Capradossi, Leonardo & Liu, Jing-Xian, 2022, DNA barcoding of Aphelopus Dalman (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from China, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 40-71 in European Journal of Taxonomy 794 (1) on page 59, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.794.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/6078154, {"references":["Xu Z., Olmi M., Guglielmino A. & Chen H. 2011. Description of Aphelopus mangshanensis, a new species of Dryinidae from China. Bulletin of Insectology 64 (2): 243 - 246.","Xu Z., Olmi M. & He J. 2013. Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3614 (1): 1 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3614.1.1"]}

Aphelopus taianensis Olmi, Ødegaard & Chen sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 407CE45D-7B8C-426C-9145-A2A45E9BE81C Figs 6, 8C Diagnosis Male with head black, except mandible testaceous; mesosoma black; notauli incomplete, reaching approximately 0.5× length of mesoscutum; aedeagus distally not tridentate (Fig. 8C); basivolsella very narrow (Fig. 8C), without distal outer process, with two subdistal bristles and one lateral outer pointed apophysis; distivolsella not in the form of a long straight rod. Etymology The new species is named after Taian City, where it has been collected. Material examined Holotype CHINA • &male;; Shandong, Taian; 36°12′ N, 117°5′ E; 20 Jul. 2015; Qing-Tao Gong leg.; apple orchard; MT; SCAU 3011647 (SYSBM). Description Male (Figs 6, 8C) Fully winged; length 1.8 mm. Head black, except mandible testaceous; antenna brown, except scape and pedicel testaceous; mesosoma black; metasoma brown; legs yellow. Antenna filiform; antennomeres in following proportions: 3:4:3:4:5:5.5:5:6:6:10. Head dull, granulated; frontal line incomplete, absent shortly in front of anterior ocellus; occipital carina complete; POL = 6; OL = 3; OOL = 3; OPL = 1.5; TL = 2; greatest breadth of lateral ocellus about as long as TL. Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum dull, granulated. Notauli incomplete, reaching approximately 0.5 × length of mesoscutum (Fig. 6C). Metanotum shiny, unsculptured. Metapectal-propodeal complex dull, reticulate rugose, with two complete longitudinal keels on posterior surface; posterior surface with median area unsculptured and lateral areas rugose. Fore wing hyaline, without dark transverse bands. Basivolsella (Fig. 8C) very narrow, without distal outer process, with one lateral outer pointed apophysis and two subdistal bristles situated on top of each other. Tibial spurs 1/1/2. Female Unknown. Remarks From the above diagnosis, A. taianensis Olmi, Ødegaard & Chen sp. nov. is close to A. nepalensis Olmi, 1984. However, in the new species, the basivolsella (Fig. 8C) is very narrow and with one lateral pointed apophysis (very wide and without lateral pointed apophysis in A. nepalensis (Olmi & Xu 2015: pl. 4k). Following the description of A. taianensis Olmi, Ødegaard & Chen sp. nov., the key to males of Oriental Aphelopus published by Olmi & Xu (2015) should be modified by replacing couplet 15 as follows: 15. Notauli reaching approximately 0.65 × length of mesoscutum............... A. nigriceps Kieffer, 1905 – Notauli reaching approximately 0.5 × length of mesoscutum (Fig. 6C)...................................... 15’ 15’. Basivolsella very wide, without lateral pointed apophysis, with two subdistal bristles situated on either side of each other (Olmi & Xu 2015: pl. 4k).................................. A. nepalensis Olmi, 1984 – Basivolsella very narrow, with one lateral pointed apophysis and two subdistal bristles situated on top of each other (Fig. 8C)....................................... A. taianensis Olmi, Ødegaard & Chen sp. nov.

Aphelopus niger Xu & He, 1999 Fig. 14 Aphelopus niger Xu & He, 1999: 2. Aphelopus niger – Xu et al. 2013: 30. Material examined CHINA • 1 &female;; Guangdong, Guangzhou SYSU, bamboo garden; 23°3′9″ N, 113°23′23″ E; 23 Dec. 2018 – 20 Jan. 2019; Hua-Yan Chen leg.; MT; SCAU 3040438 (SYSBM). Distribution China (Xu et al. 2013).

Aphelopus malayanus Olmi, 1984 Fig. 12 Aphelopus malayanus Olmi, 1984: 66. Aphelopus malayanus – Xu et al. 2013: 26. Material examined CHINA • 1 &female;; Guangdong, Guangzhou University Town; 23°2′925″ N, 113°21′25″ E; 20 Jan.–17 Feb. 2019; Hua-Yan Chen leg.; wetland; MT; SCAU 3040507 (SYSBM). Distribution Brunei, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand (Xu et al. 2013), South Korea (Kim & Lee 2016)., Published as part of Olmi, Massimo, Chen, Hua-Yan, Guglielmino, Adalgisa, Ødegaard, Frode, Vollaro, Massimo, Capradossi, Leonardo & Liu, Jing-Xian, 2022, DNA barcoding of Aphelopus Dalman (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from China, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 40-71 in European Journal of Taxonomy 794 (1) on pages 58-59, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.794.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/6078154, {"references":["Olmi M. 1984. A revision of the Dryinidae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 37: i - xii + 1 - 1913.","Xu Z., Olmi M. & He J. 2013. Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3614 (1): 1 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3614.1.1","Bergman B. H. H. 1957. A new dryinid parasite of leafhoppers in Java. Entomologische Berichten 17: 9 - 12.","Kim C. J. & Lee J. W. 2016. A taxonomical review of the genus Aphelopus (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae: Aphelopinae) from South Korea. Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity 32 (3): 159 - 168. https: // doi. org / 10.5635 / ASED. 2016.32.3.002"]}

Aphelopus nivealis Mita & Olmi, 2014 Fig. 15 Aphelopus nivealis Mita & Olmi, 2014: 93. Aphelopus nivealis ��� Olmi & Xu 2015: 25. Material examined CHINA ��� 1 &female;; Guangdong, Guangzhou University Town, secondary forest; 23��3���9��� N, 113��23���23��� E; 20 Jan.���17 Feb. 2019; Hua-Yan Chen leg.; MT; SCAU 3040508 (SYSBM) ��� 1 &female;; Guangdong, Shenzhen, Mt Tanglangshan; 22.570411639�� N, 113.99317344�� E; LSX498, 7���30 May 2020; Long-Long Chen leg.; MT-GD7; SCAU 3049357 (SYSBM). Distribution Japan (Honshu), China (Guangdong) (new record). Remarks Aphelopus nivealis Mita & Olmi, 2014 was originally described from the Eastern Palaearctic region (Honshu, Japan) (see Olmi & Xu 2015). In this species there are no notauli. One of the two specimens above (from Guangdong, 22.570411639�� N, 113.99317344�� E) matches completely with the description of A. nivealis, including the body colour and the absence of notauli (Fig. 15A���B). On the contrary, the other specimen (from Guangdong, 23��3���9��� N, 113��23���23��� E) is whiter and seems to have shallow traces of notauli reaching about 0.5 �� length of mesoscutum (Fig. 15C���D). The genetic distance between the two specimens is only 0.6%, suggesting that the variations are just intraspecific. These records indicate that A. nivealis is present both in the Eastern Palaearctic and the Oriental regions., Published as part of Olmi, Massimo, Chen, Hua-Yan, Guglielmino, Adalgisa, ��degaard, Frode, Vollaro, Massimo, Capradossi, Leonardo & Liu, Jing-Xian, 2022, DNA barcoding of Aphelopus Dalman (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from China, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 40-71 in European Journal of Taxonomy 794 (1) on page 61, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.794.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/6078154, {"references":["Mita T. & Olmi M. 2014. A taxonomic study of Aphelopus Dalman from Japan, with descriptions of two new species (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae: Aphelopinae). Esakia 54: 91 - 101.","Olmi M. & Xu Z. 2015. Dryinidae of the Eastern Palaearctic region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3996 (1): 1 - 253. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3996.1.1"]}

Aphelopus albiclypeus Xu, He & Olmi, 1999 Fig. 9 Aphelopus albiclypeus Xu, He & Olmi, 1999: 90. Aphelopus albiclypeus – Xu et al. 2013: 17. Material examined CHINA • 1 &male;; Yunnan, Maguan Town, Bazhai County, near dam; 23.021373° N, 104.06459° E; 1749 m a.s.l.; Jun. 2017; Li Ma leg.; forest; MT; SCAU 3011737 (SYSBM). Distribution China, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam (Xu et al. 2013)., Published as part of Olmi, Massimo, Chen, Hua-Yan, Guglielmino, Adalgisa, Ødegaard, Frode, Vollaro, Massimo, Capradossi, Leonardo & Liu, Jing-Xian, 2022, DNA barcoding of Aphelopus Dalman (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from China, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 40-71 in European Journal of Taxonomy 794 (1) on page 56, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.794.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/6078154, {"references":["Xu Z., He J. & Olmi M. 1999. Five new species of Aphelopus Dalman from China (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae). Oriental Insects 33: 85 - 94.","Xu Z., Olmi M. & He J. 2013. Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3614 (1): 1 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3614.1.1"]}

Aphelopus albiclypeus Xu, He & Olmi, 1999 Fig. 9 Aphelopus albiclypeus Xu, He & Olmi, 1999: 90. Aphelopus albiclypeus – Xu et al. 2013: 17. Material examined CHINA • 1 &male;; Yunnan, Maguan Town, Bazhai County, near dam; 23.021373° N, 104.06459° E; 1749 m a.s.l.; Jun. 2017; Li Ma leg.; forest; MT; SCAU 3011737 (SYSBM). Distribution China, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam (Xu et al. 2013).

Aphelopus prolatus Mita & Olmi, 2014 Fig. 17 Aphelopus prolatus Mita & Olmi, 2014: 91. Aphelopus prolatus ��� Olmi & Xu 2015: 27. Material examined CHINA ��� 1 &female;; Shandong, Shanghe County, 37��16���4��� N, 117��9���10��� E; 19���25 May 2018; Jia-He Yan leg.; MT3; SCAU 3040426 (SYSBM) ��� 1 &female;; same locality as for preceding; 26 May���1 Jun. 2018; MT4; SCAU 3011685 (SYSBM). Distribution Japan, Sweden (Olmi & Xu 2015), South Korea (Kim & Lee 2016), China (new record)., Published as part of Olmi, Massimo, Chen, Hua-Yan, Guglielmino, Adalgisa, ��degaard, Frode, Vollaro, Massimo, Capradossi, Leonardo & Liu, Jing-Xian, 2022, DNA barcoding of Aphelopus Dalman (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from China, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 40-71 in European Journal of Taxonomy 794 (1) on page 63, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.794.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/6078154, {"references":["Mita T. & Olmi M. 2014. A taxonomic study of Aphelopus Dalman from Japan, with descriptions of two new species (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae: Aphelopinae). Esakia 54: 91 - 101.","Olmi M. & Xu Z. 2015. Dryinidae of the Eastern Palaearctic region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3996 (1): 1 - 253. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3996.1.1","Kim C. J. & Lee J. W. 2016. A taxonomical review of the genus Aphelopus (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae: Aphelopinae) from South Korea. Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity 32 (3): 159 - 168. https: // doi. org / 10.5635 / ASED. 2016.32.3.002"]}

Aphelopus incognitus Chen, Olmi & Guglielmino sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A917F029-3AF2-451F-9B6B-CC215432441C Figs 3–4, 8A Diagnosis Female with head mostly testaceous, mesosoma mostly brown, notauli reaching about 0.6 × length of mesoscutum (Fig. 4D); OPL longer than OOL (Fig. 4C); frontal line incomplete, absent in front of anterior ocellus. Male with head black, antennal setae much shorter than breadth of antennomeres, mesosoma black, notauli reaching about 0.75–0.80 × length of mesoscutum, fore wing hyaline, metasoma browntestaceous, basivolsella with outer process and two subdistal bristles (Fig. 8A). Etymology The species is named ' incognitus ’ (Latin adjective meaning 'unknown’) because it was first recognized as a new species by COI sequences. Otherwise it would remain unnoticed, because morphologically it is extremely similar to closely related species such as A. maculiclypeus Xu, He & Olmi, 1999 and A. spadiceus Xu & He, 1997. Material examined Holotype CHINA • &male;; Yunnan, Shangri-la, Gaoshan Botanical Garden; 27°53′47″ N, 99°38′22″ E; 30 May–5 Aug. 2018; Jie Zeng leg.; MT; SCAU 3011673 (SYSBM). Paratypes CHINA • 2 &female;&female;; Beijing, Haidian District, Xiangshan Park; 195 m a.s.l.; 39.98683° N, 116.19096° E; 21–28 Aug. 2012; Li-Zhou Song and Wan-Guang Du leg.; MT; SCAU 3011794, SCAU 3040705 (SYSBM) • 1 &female;; same locality as for preceding; 28 Aug.–4 Sep. 2012; SCAU 3040691 (SYSBM). Description Male (Fig. 3) Fully winged (Fig. 3A–B); length 2.1 mm. Head black, except mandible testaceous; antenna brown; mesosoma black; metasoma and legs brown-testaceous. Antenna filiform; antennal setae much shorter than breadth of antennomeres; antennomeres in following proportions: 5:4:5:6:6:7:6:7:7:9. Head (Fig. 3C) dull, granulate; frontal line incomplete, absent in front of anterior ocellus; POL = 6; OL = 3; OOL = 4; OPL = 3; TL = 4; greatest breadth of lateral ocellus as long as OL; occipital carina complete, not excavated behind the ocellar triangle. Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum dull, granulate. Notauli incomplete, reaching approximately 0.7 × length of mesoscutum (Fig. 3D). Metanotum unsculptured. Metapectal-propodeal complex with disc dull, reticulate rugose; propodeal declivity with two longitudinal keels, median area shiny, unsculptured and lateral areas rugose. Fore wing hyaline, without dark transverse bands. Basivolsella (Fig. 8A) with two subdistal bristles and outer medial process. Tibial spurs 1/1/2. Female (Fig. 4) Fully winged (Fig. 4A–B); length 1.9 mm. Head (Fig. 4C) testaceous, except large brown spot on temple, vertex and posterior half of frons (with short testaceous arms along orbits); antenna brown, except scape and pedicel yellow; mesosoma dark brown, except propleuron and lateral regions of pronotum testaceous; metasoma brown-testaceous; legs testaceous. Antenna clavate; antennomeres in following proportions: 5:4:5:5:5:5:4:4:4:7. Head dull, granulate; frontal line incomplete, absent in front of anterior ocellus; POL = 5; OL = 4; OOL = 4; OPL = 5; TL = 3; greatest breadth of lateral ocellus shorter than OPL (2:5); occipital carina complete, not excavated behind ocellar triangle. Mesoscutum dull, granulate. Notauli incomplete, reaching about 0.6 × length of mesoscutum (Fig. 4D). Mesoscutellum dull, slightly granulate. Metanotum shiny, unsculptured. Disc of metapectal-propodeal complex reticulate rugose; propodeal declivity with two longitudinal keels, median area shiny and unsculptured and lateral areas rugose. Fore wing hyaline, without dark transverse bands. Tibial spurs 1/1/2. Remarks The female and male association of the new species is supported by the COI sequences, which are 99.2% identical between both sexes. This new species has been collected both in the Oriental (Yunnan) and Eastern Palaearctic (Beijing) region. In the Oriental region, following the above diagnosis, the female of A. incognitus Chen, Olmi & Guglielmino sp. nov. is close to that of A. ochreus Olmi, 1984. However, in the new species, the notauli reach about 0.6 × length of mesoscutum (Fig. 4D); OPL is longer than OOL (Fig. 4C); the frontal line is incomplete, absent in front of the anterior ocellus (in A. ochreus, the notauli are complete or reaching about 0.75–0.80 × length of mesoscutum; OPL is shorter than OOL; the frontal line is complete). Following the description of A. incognitus Chen, Olmi & Guglielmino sp. nov., the key to females of Oriental Aphelopus published by Xu et al. (2013) should be modified by replacing couplet 4 as follows. 4. Notauli complete or reaching about 0.6–0.8 × length of mesoscutum (Fig. 4D)............................ 4’ – Notauli reaching at most 0.5 × length of mesoscutum..................................................................... 5 4’. Notauli complete, or reaching about 0.75–0.80 × length of mesoscutum; OPL shorter than OOL; frontal line complete....................................................................................... A. ochreus Olmi, 1984 – Notauli incomplete, reaching about 0.6 × length of mesoscutum (Fig. 4D); OPL longer than OOL (Fig. 4C); frontal line incomplete, absent in front of anterior ocellus............................................................................................................................. A. incognitus Chen, Olmi & Guglielmino sp. nov. In the same Oriental region, following the above diagnosis, the male of A. incognitus Chen, Olmi & Guglielmino sp. nov. is close to that of A. maculiclypeus Xu, He & Olmi, 1999. However, in A. incognitus Chen, Olmi & Guglielmino sp. nov., POL is less than twice as long as OPL (Fig. 3C) and OPL is about as long as greatest breadth of lateral ocellus (in A. maculiclypeus, POL twice as long as OPL and OPL about twice as long as greatest breadth of lateral ocellus). Following the description of A. incognitus Chen, Olmi & Guglielmino sp. nov., the key to males of Oriental Aphelopus published by Xu et al. (2013) should be modified by replacing couplet 29 as follows. 29. Antennal setae much shorter than breadth of antennomeres (Fig. 3A)......................................... 29’ – Antennal setae about as long as breadth of antennomeres............................................................. 30 29’. Head with POL twice as long as OPL; OPL about twice as long as greatest breadth of lateral ocellus................................................................................ A. maculiclypeus Xu, He & Olmi, 1999 – Head with POL less than twice as long as OPL (Fig. 3C); OPL about as long as greatest breadth of lateral ocellus..................................................... A. incognitus Chen, Olmi & Guglielmino sp. nov. In the Eastern Palaearctic region, following the above diagnosis, the female of A. incognitus Chen, Olmi & Guglielmino sp. nov. is close to that of A. maetoi Olmi, 1995. However, in A. incognitus Chen, Olmi & Guglielmino sp. nov., the frontal line (Fig. 3C) is incomplete, absent in front of anterior ocellus, whereas in A. maetoi it is complete. Following the description of A. incognitus Chen, Olmi & Guglielmino sp. nov., the key to females of Eastern Palaearctic Aphelopus published by Olmi & Xu (2015) should be modified by replacing couplet 8 as follows: 8. Head with almost entire face white or testaceous (Olmi & Xu 2015: pl. 5d)............................................................................................................................................................ A. querceus Olmi, 1984 – Head with anterior third or half of face white or testaceous (Fig. 4C)............................................ 8’ 8’. Frontal line complete....................................................................................... A. maetoi Olmi, 1995 – Frontal line incomplete, absent in front of anterior ocellus (Fig. 4C)............................................................................................................................. A. incognitus Chen, Olmi & Guglielmino sp. nov. In the same Eastern Palaearctic region, following the above diagnosis, the male of A. incognitus Chen, Olmi & Guglielmino sp. nov. is close to that of A. spadiceus Xu & He in Xu et al., 1997. However, in A. incognitus Chen, Olmi & Guglielmino sp. nov., the basivolsella shows an outer process in medial position (Fig. 8A), whereas it is in distal position in A. spadiceus (Olmi & Xu 2015: pl. 5j). Following the description of A. incognitus, Chen, Olmi & Guglielmino sp. nov. the key to males of Eastern Palaearctic Aphelopus published by Olmi & Xu (2015) should be modified by replacing couplet 9 as follows: 9. Frontal line complete.................................................................................... A. querceus Olmi, 1984 – Frontal line widely incomplete, not present near clypeus, or almost complete, not present in front of anterior ocellus (Fig. 3C)................................................................................................................. 9’ 9’. Basivolsella with outer basal process located in distal position (Fig. 8E)......................................................................................................................................................... A. spadiceus Xu & He, 1997 – Basivolsella with outer basal process located in medial position (Fig. 8A).................................................................................................................... A. incognitus Chen, Olmi & Guglielmino sp. nov.