Search

Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the combined effect of ethanolic leaf extracts ofC. papayaandN. laevison the histology of testes of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methodology: Forty male wistar rats weighing 150 -180 g were procured, acclimatized for two weeks, after which were divided into eight groups of five rats each, and housed in cages. The groups were designated as groups A - H. Group A served as the control group, and received distilled water only. Animals in groups B – H were induced with diabetes using alloxan. Diabetic group B received no treatment throughout the experiment, while the diabetic groups C - H received 400 mg/kg ofC. papayaleaf extract, 600 mg/kg ofC. papayaleaf extract, 400 mg/kg ofN. laevisleaf extract, 600 mg/kg ofN. laevisleaf extract, 200 mg/kg ofC. papaya+ 200 mg/kg ofN. laevis, 300 mg/kg ofC. papaya+ 300 mg/kg ofN. laevisleaf extract respectively for 21 days via oral route with the aid of oral gastric tube. On the 22nd day, the animals were sacrificed via chloroform inhalation, and testes were harvested for histological studies. Result: Histopathological findings showed moderate spermatogenic arrest with interstitial hemorrhage (H) within the basal layer; mild regeneration with moderate spermatogenic arrest (SA), moderate vacoulation (V) of the sertoli cells and interstitial hemorrhage (IH); moderate regeneration with mild spermatogenic arrest (SA), mild vacoulation (V) of the sertoli cells and moderate interstitial hemorrhage (IH); moderate regeneration with active seminiferous tubules, and well enhanced spermatogenesis though there were mild pyknotic (P) appearance of the sertolli cells in some areas and interstitial hemorrhage; mild regeneration with moderate atrophy (A) of the seminiferous tubules, mild arrest of the spermatogenesis (SA) and interstitial hemorrhage (IH); moderate healing with disorganization of the seminiferous tubules and interstitial fibrosis (IF); and moderate healing with distortion (D) of the seminiferous tubules, interstitial fibrosis (IF) and mild arrest of the spermatogenesis (AS) on the histology of testes in groups B - H that received variable doses ofC. papayaandN. laevisleaf extracts respectively. Conclusion: Combined leaf extracts ofCarica papayaandNewbouldia laevisleaf extracts have antidiabetic and ameliorating effects on the histology of testes of alloxan induced wistar rats.

Introdução – A anemia falciforme é uma doença monogénica causada por mutações no gene da β-globina que afeta a estrutura da hemoglobina, sendo associada a diversas complicações clínicas com elevadas taxas de morbilidade e mortalidade. A reativação farmacológica da hemoglobina fetal (HbF) por compostos como a hidroxiureia (HU) é um dos tratamentos atualmente disponíveis; contudo, o seu perfil de segurança e o elevado custo em países subdesenvolvidos limitam a sua utilização. Nesse contexto é essencial estudar novos compostos indutores da HbF com baixa citotoxicidade e que possam estar amplamente disponíveis, como é o caso de extratos de folhas da Carica papaya (CP), uma planta medicinal com propriedades antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórias. Objetivos – Este estudo pretende avaliar o efeito do extrato metanólico das folhas de CP (EMFCP) em parâmetros biológicos como a proliferação e a viabilidade celular em células K562. Método – As células K562 foram expostas durante 72h ao EMFCP a 500 µg/mL e durante 24 horas ao EMFCP (0,5; 50; 100 µg/mL) e à HU (25 μg/mL). A proliferação e viabilidade celular foram analisadas através da quantificação celular pelo método de exclusão do azul de tripano. Resultados – Os resultados demonstram que a proliferação e a viabilidade celular foram afetadas pelo EMFCP apenas na concentração de 500 µg/mL, não se tendo verificado alteração nestes parâmetros nas restantes concentrações utilizadas. Conclusão – Os resultados mostraram que os EMFCP não são citotóxicos quando incubados em células K562 em concentrações inferiores ou iguais a 100 μg/mL, permitindo assim explorar este composto na avaliação do seu potencial terapêutico no contexto da anemia falciforme., Saúde & Tecnologia, 2023: Online First

In this article, we present proliferation data from 10 years of the continuous in vitro incubation of cv. Solo papaya shoots and propose a reliable method for the long-term micropropagation of papaya, using microshoots developed from the axillary buds of papaya shoots as primary explants. Three different media were assayed. The proliferation medium (PPRM) allowed us to maintain papaya shoots under continuous proliferation for 20 years, maintaining consistent behavior. Most of the shoots developed in the PPRM rooted during the incubation and then acclimated easily, maintaining the ploidy and morphological characteristics of the parental plants, and flowering and setting fruits normally. The PPRM medium consisted of MS medium supplemented with naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (0.1 mg L−1), benzyladenine (BA) (0.5 mg L−1), gibberellic acid (GA3) (0.5 mg L−1), and adenine hemisulphate (40 mg L−1). The average multiplication rate was higher than 20 shoots per explant during the long-term assay. The elongation medium (PELM) was designed to recover shoots with poor growth and allowed the development of high-quality shoots ready for rooting. It consisted of an MS basal medium supplemented with NAA (0.1 mg L−1), kinetin (KIN) (0.5 mg L−1), and GA3 (1 mg L−1). The rooting medium (PROM) was designed to induce high-quality roots from nonrooted shoots and consisted of a half-strength MS medium and indole-3-butiryc acid (IBA) (1 mg L−1). On PROM, agar can be exchanged for expanded vermiculite. Acclimation took place inside an acclimatization tunnel under progressive hydric stress. After 4 weeks, the plant recovery rate was 90% for plants maintained under continuous proliferation for ten years. The main objective of this work was to provide a micropropagation method which would maintain healthy elite genotypes of papaya for long periods of time and produce a high number of good quality plants.

Papaya fruit (Carica papaya) has different degrees of ripening within each fruit, affecting its commercial market value. The fruit characteristics of “Tainung No. 2” Red papaya were investigated at the stem-end, middle, and calyx-end across 3 ripening stages and categorized based on fruit skin coloration: unripe at 16 weeks after anthesis (WAA), half-ripe at 18 WAA, and full-ripe at 20 WAA. The fruits maintained an elliptical shape during ripening with a ratio of 2.36 of the length to the width. The peel and pulp color changed from green to white to yellow during ripening, regardless of the three parts. In the pulp, soluble solid contents increased, and firmness decreased during ripening but did not differ among the three parts. Individual nutrient contents, including metabolites and minerals, changed dynamically between the ripening stages and fruit parts. Total carbohydrates and proteins, N, and K, were accumulated more at the stem-end during ripening; meanwhile, fructose, glucose, Mg, and Mn were accumulated more at the calyx-end. In the principal component analysis, ripening stages and fruit parts were distinctly determined by the first and second principal components, respectively. Understanding the nutrient and metabolite dynamics during ripening and their distribution within the fruit can help optimize cultivation practices, enhance fruit quality, and ultimately benefit both growers and consumers.

Carica papaya maintains an abnormally small but complete NLR family while showing weak disease resistance. To better understand their origin, evolution, and biological function, we identified 59 NLR genes via a customized RGAugury and investigated their characteristics, evolutionary history, and expression profiles based on the improved papaya genome and large-scale RNA-seq data. The results indicated that duplication is a major evolutionary force driving the formation of the papaya NLR family. Synteny analyses of papaya and other angiosperms showed that both insertion and inheritance-derived NLRs are present in papaya. Transcriptome-based expression and network analyses revealed that NLRs are actively involved in biotic stress responses. For example, a papaya-specific inserted TNL was up-regulated strongly by the fungal infection. Both transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses confirmed the expression divergence of an RNL and an RCNL, a pair of tandem duplication genes involved in different co-expression modules. Furthermore, we observed an inserted gene cluster composed of five duplicated CNLs, showing dosage effects and functional differentiation of disease-resistance genes during evolution. This research will enhance our knowledge of the special NLR family in papaya, which may serve as a model plant for disease-resistance genetic studies.

This study aimed to evaluate the protective potential of aqueous seed extract of ripe Carica papaya fruits on cyanide induced kidney damage in male Wister rats using 24 male rats divided into five groups. The animals were sacrificed at the end of the experimental period and serum and kidney were harvested for biochemical and histological analysis following standard procedures. Estimation of kidney function markers such as creatinine and urea and assessment of electrolytes of toxicological relevance; sodium ion, potassium ion, bicarbonate ion and chloride ion were carried out. The study revealed that cyanide stimulated alterations in kidney function makers: urea, creatinine and serum electrolytes. The result indicated that aqueous seed extract of Carica papaya fruits significantly increase Urea, creatinine, Cl-, HCO3-, K+ and Na+ activities in the rats induced with cyanide when compared with the positive control. However, the concentrations were significantly decreased in the treated groups when compared with the groups induced with cyanide. Histological analysis showed cyanide induced structural distortions of the kidney tissues. Treatment with Carica papaya seed extract was able to mitigate these damages. This study indicates that aqueous seed extract of ripe fruits of Carica papaya possesses nephro-protective properties and can be used as an antidote for cyanide poisoning.

Background:Diabetes as chronic disease has serious complications which can affect multiple vital organ systems, thereby leading to more severe and irreversible pathological conditions. This study investigated the hepatoprotective and nephroprotective potentials of unripeCarica papaya(UCP) seed extract in diabetic rats using three different solvents. Methods:Thirty adult male Wistar rats were used. Twenty-five out of thirty were induced with diabetes following an overnight fast, by a single intravenous injection of 60 mg/kg STZ. The rats were grouped into six groups (n=5):NC: normal control, DC: diabetic control, DSTD: diabetic and treated with glibenclaimide, aqueous (DAUCP), methanol (DMUCP) and petroleum ether (DPEUCP) rats were induced but treated with 200 mg of aqueous, methanol and petroleum ether extract of UCP seed extract respectively. The extracts were administered to the animals orally for 21 days. Results:The animals administered with different extracts showed significant decrease (P Conclusion:It can be inferred from that data that the extracts have hepatoprotective and nephroprotective potentials on the liver and kidney. This implies that unripeC. papayaseed can be effectively used in the management of diabetes.

Sepsis is a serious health concern globally, which necessitates understanding the root cause of infection for the prevention of proliferation inside the host’s body. Phytochemicals present in plants exhibit antibacterial and anti-proliferative properties stipulated for sepsis treatment. The aim of the study was to determine the potential role of Carica papaya leaf extract for sepsis treatment in silico and in vitro. We selected two phytochemical compounds, carpaine and quercetin, and docked them with bacterial proteins, heat shock protein (PDB ID: 4PO2), surfactant protein D (PDB ID: 1PW9), and lactobacillus bacterial protein (PDB ID: 4MKS) against imipenem and cyclophosphamide. Quercetin showed the strongest interaction with 1PW9 and 4MKS proteins. The leaves were extracted using ethanol, methanol, and water through Soxhlet extraction. Total flavonoid content, DPPH assay, HPTLC, and FTIR were performed. In vitro cytotoxicity of ethanol extract was screened via MTT assay on the J774 cell line. Ethanol extract (EE) possessed the maximum number of phytocomponents, the highest amount of flavonoid content, and the maximum antioxidant activity compared to other extracts. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of N-H, O-H, C-H, C=O, C=C, and C-Cl functional groups in ethanol extract. Cell viability was highest (100%) at 25 µg/mL of EE. The present study demonstrated that the papaya leaves possessed antibacterial and cytotoxic activity against sepsis infection.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-10-10T13:56:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-07-08. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2022-10-10T15:39:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-84782023000300403.pdf: 554955 bytes, checksum: e8a7d4d7450cf9707d10a295c320d0c0 (MD5) O metil jasmonato (MeJA) é reconhecido como um hormônio vegetal que induz várias alterações bioquímicas relacionadas à qualidade dos frutos, mas é evidente que o efeito do MeJA durante a pós-colheita é muito variável quanto à concentração, espécies de plantas e até mesmo cultivares. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relacionar a aplicação deste regulador em baixa concentração (10 µmol L-1 por 24 h) às mudanças na fisiologia pós-colheita, na incidência de antracnose e na qualidade do mamão ‘Golden’ durante o armazenamento a 24 ± 1 ° C. A partir do sétimo dia de armazenamento, a incidência de antracnose foi reduzida em mais de 50% com o tratamento com MeJA. Incidência da doença também foi reduzida. Embora o MeJA tenha reduzido a acidez dos frutos, os teores de ácido ascórbico e sólidos solúveis não foram alterados durante o armazenamento com o tratamento hormonal. A cor da casca e a firmeza da polpa apresentaram ligeira retenção. A redução na produção de etileno foi acompanhada pela redução da respiração nos frutos tratados. MeJa aumentou a atividade da CAT apenas na casca, enquanto a atividade da SOD não foi induzida por MeJA na casca e na polpa. Embora o aumento da CAT a partir do terceiro dia de armazenamento possa ter contribuído para a redução da peroxidação lipídica na casca, a redução do MDA na polpa não pode ser explicada apenas pela atividade da CAT. Em resumo, a aplicação de MeJA em mamão ‘Golden’ reduziu a incidência e severidade da antracnose, diminuiu a respiração, a produção de etileno e a peroxidação lipídica. Conclui-se que a aplicação de MeJA em baixa concentração (10 µmol L-1) pode contribuir para o controle da antracnose em mamão ´Golden` e retardar o amadurecimento dos frutos. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is recognized as a plant hormone that induces several biochemical changes related to improving fruit quality, but it is evident that the effect of MeJA during postharvest is very variable upon concentration, plant species, and even cultivars. The objective of this research was to relate the application of this regulator at low concentration (10 µmol L-1 for 24 h) to changes in postharvest physiology, on the incidence of anthracnose and quality of ‘Golden’ papaya fruit during storage at 24 ± 1°C. From the seventh day of storage, anthracnose incidence was reduced by more than 50% with MeJA treatment. The lesion area after infection was also reduced. Although, MeJA reduced fruit acidity, the ascorbic acid and soluble solids content were not altered during storage with the hormonal treatment. The skin color and pulp firmness showed slight retention. The reduction in ethylene production was accompanied by a reduction of respiration in treated fruits. MeJa increased CAT activity only in the skin whereas SOD activity was not induced by MeJA in both skin and pulp. Although, the increase of CAT from the third day of storage may have contributed to the reduction of lipid peroxidation in the skin, the MDA reduction in the pulp cannot be explained only by CAT activity. In summary, the application of MeJA in ‘Golden’ papaya reduced the incidence and severity of anthracnose, decreased respiration, ethylene production and lipid peroxidation. It is concluded that the application of MeJA at a low concentration (10 µmol L-1) may contribute to anthracnose control in ´Golden`papaya and slows the ripening of fruits. Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Laboratório de Pós-Colheita Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Agronomia e Ciências Veterinárias Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Departamento de Genética Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Departamento de Produção Vegetal Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP), Faculdade de Agronomia e Ciências Veterinárias

Background The pistil is an essential part of flowers that functions in the differentiation of the sexes and reproduction in plants. The stigma on the pistil can accept pollen to allow fertilization and seed development. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a dioecious plant, where female flowers exhibit normal pistil, while the male flowers exhibit aborted pistil at a late stage of pistil development. Results The developmental stages of papaya pistil were analyzed after first dividing it into slices representing the primordium stage 1 (S1), the pre-meiotic stages S2, post-meiotic stage S3, and the mitotic stage S4. The SS scoring algorithm analysis of genes preferentially expressed at different stages revealed differentially expressed genes between male and female flowers. A transcription factor regulatory network for each stage based on the genes that are differentially expressed between male and female flowers was constructed. Some transcription factors related to pistil development were revealed based on the analysis of regulatory networks such as CpAGL11, CpHEC2, and CpSUPL. Based on the specific expression of genes, constructed a gene regulatory subnetwork with CpAGL11-CpSUPL-CpHEC2 functioning as the core. Analysis of the functionally enriched terms in this network reveals several differentially expressed genes related to auxin/ brassinosteroid signal transduction in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway. At the same time, significant differences in the expression of auxin and brassinosteroid synthesis-related genes between male and female flowers at different developmental stages were detected. Conclusions The pistil abortion of papaya might be caused by the lack of expression or decreased expression of some transcription factors and hormone-related genes, affecting hormone signal transduction or hormone biosynthesis. Analysis of aborted and normally developing pistil in papaya provided new insights into the molecular mechanism of pistil development and sex differentiation in dioecious papaya.

The objective of this research was to optimize the coagulation-flocculation process for abattoir wastewater by utilizing a bio-coagulant derived fromCarica Papayaseed (CPS). The bio-coagulant (CPC) was extracted from theCarica Papayaseed using a 2M NaCl solution, and the coagulation-flocculation process was carried out using a bench scale jar test. Applying design expert (13.0.5.0), 23full factorials with 5 center points, the effects of three factors: coagulant dosage (X1), pH of the wastewater (X2), and temperature (X3) on turbidity reduction efficiency were examined. Applying ANOVA, it was discovered that a linear model best characterizes the process, with a significant p-value of 0.0015, showing that the model is significant. Additionally, the temperature is a significant component in the model, with a p-value of 0.02 indicating that the temperature is statistically significant. A turbidity reduction efficiency of 90.02 % was attained at the optimum conditions of 0.75g/L of CPC, pH of 6, and temperature of 308 K.&nbsp

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:46:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-10-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária The main goal of this research was to evaluate the postharvest quality during storage of papaya wrapped with polyvinyl chloride containing silver. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy were employed for the film characterization. For the postharvest experiments, unwrapped fruits were compared to individually wrapped ones in both conventional polyvinyl chloride film and polyvinyl chloride film containing silver and stored under two conditions (10 days at 15°C, and 2 days at 22°C to simulate market conditions). The physicochemical analyzes, including soluble solids, titratable acidity, ratio, pH, ascorbic acid, weight loss, firmness and color were performed every two days of storage, while microbiological analyzes were performed on the 1st and 10th day of storage. Sensory analysis was carried on the last day of storage. Physicochemical analyses showed that fruits wrapped with polyvinyl chloride films presented a lower weight loss compared to than unwrapped fruits. These results were in accordance with sensory analysis. More importantly, papaya wrapped with polyvinyl chloride film containing silver kept papaya peel green for longer time causing a delay in ripening, indicating its potential to extend postharvest shelf-life of papaya and reduce postharvest losses. Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste Departamento de Agronomia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas PPGBiotec Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar) Departamento de Produção Vegetal Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” Universidade de São Paulo Embrapa Instrumentação Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária: 13.16.04.041.00.00

The objective of this work is to evaluate the use of modified atmosphere and chitosan as an alternative to chemical treatment in postharvest conservation of ‘Tainung 1’ papaya under refrigeration. The experiment comprised of completely randomized blocks with four replications, one fruit per replication, with a 2 × 4 × 4 factorial design as follows: two types of packaging (with or without polyvinyl chloride [PVC] stretchable film, thickness of 17 µm), four treatments (control, 2% chitosan, 4% chitosan, and prochloraz fungicide with 33.75 g a.i.·100 L–1), and four storage periods (0, 7, 14, and 21 days) at 10 °C and relative humidity (RH) of 90 ± 5%. The variables evaluated were mass loss (ML), external appearance, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids (SS), vitamin C, reducing sugars (RS), and total sugars (TS). The storage of ‘Formosa’ papaya under refrigeration at 10 °C and RH of 90 ± 5% associated with PVC provided a low percentage of ML and longer conservation time of apparent quality (up to 7 days) in relation to fruits with no storage in PVC. The external appearance of fruits was preserved for up to 14 days by the PVC + 4% chitosan treatment and for up to 21 days by the PVC + prochloraz fungicide treatment. The treatment PVC + 4% chitosan associated with refrigeration is efficient in maintaining fruit quality. It is, for up to 14 days, a viable alternative to the use of prochloraz fungicide for postharvest conservation of ‘Formosa’ papaya.

O sucesso produtivo do mamoeiro é resultado de diversos fatores que são intrínsecos a cultivar, ao manejo e às condições ambientais durante o seu ciclo vegetativo e reprodutivo. Após iniciar a floração e, consequentemente, a produção, o mamoeiro continua o processo reprodutivo durante todo o seu ciclo de vida. Porém, durante o curso desse ciclo as instabilidades climáticas poderão resultar em distúrbios na floração e no desenvolvimento dos frutos, afetando no rendimento da cultura. A data de ocorrência das fases como brotação, floração, frutificação, maturação dos frutos e queda de folhas e a duração dos subperíodos estão relacionados com a intensidade dos elementos meteorológicos. Assim, os estudos fenológicos são fundamentais, pois permitem um melhor planejamento para realização de hibridações, visando a obtenção de sementes híbridas para o programa de desenvolvimento de cultivares, além de gerar informações sobre o desenvolvimento da cultura em relação ao ambiente, especialmente às variações climáticas estacionais. Neste foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica acerca da temática do florescimento na cultura do mamoeiro. Desta forma, foram abordados tópicos quanto a conceitos, anomalias florais, estudo da herança sexual em mamoeiro e variedades utilizadas, sendo utilizados artigos no período de 2010 a 2021. Os fatores climáticos estão entre os fatores limitantes à produção do mamoeiro, pois, influenciam no crescimento e no florescimento, refletindo consequentemente na produção de frutos. O conhecimento do comportamento de espécies cultivadas em relação ao ciclo fenológico, como uniformidade de maturação, duração do ciclo e florescimento, é essencial para subsidiar pesquisas visando ao melhoramento genético. El éxito productivo de la papaya es el resultado de varios factores intrínsecos al cultivo, al manejo y a las condiciones ambientales durante su ciclo vegetativo y reproductivo. Después de iniciar la floración y, en consecuencia, la producción, el árbol de papaya continúa el proceso reproductivo durante todo su ciclo de vida. Sin embargo, durante el curso de este ciclo, las inestabilidades climáticas pueden resultar en alteraciones en la floración y el desarrollo de la fruta, afectando el rendimiento del cultivo. La fecha de ocurrencia de las fases tales como brotación, floración, fructificación, maduración de frutos y caída de hojas y la duración de los subperíodos están relacionados con la intensidad de los elementos meteorológicos. Por lo tanto, los estudios fenológicos son fundamentales, ya que permiten una mejor planificación para la hibridación, con el objetivo de obtener semillas híbridas para el programa de desarrollo de cultivares, además de generar información sobre el desarrollo de la cultura en relación con el medio ambiente, especialmente a las variaciones climáticas estacionales. En éste se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema de la floración en el cultivo de la papaya. De esta forma, se abordaron temas referentes a conceptos, anomalías florales, estudio de herencia sexual en papaya y variedades utilizadas, utilizando artículos del 2010 al 2021. Los factores climáticos se encuentran entre los factores limitantes para la producción de papaya, ya que influyen en el crecimiento y la floración, lo que se refleja en la producción de frutos. El conocimiento del comportamiento de las especies cultivadas en relación con el ciclo fenológico, como la uniformidad de la maduración, la duración del ciclo y la floración, es fundamental para apoyar las investigaciones encaminadas al mejoramiento genético. The productive success of papaya is the result of several factors that are intrinsic to the cultivar, management and environmental conditions during its vegetative and reproductive cycle. After starting flowering and, consequently, production, the papaya tree continues the reproductive process throughout its life cycle. However, during the course of this cycle, climatic instabilities may result in disturbances in flowering and fruit development, affecting crop yield. The date of occurrence of the phases such as sprouting, flowering, fruiting, fruit maturation and leaf fall and the duration of the sub-periods are related to the intensity of the meteorological elements. Thus, phenological studies are fundamental, as they allow better planning for hybridization, aiming at obtaining hybrid seeds for the cultivar development program, in addition to generating information on the development of the culture in relation to the environment, especially to climatic variations. seasonal. In this one, a bibliographic review was carried out on the theme of flowering in the papaya crop. In this way, topics were addressed regarding concepts, floral anomalies, study of sexual inheritance in papaya and varieties used, using articles from 2010 to 2021. Climatic factors are among the limiting factors for papaya production, as they influence growth and flowering, consequently reflecting on fruit production. Knowledge of the behavior of cultivated species in relation to the phenological cycle, such as maturation uniformity, cycle duration and flowering, is essential to support research aimed at genetic improvement.

In the management of type 2 diabetes, oral antidiabetic drugs have several side effects, which in turn have led the pharmaceutical industry to search for good therapeutic, non-toxic and reliable drugs. Carica papaya (C. papaya) is one of several plants in nature that have been found to possess anti-diabetic properties. Despite studies being focused on the antidiabetic activity of C. papaya, the molecular mechanism against high fat diet induced insulin resistance is yet to be identified. The role of C. papaya was evaluated on insulin signaling molecules, such as the insulin receptor (IR) and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) in high fat, diet-streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats, and analyzed the bioactive compounds of C. papaya against IR and GLUT4 via molecular docking and dynamics. The ethanolic extract of C. papaya leaves (600 mg/kg of body weight) was given daily to male wistar rats for 45 days and we observed the various biochemical parameters, gene expression analysis and histopathology of skeletal muscle. Molecular docking and dynamics were undertaken to understand the bioactive compounds with the greatest hit rate. C. papaya treatment was able to control blood glucose levels, the lipid profile and serum insulin, but it facilitated tissue antioxidant enzymes and IR and GLUT4 levels. The in-silico study showed that kaempferol, quercitin and transferulic acid were the top three ligands with the greatest hit rate against the protein targets. Our preliminary findings, for the first time, showed that C. papaya reinstates the glycemic effect in the diabetic skeletal muscle by accelerating the expression of IR and GLUT4.

Ralstonia solanacearum is a harmful pathogen that causes severe wilt disease in several vegetables. In the present study, we identified R. solanacearum from wilt of papaya by 16S rRNA PCR amplification. Virulence ability of R. solanacearum was determined by amplification of approximately 1500 bp clear band of hrpB gene. Further, in-vitro seed germination assay showed that R. solanacearum reduced the germination rate up to 26.21%, 34% and 33.63% of cucumber, bottle guard and pumpkin seeds, respectively whereas shoot and root growth were also significantly decreased. Moreover, growth inhibition of R. solanacearum was recorded using antibacterial compound from medicinal plant and antagonistic B. subtilis. Petroleum ether root extract of Rauvolfia serpentina showed highest 22 ± 0.04 mm diameter of zone of inhibition where methanolic extract of Cymbopogon citratus and ethanolic extract of Lantana camara exhibited 20 ± 0.06 mm and 20 ± 0.01 mm zone of inhibition against R. solanacearum, respectively. In addition, bioactive compounds of B. subtilis inhibited R. solanacearum growth by generating 17 ± 0.09 mm zone of inhibition. To unveil the inhibition mechanism, we adopted chemical-protein interaction network and molecular docking approaches where we found that, rutin from C. citratus interacts with citrate (Si)-synthase and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase of R. solanacearum with binding affinity of −9.7 kcal/mol and −9.5 kcal/mol while quercetin from B. subtillis interacts with the essential protein F0F1 ATP synthase subunit alpha of the R. solancearum with binding affinity of −6.9 kcal/mol and inhibit the growth of R. solanacearum. Our study will give shed light on the development of eco-friendly biological control of wilt disease of papaya.

The effects of black cumin seed powder, papaya seed powder, and mustard seed powder on broiler chickens' growth and blood indices were investigated. The basal diets (starter and grower) were formulated and divided into five portions. The first portion (T1) had no supplementation; portion two (T2) had 1.1 g/100g oxytetracycline (OT) supplementation. 15g/kg papaya seed powder, mustard seed powder, and black cumin seed powder were added to portions three (T3), four (T4), and five (T5), respectively. The haematological indices were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments. The birds' relative growth rate was improved by oxytetracycline, papaya, mustard, and black cumin dietary supplementation. The serum alanine aminotransferase concentration of the broiler chickens in T1 was not statistically significantly different compared to T2, T3, and T4. Birds in treatments T1 and T2 had serum albumin concentrations that were comparable to those fed T3 and T4 supplemented diets but statistically lower (p

The aim of this study was to investigate the stress of mercury-treated soils on the germination and growth of papaya (Carica papaya L.). The research was carried out in the field as a potted experiment where 10 kg soils were treated with mercury concentrations of 0, 30, 50, 70 and 100 ppm. The soils were supplemented with poultry manure before seeding, and then mercury solution treatments were administered. Up to the fourth week after planting, the mercury solutions were administered every fourth day. Germination, plant height, stem girth, and number of leaves generated were all examined using standard procedures. Carica papaya germinated twenty-five days after sowing. Thirty-four days after planting, the control had the highest rate of germination (about 53%). The presence of Hg reduced the duration of seedling emergence in contaminated soil, lowering the proportion of seedlings that germinated. Treatments of 30 ppm and 70 ppm improved the plant growth upon emergence. It is recommended that further study be carried out to determine the physiological effects of Hg treatment.

Por un lado, en México, el estado de Oaxaca ha ocupado en años consecutivos los primeros lugares a nivel nacional en la producción de papaya (Carica papaya L.). Por otro lado, las plantaciones son altamente susceptibles al ataque de tipo viral, uno de los más devastadores es la papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). Debido a lo anterior se diseñaron tres oligonucleótidos específicos que permiten la identificación del PRSV mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa acoplada a una transcriptasa reversa (RT-PCR). Los oligonucleótidos fueron diseñados por el software Vector NTI Advance® V11.5 que amplificaron tres fragmentos de 857 pares de bases (pb), 583 pb y 213 pb de regiones conservadas del genoma viral. Para comprobar el desempeño de los oligonuceótidos se realizaron extracciones de ácido ribonucleico (ARN) de tejido foliar de papaya con signos del PRSV utilizando TRIzolTM y el Kit SuperScriptTM III One-Step RT-PCR System para la técnica de RT-PCR. Los resultados de la amplificación fueron analizados en un gel de agarosa donde los amplicones coincidieron con el tamaño esperado al diseño preliminar. In Mexico, the state of Oaxaca has occupied the first places in the national level in the production of papaya (Carica papaya L.) in consecutive years. On the other hand, plantations are highly susceptible to viral attack, one of the most devastating is the papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). For that reason, three specific oligonucleotides were designed that allow the identification of the PRSV using the reverse transcriptase coupled polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The oligonucleotides were designed by Vector NTI Advance® V11.5 software that amplified three fragments of 857 base pairs (bp), 583 bp and 213 bp from conserved regions of the viral genome. To check the performance of the oligonuceotides, ribonucleic acid (RNA) extractions of papaya leaf tissue with symptoms of PRSV were performed using TRIzolTM, then the SuperScriptTM III One-Step RT-PCR System Kit was used to perform the RT-PCR technique. The results of the amplification were analyzed on an agarose gel where the amplicons coincided with the size expected at their preliminary design. Gerencia de Contenidos Periodísticos y Editoriales, DNACI, INTA Fil: Cruz Vázquez, Julieta Karina. Universidad del Mar (UMAR). Tecnologías Agropecuarias y Forestales en el Trópico; México Fil: Ochoa Somuano, Jorge. Universidad del Mar (UMAR). Tecnologías Agropecuarias y Forestales en el Trópico; México Fil: Ortega Baranda, Verónica. Universidad del Mar (UMAR). Tecnologías Agropecuarias y Forestales en el Trópico; México Fil: Ruiz Ruiz, Francisco Gumaro. Universidad del Mar (UMAR). Tecnologías Agropecuarias y Forestales en el Trópico; México

Plant proteases are well known for their various industrial applications. Papain, present in papaya latex (Carica papaya) and pineapple bromelain (Ananas comosus), is undoubtedly the most studied and widely used vegetable protease in the food and pharmaceutical industry worldwide. However, its potential as a biopesticide has been little explored. The objective of this study was to evaluate the activity of proteases from Carica papaya latex and peel and crown of Ananas comosus fruits on agricultural pests. To evaluate proteolytic activity on nematodes, extracts, and approximately 50 juveniles of Panagrellus sp. were placed in microtubes. To evaluate the insecticidal effect, larvae and pupae of Tenebrio molitor L. were submerged in active and denatured extracts. Additionally, larvae of T. molitor were fed an artificial diet at doses of 0, 100, 250, and 500 mg/g of wheat bran. The weight and number of dead larvae were recorded, and feeding behavior was evaluated. The proteases of papaya latex and papain caused reduction (p < 0.05) on Panagrellus sp. The extracts showed a toxic effect (p < 0.05) against the larvae of T. molitor. Active papain resulted in the absence of wings in 53.3% of adults from the pupae, and no malformation caused by denatured papain was observed. No mortality was observed in larvae fed an artificial diet. However, there was a strong feed reduction, reduction in the relative rate of consumption, reduction in growth and feed conversion efficiency caused by papaya latex. The results of this study show that plant proteases have the potential for the development of sustainable alternatives for the control of arthropod pests and parasitic nematodes.

Aim: To extract and identify the non-polar entities from the leaves of Carica papaya, a plant used for medicinal purpose as folk medicine. Materials and methods: Petroleum ether extract of the Carica papaya leaves was used for this study. Saponification process and methylation process was performed to separate fatty acids and unsaponifiable matters. Phytochemical constituents were separated using chemical process and separated fractions were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Results: The chemical composition of the steroids, triterpenoids and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in leaves of Carica papaya, which were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). A total of 15 fatty acid components were identified in saponifiable matter, from unsaponifiable portion 2 steroids (campesterol, β- or γ-sitosterol), 1 triterpene (squalene), and 1 diterpene (phytol) were identified. Conclusions: The results indicate that the extract is rich in non-polar compounds. In this study, GC-MS method is at the central focus for identification of these phytoconstituents. The current method can be used for direct analysis of non-polar entities of plant material.

Background Structural variations (SVs) are a type of mutations that have not been widely detected in plant genomes and studies in animals have shown their role in the process of domestication. An in-depth study of SVs will help us to further understand the impact of SVs on the phenotype and environmental adaptability during papaya domestication and provide genomic resources for the development of molecular markers. Results We detected a total of 8083 SVs, including 5260 deletions, 552 tandem duplications and 2271 insertions with deletion being the predominant, indicating the universality of deletion in the evolution of papaya genome. The distribution of these SVs is non-random in each chromosome. A total of 1794 genes overlaps with SV, of which 1350 genes are expressed in at least one tissue. The weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) of these expressed genes reveals co-expression relationship between SVs-genes and different tissues, and functional enrichment analysis shows their role in biological growth and environmental responses. We also identified some domesticated SVs genes related to environmental adaptability, sexual reproduction, and important agronomic traits during the domestication of papaya. Analysis of artificially selected copy number variant genes (CNV-genes) also revealed genes associated with plant growth and environmental stress. Conclusions SVs played an indispensable role in the process of papaya domestication, especially in the reproduction traits of hermaphrodite plants. The detection of genome-wide SVs and CNV-genes between cultivated gynodioecious populations and wild dioecious populations provides a reference for further understanding of the evolution process from male to hermaphrodite in papaya.

Background Carica papaya Linn. has high nutraceutical and pharmacological values. The leaves possess antimicrobial, anti-tumor and antioxidant properties. They are used to treat thrombocytopenia during dengue fever and the leaf extract is commercially available as tablets under the name Caripill™ (MicroLabs, Bengaluru). Nevertheless, platelet transfusion is recommended in severe cases of thrombocytopenia, but the platelet storage is limited to 5–7 days at 22−24 °C. Reducing oxidative stress (OS) during platelet storage might help in prolonging the shelf-life, since the OS is known to cause platelet storage lesion. Hence, this study investigated the effects of Caripill™ as an additive in Tyrode’s buffer during extended platelet storage. Methods Platelets isolated from 4 months old male Wistar rats were stored with Caripill™ (50 and 100 μg/ml) at 22 °C for 12 days. Platelet functional and metabolic markers and various OS markers were analyzed on days 0, 4, 8 and 12. Results Caripill™ (50 and 100 μg/ml) maintained platelet functions and lactate dehydrogenase, elevated nitrites, reduced glucose consumption, protected proteins and up-regulated the antioxidant enzymes. However, the CP100 up-regulated catalase from day 4, elevated nitrites from day 8, prevented the formation of secondary products of lipid peroxidation and increased the total antioxidant capacity on day 4. Conclusions Caripill™ reduced platelet storage lesion up to day 8 of storage. Results suggest that a higher concentration of Caripill™ was more effective in combating the oxidative damage during platelet storage. This study throws light on the beneficial effects of Caripill™ in combating oxidative stress during platelet storage.

El mamón o papaya (Carica papaya L.) es originario de la zona noroeste de América del Sur, extendiéndose su cultivo a zonas tropicales del mundo. Es un cultivo que tiene ciertos requerimientos en cuanto a su manejo. En ese sentido, este trabajo tiene por objetivo evaluar distintos manejos agronómicos del cultivo de mamón, como el cultivo con y sin mulching; con y sin riego ((fertirriego), a campo y en invernadero. Evaluar manejos para minimizar impacto de las heladas. Evaluar producción de diferentes variedades, con distintos manejos agronómicos. Evaluar incidencia de plagas y enfermedades. EEA Bella Vista Fil: Taiariol, Darío Rubén. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bella Vista; Argentina Fil: Ramírez, Cirilo José Gustavo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bella Vista; Argentina Fil: Leiva, Nelson José. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bella Vista; Argentina Fil: Sand, Maximiliano. Actividad Privada; Argentina

Agents of mosquito vector control over the years have been more chemical insecticides. In order to ensure a safer environment, there is a need for a more environment-friendly substitute. Studies and reports on trials of Phyto extract of plant parts as competent alternatives in reducing disease burden, being more target-specific, and causing less deleterious effects on the environment are rife. This study investigated the larvicidal efficacy of the ethanolic extracts of leaf and leaf stalk of Carica papaya on Aedes sp. larvae at different concentrations of 500 ppm, 750 ppm, and 1000 ppm, at 24, 48, and 72 h with mortalities recorded accordingly. Data were analysed statistically using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), probit analysis, and unpaired t-test. Results showed that mortality occurred across all concentrations. The highest concentration of 1000 ppm recorded 76.87% and 93.60% mortalities at 72 h for the extracts of C. papaya leaf and leaf stalk respectively. The calculated LC50 and LC90 values at 72 h exposure time were 543.46 ppm and 1643.84 ppm for C. papaya leaf and 442.01 ppm and 959.71 ppm for C. papaya leaf stalk. Variations in larval mortality between both extracts were significant (p &nbsp

Carica papaya leaf has been found to have a potential role in dengue associated thrombocytopenia. In traditional practice Papaya leaf has numerous medicinal benefits. Belonging to the family of Caricaceae, it is being grown in all the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The main objective of this review is to focus on the benefits of Carica papaya leaf extract for dengue associated thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia is a prominent feature in dengue fever and if left untreated will lead to more severe life threatening complications like internal or external blood loss or haemorrhage. It was found that papaya leaf contains unique plant compounds that have demonstrated wide pharmacological benefits. Presence of bioactive compounds like flavonoids, saponins and other compounds attributes to its antimicrobial/antiviral potential. Article search was conducted using the keywords mentioned below. Relevant clinical studies were identified and analysed on the benefits of Carica papaya leaf extract consumption. Papaya leaf extract was well tolerated by individuals including children. Overall, studies showed an increase in platelet count in patients receiving papaya leaf extract who were diagnosed with dengue. The leaf extract possess a dengue specific neutralising effect that exert a protective role on platelets. Papaya leaf extract along with the standard treatment would help in increasing the platelet levels.

Objective: The study’s goal was to ascertain the contraceptive effects of Aqueous extract of Carica papaya on female rats by assessing changes in the body weight, estrous cycle, serum progesterone level and the cyto-architecture of the Utero-ovarian tissue. Methods: We used twenty (20) healthy young Adult Female Albino rats. The study ran for 7 and 21 days, respectively. Each study group has their Experimental (treated 200mg/kg aqueous extract of Carica papaya seed extract) and Control group (n=5). We determined daily the phases and frequencies of the estrous cycles of the rats during the administration of the extract. We processed the utero-ovarian tissue for histological analysis, and we assessed serum progesterone level and the oestrus cycle pattern. Results: There was a significant increase in body and Ovarian weights after 21 days of treatment when compared to controls and those treated for 7 days. However, uterine weight reduced significantly (p

The study examined the heavy metal concentrations in the tissues of Carica papaya (CP) tissues and soil in Eneka Dumpsite, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. A transect of 100 m x 300 m was laid from the center of the dumpsite. In the transect a 20 m x 20 m quadrat was established at 10 m, 20 m, 50 m, and 300 m (control) from the dumpsite whereby the soil samples and CP tissues (leaf, fruit and root) were collected. Standard laboratory techniques were used to determine the heavy metals in the soil samples and CP tissues. Results showed that heavy metals in CP and soil decreased with increasing distance from the dumpsite. Fe, Pb and Cu in CP tissues varied significantly with distance. In conclusion, there is accumulation of heavy metals in CP around dumpsite and human consumption of such CP should be reduced or totally avoided.

Breastfeeding that is not satisfactory causes stunted growth and development of the baby and one of the reasons that cause stress to breast-feeding mothers. One approach to coping with this is to eat papaya leaves containing lactagogues in breastfeeding mothers that are useful for helping to smooth out breastfeeding. This research has proven the influence of hopped papaya leaves on the production of breast milk in nursing mothers. The nature of the study was a quasi-experiment in two groups (before and after therapy). Thirty mothers who were breast-feeding and split into two intervention groups and a control group were involved in this investigation at the Permata Hati Clinic. The studies carried out are normality tests (Shapiro-Wilk), non-parametric descriptive analyzes, and frequency distribution tests for obtained data (Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test). There was a substantial difference (p = 0.000) in treatment before and after the use of sautéed papaya leaves in the milk production of nursing mothers, so it can be inferred that giving sautéed papaya leaves may increase milk production in nursing mothers. This study is expected to form the basis for proposals so that midwives can provide nursing mothers with education about the benefits of sautéed papaya leaves and how they can be processed to improve the smooth production of breast milk. Catatan PenerbitPoltekkes Kemenkes Kendari menyatakan tetap netral sehubungan dengan klaim dari perspektif atau buah pikiran yang diterbitkan dan dari afiliasi institusional manapun. PendanaanPeneliti tidak menerima bantuan dana dari lembaga/institusi. Berbagi DataData hasil kajian ini disimpan pada repository Zenodo http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4049430. Kontribusi Penulis Para penulis tidak mendeklarasikan kontribusinya., Pemberian ASI yang tidak optimal menyebabkan terhambatnya tumbuh kembang bayi dan salah satu faktor yang memicu terjadinya stres pada ibu menyusui. Salah satu solusi untuk menangani hal tersebut yaitu dengan mengonsumsi daun papaya yang mengandung laktagogum sehingga bermanfaat untuk membantu kelancaran pengeluaran ASI. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian tumis daun pepaya terhadap produksi ASI pada ibu menyusui. Desain penelitian yang digunakan yaitu quasi-eksperiment dua kelompok (sebelum dan setelah perlakuan). Penelitian ini dilakukan di Klinik Permata Hati melibatkan tigapuluh ibu menyusui yang dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok intervensi dan kelompok kontrol. Pengujian yang dilakukan yaitu uji normalitas (Saphiro-wilk), analisis deskriptif nonparametric (Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test) dan uji distribusi frekuensi terhadap data yang diperoleh. Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (p=0,000) terhadap perlakuan sebelum dan sesudah diberikan tumis daun papaya terhadap produksi ASI yang dihasilkan oleh ibu menyusui, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian tumis daun pepaya dapat meningkatkan produksi ASI pada ibu menyusui. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi dasar usulan agar para bidan dapat memberikan edukasi bagi ibu menyusui mengenai manfaat tumis daun pepaya dan cara pengolahannya untuk meningkatkan kelancaran produksi ASI. Catatan PenerbitPoltekkes Kemenkes Kendari menyatakan tetap netral sehubungan dengan klaim dari perspektif atau buah pikiran yang diterbitkan dan dari afiliasi institusional manapun. PendanaanPeneliti tidak menerima bantuan dana dari lembaga/institusi. Berbagi DataData hasil kajian ini disimpan pada repository Zenodo http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4049430. Kontribusi Penulis Para penulis tidak mendeklarasikan kontribusinya.

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) leaves are large, up to 70 cm wide, and frequently deeply lobed, with seven to 13 major veins. The scan width of current handheld digital leaf area instruments is generally less than 15 cm. A rapid method is needed to estimate the total leaf area of a plant in the field with leaves at different stages of growth from the apex. The length of the main and side veins of papaya leaves can be used to estimate the area of a single leaf and the total leaf area of the plant. The relationship between main vein lengths and total leaf area was determined for mature leaves from the cultivars Sunset, Line-8, and Kapoho. A simple relationship exists between leaf area and the length of the two main side midribs (L3 and L4): Leaf area (cm2) = −2280 + 87.7*L3 + 55.6*L4 (P > F = 0.0001; r2 = 0.969), explaining ≈94% of the variation between estimated leaf area and leaf area. The most recently matured leaf is the third or fourth discernable leaf from the apex, with a positive net photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate and an average area of 2331 cm2 that could fix up to 1.6 g carbon per 10-hour day under full sun. The rate of photosynthesis declined with leaf age, and the overall net photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate of the plant can be predicted. Following 80% leaf defoliation of the plant, the net photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate of the most recently matured leaf increased 30% to 50% on days 11 and 19 after treatment when the photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) was approximately half of that on day 15 under full sun when no difference in net photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate was seen. Fruit removal did not affect the net photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate. Papaya adjusts its single-leaf net photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate under lower light levels to meet plant growth and fruit sink demand.

Pawpaw (Carica papaya) is a notable plant due to its medicinal benefits used globally to treat diseases which include dengue, malaria, inflammation, and skin infections. This study was aimed at investigating the bioactive compounds and antimicrobial sensitivity of Pawpaw (Carica papaya) leave extracts against morbific micro-organisms. The bioactive compounds of C. papaya leaves were analyzed using Chemical Standard techniques as reported in literatures and antimicrobial assay was done using agar well diffusion techniques. Qualitative phytochemical screening results of pawpaw leaves shows the presence of glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, saponins and terpenoids. The antimicrobial sensitivity result reveals higher zones of inhibition of methanolic extract against Staphylococcus sp (11.4±0.3 mm), Vibrio sp (10.3±0.2 mm), E. coli (9.7±0.3 mm), Shigella sp (9.1±0.3 mm), Yeast (9.1±0.3 mm) and Penicillium sp (8.3±0.4 mm). While aqueous extract shows higher zone of inhibition against Mould (8.0±0.5 mm). This study revealed pawpaw leaves contains secondary metabolites (bioactive compounds) while the antimicrobial sensitivity against the microorganisms explains the possibility of using the leaves as antibiotic substances (antimicrobial agents). Therefore, pawpaw leaves could be a significant source of medicine for the treatment of various fungal and bacterial infections.

Carpaine has long been identified as the major alkaloid in Carica papaya leaves that possess muscle relaxant properties. Limited study on the molecular signaling properties of carpaine urges us to conduct this study that aims to elucidate the mechanism underlying the cardioprotective effect of carpaine in embryonic cardiomyocytes of the H9c2 cell line. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of carpaine was first determined using a colorimetric MTT assay to establish the minimum inhibitory concentration for the subsequent test. Using a 1 µM carpaine treatment, a significant increase in the H9c2 proliferation rate was observed following 24 and 48 h of incubation. A Western blot analysis also revealed that carpaine promotes the upregulation of the cell cycle marker proteins cyclin D1 and PCNA. Carpaine-induced H9c2 cell proliferation is mediated by the activation of the FAK-ERK1/2 and FAK-AKT signaling pathways. In the setting of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), carpaine provided a significant protective role to recover the wounded area affected by the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment. Furthermore, the oxidative-stress-induced reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were attenuated by carpaine treatment. The current study revealed a novel therapeutic potential of carpaine in promoting in vitro cardiomyocyte proliferation and repair following injury.

The present study focused on phytofabrication of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) from Carica papaya extract and exploration of their multi-biofunctional features. Total phenolics and flavonoids of C. papaya fruit extract were determined as 23.30 ± 1.88 mg gallic acid equivalents and 19.21 ± 0.44 mg quercetin equivalents per gram, respectively, which suggested that C. papaya fruit extract could be a competitive reducing and stabilizing agent during phytofabrication of nanoparticles. UV–Vis and FTIR spectroscopy showed the formation of SeNPs from sodium selenite, which could be related to the reducing and stabilizing activities of C. papaya fruit extract. The SeNPs were found to be stable with a Zeta potential of −32 mV. The average hydrodynamic size of SeNPs was found as 159 nm by dynamic light scattering. The SeNPs showed a broader XRD pattern with no sharp Bragg’s peaks and found to be amorphous. SEM showed that SeNPs were spherical in shape and EDX pattern showed that SeNPs were made up of Se (71.81%), C (11.41%), and O (14.88%). The HR-TEM picture showed that SeNPs were spherical in morphology and have a size range of 101–137 nm. The SeNPs exhibited potent antioxidant activity and their EC50 values (effective concentration required to inhibit 50% of radicals) were 45.65 ± 2.01 and 43.06 ± 3.80 μg/ml in DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. The antimicrobial action of SeNPs was found as a broad spectrum and suppressed microbial pathogens in ascending order: fungi > Gram-positive bacteria > Gram-negative bacteria. The SeNPs have been demonstrated to reduce the growth and ochratoxin A (OTA) of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium verrucosum at 40 μg/ml in broth culture, which is noteworthy. The SeNPs reduced cancer cell proliferation (RAW 264.7, Caco-2, MCF-7, and IMR-32) more preferentially than normal cells (Vero), found to be highly biocompatible. Lower doses of SeNPs (up to 50 μg/ml) were shown to be less toxic and did not cause death in Danio rerio (zebrafish) embryos, implying that lower doses of SeNPs could be beneficial for biological purposes. The present study concluded that phytofabricated SeNPs have multiple biofunctional properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antimycotoxin, and anticancer activities, as well as high biocompatibility.

Chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia (CIT) is a critical condition in which platelet counts are abnormally reduced following the administration of chemotherapeutic compounds. CIT poses a treatment conundrum to clinicians given the increased risk of spontaneous bleeding, obstacles to surgical management of tumors, and exclusion from clinical trials. Treatment of CIT involves the removal of the offending agent combined with platelet infusion or thrombopoietin agonist treatment. However, due to the autoimmune and infection risks associated with infusions, this treatment is only reserved for patients with critically low platelet counts. One potential solution for patients in the mid to low platelet count range is Carica papaya leaf extract (CPLE). In this case, we report the novel use of CPLE as a method of bolstering platelet counts in a patient presenting with CIT. The patient was initiated on CPLE therapy consisting of 1 tablespoon twice daily with meals. Following CPLE treatment, the patient’s platelet counts rebounded from less than 10,000/µL to 113,000/µL. This clinical vignette supports the use of CPLE in the clinical context of CIT when thrombopoietin agonists are not a viable option. The potential benefits of CPLE as a method for increasing platelet count deserve further exploration, especially as a treatment option for refractory patients or those ill-suited for other traditional thrombocytopenia therapies.

The investigation of ethanol extract of Carica papaya (EECP) as an inhibitor for the corrosion of aluminum in solutions of HCl was facilitated through gravimetric, gasometric, potentiodynamic polarization and quantum chemical methods. The ccorrosion rate for the blank systems was 1.66 × 10−4 mpy but in the presence of various concentrations (0.1 to 0.5 g/dm3) of EECP, it reduces from 1.32 × 10−4 mpy to 0.96 × 10−4 mpy respectively while the inhibition efficiencies ranged from 20.93 to 42.04 % respectively. However, a synergistic combination of various concentrations of the inhibitor with 0.6 M of KBr, KI and KCl enhanced the inhibition efficiency to the following ranges: 75.44 to 87.41 %, 50.20 to 71.89 % and 77.44 to 88.73 % respectively. Potentiodynamic polarization and gasometric results were in good agreement but revealed that ethanol extract of Carica papaya peel acted as cathodic type inhibitor. Calculated activation energies indicated increasing retardation strength with an increase in inhibitor concentration and supported physisorption mechanism. The adsorption of the extract on the aluminum surface was exothermic, spontaneous, and occurred with an increasing degree of orderliness. Freundlich and Temkin's isotherms were most suitable in explaining the adsorption behaviour of the extract. Molecular structures that actively participated in the corrosion inhibition (papain, riboflavin, retinol, niacin and alpha-tocopherol) have been modeled through the calculations of global and local reactivity indices. Molecular simulation studies were also conducted to estimate the interaction between the inhibitor and the metal surface and the results indicated strong involvement of heteroatoms and aromatic rings in the adsorption process. The study concluded, that although the inhibition efficiency of EECP is low, enhancement with potassium halides can give an excellent score towards the management of waste through resource recovery.

O mamão (Carica papaya L.) é um fruto muito consumido em todo o mundo. Por sua natureza climatérica e por possuir elevada atividade de água, o mamão é muito suscetível a doenças fúngicas pós-colheita. O uso de revestimentos adicionado de substâncias com atividade antimicrobiana diretamente sobre os frutos, é uma tecnologia pós-colheita desenvolvida para proporcionar o aumento da vida útil desses alimentos, que têm demonstrado bons resultados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver revestimentos elaborados a partir dos biopolímeros alginato de sódio e quitosana, incorporado com nanopartículas de óxido de zinco ou benzoato de sódio para manutenção das características de qualidade pós-colheita do mamão (Carica papaya L.). Filmes obtidos a partir das soluções poliméricas desenvolvidas, que deram origem aos revestimentos também foram caracterizados. O uso da blenda polimérica, proporcionou a obtenção de filmes maleáveis, bem estruturados, com coloração tendendo ao amarelo e aparente transparência. O processo de reticulação e a adição de nanopartículas de óxido de zinco foi capaz de alterar as propriedades físicas do filme como espessura, tensão de ruptura, alongamento e módulo de Young, deixando-os mais finos, rígidos e resistentes, porém se apresentando altamente solúveis em água. Os filmes nanocompósitos demonstraram ação antifúngica in vitro sobre os fungos Colletotrichum sp. e Fusarium sp. isolados de frutos de mamão. O armazenamento dos frutos sob condição de refrigeração e alta umidade relativa, possibilitou a manutenção da qualidade dos frutos. O método de inoculação artificial IR (inocula e reveste) apresentou maior influência nas mudanças de cor instrumental e porcentagem de perda de massa dos frutos nos primeiros 7 dias de experimento. Os revestimentos produzidos possibilitaram um atraso na maturação dos frutos por pelo menos 7 dias em temperatura ambiente, quando comparados aos tratamentos controle. Made available in DSpace on 2022-08-01T13:21:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-Juliana-Pereira-2022-versao-final.pdf: 83940983 bytes, checksum: feffa471166ff4e105f5b46651e0a8fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022 Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos) - Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2022. Orientador: Otniel Freitas Silva (CTAA); Coorientador: Antônio Gomes Soares (CTAA).

As the human lifespan becomes longer, many people invest time and money in managing external beauty. However, managing external beauty has the disadvantage of causing side effects or that the effect does not last. Therefore, research and development are required to maximize effectiveness, eco-friendliness, and sustainably in beauty management. The purpose of this study was to experimentally identify the anti-aging effects, such as skin wrinkle and elasticity improvement, of extracts from Bahera, Phyllanthus emblica, Triphala, and Carica papaya, and to confirm their development as whitening and wrinkle functional cosmetic materials. In this study, a solid mixture was prepared using eco-friendly Terminalia bellirica, amla (Phyllanthus emblica), Triphala, and Carica papaya, and experimental samples were extracted. Antioxidant tests, antibacterial activity tests, polyphenol and flavonoid content, and deodorization tests were conducted to test the efficacy of experimental samples. The procedures and methods of these experiments are summarized in the following article. In this study, we found that the Bahera, Phyllanthus emblica, Triphala, and Carica papaya extracts had significant effects on whitening and wrinkle improvement, and that the effects of using ethanol-based extracts as the co-solvent were even greater. In other words, extracts of Bahera, Phyllanthus emblica, Triphala and Carica papaya showed antioxidant, whitening, and anti-wrinkle effects, and extracts that used ethanol as a co-solvent showed greater effects. In particular, we found that the optimal concentration of ethanol as a co-solvent maximizes its effectiveness at 70%.

The use of biodegradable coatings to conserve fruits and vegetables stands out in the food industry. This study aims to evaluate the postharvest quality of papaya Formosa 'Tainung 01' submitted to different coating formulations, to establish the one that best maintains the postharvest quality. The fruits, distributed in a completely randomized design, received the coatings composed of aqueous solution of agar and pomegranate seed oil in the following compositions (with 6 treatments and 5 replicates): T1: 0.5% agar and 0.1 mL/L oil; T2: 1.0% agar and 0.2 mL/L oil; T3: 1.5% agar and 0.3 mL/L oil; T4: 2.0% agar and 0.4 mL/L of oil; T5: 2.5% of agar and 0.5 mL/L of oil; and T6: Control, uncoated. The experiment lasted ten days packing at 17.5 ± 0.6 °C and 55 ± 3, 2% RH. T4 provided better conservation of the quality attributes in papaya. Fruits in this treatment showed higher vitamin C content, higher soluble solids and total sugars, and lower titratable acidity, important characteristics for product acceptance. Besides, T4 better conserved the green (external) color of the fruits, while fruits submitted to the other treatments acquired a yellowish coloration.

Fruit coproducts fruit, made of peels, seeds and pulp, discarded during the industrial processing, contain lots of health beneficial compounds, however, high moisture content limits its use. Drying is a low cost and great potential alternative for using. This study aimed to evaluate the phenolic compounds content, in vitro antioxidant capacity and total carotenoid, anthocyanins and vitamin C contents of pineapple (Ananas comosus), banana (Musa sp.), lychee (Litchi chinensis) and papaya (Carica papaya) peels, fresh and oven dried at 55 °C. Phenolic compounds, total carotenoids, anthocyanins, vitamin C contents and the antioxidant capacity of flours, were also significantly higher, indicating that the drying process promoted the concentration of these components, and constitute an excellent alternative to use these coproducts as a source of nutrients.

Cases of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), filariasis and chikungunya in Indonesia in 2018 carried by Aedes sp and Culex sp are still common. Excessive use of synthetic insecticides and larvicides cause resistance and are toxic to humans. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration and LC50 values of lenca plant extracts (Solanum nigrum) and papaya seeds (Carica papaya) on the larvae of Culex sp and Aedes sp. The concentration variations used in the test were 0% (control), 0.50%, 1.5% and 2.5%. Total mortality of Culex sp larvae against variations in the concentration of Carica papaya extract (p = 0.373) and Solanum nigrum (p = 0.03). LC 50 extract of Solanum nigrum against Culex sp larvae at a concentration of 1.19%. Total mortality of Aedes sp larvae against variations in the concentration of Carica papaya extract (p = 0.11) and Solanum nigrum (p = 0.00). Carica papaya contains alkaloids which are toxic, proteolytic and inhibit larval growth hormone. Solanin in Solanum nigrum is neurotoxic glycalkaloid which can cause disruption of membrane function.

Papaya belongs to the family Caricaceae and is a polygamous species. Papaya plants are extremely diverse in their sexual systems. Three sex types are available in papaya viz., male, female and hermaphrodite and are controlled by a single gene with three alleles (m, M1, M2). The genotypes represent gynoecious, androecious and hermaphrodite individuals. The extremes of humidity reduce the storage life of papaya pollen but under ideal (artificial) storage conditions it potentially remains viable for about 5-6 years. Ninety percent of freshly dispersed pollen grains were viable in summer but viability dropped to about 45% in some lines and as low as 4.5% in others in winter. The stigma attained receptive two days before anthesis and continued up to five days after anthesis but began to decline gradually upto five days after anthesis. Papaya plants produce fruit either through cross-pollination or self-pollination or parthenocarpy depending on their sex types. On an average 1,000 seeds are found in a single fruit, indicating that 1,000 viable pollen grains may fertilized receptive stigma. Identification of desirable plant population at early stage is very important and crucial for papaya cultivation. Several morphological characters such as seed coat colour, root morphology etc. found to be related with the sex types in papaya. Seed coat color, petiole thickness, stems color worked as a morphological marker for sex determination in Papaya. The black and dark brown seed coat color exhibited higher frequency of the female and hermaphrodite plants. On the other hand, higher petiole thickness and light green act as an indicator female plant at flowering stage and unique purple stem color was reported to express as hermaphrodite plants. [Fundam Appl Agric 2019; 4(4.000): 978-994]

This study aimed to evaluate concentrations of selected heavy metals in the soils of Ilokun dumpsite and adjourning farmlands, and to determine as well levels of heavy metals uptake in various parts of Carica papaya plant collected from the dumpsite. Twenty-two soil samples were collected within the dumpsites and farmlands at depths of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm. Evaluations of heavy metals (Ni, Zn, Cd, Cr, Pb and Cu) in soil samples and in different parts of Carica papaya plants were carried out using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The study revealed higher concentration of Pb in the dumpsite than the farmlands. Mean concentrations of Cd in the dumpsites; 2.98±1.93 (0-20 cm) and 3.22±2.14 (20-40 cm) were higher than their corresponding depth in farmlands (1.93±1.28 (0-20cm) and 1.94±1.59 (20 – 40 cm). The study established a strong correlation for Ni/Pb (0.948) at depth of 0.20cm; Cu/Cd (0.985) and Pb/Cd (0.918) at depth of 20-40cm. Heavy metal uptake was highest in the plant parts compared to the dumpsites and farmlands. The result showed that translocation factor arrangement is: Cu ˃ Zn ˃ Cd˃ Cr˃ Pb˃ Ni and Cu had the highest translocation factor of 4.698. Based on the results, the various heavy metal could be classified as slight contaminants (Pb, Cr and Ni), moderate contaminants (Cu and Cd) and severe contaminant (Zn). Although concentrations of heavy metals in the farmlands were below the Department of Petroleum Resources and World Health Organisation allowable limits, monitoring the concentration profile of these heavy metals concentrations in the area is recommended to prevent detrimental effects on the environment.

Background Carica papaya (CP) extract is becoming popular as an unlicensed herbal remedy purported to hasten recovery in dengue infection, mostly based on observations that it may increase platelet counts. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to critically analyze the evidence from controlled clinical trials on the efficacy and safety of CP extract in the treatment of dengue infection. Methods PubMed, LILACS and Google Scholar were searched for randomized or non-randomized trials enrolling patients with suspected or confirmed dengue where CP extract was compared, as a treatment measure, against standard treatment. Recovery of platelet counts as well as other clinical indicators of favourable outcome (duration of hospital stay, prevention of plasma leakage, life threatening complications, and mortality) were assessed. Results Nine studies (India-6, Pakistan-1, Indonesia-1, Malaysia-1) met the inclusion criteria. Seven studies showed an increase in platelet counts in patients receiving CP extract, while one study showed no significant difference between the two groups, and direct comparison was not possible in the remaining study. Serious adverse events were not reported. CP extract may reduce the duration of hospital stay (mean difference − 1.98 days, 95% confidence interval − 1.83 to − 2.12, 3 studies, 580 participants, low quality evidence), and cause improvement in mean platelet counts between the first and fifth day of treatment (mean difference 35.45, 95% confidence interval 23.74 to 47.15, 3 studies, 129 participants, low quality evidence). No evidence was available regarding other clinical outcomes. Conclusions The clinical value of improvement in platelet count or early discharge is unclear in the absence of more robust indicators of favourable clinical outcome. Current evidence is insufficient to comment on the role of CP extract in dengue. There is a need for further well designed clinical trials examining the effect of CP on platelet counts, plasma leakage, other serious manifestations of dengue, and mortality, with clearly defined outcome measures.

Los microorganismos benéficos tienden a promover el crecimiento y desarrollo de Carica papaya en diferentes niveles. El presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la inoculación de los hongos benéficos Rhizophagus irregularis y Trichoderma viride en Carica papaya (Caricaceae) en condiciones de invernadero hasta los 28 días. Se utilizaron plántulas de C. papaya obtenidas por micropropagación, luego de su aclimatación. De manera aleatoria, cada plántula recibió un tratamiento con aproximadamente 500 esporas R. irregularis y 5x107 esporas de T. viride. Las plántulas fueron cultivadas en condiciones de invernadero, con riego a capacidad de campo con una solución NPK de mantenimiento 15-15-15 por 28 días. Los resultados demuestran que los tratamientos con R. irregularis y la coinoculación con R. irregularis y T. viride promovieron el crecimiento vegetativo de plántulas de papaya incrementando la longitud de tallo, diámetro de tallo, número de hojas y área foliar. El tratamiento con T. viride no ocasionó diferencias significativas. Se concluye que el uso de organismos benéficos como R. irregularis y T. viride permite incrementar los parámetros de crecimiento de C. papaya en los primeros días de cultivo en condiciones de invernadero. Beneficial microorganisms tend to promote growth and development of Carica papaya at different levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Rhizophagus irregularis and Trichoderma viride on C. papaya (Caricaceae) growth under greenhouse conditions for 28 days. C. papaya plantlets obtained through micropropagation were used after acclimation. Each plantlet received a treatment with 500 R. irregularis spores and/or 5x107 T. viride spores randomly. The plants were cultured under greenhouse conditions and watered with an 15-15-15 NPK solution for 28 days. The results demonstrate that the treatments with R. irregularis and the coinoculation with R. irregularis and T. viride promoted the vegetative growth of papaya plants by increasing shoot length, shoot diameter, number of leaves and leaf area. Treatment with T. viride did not induce significant changes. It is concluded that the use of beneficial microorganisms such as R. irregularis and T. viride increases the growth parameters of C. papaya in the first days of culture under greenhouse conditions.

Carica papaya (papaya) leaf extract has been used for a long time in a traditional medicine to treat fever in some infectious diseases such as dengue, malaria, and chikungunya. The development of science and technology has subsequently made it possible to provide evidence that this plant is not only beneficial as an informal medication, but also that it has scientifically proven pharmacological and toxicological activities, which have led to its formal usage in professional health care systems. The development of formulations for use in nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals has caused this product to be more valuable nowadays. The use of good manufacturing practice (GMP) standards, along with the ease of registering this product facilitated by policies of the national government, will absolutely increase the value of papaya leaf extract as a vital nutraceutical and cosmeceutical products in the near future. In this article, we review the potential of papaya leaf extract to be a high-value commodity in terms of its health effects as well as its industrial benefits.

Carica papaya (papaya) leaf extract has been used for a long time in a traditional medicine to treat fever in some infectious diseases such as dengue, malaria, and chikungunya. The development of science and technology has subsequently made it possible to provide evidence that this plant is not only beneficial as an informal medication, but also that it has scientifically proven pharmacological and toxicological activities, which have led to its formal usage in professional health care systems. The development of formulations for use in nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals has caused this product to be more valuable nowadays. The use of good manufacturing practice (GMP) standards, along with the ease of registering this product facilitated by policies of the national government, will absolutely increase the value of papaya leaf extract as a vital nutraceutical and cosmeceutical products in the near future. In this article, we review the potential of papaya leaf extract to be a high-value commodity in terms of its health effects as well as its industrial benefits.

An emerging virus isolated from papaya (Carica papaya) crops in northwestern (NW) Argentina was sequenced and characterized using next-generation sequencing. The resulting genome is 6667-nt long and encodes five open reading frames in an arrangement typical of other potexviruses. This virus appears to be a novel member within the genus Potexvirus. Blast analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and coat protein (CP) genes showed the highest amino acid sequence identity (67% and 71%, respectively) with pitaya virus X. Based on nucleotide sequence similarity and phylogenetic analysis, the name papaya virus X is proposed for this newly characterized potexvirus that was mechanically transmitted to papaya plants causing chlorotic patches and severe mosaic symptoms. Papaya virus X (PapVX) was found only in the NW region of Argentina. This prevalence could be associated with a recent emergence or adaptation of this virus to papaya in NW Argentina. Instituto de Patología Vegetal Fil: Cabrera Mederos, Dariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola (UFyMA); Argentina Fil: Cabrera Mederos, Dariel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Debat, Humberto Julio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Debat, Humberto Julio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola (UFyMA); Argentina Fil: Torres, Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Torres, Carolina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM); Argentina Fil: Portal, Orelvis. Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Departamento de Biología; Cuba Fil: Portal, Orelvis. Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias; Cuba Fil: Jaramillo Zapata, Margarita. Universidad de San Pablo-T; Argentina Fil: Trucco, Veronica Milagros. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Trucco, Veronica Milagros. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola (UFyMA); Argentina Fil: Flores, Ceferino Rene. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Yuto; Argentina Fil: Ortiz, Claudio Manuel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Yuto; Argentina Fil: Badaracco, Alejandra. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Montecarlo; Argentina Fil: Acuña, Luis Eduardo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Montecarlo; Argentina Fil: Nome Docampo, Claudia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Nome Docampo, Claudia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola (UFyMA); Argentina Fil: Quito-Avila, Diego. Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador. Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral; Ecuador Fil: Bejerman, Nicolas Esteban. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Bejerman, Nicolas Esteban. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola (UFyMA); Argentina Fil: Castellanos Collazo, Onias. Fondo para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (FONCYT); Argentina Fil: Castellanos Collazo, Onias. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Sánchez-Rodríguez, Aminael. Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas; Ecuador Fil: Giolitti, Fabian. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Giolitti, Fabian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola (UFyMA); Argentina

Despite rigorous endeavors, existing attempts to handle type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are still a long way off, as a substantial number of patients do not meet therapeutic targets. Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is discerned as a forerunner in the pathogenesis of T2DM and can be detected years before its progress. Studies have revealed the antidiabetic properties of Carica papaya (C. papaya), but its molecular mechanism on insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)/Akt signaling mechanisms is not yet known. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of C. papaya on IRS1 and Akt in high-fat-diet–streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats and also to analyze the bioactive compounds of C. papaya against IRS-1 and Akt via in silico analysis. Ethanolic extract of the leaves of C. papaya (600 mg/kg of body weight) was given daily for 45 days postinduction of T2DM up to the end of the study. Gluconeogenic enzymes, glycolytic enzymes, gene expression, and immunohistochemical analysis of IRS-1 and Akt in skeletal muscle were evaluated. C. papaya treatment regulated the levels of gluconeogenic and glycolytic enzymes and the levels of IRS-1 and Akt in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic animals. In silico studies showed that trans-ferulic acid had the greatest hit rate against the protein targets IRS-1 and Akt. C. papaya restored the normoglycemic effect in diabetic skeletal muscle by accelerating the expression of IRS-1 and Akt.

Papain is a proteolytic enzyme present in the leaves, fruits, roots, and latex of the Carica papaya (papaya) plant. Although it exhibits a wide range of activities, there are no reports on the anti-obesity effects of papain. This study examined the anti-obesity effect and obesity-involved anti-inflammatory mechanism of papain in in vivo and in vitro models using high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Oral administration of papain reduced HFD-induced weight of the body, liver, and adipose tissues of mice. Papain also reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and adipocyte size. Moreover, serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were markedly reduced in papain-treated mice. In addition, papain inhibited the differentiation of preadipocytes and oil accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and rat primary preadipocytes. Mechanistically, papain significantly downregulated the protein levels of key adipogenesis regulators and reversed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines in HFD-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Papain also markedly enhanced activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway in both models. Collectively, these results suggest that papain exerts anti-obesity effects in HFD-induced mice and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by regulating levels of adipogenic factors involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation, thus, it could be useful in the prevention and treatment of obesity.

Iron is essential to plant development. However, its excess can provoke an increase in reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in plants. The objective of this work was to verify the effects of high concentrations of iron on the oxidative stress of seeds and young plants of Cecropia hololeuca and Carica papaya. The species were submitted to concentrations of 0.045, 4 and 8mM of iron in the form of ferrous sulfate and FeEDTA. The experiments of germination and initial growth took place in a growth chamber, with temperature of 25ºC and 12h photoperiod. We performed the lipid peroxidation test by extraction and quantification of malonaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. The application of iron did not cause a significant elevation in the contents of malonaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide in the germination of C. hololeuca and C. papaya. In the young plants, the hydrogen peroxide did not change in any of the treatments. However, it was possible to observe an expressive increase in malonaldehyde concentration in both species when exposed to FeEDTA 4 to 8mM. The results indicate a sensibility of C. hololeuca and C. papaya to high iron levels, amplifying the oxidative stress process that can harm their growth and initial development.