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Lietuvos kredito unijų įstatymo pakeitimai, kaip esminis kredito unijų sektoriaus pertvarko elementas, įsigaliojo nuo 2018 m., todėl tampa aktualu įvertinti, kokį poveikį jie turės visam sektoriui, žvelgiant iš kredito unijų ekspertų perspektyvos. Amendments to the Law on Credit Unions in Lithuania, as an essential element of the restructuring of the Credit Union Sector, entered into force in 2018, therefore it is getting relevant to assess the impact of these changes on the whole Sector from the perspective of Credit Union experts.

Different methodological approaches and hypotheses relative to the relationship between ownership structure and performances in cooperative banking generate contrasting findings, so motivating this innovative study which is grounded on an estimation approach allowing for the potential endogeneity of the membership base. Based on a sample of 241 Italian small cooperative banks over the 2013–2018 period, we find that bank profitability is positively affected by the membership as in the study conducted by Jones and Kalmi (2015) on Finnish cooperative banking and different from the comparable Austrian empirical research of Gorton and Schmid (1999). Unlike the latter we did not find an increasing exposure to agency costs as ownership dispersion grows and showed that greater membership raises individual bank financial stability, lowering the cost of credit risk

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to study the awareness level and utilization of various cooperative banking services in rural area especially Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka. In India, most of the states are agriculture dominated, especially in rural area, cooperative banks play a key role in bolstering the common individual and financing his self -employment/business and personal needs. The awareness and effective utilization of various rural banking services will improve the financial inclusion statistics of the country. To assess the awareness level, 27 services and schemes offered by the cooperative society are taken and classified into different factors. The awareness levels of rural Muslims are compared with different demographical profile to know the difference. Methodology: Data was collected through a structured questionnaire and distributed among rural Muslims cooperative bank account holders. The study is descriptive in nature and data was collected from 398 rural Muslims of five taluks of Dakshina Kannada district. To draw meaningful inferences, scales for reliability, normality assumption, Mann Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to analyze, compare and interpret the data. Findings: The results indicate that there are no significant differences among the economic status, income and sub-caste regarding awareness of cooperative banking services and schemes. However, there is a significant difference among the age, residence and occupation regarding awareness of cooperative banking services and schemes. Originality: It may help the service provider to implement services and schemes according to the needs and profile of the rural households in the rural area, in order to have effective utilization of services and to raise the standard of living. Practical Implication: The findings of the study will help the various stakeholders to overcome the problem of financial inclusion especially in rural areas and help to provide need-based financial service to the rural households in the country. Paper Type: Analytical Research

The reasons proposed in the extant literature for the emergence of boerenleenbanken (Dutch Raiffeisen cooperative banks) at the turn of the twentieth century fall into three categories: (1) to meet untapped market demand; (2) as an organizational response to economic and technical change; and (3) as an extension of socio-religious confessional politics. I use business history case studies of boerenleenbanken established in the neighbouring villages of Loosduinen and Rijswijk to weigh the relative importance of these accounts. While all three play a part in explaining the market entry of this new type of banking business, I conclude that the third reason was probably critical; boerenleenbanken should be viewed as a component of the wider movement towards the economic confessionalization of the Netherlands

The diploma thesis deals with civic credit unions in Telč between the years 1867 and 1914. It outlines briefly the historical development of credit unions in the Czech lands, which is supplemented by a description of the legal standards that regulated establishment and administration of credit unions during the period of our interest. Then follows the characteristics of the city Telč in terms of administrative integration, population, education, culture and economy. The key chapters are devoted individually to civic credit unions in Telč, namely Vzájemná záložna (Mutual Credit Union), Úvěrní jednota pro hospodářství, obchod a průmysl (Credit Unity for Economy, Trade and Industry) and Spořitelní ústav (Savings Institute). There are presented historical development, membership bases, financial and public benefit activities of the mentioned financial institutions. The list of sources and bibliography, the list of abbreviations and appendices, which contain mainly nominal lists of members directorates and committees of Telč credit unions, are an integral part of the thesis.

This article focuses on the importance of bank branches in the financial inclusion of the territory, regardless of whether the digitalization partly favours the provision of services. Assuming this premise, this paper reviews the factors determining the reduction of bank branches at a provincial level during the most severe period of the Great Recession (2008-2013). Using cluster analysis, the trends of reduction of the branches network are analysed considering the different categories of banking entities. The results indicate that the intense contraction of the saving banks’ branch network was compensated by a partial absorption of branches by commercial banks, which remained in dynamic and urban areas, where also raised the risk of bank discrimination due to socioeconomic inequality. Meanwhile, cooperative banking sustained rural and aging areas, expanding its own network and taking advantage of the empty spaces left by the savings banks. The conclusions reflect on the reasons that have justified the reduction of the branch network, considering the new European regulatory framework, which guarantees citizens access to a bank account and promotes new financial inclusion strategies. Finally, the paper highlight the principles that gave rise to social banking, analysing their applicability in the post-crisis environment. Este artículo se centra en la importancia de las sucursales bancarias para la inclusión financiera del territorio, con independencia de que la digitalización favorezca en parte la prestación de servicios. Partiendo de esta premisa, este trabajo revisa los factores que a nivel provincial determinan la reducción de sucursales bancarias en España durante el periodo de mayor intensidad de la Gran Recesión (2008-2013). Mediante un análisis clúster se analizan especialmente las diferencias entre tipologías de entidades bancarias - así como entre entidades particulares-, respecto del proceso de reducción de la red territorial. Los resultados indican que la intensa contracción de la red de sucursales de las cajas de ahorro fue compensada por una absorción de parte de esa red por la banca comercial, que se mantuvo principalmente en zonas dinámicas y de carácter urbano, donde también aumentó el riesgo de discriminación bancaria por la desigualdad socioeconómica. Mientras, la banca cooperativa sostuvo las zonas rurales y envejecidas, llegando a ampliar su propia red y aprovechando los espacios vacíos dejados por las cajas. Las conclusiones reflexionan sobre los motivos que han justificado la reducción de la red de sucursales y proponen la consideración del nuevo marco normativo europeo, que garantiza el acceso de los ciudadanos a una cuenta bancaria y promueve nuevas estrategias de inclusión financiera. Finalmente, se presta atención a los principios que dieron origen y desarrollaron la banca social, a su actualización y aplicabilidad en el entorno post-crisis.

Kooperatifler, varoluşlarından bu yana birlikte yaşayan toplumların ortak ihtiyaçlarını giderebilmek için bir araya geldikleri demokratik kuruluşlardır. Büyüyen dünya ekonomisi içerisinde kooperatiflerde varlıklarını sürdürebilmek ve rekabet edebilmek için finansmana ihtiyaç duymuşlardır. Hem kendi bağımsızlıklarını korumak hem de finansal sorunlarını çözebilmek adına Kooperatif Bankaları kurulmuştur.19.yüzyılın başından itibaren Kooperatif Bankaları ekonomik sistem içerisinde varlıklarını göstermiş birçok ülkede de ekonomik kalkınma veya krizlerle mücadele noktasında etkin rol oynamışlardır. Ancak dünya ekonomisinde önemli bir yere sahip olan İslam dünyası ve onun bir parçası olan ülkemiz için aynı sözleri Kooperatif Bankacılığı özelinde söylemek maalesef mümkün değildir.Bugün 1,5 milyardan fazla Müslüman yaşayan dünyamızda toplumların temel ihtiyaçları farklılıklar göstermiş, gelişen ekonomilerle rekabet, yetersiz sermaye gibi unsurlar, bu insanların ekonomik faaliyetleri sırasında finansal ihtiyaçlarının da artmasına neden olmuştur. Özellikle 1950'lerden sonra bu finansal ihtiyaçların çözümü için yapılan arayışlar bugünkü ismi ile Katılım Bankalarını ya da İslami Banka ve Finans kuruluşlarını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Katılım bankalarının gerek Dünyada gerekse Türkiye de ki uygulamalarına baktığımızda son zamanlarda Kamu tarafından açılanlar dikkate alınmadığında daha ziyade özel sektör kuruluşları olduğu, yani toplumsal bir hareketin ya da inancın organize bir hareketinin sonucu olmadıkları görülmektedir. Oysa böylesi kabul gören ve kökleri olan İslam dininin mensuplarının bu konuda daha proaktif olmaları beklenirdi.Bu çalışma ile kar ve zarar esasına dayalı bir finansman modeli olan Katılım Bankacılığı ile, dayanışma ve birlikte kalkınma amacıyla kurulan Kooperatifçilik faaliyetlerinin konsolide edilerek ülke ekonomisine, kooperatiflerin finansal sorunlarına ve Katılım Bankacılığının büyümesine katkı sağlayabilecek yeni bir finansal model olarak `kooperatif Katılım Bankacılığı` sistemini inceleyeceğiz.Anahtar Kelimeler: Kooperatifçilik, Katılım Bankacılığı, Kooperatif Katılım Bankacılığı, Kooperatif Bankaları Cooperatives are democratic organizations in which people come together to address their common needs. In the growing world economy, cooperatives have come to be in need of financing in order to survive and compete. Cooperative banks have been established to protect the independence of cooperatives and solve their financial problems.Since the 19th century, cooperative banks have existed within the economic system, playing an effective role in driving economic development and combating crises. However, it is hard to assert the same for the Islamic world as well as our country as its member although the Islamic world has an important place in the global economy.Today, more than 1.5 billion Muslims live around the world, and basic needs of communities have changed, and the need for competing with developing economies and lack of sufficient capital have caused these people to face with increased financial needs during their economic activities. The search for solutions to these financial needs after 1950s has led to the emergence of participation banks or Islamic banks and financial institutions. Examination of the practices concerning participation banks in Turkey and around the world reveals that excluding those recently established by the state, they are primarily private sector institutions, that is, they are the result of a social or belief-based movement. However, followers of Islam as a widely practiced and deep-rooted religion are supposed to be more proactive in this field.This study aims to examine cooperative participation banking as a new financial model which may contribute to the solution of the financial problems of cooperatives and the growth of participation banking and consolidate the activities of the cooperatives which are established for solidarity and collective development purposes through participation banking as a financial model based on principles of profit and loss.Keywords: Cooperatives, Participation Banking, Cooperative Banking 121

A joint World Bank-IMF Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) mission visited Poland from January 8–19, 2018 and May 7–18, 2018. This report summarizes the main findings of the mission, identifies key financial sector vulnerabilities and development opportunities, and provides policy recommendations.

This technical note reviews the cooperative bank and credit union sectors. It focuses on: (i) thesituation of the two sectors that are both in states of transition; (ii) the regulatory and supervisory arrangements; and (iii) the safety net and resolution regime within the context of the crisis management framework. In addition, key perspectives are provided as to the sustainability ofinstitutional models and the sectors within a modernizing and competitive banking sector. This note was prepared using information from the authorities and market participants that was received in the first semester of 2018 at the time of the visit of the authors. Although in some instances there is subsequent improvement in the performance of some cooperative banks and credit unions, the authors believe such changes do not modify substantially the main conclusions and recommendations made. Most cooperative banks and credit unions are stable, but each sector has its own issues. The FSAP is broadly supportive of the policy direction for cooperatives, while it questions whether the credit union sector should remain standalone. Combined, cooperative banks and credit unions represent less than 8 percent of deposit takers, though more importantly they serve about 18 percent of the population.

Kırsal kesim tarafından kullanılan krediler kalkınmanın sağlanmasında önemli bir araç oldukları gibi, zaman zaman borçlanma nedeniyle üreticiler açısından olumsuz etkide de bulunabilmektedir. Buna karşılık birçok tarımsal faaliyetin finansmanı için kredi kullanımı kaçılmaz bir durum arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada belirlenmiş ülkelerde ve ülkemizde tarımsal kredi piyasasının genel durumu, özel bankaların tarımsal kredi uygulamaları karşılaştırılmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında belirlenmiş ülkelerde tarım sektörüne kısaca değinilmiş ve kredi piyasalarının genel durumu anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Ülkemizdeki özel banka uygulamaları da ayrıca detaylı olarak paylaşılmıştır. Ayrıca ülkemiz ile belirlenmiş ülkelerdeki tarımsal kredi uygulamaları karşılaştırılmış ve ülkemize dair eksiklik ve sorunlar belirlenmeye çalışılarak çeşitli öneriler sunulmuştur., Agricultural credits is an important tool for rural development, but it's also possible to cause a negative effects on farmers because of over indebtedness. However, the use of agricultural credit is unavoidable situation for financing many agricultural activities. In this study it's aimed to compare agricultural credit market conditions and agricultural loan practices of commertial banks in selected countries and in Turkey. For this purpose, agricultural sector conditions are being analysed and agricultural credit markets are being explained. Next to that commertial banks agricultural credit conditions in Turkey are related. After this settlement Turkey's agricultural credit market problems are indicated and some constructive suggestions are shared.

Our aim is to empirically assess differences in behaviour and performance of European cooperative and commercial banks in a low interest rate environment. We employ dynamic panel data methods to assess the relative performance of both ownership structures based on a data set of nearly 1,000 banks from 11 European countries for the 2009-2015 period. Our findings are threefold. First, we find that commercial banks are more profitable than cooperative banks in all three metrics used (return on average assets, return on average equity and net interest margin). Second, commercial banks decrease their loan loss provisioning to maintain their profitability. Interestingly, this trend is not present in the financial statements of cooperative banks. Third, cooperative banks are significantly more stable than commercial banks in terms of Z-score. In addition, the Z-score of cooperative banks increased during the observation period, whereas the Z-score of commercial banks remained stable. Therefore, our results show structural differences in the priorities and behaviour of both ownership types in a low interest rate environment: European commercial banks focus on maintaining their profitability, whereas cooperative banks seek to increase their stability by increasing their capital buffers.

This chapter aims to give a general introduction on cooperative banking in Europe. To do that, it first gives an overview on the key inherent characteristics of cooperative banks. Second, it analyses the main phases of their development in Europe. Third, it discusses the actual presence of cooperative banks over the continent in terms of size and geographical distribution. Finally, it summarises the relevant existing literature. Overall, the systemic relevance and countercyclical attitude of cooperative banks as well as their crucial role in fostering relationship lending practices are highlighted.

2008 yılında yaşanan küresel finansal kriz, faiz hadleri seviyesinin düşük olduğu bir zamanda gerçekleşmiştir. Varsayım gayrimenkul fiyatlarının hiç düşmeyeceği şeklindedir. Bankalar ya da aracı kuruluşlar geri ödeme riski yüksek olan kişilere peşin teminatlarla gerekli risk analizi yapmadan verdiği konut kredileriyle başlamıştır.Bu krizin etkisinin reel sektöre de yansıması sonucunda kooperatifler de etkilenmiştir. Dünyadaki kooperatifler incelendiğinde krizden etkilenmediği ancak Türkiye'deki kooperatiflerin krizin etkisiyle kapanmalar yaşadığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı 2008 krizinin kooperatiflere etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Araştırma sonucunda dünya kooperatifleri incelenmiş olup, kooperatif cirolarında bir azalma meydana gelmemiştir. Finansal kaynaklı kriz olmasına rağmen kooperatif bankaları bu krizden etkilenmemiştir. Bu krizler sonrasında ülkemizdeki tarımsal kooperatifler olumsuz yönde etkilenmişlerdir. The finansal crisis which happened in 2008 was in a time when the interest rate levels were low. The supposion is that the price of reale states will never fall down. The banks have started by giving housing loans with advance security to the people who has risk of paying back. With the reflection of crisis to real sector, cooperatives has was effected too. When were search cooperatives globally, we can see that the cooperatives in other parts of world wasn't affected as our country did. For example, in Turkey some cooperatives were even closed due to crisis. The aim of this study is to discover the effects of crisis to cooperatives. With results of our research, it is clear that there hasn't been a decrease in endersoments of cooperative banks. Althought it was a crisis which is financially based on the cooperative banks wasn't effected by this crisis. After that crisis farm cooperatives was badly effected because of that crisis. 132

This paper investigates the size-efficiency relation of European cooperative banks during the 2006-2015 period. We employ the Stochastic Frontier Analysis in order to obtain inefficiency estimates and its determinants on the set of 183 cooperative banks from 12 European countries. This work extends the existing literature by focusing on shape of size-efficiency relationship and examining also the post-crisis period after the fall of Lehman Brothers in 2008. Our results show that smaller European cooperative banks are significantly more cost efficient than their bigger peers and that the size-efficiency relation is linear. Interestingly, inefficiency remained roughly stable during the whole observation period without any substantial changes, not even on sub-samples of individual countries. These results imply that no significant consolidation of European cooperative banks can be expected in the near future. We conclude that for cooperatives, it is more efficient to remain small in size rather than to expand. From a policy perspective, we recommend regulators to reflect special nature of cooperative banks and allow them to operate at a small scale enabling their efficiency. As a result, we believe that onesize-fits-all regulation is harmful for efficient operations of cooperative banks in Europe.

Cooperatively-owned Raiffeisen banks first emerged in the Netherlands in the late 1890s and spread rapidly across the country. Using a new dataset, we investigate the determinants of their market entry and early performance. We find that the cooperative organisational form, when allied to a change in the structure of Dutch agriculture and the socioreligious pillarisation of Dutch society, was an important factor explaining their entry into rural financial markets. While religious organisations provided a necessary impetus for the emergence of Raiffeisen banks, the economic advantages associated with the cooperative organisational form ensured the subsequent survival and success of these banks.

While functioning in accordance with the new, business and efficiency-oriented operating model, credit unions develop and begin functioning outside the community. It is universally recognised in scientific literature that as credit unions expand their activities beyond a community, social relations with credit union members weaken and the credit unions lose their social control element, which help them to better assess and manage information asymmetry and credit risk. So far, the analysis of problems of credit risk assessment in the context of credit unions has been limited. The thesis offers a theoretical concept to create a model for credit risk assessment, which allows selecting model creation methods and data so that the make the created model meet the business needs of the creditor. In line with the proposed concept, analyses from three perspectives were performed. In performing analysis from a creditor's perspective, a survey (interview) of 56 credit unions, structural analysis of the sector of credit unions, and analysis of the business loan portfolio of credit unions were conducted. In performing analysis from a modelled segment's prospective, i.e. that of small and very small enterprises, a statistical data sample, which incorporated financial and non-financial data of the enterprises, was formed and analysed. In performing analysis from an external factors' prospective, the external information structure of credit unions and regulatory requirements were analysed. The conducted research allowed creating a statistical model for the assessment of the credit risk of enterprises meeting the business needs of credit unions. The model creation methods were selected on the basis of an assessment of the specificity of a creditor's activities, risk tolerance, and applicable regulatory requirements. The model creation sample was formed with regard to a creditor's target crediting segment. The variables of the model were selected following a comprehensive analysis of scientific a d professional literature and assessment of the possibilities of its practical application based on the study of the external information infrastructure of credit unions. The formed scorecard of the model meets the recommendations of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. The cut-off point has been determined by statistical methods, on the basis of the specifics of the portfolio of business loans of credit unions, crediting margin and the LGD of the portfolio. The discriminatory power of the model has been assessed statistically and compared with the latest results of scientific research. The thesis proposes a method for the integration of the model in the decision support system of credit unions.

While functioning in accordance with the new, business and efficiency-oriented operating model, credit unions develop and begin functioning outside the community. It is universally recognised in scientific literature that as credit unions expand their activities beyond a community, social relations with credit union members weaken and the credit unions lose their social control element, which help them to better assess and manage information asymmetry and credit risk. So far, the analysis of problems of credit risk assessment in the context of credit unions has been limited. The thesis offers a theoretical concept to create a model for credit risk assessment, which allows selecting model creation methods and data so that the make the created model meet the business needs of the creditor. In line with the proposed concept, analyses from three perspectives were performed. In performing analysis from a creditor's perspective, a survey (interview) of 56 credit unions, structural analysis of the sector of credit unions, and analysis of the business loan portfolio of credit unions were conducted. In performing analysis from a modelled segment's prospective, i.e. that of small and very small enterprises, a statistical data sample, which incorporated financial and non-financial data of the enterprises, was formed and analysed. In performing analysis from an external factors' prospective, the external information structure of credit unions and regulatory requirements were analysed. The conducted research allowed creating a statistical model for the assessment of the credit risk of enterprises meeting the business needs of credit unions. The model creation methods were selected on the basis of an assessment of the specificity of a creditor's activities, risk tolerance, and applicable regulatory requirements. The model creation sample was formed with regard to a creditor's target crediting segment. The variables of the model were selected following a comprehensive analysis of scientific a d professional literature and assessment of the possibilities of its practical application based on the study of the external information infrastructure of credit unions. The formed scorecard of the model meets the recommendations of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. The cut-off point has been determined by statistical methods, on the basis of the specifics of the portfolio of business loans of credit unions, crediting margin and the LGD of the portfolio. The discriminatory power of the model has been assessed statistically and compared with the latest results of scientific research. The thesis proposes a method for the integration of the model in the decision support system of credit unions.

Dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de finansal ve sosyal alanlarda kalkınma aracı olarak değerlendirilen kooperatiflerin ekonomiye katkıları ülkemizde göreceli olarak oldukça azdır. Kooperatiflerin ürettiği değerin, toplam katma değer içindeki payının büyük olmaması pek çok problemden kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu sorunların en başında ise finansal sorun gelmektedir. Özellikle oto finansman olanaklarının kısıtlı olması, kredi alımlarında karşılaştıkları sorunlar, mali yapılarının dar olması ve kredi maliyetlerinin yüksek olması gibi sorunlar kooperatiflerin güçlü finansal yapılara sahip olmalarının önüne set çekmekte hatta rekabet güçlerine bile etki etmektedir. Kooperatiflerin finansal kaynaklar kuramsal olarak öz kaynaklar ve yabancı kaynaklar olmak üzere iki temelden sağlamaktadırlar. Kooperatiflerin güçlenebilmesi ve finansal sorunlarını aşabilmesi ve güvenle yoluna devam edebilmesi için kooperatiflere yabancı kaynak çeşitlendirmesini sunabilmek gereklidir. Türkiye’de sürdürebilir yapısal değişimin sağlanması ve verimliliğin her alanda gerçekleşmesi için kooperatifler olmazsa olmazımızdır. Kooperatiflerin güçlenebilmesi ve finansal sorunlarını aşabilmesi ve güvenle yoluna devam edebilmesi için ne gerekiyorsa yapılmalıdır. Kooperatifçiliğin önündeki finansal pürüzler temizlenmelidir. Bu çalışma da kooperatif bankacılığının sistemi ve dünyadaki başarılı örnekleri dâhil kooperatiflere finansal katkı sağlayacak kaynaklar incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, kooperatiflerin güçlü zeminlerde hareket kabiliyetine kavuşmaları ve ülke ekonomisinde hak ettikleri yer olan zirveye taşınmaları için gerekli finansal tedbirler de tartışılmıştır., As it is the case in the whole world, the impact of cooperatives to the economy is relatively limited in our country, especially when they are widely considered as a financial and social development tool. The reason for the small share of the value that cooperatives produce in the total added value is the people’s experience with many issues. One such example is the financial problem. Especially lack of automatic finance possibilities, hardships in contracting loans, their limited financial structures and high loan costs negatively affect cooperatives’ cooperation strength and prevent them to construct strong financial structures. The financial supply of cooperatives theoretically comes from two areas; self and foreign resources. For strengthening cooperatives and enabling them to solve their financial issues, it is essential to supply them a diversified foreign resource. Cooperatives are a must in achieving sustainable structural reforms and efficiency in all areas of Turkey. Everything must be done in order to strengthen cooperatives and enable them to overcome their financial issues and continue to exist in confidence. The financial burdens on top of cooperatives must be abolished. In this study, the cooperative banking system, its successful implementations and the sources that benefit cooperatives financially are investigated. Also, the financial measures that will enable cooperatives the ability to work in harsh conditions and carry them to the top spot that they deserve in the country’s economy are discussed.

This article investigates the impact of the socioreligious segregation of Dutch society on the asset allocation choices of rural bankers and the withdrawal behavior of their depositors during the early 1920s. Results suggest that cooperatively-owned Raiffeisen banks for both Catholic and Protestant minority groups could limit their exposure to a debt-deflation crisis, despite operating more precarious balance sheets than banks for majorities. Business histories demonstrate how strict membership criteria and personal guarantors acted as screening and monitoring devices. Banks serving minorities functioned as club goods, managing their exposure to the crisis by exploiting the confessionalized nature of Dutch society.

Net fee and commission income is one of the key elements of a bank’s core income. In the current low-interest rate environment, this type of income is gaining importance relative to net interest income. This paper analyses the effects of bank and country specific determinants of net fee and commission income on a set of cooperative banks from European countries in the 2007-2014 period. In order to do that, dynamic panel data methods (system Generalized Methods of Moments) were employed. Subsequently, alternative panel data methods were run as robustness checks of the analysis. Strong positive impact of bank concentration on the share of net fee and commission income was found, which proves that cooperative banks tend to display a higher share of fee income in less competitive markets. This is probably connected with the fact that they stick with their traditional deposit-taking and loan-providing model and fees on these services are driven down by the competitors. 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International audience; During the banking crisis of the 1990s, French cooperative banks emerged as more resistant and efficient than joint-stock banks, which enabled them to improve their market share and increase their reserve capital. This subsequently became the keystone of the external restructuring that led to the transformation of cooperative banks into large universal banking groups. At the time, their competitive advantage relied mainly on a different approach to risk-taking, which was associated with their cooperative legal form and their specific governance model.However, the same features have clearly not prevailed during the financial phase of the most recent crisis. Whereas governance models in the banking sector have been deeply questioned, the original cooperative model has evolved differently within European countries, with a high level of hybridization in some and a very diffuse cooperative network in others. Some European cooperative groups have been damaged by the crisis, mainly because of the corporate and investment banking that formed part of their activity.Yet the recent crisis has revealed the importance of a resistant and resilient worldwide banking system and the diversity of legal forms and organizations could contribute to achieving this goal. In this paper, we assess the resistance and resilience of major joint-stock banks during the crisis and compare them to cooperative banks in different European countries and Canada. We conduct our analysis at an aggregated/consolidated level for these two categories of banks. Using different indicators (e.g., z-score, loans to the economy, return on equity) as dependent variables, we verify whether the cooperative form is synonymous with greater resistance or resilience, and whether the results may be explained by different organizational schemes in cooperative banking.

International audience; This study shows how institutional work contributes to institutional resilience in extreme operating environments (EOEs). The authors draw from a longitudinal analysis of the operations of Desjardins International Development (DID), a French Canadian nongovernmental organization (NGO) that, both before and after the major earthquake of 2010, supported the implementation of cooperative banking in Haiti. Building on a unique access to DID’s internal documents as well as on 49 interviews with DID employees, the authors highlight the ways in which political, technical, and cultural forms of institutional work triggered the emergence of social capital, which in turn supported the rise of new forms of institutional work that enabled institutional resilience. The results show how organizational activities focused on shaping institutions may have unintended effects that enable institutional resilience in EOEs, and demonstrate how the accumulation of institutional work by an organization contributes to the enhancement of its social capital.

Artykuł przedstawia zagadnienie zmian prawnych w zakresie wymogów co do kwalifikacji stawianych członkom zarządów i rad nadzorczych banków spółdzielczych, będących konsekwencją implementacji do prawa polskiego przepisów unijnej dyrektywy CRD IV. The article presents the issue of legal changes in the requirements for the qualification of the members of the management and supervisory boards of cooperative banks, as a consequence of the implementation to the Polish law of provisions of the EU Directive CRD IV. Artur Potocki

The beginnings of cooperative banking in Szadek, which is continued today in the form of the Cooperative Bank, date back to 1906. The initiator, organizer and the first chairman of the banking society was dr. Ignacy Lipiński. Until 1921 the bank operated as “Savings and Loan Society”, to be later transformed into “Cooperative Szadek Bank Ltd. in the town of Szadek”. In October 1930 the bank’s activity was suspended because of German occupation. The Cooperative Bank was reactivated in 1947; in 1950 it was transformed into the Municipal Cooperative Fund, and eight years later – into the Cooperative Fund. Since May 1962 this institution has been operating under the name “Cooperative Bank in Szadek”. In 1975 it was incorporated into the Food Management Bank. In July 1970 it was moved to a new building in Sieradzka Street in Szadek. Today the Bank has four branch offices: in Wodzierady, Goszczanów, Warta and Łask, and one bank office and a cashpoint in Szadek. Początki spółdzielczości bankowej, której dziś kontynuatorem jest Bank Spółdzielczy w Szadku, przypadają na rok 1906. Inicjatorem i organizatorem oraz pierwszym prezesem towarzystwa bankowego był dr Ignacy Lipiński. Do roku 1921 bank działał jako „Towarzystwo Pożyczkowo-Oszczędnościowe”, a następnie został przekształcony w „Bank Szadkowski spółdzielnia z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością w mieście Szadku”. W październiku 1939 r. działalność banku została zawieszona z powodu trwającej okupacji niemieckiej. Reaktywowanie Banku Spółdzielczego nastąpiło w roku 1947. W 1950 r. spółdzielnia uległa przekształceniu na Gminną Kasę Spółdzielczą, a osiem lat później na Kasę Spółdzielczą. W 1961 r. przyjęła nazwę „Bank Spółdzielczy. Spółdzielnia Oszczędnościowo-Pożyczkowa”. Od maja 1962 r. do dziś instytucja działa pod nazwą „Bank Spółdzielczy w Szadku”. W roku 1975 bank został włączony w struktury Banku Gospodarki Żywnościowej. 18 lipca 1978 r. oddano do użytku nowy gmach Banku Spółdzielczego przy ul. Sieradzkiej w Szadku. Szadkowski bank w 1995 r. przystąpił do Zrzeszenia Regionalnego przy GBW S.A. w Poznaniu. Obecnie bank posiada cztery oddziały (Wodzierady, Goszczanów, Warta, Łask), jedną filię i punkt kasowy (Szadek). Publikacja przygotowana przy współpracy Ośrodka Badawczego Europejskiej Polityki Przestrzennej i Rozwoju Lokalnego UŁ

Czech credit unions have been yet criticized by both academics and regulatory representatives for its business based on moral hazard and excessive risk taking. This paper empirically assesses financial performance of Czech credit unions in relation with other European cooperative banks in terms of profitability and stability. To do that, we created a unique dataset of 283 cooperative banks from 15 European countries in the 2006-2013 period. System GMM method is employed as a main instrument of our empirical analysis and alternative panel data methods are used as supplementary techniques. Results revealed poor performance of Czech credit unions in terms of both profitability and stability. Moreover, adverse trends in stability measures of Czech credit unions are in sharp contrast to the tendencies in the rest of cooperative banks in our sample. To conclude, we argue that bigger Czech credit unions will face serious financial problems in coming years.

La reforma propuesta por la Comisión Europea en julio de 2010, modificando el procedimiento para fijar las aportaciones que deben realizar las entidades de crédito a los sistemas de garantía de depósitos en función de su nivel de riesgo, supondrá cambios sustanciales en las cuotas que pagan actualmente. Este trabajo analiza el perfil de riesgo de las cooperativas españolas durante el período 2007-2010 y cuantifica su efecto sobre las contribuciones al Fondo de Garantía de Depósitos de Entidades de Crédito (FGDEC) aplicando la metodología desarrollada por la Comisión. El estudio concluye con importantes evidencias sobre la evolución del perfil de riesgo del sector durante un periodo de recesión económica y el impacto de esta reforma, valorado a través del número de entidades que aumentarían su aportación y las variaciones en el coste del seguro respecto al sistema vigente. The reform proposed by the European Commission in July 2010, modifying the procedure for determining the contributions which the banks must make to the deposit guarantee systems according to their level of risk will imply substantial changes in the fees currently paid. This paper analyzes the risk profile of Spanish cooperatives during 2007-2010 and quantifies their effect on contributions to the Deposit Guarantee Fund for Credit Institutions (FGDEC) using the methodology proposed by the Commission. The study concludes with important evidence about the evolution of the risk profile of the sector in a period of economic recession and the impact of this reform, measured by means of the number of entities that would increase their input and variations in the cost of insurance in relation to the current system.

The sector of cooperative banking in Europe has occupied an important position in the banking system for many years, though its role in individual countries differs. Despite the reduction of the number of cooperative banks between 2004-2011, the number of their outposts increased. In recent years, members and customers of cooperative banks have grown dynamically. The cooperative banks increased the quantity of engaged and possessed assets. In the years 2004-2011, the discussed banks doubled their deposits (to 3,9 bln euro) and granted more than two times the number of loans (worth about 4 bln euro). / Synopsis. Sektor bankowości spółdzielczej w Europie zajmuje ważną pozycję w systemie bankowym od wielu lat, choć jego rola w poszczególnych krajach jest zróżnicowana. Pomimo zmniejszenia liczby banków spółdzielczych w latach 2004-2011, liczba ich placówek wzrosła. W ostatnich latach dynamicznie przybyło członków i klientów banków spółdzielczych. Banki spółdzielcze zwiększyły ilość zatrudnionych i posiadanych aktywów. W latach 2004-2011 omawiane banki podwoiły swoje depozyty (do 3,9 bln euro) i udzieliły ponad dwukrotnie wyższych kredytów (o wartości 4,0 bln euro).

Cooperative banks are small credit institutions, and they are more likely than commercial banks to default in periods of financial stability. Focusing on Italy (one of the largest cooperative banking markets), we analyze the contribution of efficiency to the estimation of the probability of default of cooperative banks. We estimate several measures of bank efficiency, and we run a discrete-time survival model to determine whether different managerial abilities play different roles in predicting bank failures. We show that higher efficiency levels (both in cost minimization and revenue and profit maximization) have a positive and statistically significant link with the probability of survival of cooperative banks. We also find that capital adequacy reduces the probability of default, supporting the view that higher capital buffers provide additional loss absorbency and reduce moral hazard problems.

The bank insolvency framework in Poland should be modernized to ensure financial stability, maintain the continuity of critical functions in the banking system, and protect depositors and creditors, while assigning losses according to a pre-established creditor hierarchy. Several country experiences in Europe and elsewhere have demonstrated the effectiveness of new bank resolution measures by the European commission. A key aspect of the resolution process is for the authorities to swiftly assess and revalue the balance sheet of the intervened bank. Other particularities of modern resolution procedures relate to maintaining the integrity of secured financial contracts to prevent disruptions in financial market transactions including in payments and settlements systems. The treatment of systemically important institutions should rely on extraordinary resolution tools which are necessary if a bank is too large to be purchased or for its liabilities to be readily assumed. The purpose of this paper is thus to describe and recommend new features that can be added to strengthen the Polish legislation for handling commercial bank insolvencies. The paper focuses on the legal issues related to insolvency of banks (including commercial banks and cooperative banks). The banking sector's share in the total assets of the credit sector amounts to 89 percent while cooperative banks control 6 percent. The only wholly-owned state bank is the development bank Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego (BGK) which is subject to supervision by the Polish Financial Supervisory Authority (KNF).

This paper draws on graduate research conducted by the authors: Colvin, C. L., ‘Religion, competition and liability: Dutch cooperative banking in crisis, 1919-1927’ (unpub. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science, 2011); and McLaughlin, E., ‘Microfinance institutions in nineteenth century Ireland’ (unpub. PhD thesis, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, 2009). They thank Ewen Cameron, Vincent Comerford, David Greasley, William Smyth, and participants at the European Historical Economics Society Conference (Dublin, 2011) and the Women’s Committee Workshop of the Economic History Society (Oxford, 2011) for commenting on an earlier version of this paper. What was the recipe for the success of Raiffeisen’s banking model? What made it possible for imitations of this German rural cooperative microfinance institution to work well in some European countries, but fail in others? This paper answers these questions with a comparison of Raiffeisenism in Ireland and the Netherlands. Raiffeisen banks arrived in both places at the same time, but had drastically different fates. In Ireland they were almost wiped out by the early 1920s, whilst in the Netherlands they proved to be a long-lasting institutional transplant. Raiffeisen banks were successful in the Netherlands because they operated in a niche market with few viable competitors. Meanwhile, rural financial markets in Ireland were unsegmented and populated by long-established incumbents, leaving little room for new players, whatever their perceived advantages. Whereas Dutch Raiffeisen banks were largely self-financing, closely integrated into the wider rural economy and took advantage of socioreligious division, their Irish counterparts did not.

International audience; ABSTRACT: This paper analyzes how French cooperative banking groups adapted their organization, status and model to develop and grow, until the current financial crisis. It explores how they benefitted from evolutions in cooperative law that lowered financing constraints and increased the scope of their activities, becoming large banking groups, and identifies how these groups tried to develop a model of governance, characterized by internal control, which was partly dedicated to the members, but biased more and more towards the top of the organizational pyramid and to stockholders (the new stakeholders coming from the existence of listed vehicles). While the developing business model for cooperative banks appeared to confer a comparative advantage and was synonymous with efficiency before the financial crisis, it seems that the hybridization of the cooperative model has also been a source of conflict of interest, weakness in strategy and an incentive to increase risk. The third part

The subject of this dissertation is a cooperative banking in the Czech Republic and Austria. This sector is in the Czech banking system made by credit unions and in Austria made by cooperative banks. Working with the theoretical part deals with the origin and historical development of these institutions, examines the legal environment in both countries, which does not neglect the influence of The European Union directives, and briefly describes the Austrian banking market with the accent on the functioning of the local supervisors. The practical part analyzes the current status and role of the cooperative banking institutions in the Czech and Austrian territory and compares the cooperative sector and banks sector. Finally, it made a brief summary and evaluation of the most important conclusions, where emphasis is placed on a comparison between the Czech and Austrian cooperative banking and their mutual differences.

This assessment of the Basel Core Principles (BCP) was conducted as part of the financial sector assessment program (FSAP) update evaluation of the El Salvador financial system from April 22 to May 10, 2010. The supervisory framework was assessed against the BCP methodology issued in October 2006. The assessment of compliance with each principle is made on a qualitative basis. A four-part assessment system is used: compliant; largely compliant; materially noncompliant; and noncompliant. A largely compliant assessment is given if only minor shortcomings are observed, and these are not seen as sufficient to raise serious doubts about the authority's ability to achieve the objective of that principle. A materially noncompliant assessment is given when the shortcomings are sufficient to raise doubts about the authority's ability to achieve compliance, but substantive progress has been made. A noncompliant assessment is given when no substantive progress toward compliance has been achieved. The ratings assigned during this assessment are not comparable to the ones assigned in the 2000 FSAP, as the bar to measure the effectiveness of a supervisory framework has been raised in the new methodology. This paper is structures as follows: introduction; information and methodology used for assessment; institutional and macroeconomic setting and market structure- overview; preconditions for effective bank supervision; main findings; and recommended action plan and authorities' response.

1935 yılında kurulan TKK, ülkemizin en büyük ve etkili tarımsal kooperatif kuruluşudur. Siyasi, makro ekonomik, sektörel ve kurumsal yönetime ilişkin faktörlerdeki değişime tam olarak uyum sağlayamama nedeniyle TKK'nin mali performansı düşmüş ve finansal sorunları belirginleşmeye başlamıştır. Çalışmanın amacı da bu sorunların kaynaklarını ve boyutlarını tespit etmek şeklinde belirlenmiştir.2008 yılı sonu itibariyle Tarım Kredi Kooperatiflerinin bilanço büyüklüğü 6.488 milyon liraya ulaşmış ve Toplam kaynakların %44'ü (2.847 milyon TL) öz kaynaklardan oluşmaktadır. TTK 2.124 milyon TL toplam kredi hacmi ile T.C. Ziraat Bankasından sonra çiftçilere en fazla kredi kullandıran ikinci büyük kuruluş olmuştur. İş potansiyelinin tamamı, kurumun kaynak temininde karşılaştığı sorunlar nedeniyle, gerçekleştirilememektedir. Nitekim finansman kaynakları 2000 yılından itibaren düşmeye başlamış ve sayıları 1.321.877 olan çiftçi ortaklarının kredi taleplerinin ancak bir kısmını karşılayabilecek duruma gerilemiştir. Ayrıca, kurum kaynaklarının optimal kullanımı konusunda da sorunlar tespit edilmiştir.Çalışmada, tarımsal kredilerin ve bu kapsamda kooperatif finansman alternatifinin önemini ortaya koymak üzere 31.12.2000 ? 31.12.2008 dönemi konsolide mali tabloları esas alınarak yapılan mali analizlerle TTK'nin performansı ölçülmüş ve sorun alanları tespit edilmiştir. Analiz kapsamında, Merkez Birliği ve 16 bölge birliğinin yüzde yönetimi ile analizi, trend analizi ve oran analizi yapılmış ve karşılaştırmalı olarak tablolaştırılmıştır. Analiz sonucu elde edilen bulgulara göre; duran varlık ve özsermaye artışlarının enflasyon muhasebesinin bir sonucu olduğu, nakit artış olmadığı gözlenmiştir. 2003 yılından itibaren satışlarda gözlenen artışlar kurum karlılığına yansıtılamamış; kar marjları düşmüştür, hatta karlılık istikrarı da önemli oranda bozulmuştur. Genel yönetim giderlerinin aşırı boyutlara ulaştığı, trendin bu şekilde devamının ciddi sorunları beraberinde getireceği tespit edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, bazı bölge birliklerinin yeterli özkaynağının olmadığı, bazılarının ise negatif olduğu, 414 üye kooperatifinde özkaynağının negatif olduğu görülmüştür. Bu tespitler kurumun ve tarımsal kredilerin geleceği konusunda endişe oluşturmaktadır. Son olarak TKK' nın sorunlarına çözüm alternatifleri geliştirilmiştir. Turkey Agricultural Credit Cooperatives was founded on 1935, is the biggest and the most effective agricultural cooperative in Turkey. Due to lack of ability to adjust itself to the changes in political, macro economic and managerial changes, the Institution?s financial performance has declined and financial problems started to arise. Therefore the objective of the study determined as investigating in depth the roots and magnitude of these problems.As of end of fiscal year 2008, total assets of Turkey Agricultural Credit Cooperatives is reached to 6.488 million TL, share of equity capital to total liabilities is 44% (2.827 million TL), and with the outstanding credits of 2.124 million TL, extended to agricultural sector, is the second largest creditor after the Ziraat Bank. However the Institution cannot exploit full potential due to lack availability and accessibility to financing sources. In fact, amount of financing means has been reduced since year 2000 and the Institution has come to a position not being able to meet demand for credit from its partner farmers, whose number reaches 1.321.877. Also, some problems have been determined regarding the optimal usage of resources available to the Institution.In order to bring about the relative importance agricultural credits in the context of cooperative finance alternatives; financial analysis of the Turkey Agricultural Credit Cooperatives has been performed based on the consolidated financial statements of the regional cooperative unions covering the period of 2000 ? 2008 fiscal year results. The range of analysis performed includes, based on the 1 Central Union and 16 regional cooperative unions individually, common size analysis, trend analysis and ratio analysis and reported in comparative formats. According to the results of the analysis, increases in assets and equity stemmed from inflationary adjustment of financial statements, secondly, inspite of increases in sales, profit margins and net income have been declined gradually since 2003, also volatility of earnings increase during the period. Thirdly, general administrative expenses has been increased to a unsustainable levels, if this trend prevailed, serious problems will be inevitable in the coming years. Fourth, some of the regional cooperative unions have almost zero equity capital, while some of them even have negative equity capital, number of individual cooperative in that category is about 414. That altogether, fuels the fear about the future of both Turkey Agricultural Credit Cooperatives and agricultural credits. Finally, proposals for probable solutions has been developed for the Turkey Agricultural Credit Cooperatives. 290

Over the past decades, the European banking market has been deeply modified by events such as globalisation, financial innovation, deregulation, disintermediation, consolidation, shareholder value and the intense process of political, social and economic integration. The new environment has enhanced the level of competition; influencing the volume, quality and price of financial services and squeezing banks' profitability.

The aim of the paper is an attempt to assess the economic and organisational situation of the Polish cooperative banking group against the background of the selected cooperative banking groups and systems, associated with the European Association of Co-operative Banks (EACB), which is the largest European organization of the type. The analysis was realized basing on data published by the EACB for years 2005-2007. / Synopsis. Celem opracowania jest próba oceny sytuacji ekonomiczno-organizacyjnej polskiej spółdzielczości bankowej na tle wybranych spółdzielczych grup i systemów bankowych, stowarzyszonych w Europejskim Związku Banków Spółdzielczych (EACB), który jest największą europejską tego typu organizacją. Analizę przeprowadzono w oparciu o dane opublikowane przez EACB za lata 2005-2007.

Kooperatifler, bireylerin tek başlarına yapamayacakları işleri yapabilmek için gönüllü olarak bir araya gelerek oluşturdukları demokratik sistemdir. Kooperatifler, belirli gruplar tarafından kendi aralarında işbirliği yaparak, ortak ihtiyaçlarını karşılayabilmek amacıyla oluşturulmaktadırlar.Türkiye'de çeşit ve sayı olarak fazlaca bulunan kooperatiflerin öz kaynak, kredi ve sermaye yetersizliği gibi birtakım sorunları vardır. Kooperatifler bu sorunlar yüzünden ne yazık ki istenilen ölçüde gelişememişlerdir. Kooperatifçilik hareketinin sorunlarının çözülmesi, kendisinden beklenen ekonomik ve sosyal görevleri yerine getirebilmesi için Türkiye'de kooperatiflerin finansal sorunlarının çözümü gerekmektedir.Kooperatif Bankaları, kooperatiflerin finansman sorununu çözmede etkin araç olarak görülmektedir. Kooperatif Bankaları, kooperatif ve üst örgütleri tarafından kurulup işletilen, onlar tarafından sahip olunan ve onlara kredi veren bir kuruluştur. Kooperatif bankacılığı sistemi ise kısaca kooperatiflere kredi veren ve kooperatifler üst örgütleri tarafından yönetilen bankalardır.Avrupa Birliği'nde Kooperatif Bankacılığı ve Türkiye'de uygulanabilirliği isimli tez çalışmamızın birinci bölümünde; kooperatifler ve kooperatif bankacılığı hakkında genel bilgiler verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde; Avrupa Birliği'ne üye ülkelerde Kooperatif Bankacılığı'nın tarihsel gelişimi ve Kooperatifler Bankası uygulamaları incelenmiştir. Üçüncü ve son bölümde ise; Türkiye'de kurulması istenen Kooperatifler Bankası'nın mevcut şartlarda kurulup kurulamayacağı ve kurulması için gerekli olan şartlar ve Türkiye için model önerileri incelenmiştir. Cooperatives are democratic systems that persons come together to do their work which they can?t do alone. Cooperatives are formed by kinds of groups to serve their needs.There are lots of and kinds of cooperatives in Turkey that have financial problems like insufficient capital and insufficent credit. Because of these financial problems cooperatives can?t develop. If wanting that cooperatives have more powerful and dynamic role in Turkey, these financial problems have to be solved. Cooperative Banking system is constituted such a suggestion to solve these financial problems. Cooperative Banks provide credit to cooperatives. Also this cooperative banking model is managed and founded by cooperatives.In this thesis named that Cooperative Banking System in European Union and Practicability in Turkey is composed three section. In the first section of the thesis gives general information about cooperatives and cooperative banking systems. In the second section it is investigated historical development of cooperative banks. Another important point which examined in the second section is cooperative banking models in the European Union countries. In the last part of the thesis is emphasized if A Bank Of Cooperative in Turkey can be founded in present conditions and cooperative banking model suggestions for Turkey. 117

Outsourcing in cooperative banking can, for the most part, be analysed by way of responding to three significant questions. These questions are as follows: (I) For what ‘reasons’, and in what areas, is outsourcing used by particular banks and financial intermediaries, according to the main literature on this subject and the most significant practices described therein? (II) What are the guidelines for ‘good’ outsourcing, aimed at creating value according to safe and sound principles? (III) What are the opportunities and risks of outsourcing policies fol-lowed by cooperative banks?

The aim of the paper is an attempt to assess the economic and organisational situation of the cooperative banking groups, associated in Unico. Unico is an European cooperative banking organization uniting some banks from the EU and Switzerland. The analysis is based on data published by Unico for years 2005 and 2006. / Synopsis. Celem opracowania jest próba oceny sytuacji ekonomiczno-organizacyjnej spółdzielczych grup bankowych, stowarzyszonych w Unico, która jest europejską organizacją ponadwspólnotową. Analizę przeprowadzono w oparciu o dane opublikowane przez Unico za lata 2005 i 2006.

Köy Kalkınma Kooperatifleri özellikle 1960'lı yıllarda Türk kooperatifçilik hareketinin öncüsü konumunda olup demokratik kooperatifçilik açısından olumlu katkılar sağlamışlardır. Türk kooperatifçiliği o döneme kadar gerçek anlamda tabandan gelen bir kooperatifçilik hareketi ile tanışmamıştır. Ancak ülkemiz ekonomisinde, özellikle de tarımın gelişmesi açısından kooperatifçiliğin önemi bu kooperatiflerle ortaya çıkmıştır. Fakat bu hareket özellikle 1980'li yıllara gelindiğinde o dönemde uygulanan politikalar aracılığı ile hızını kaybetmiş ve son yıllara kadar gerçek anlamda yerini bulamamıştır.Kooperatifçiliğin gelişmesinin çok yönlü ilişkilerle düşünülmesi, bunun için de gerekli tedbirlerin bir an önce alınması gerekmektedir. Ülkemiz ekonomisinde tarımda çalışan nüfus hala %29,4 iken, bu kooperatifler 6850 kooperatif, 748.000 ortak, 78 birlik sayısı ile ülkemiz tarımındaki önemini korumaktadır. Günümüzde kooperatiflerin sorunları ortaya konulup çözüm önerileri defalarca tekrar edilmektedir. Ancak sorunları çözmek yerine yeni sorunlar eklenmektedir. Kooperatiflere alternatif olarak üretici birlikleri, köylere hizmet götürme birlikleri gibi yeni örgütler önerilmektedir. Köylü kendi örgütünü kurup, yönetebileceğini zaten ispatlamıştır. Tarımın sorunları bir bütün olarak düşünülüp, bir an önce bağımsız demokratik kooperatiflerinin sorunlarının ciddiyetle ve titizlikle çözülmesi gerekmektedir. Bugün örnek aldığımız AB tarımını kooperatiflerle kalkındırmıştır. Küçük üreticiler bu kooperatifler sayesinde ayakta kalmıştır.İşte bu nedenlerle bu çalışmada, Türk kooperatifçilik hareketi açısından önemi yadsınamayacak, Köy Kalkınma Kooperatifleri daha derinlemesine incelenmiş ve bu hareket içerisinde yer alan kişilerle görüşülerek analiz edilmiş, ülkemiz kooperatifçiliğinin gelişmesi açısından gerekli ipuçları ortaya çıkarılmıştır.Özellikle 1980 öncesi ve sonrası yöneticilik yapmış kooperatifçilerin devletle ilişkiler ve finansman açısından görüşleri oldukça dikkat çekicidir. Bu kooperatiflerin Devletle ilişkileri tekrar gözden geçirilmelidir. Araştırma sonucunda kooperatif işletmelerin profesyonel yöneticilerle yönetilmesi gerçeği, politika oluşturmada daha etkin katılım, asıl çalışma konularında yatırım yapması ve ekonomik çıkarlar gözetilerek daha etkin işbirliği gereği ortaya çıkmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Kooperatifçilik, Tarım, Köy Kalkınma Kooperatifleri, Tarımsal Kalkınma Kooperatifleri, Devletle ilişkiler Especially in 1960s Köy-Koops were in the situation of being a pioneer of the Turkish cooperative movement and in terms of democratic cooperative system made positive contributions. Until that period of time, Turkish cooperative system had not really been introduced with a cooperative movement based on members. However, in Turkish economy, especially in terms of developing the agriculture, the importance of the cooperative system was realized with these cooperatives. Unfortunately cooperative movement, especially in 1980?s lost its development due to the policies applied and until the recent years, they really could not find their places.It is necessary to think the development of cooperative system with versatile relations, so the necessary precautions should be taken as soon as possible. In our country's economy, people that have been working in agriculture still has a share of %29,4 ,these cooperatives 6850 in number 748.000 members with the number of 78 regional cooperative unions, have still been keeping their importance in agriculture. At present, the problems of the cooperatives have been set forth, but the solutions to the problems are suggested again and again. Instead of solving the problems, new problems are added ( like developing new organization models ).There is no need for new models. Villagers have already proved that they can establish and govern their own organizations. The problems of agriculture should be thought as a whole, because it is necessary to solve the problems of independent and democratic cooperatives as soon as possible and meticulously. EU, which we have taken as a model today, developed its agriculture by the help of cooperatives. The small producers have survived thanks to these cooperatives.For these reasons, in this study, in terms of Turkish cooperative system movement, the importance cannot be inconvertible, the Village Development Cooperatives have been studied in depth and by making interviews with the people of this movement has been analyzed, in terms of developing our country's cooperative system the necessary clues have been come into open. Especially the members of cooperatives who were in cooperative management before and after 1980, the opinions of those in terms of the relationship with the government and finance are remarkable. The relations of these cooperatives with the government should be revised again.As a result of the research, it has been clear that cooperatives should be managed by professional managers, efficient participation for creating cooperative policy investing funds in basic cooperative activities and more efficient cooperation considering the economic profits were seen necessary.Key Words: The Cooperative System, Agriculture, The Village Development Cooperatives, Agricultural Development Cooperatives, Relations With The Government 83

Bu çalışmada, ?Türk siyasi partilerinin kooperatiflere ve kooperatifçiliğe bakışı? siyasi partilerin parti programlarından ve literatürden yararlanılarak teorik olarak araştırılmıştır.Ayrıca, Uşak'ta örgütlü siyasi parti yöneticilerine yönelik anket çalışmasıyla, partilerin ve partili yöneticilerin kooperatiflere ve kooperatifçiliğe verdikleri önem uygulamalı olarak araştırılmıştır. Uygulamadan elde edilen bulgular çizelgeler yardımıyla yorumlanmıştır. Bu yorumlar teorik verilerle karşılaştırılarak bazı sonuçlara varılmıştır. Buna göre; DSP'nin kooperatifçiliğe ve kooperatiflere en yakın parti olduğu ve ulusal kalkınmada ekonomik ve sosyal bir araç olarak düşünüp ?Köy-Kent? olarak sistemleştirdiği ortaya çıkmıştır. CHP ile MHP'nin ise; DSP kadar olmasa bile, kooperatifçiliği benimsedikleri söylenebilir.Anahtar Sözcükler1.Siyasi parti yöneticisi2.Siyasi parti programı3.Kooperatifçilik ilkeleri4.Kooperatifçilik politikası5.Kooperatifçilik görüşü6. Kooperatif çözümler In this working is ?Approach of the Turkish political parties to cooperative system in Turkey?. The issue have been searched from the programmes on concepts of political parties and literature as theoretical.In addition, a questionnaire has been made to administrators of political parties that organized in Uşak. To attach importance of the political parties and administrators to cooperative system have been searched as practical. The findings from this research have been interpreted by tables. This interpretations have been compared with theoretical data and have been inferred. Accordingly, The DSP (Democratic Left Party) is the closest party to the cooperativism (cooperative system) and cooperative enterprises. It was found out that is shown as an economic and social instrument and systemized as an ?Urbanized Country? (Köy-Kent) in the National Development by DSP. It can be said that CHP (Republic People Party) and MHP (Nationalist Action Party) adopt it not rather than DSP.Key Words1.The Administators of Political Parties2.The Programme of Political Parties3.The Principles of Cooperative4.The Cooperative Policies5.The Cooperative Aspects6.The Cooperative Solitions 85

ÖZETECZA KOOPERATİFLERİNDE KARŞILAŞILAN SORUNLAR VE ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİİlaç dağıtım kanalı; üretici ile tüketici yada arz ve talep arasındaki ilişki sürecinde üretilen hizmetlerdir. İlacı üreticiden tüketiciye ulaştıran yollar üzerinde ilaç depoları, eczaneler ve hastaneler bulunmaktadır. İlaç dağıtım kanallarının mevcudiyetini gerektiren nedenler, tüketicilerin ekonomik olarak küçük, etkisiz ve hareketsiz olmasıdır. İlaç depoları, İlaç üreticilerinden büyük ölçekli alımlar gerçekleştirerek elde ettikleri fiyat indirimlerini perakende satıcı olan eczanelere aktararak faaliyet göstermektedirler.Ecza kooperatifleri, “üretim, temin, dağıtım kooperatifi” tanımı içerisinde yer alırlar. Geleneksel kooperatifçilik ilkelerine bağlı olmak koşulu ile mesleki bir boyutları da vardır ve eczacı odasına kayıtlı eczacılardan oluşmaktadır.Çalışmada, ilaç endüstrisinin, dağıtım sektörünün ve ecza kooperatiflerinin mevcut durumunun incelenmesi ile kooperatifçiliğimizin genel sorunları çerçevesinde ecza kooperatiflerinin öznel sorunlarına değinilmesi ve çözüm önerilerine yer verilmesi hedeflenmiştir.Bu hedefler doğrultusunda; Birinci bölümde, Cumhuriyetten günümüze eczacılığımıza kısaca değinilmiş, ülkemizde ve dünyada ilaç endüstrisi hakkında genel bilgiler verilmiş ayrıca ilaç dağıtım kanallarının unsurları incelenmiştir. İkinci bölümde, kooperatifçilik kavramı üzerinde durulmuş, ecza kooperatiflerimizin örgütlenmesini gerektiren nedenlere değinilmiş, rakamlar ışığında ülkemiz ve Avrupa Birliğinde ecza kooperatiflerinin durumuna bakılmış son olarak ecza kooperatiflerinin ülkemize katkılarına yer verilmiştir.Üçüncü ve son bölümde ise, ülkemizdeki kooperatifçilik türlerinin birçoğu için geçerli olan, finansman, üst örgütlenme, eğitim, insan kaynakları, pazarlama, mevzuat vb. sorunlarına ecza kooperatifleri açısından yaklaşılarak ecza kooperatiflerinin öznel sorunlarına maddeler halinde değinilmiştir. Ülkemizdeki ilaç dağıtım sektörü ve ecza kooperatiflerinin mevcut mevzuat ve uygulamalar çerçevesindeki işleyişi ile sorunları incelenerek, çalışmadan elde edilen veriler ışığında sektördeki sorunların ecza kooperatifleri açısından ne şekilde çözülebileceğine dair bazı saptamalar ve çözüm önerilerine yer verilmiştir.SUMMARYPROBLEMS MET IN DRUG COOPERATIONS AND ITS SOLUTION ADVICESDrug distribution channel are the services produced during the relation process between producer and consumer or between supply and demand.There are drug stores,pharmacies and hospitals and on the way conveying the drug from producer to consumer.Resons necessiating the drug distribution channels are being the small,uneffective and motionless of the consumers economically.Drug Stores are activating by transfering the price discounts to wholesaler pharmacies by purchasing in great amount from the drug manufacturers.Drug cooperatives take place in the description of the '' production,supplying and distribution cooperative''.They have also a occupational dimension provided that they are loyal to the principles of traditional cooperative system and are composed of pharmacists registered to pharmacist foundationIn working,it was aimed that the examination the avaliable situation of drug industry,distribution sector and drug cooperatives and within the general frame of problems of our cooperative system,subjective problems and solution advices' giving were aimed. In accordence with these targets;In the first part,it was mentioned about the pharmaceutics from Republic to nowadays,general informations were given about the drug industry in our country and world,also elements of drug distribution channels were examined. In the second part,Concept of cooperative system was discussed,reason necessiating that drug foundation should be organized were discussed,In terms of numerical,situaiton of druf cooperatives of our country and Europe was discussed and lastly Contributions of the drug cooperatives to our country was examined.In the third and last part,problems of drug cooperatives were dealt with by approaching one by one in terms of drug cooperatives whose problems are financial,top organization,education,human source,marketing,regulations...etc which is valid for many types of cooperative systems in our country.

Türkiye 'deki kooperatiflerin ve üst örgütlerinin hemen hepsi sermaye güçlüğü içerisindedirler. Bu durum dikkate alındığında başta finansman sorununun çözümlenebilmesi için kooperatif ve çeşitli kaynaklardan mevduat toplayıp bunları kooperatiflere kredi olarak veren bir Kooperatifler Bankası kurulması ihtiyacı olduğu görülmüştür. Bu doğrultuda bankanın faaliyetleri incelenerek, Kooperatif Bankası önerileri sunulmuş ve bu önerilere eleştiriler getirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Kooperatifler Bankası'nın dünyadaki uygulamaları araştırılarak bankanın kuruluşu için gerekli olan finansman ve kredi kaynağının nasıl sağlanabileceği açıklanmıştır. Her iş alanında olduğu gibi Kooperatifler Bankacılığında da personel eğitiminin önemi vurgulanmış ve bu amaçla eğitim önerisi sunulmuştur. Türkiye'de kooperatifçilik hareketi kendisinden beklenilen ekonomik ve sosyal görevlerini yerine getirebilmesi için kendi bağımsız finansman kurumuna, yani bir Kooperatifler Bankası 'na sahip olması gerekir. Cooperatives and almost all of their upper organizations have problem to get capital. In this framework, a need emerged to from a Bank of Cooperatives which aims to collect deposits and provides cooperatives credit with the purpose of solving problem of finance. There fore activities in the field of banking ar analyzed in order to offer ideas about the Bank of Cooperatives. In this study, style of work of Bank of Cooperatives has been observed and potential ways to create financing and credit sources were explained. As it is in the all field of bussiness, in the field of Cooperative Banking, training of the staff has been emphesized. To have an independent institution offers financial resources is vital to make economic and social duties of cooperatives. 134

Tez (yüksek lisans) - Anadolu Üniversitesi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme Anabilim Dalı, Kayıt no: 164502, Ülkemiz için konut önemli ve edinimi güç olan bir tüketim malıdır. Bugün gelişmiş ülkelerde bulunan konut edinimi yollarını incelediğimizde, bütün bireylerin kullanabileceği yerleşmiş bazı sistemler uygulandığı görülmektedir. Ancak, ülkemizde konut edinmek isteyen bireylerin yararlanabileceği tek bir yol bulunmaktadır. O da kendi birikimleridir. Günümüzde dünya genelinde uygulanan 4 tip konut finansman sistemi vardır. Bunlar sırasıyla Doğrudan Finansman Sistemi, Mukavele Sistemi, Mevduat Finansman Sistemi ve İpotek Bankası Sistemi'dir. Bu dört sisteminde çalışma prensipleri birbirinden farklıdır. Örneğin doğrudan finansman ve mukavele sistemleri daha çok gelişmekte olan ülkelerde yaygın olarak kullanılmasına karşın, doğrudan finansman sisteminde kişi konut edinmek üzere gereksinimi olan fonu kendisi ile aile ve yakın çevresindeki kişilerden temin ederken, mukavele sisteminde konut edinmek isteyen kişiler, bankada belli bir dönem tasarruflarını biriktirdikten sonra konutedinmek için gereksinimleri olan fonu almaya hak kazanırlar. Mevduat finansman sisteminde ise, reel faiz ile mevduat toplayıp, toplanan bu fon fazlalıklarını gereksinimi olan kişilere aktarması şeklinde gerçekleşmekte ve enflasyon kaygısı olmayan gelişmiş ülkelerde uygulanmaktadır. Yapılan bu çalışmamızda en son finansman sistemi olan ipotek bankacılığına değinilmiş ve bu sistemin ülkemizde işlerliği tartışılmıştır. Genel olarak ipotek bankası modeli enflasyonun belirsiz olduğu ülkelerde değişik faiz alternatifleriyle sunulduğunda başarıya ulaşmış bir finansman sistemidir. Ülkemiz için önerdiğimiz ipotek bankasının gelişmiş ülkelerde uygulanan örneklerinden farkı, mevduat toplama yetkisidir. Gelişmiş ülkelerde ipotek bankaları mevduat toplamazlar. Aksine finansman temin ederler. Ülkemiz gibi enflasyonist ülkelerde konut edineceklere gereksinim duydukları fiııansmanı sağlayabilmek içiıı kaynağa gereksinim vardır. İpotek bankalarına mevduat toplama yetkisinin verilmesi ve toplanan bu mevduatlara serbest piyasada oluşan faiz oranlarının 1-2 puan üstünde reel faiz verilmesi, faiz gelirlerinin gelir vergisinden istisna tutulması ve bunun gibi kolaylıkların gösterilmesi eldeki kıt kaynakları ve yastık altında kalan paraları bankaya çekerek hem ekonomiye yeni bir katkı sağlayacak hem de konut edinmek isteyenleri tasarrufa yöneltecektir. Konut kooperatifleri dar ve orta gelirli kişilerin gereksinimlerini gidermek üzere biraraya geldikleri ve konutu daha ucuza fiyatlandırdıkları, amacı içinde kar olgusu olmayan bir tüzel kişiliktir. Kooperatif ipotek bankası modeliyle amaçları ortak olan bu kooperatifler bir araya getirilerek ülkemizde çok pahalı bir finansman aracı olan parayı daha Uygun koşullarla sağlayacak ve gereksinim içindeki konut kooperatiflerine kullandıracaktır. Kooperatif ipotek bankacılığının uygulanabilmesi için, ülkemizde yapılması gereken yasal değişikliklerin neler olduğu açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır.

177 ÖZET Kooperatifler, insanların kendi başlarına yapamadıkları işleri yapmak üzere bir araya gelerek kurdukları bir sistemdir. Bu sebeple de kooperatifler kuruluşlarında finansman imkanlarından etkin bir şekilde yararlanamamaktadırlar. Yapılan çalışmalarda Türkiye'de kurulmuş olan kooperatiflerin sıkıntılarının en başında finansman sorunu geldiği tespit edilmiştir. Gelişmiş ülkelerde bu sorun kooperatif bankaları kurularak çözülmüştür. Kooperatif bankacılığı, kooperatif ve üst örgütlerine kredi veren bir kuruluştur. Aynı zamanda kooperatif bankacılığı; kooperatif üst örgütleri tarafından kurulup işletilen, onlar tarafından sahip olunan bankacılık sistemidir. Kooperatif bankacılık sisteminin özelliği, sadece kooperatiflere kredi vermesi değil, bankanın yönetim ve finansmanına kooperatif ve üst örgütlerinin egemen olmasıdır. Kooperatif bankacılığının temelleri 19.yüzyılın ortalarında Almanya ve İngiltere'de hemen hemen aynı zamanlarda atılmıştır. Dünyadaki uygulamalarından hareketle kooperatif bankacılığı sistemi genelde iki model altında incelenebilir. Bunlardan ilki, belirli bir noktaya kadar tamamen kooperatiflerin hakim olduğu bankacılık şubeleri ve üstlerinde bir merkez kooperatif bankasının bulunduğu, Alman modeli diye de adlandırabileceğimiz modeldir. Diğer yapı ise kooperatiflerin ortağı olduğu anonim şirket şeklinde kurulan ve şube ağı ile hizmet sunan, İngiliz modelinde olduğu gibi bankacılık hizmeti veren İngiliz Kooperatif Bankacılığı olarak adlandırabileceğimiz modeldir. Türkiye'de kooperatiflerin finansman problemlerini gidermek için yapılacak önerilerden birisi de kooperatif bankası kurulmasıdır. Tezde178 Türkiye'de bir kooperatifler bankası kurulması gerekliliğinden hareketle model önerileri yapılmıştır. Bu modelleri ise aşağıdaki gibi sıralamak mümkündür. 1. Temel değişikleri gerektirmeyen Kooperatif Bankası Modeli, 2. Alman ve İngiliz modellerinden birisi baz alınarak kurulacak Kooperatif Bankası Modeli, 3. Yeni bir model kapsamında kurulacak Kooperatif Bankası uygulaması. Bu üç modelin ortak noktaları ise; bankanın tüm kooperatiflere hizmet götürmesi ve bankanın sermayesinin tamamının tüm kooperatiflerin mali güçleri oranındaki taahhütleriyle oluşturulmasıdır. 179 ABSTRACT Cooperatives are a system that human can't do himselves and for do things together. Therefore, cooperatives aren' t efficiently utulize financial possibility in their settings. In working, eminent problems that cooperative 's set ups in Turkey are establised financial problems. That problems have been solved by setting cooperative banks in developed countries. Cooperative banking is an organization which gives loans to cooperatives and their top organization. In same time, cooperative banking is an banking system who set ups by cooperatives and/or their top organizations. Properties of cooperative bankings system, is not only gives loans to cooperatives but also provide financing and managing of bank by has a top organizations. Fundementals of cooperative banking system are determined in middle of 19. century at Germany and United Kingdom (England) in same time. Cooperative banking system have inspected by under two models in the world practicies. One of all, is called German Model. In that model, cooperatives are own the banking branches until determined point. Central Cooperative Bank is at the top of the model. The other model is called English Model. In that model, copperative banking system set up by a joint- stock company which stuff cooperatives. One of the suggest is set up a cooperative banking for to eliminate the financial problems of cooperatives in Turkey. In this thesis, suggested a models which have to set up obligation cooperative banking in Turkey. These models are listing below;180 1. Cooperative banking model which is not responsible for based changes, 2. Cooperative banking model which is modified by German or English Models, 3. A new model of cooperative banking, All of these three models common points are to serves all cooperatives and bank capital consist of cooperatives financial force..w*w' tic. 191

The aim of this paper is to assess the current situation of Czech credit unions in context of their past development, changing environment and legislative framework evolution. We focus on the differences between traditional cornerstones of cooperative banking and operating principles of Czech credit unions. We compare contemporary credit unions’ performance with performance of their predecessors together with performance of commercial banks. We conclude that despite the crisis of 1999, Czech credit unions still behave like small and risky commercial banks what contradicts to business models of the credit cooperatives operating in the EU.