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Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho isolar e caracterizar bioquimicamente a microbiota psicrotrófica, bem como avaliar seu poder deteriorador no leite cru refrigerado, armazenado em tanques de expansão, individuais e coletivos, de propriedades das regiões Agreste e Sertão do Estado de Alagoas. Foram analisadas amostras de leite coletadas em 23 tanques individuais e 13 coletivos, onde se verificou a presença de bactérias psicrotróficas nos dois tipos de tanques de refrigeração, sendo um total de 105 isolados bacterianos. Foi detectada a predominância de bactérias psicrotróficas gram-negativas 78,09% (82/105), dos gêneros Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Aeromonas, Burkholderia, Acinetobacter e Shigella, enquanto que as bactérias gram-positivas foram da ordem de 21,90% dos gêneros Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Micrococcus e Bacillus. Pseudomonas foi o gênero predominante com 43,81%. A grande maioria dos isolados bacterianos demonstrou alto poder de produção de enzimas extracelulares – protease, lipase e/ou lecitinase, evidenciando assim potencial deteriorador do leite e derivados. Estatisticamente não foi significativa a diferença de produção enzimática pelos isolados entre tanques individuais e coletivos, não havendo dependência entre o número de isolados bacterianos produtores de enzimas e o tipo de tanque.

Raw milk is a food with great consumption and economic value in Brazil. However, is susceptible of contamination by pathogenic bacteria. The aimed of this study was to evaluate the quality of in natura milk based on microbiological in three dairy farms, somatic cells counting (SCC), bacterial counting and his physical-chemical composition. Were made the following microbiological analysis: counting of mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria, coliforms at 30 ºC, coliforms at 45 ºC, Staphylococcus spp., Listeria spp., and SCC. The physical-chemical analysis was fat, protein, lactose, total solids, urea, and casein. There was no evidence of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli were identified in any samples. In accordance to the microbiological standards established by Normative Instruction 76 only coliforms 30 ºC and 45 ºC counts were above the standards. There was a significant difference (p≤0.05) between the three farms studied regarding most microbiological aspects. Also, was observed difference (p≤0.05) for most of physical-chemical aspects. Overall, the milk produced in the regions of Alagoas State fails to meet just a constant criterion in the current legislation. La leche cruda es un alimento de gran consumo y valor económico en Brasil. Sin embargo, es susceptible a la contaminación por bacterias patógenas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la calidad de la leche in natura en base al recuento de células somáticas (CCS), el recuento de bacterias y su composición físico-química. Se realizaron los siguientes análisis microbiológicos: recuento de bacterias mesófilas y psicotróficas, coliformes a 30 ºC, coliformes a 45 ºC, Staphylococcus spp., Listeria spp. y CCS. Los análisis físico-químicos fueron de grasa, proteína, lactosa, sólidos totales, urea y caseína. No se identificaron pruebas de Salmonella spp. y Escherichia coli en ninguna muestra. De acuerdo con las normas microbiológicas establecidas por la Instrucción Normativa Nº 76, sólo los recuentos de coliformes a 30 ºC y 45 ºC estaban por encima de las normas. Hubo una diferencia significativa (p≤0,05) entre las tres granjas estudiadas en cuanto a la mayoría de los aspectos microbiológicos. Además, se observó una diferencia (p≤0,05) en la mayoría de los aspectos físico-químicos. En general, la leche producida en las regiones del estado de Alagoas no puede cumplir con un solo criterio de la legislación vigente. O leite cru é um alimento com grande consumo e valor econômico no Brasil. No entanto, é susceptível de contaminação por bactérias patogênicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade do leite in natura com base em contagem de células somáticas (CCS), contagem bacteriana e sua composição físico-química. Foram feitas as seguintes análises microbiológicas: contagem de bactérias mesofílicas e psicrotróficas, coliformes a 30 ºC, coliformes a 45 ºC, Staphylococcus spp., Listeria spp. e CCS. As análises físico-químicas foram gordura, proteína, lactose, sólidos totais, uréia e caseína. Não houve evidência de Salmonella spp. e Escherichia coli em nenhuma amostra. De acordo com os padrões microbiológicos estabelecidos pela Instrução Normativa nº 76, apenas as contagens de coliformes a 30 ºC e 45 ºC estavam acima dos padrões. Houve uma diferença significativa (p≤0,05) entre as três fazendas estudadas quanto à maioria dos aspectos microbiológicos. Além disso, foi observada diferença (p≤0,05) para a maioria dos aspectos físico-químicos. Em geral, o leite produzido nas regiões do estado de Alagoas não consegue atender apenas a um critério constante da legislação vigente.

The present study aimed to determine the quality of honey marketed in the State of Alagoas, Brazil. Fifteen samples of Apis mellifera L. honey sold in supermarkets, free trade, and cooperative located in the State of Alagoas were acquired. Microbiological and physical-chemical analyzes were carried out to establish a standard microbiology condition and check for possible tampering. The physico-chemical analyzes showed that all the samples studied presented acid pH values ​​ranging between 2.3 and 4.4. For diastase activity and reaction, Lugol which are indicative of the presence of starch and dextrin, and reaction Fiehe, which is a qualitative indicator of HMF, all samples were negative for at least the parameters. As the microbiological standard, 26.6% of all samples showed high standard count mesophilic aerobic bacteria, 20% had counts of molds and yeasts above the quality standards established by Brazilian law. For enumeration of coliforms at 35 and 45°C, it was found that most samples were contaminated (86.7%). It is the presence of sporulated bacteria in 13.3% of the samples, which were 15.26 and 84.64% genus Clostridium of the genus Bacillus. Key words: Apiculture products, contamination, physico-chemistry, microbiology, Clostridium botulinum.

Infertility and prenatal mortality are the most important causes of production losses in domestic animals. The presence of pathogenic agents in the female reproductive system of cattle can negatively influence the reproductive performance of the herd. The objective of this study was to isolate, quantify, and characterize the components of the vaginal microbiota of multiparous and nulliparous mongrel cows, focusing on proper health and reproductive management. Samples were collected from 20 healthy animals: 10 nulliparous and 10 multiparous cows. The inoculation was performed simultaneously on four different culture media: BBL CHROM agar Candida, BBL Bile Esculin Agar Slants, Baird-Parker Agar, and MacConkey Agar bile salts. The isolated microorganisms were identified according to morphological and biochemical features. Microorganisms were detected in 80% of the nulliparous and 10% of the multiparous cows, with the following frequency: 88.78% of bacteria had morphophysiological characteristics of Staphylococcus spp., 11.22% of Escherichia coli, and 120 isolated yeast colonies which were identified as Candida tropicalis (69%), C. albicans (24%), and C. krusei. Seventeen isolates of Staphylococcus spp. (53.12%) presented sensitivity to all antimicrobials tested: 65.6% to amoxillin, 46.9% to erythromycin, 71.8% to rifampicin, and 46.9% to tetracycline. The rate of resistance to antimicrobials (MDR) was 0.125. The presence of typical microorganisms was detected. The MDR indicated that the isolates did not show multiresistance, with only two (6.25%) resistant to more than one antimicrobial simultaneously. The bacterial isolates studied were sensitive to the antimicrobial drugs tested, demonstrating the potential for use of these active ingredients.

Experiments were carried out to investigate the beneficial effects of retinyl acetate (RAc) and retinoic acid (RA) on goat oocyte maturation as well as the effects of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), RAc and RA during embryo culture under chemically defined conditions. In Experiment 1,in vitromaturation (IVM) was performed in a chemically defined basic maturation medium (bMM) supplemented with 0.3 μM RAc or 0.5 μM RA. Presumptive zygotes and embryos (2–4 cells) were cultured in droplets of potassium simplex optimised medium (KSOM); however, none of the embryos reached the blastocyst stage. In Experiment 2, oocytes were matured in bMM + RAc or bMM + RA. Presumptive zygotes and 2- to 4-cell embryos were placed in fresh KSOM droplets supplemented with RAc, RA, IGF-I, RAc+IGF-I or RA+IGF-I. In Experiment 1, addition of RAc and RA to bMM increased (P < 0.05) the proportion of 2- to 4-cell embryos reaching the morula stage as compared to the control. In Experiment 2, supplementation of embryo culture media with retinoids and IGF-I increased (P < 0.05) the proportion of 2- to 4-cell stage embryos developing to the morula and blastocyst stage. Our data demonstrate that goat embryo production in chemically defined media could be improved by exogenous RAc or RA and by the interaction between retinoids and IGF-I, and that goat embryos can be producedin vitrofrom oocytes following protocols similar to those currently used for cattle.

Esta revisão bibliográfica aborda a magnitude dos efeitos do estresse calórico sobre a reprodução em vacas de alta produção de leite nos climas tropicais e subtropicais, causadores dos perigos ao êxito produtivo para os criadores, sendo ocasionados pelas condições climáticas como altas temperaturas associadas a altas umidades relativas, ventos e radiação solar. Citaram-se dados sobre os diferentes casos nas regiões que possuem ambientes térmicos desfavoráveis. As metodologias utilizadas foram pesquisas em livros, teses nacionais e do exterior e artigos. Os efeitos do estresse calórico no desempenho reprodutivo de vacas leiteiras são vários: largos ciclos estrais; diminuição nas horas de cio; falha nas manifestações de cio causada pela indisponibilidade física e por desvios hormonais dificultando o trabalho dos tratadores quanto à inseminação artificial como também a monta natural; inseminações e montas sem concepção devido à baixa qualidade do sêmen e às ovulações inférteis, causadas por desníveis de gonadotrofinas e esteróides sexuais; cistos ovarianos, causados pelos mesmos desníveis hormonais; desenvolvimento embrionário e gestação comprometidos pelo baixo fluxo sanguíneo uterino e pelo aumento da temperatura do útero como também pelas alterações nos níveis de progesterona, passando o embrião por desenvolvimento precário, não secretando este proteínas essenciais à termólise e ao reconhecimento materno, tendo como conseqüência a mortalidade; As novilhas, em estresse calórico, mantém a gestação quando de não prolongamento de estresse. As vacas zebuínas apresentam efeitos adversos no inverno. As alternativas para atenuar os efeitos do estresse calórico na reprodução são diversas, indo do planejamento de instalações até a transferência de embriões criopreservados ou in natura. Concluiu-se que, ante a ameaça do aquecimento global, são cruciais sistemas de manejo bem planejados e soluções de base como o melhoramento e a arborização, como sistemas silvipastoris, os quais aumentam o conforto térmico e, conseqüentemente, os índices fisiológicos. Palavras-chave: reprodução, estresse calórico, vacas leiteiras.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of retinol (RT) and retinoic acid (RA) on the in vitro development of pre-implantation goat embryos cultured in potassium simplex optimized medium or synthetic oviduct fluid or cocultured in oviductal cells monolayer either in potassium simplex optimized medium or synthetic oviduct fluid. A total of 2407 cumulus-oocyte complexes were aspirated from 2 to 6 mm ovarian follicles from slaughtered animals. Selected cumulus-oocyte complexes were subjected to in vitro maturation in TCM 199 for 24 h at 39 °C in an atmosphere of 5% (v/v) CO(2) in humidified air. In vitro fertilization was performed in modified defined medium. Eighteen hours after in vitro fertilization, cumulus cells were removed and presumptive zygotes were randomly distributed into experimental groups. In Experiment 1, presumptive zygotes were cultured in potassium simplex optimized medium, potassium simplex optimized medium + RT, potassium simplex optimized medium + retinoic acid, synthetic oviduct fluid, synthetic oviduct fluid + RT and synthetic oviduct fluid + RA at 39 °C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% (v/v) CO(2), 5% (v/v) O(2) and 90% (v/v) N(2). In Experiment 2, presumptive zygotes were cocultured in potassium simplex optimized medium + oviductal cells monolayer, potassium simplex optimized medium + RT + oviductal cells monolayer, potassium simplex optimized medium + RA + oviductal cells monolayer, synthetic oviduct fluid + oviductal cells monolayer, synthetic oviduct fluid + RT + oviductal cells monolayer and synthetic oviduct fluid + RA + oviductal cells monolayer in an atmosphere of 5% (v/v) CO(2) in humidified air. In both experiments, media were partially changed on day 2 after in vitro fertilization and unfertilized oocytes were excluded from the experiment. Embryos were cultured or cocultured for 8 days. In Experiment 1, there was no effect of RT or RA supplementation on the proportion of oocytes that reached the morula or blastocyst stages. By contrast, Experiment 2 demonstrated that the addition of 0.28 μg/ml RT and 0.5 μm RA to the embryo culture media stimulated (p0.05) development to the morula and blastocyst stages under the coculture conditions tested. In conclusion, retinoids play an important role in pre-implantation development of goat embryos and can be used to enhance in vitro embryo production.