Search

We study ultrafast magnetization quenching of ferromagnetic iron following excitation by an optical vs a terahertz pump pulse. While the optical pump (photon energy of 3.1 eV) induces a strongly nonthermal electron distribution, terahertz excitation (~4 meV) results in a quasi-thermal perturbation of the electron population. The pump-induced spin and electron dynamics are interrogated by the magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE). A deconvolution procedure allows us to push the time resolution down to 130 fs, even though the driving terahertz pulse is more than 0.5 ps long. Remarkably, the MOKE signals exhibit an almost identical time evolution for both optical and terahertz pump pulses, despite the three orders of magnitude different number of excited electrons. We are able to quantitatively explain our results using a model based on quasi-elastic spin-flip scattering. It shows that in the small-perturbation limit, the rate of demagnetization of a metallic ferromagnet is proportional to the excess energy of the electrons, independent of the precise shape of their distribution. Our results reveal that the dynamics of ultrafast demagnetization and of the closely related terahertz spin transport do not depend on the pump photon energy., 10 pages, 5 figures, Supplemental material included

Hoofdstuk 17 In dit hoofdstuk gaan we in op de vraag waardoor samenwerken en teamleren binnen mbo-instellingen bevorderd kan worden.

International audience; ABSTRACT: After five positive randomized controlled trials showed benefit of mechanical thrombectomy in the management of acute ischemic stroke with emergent large-vessel occlusion, a multi-society meeting was organized during the 17th Congress of the World Federation of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology in October 2017 in Budapest, Hungary. This multi-society meeting was dedicated to establish standards of practice in acute ischemic stroke intervention aiming for a consensus on the minimum requirements for centers providing such treatment. In an ideal situation, all patients would be treated at a center offering a full spectrum of neuroendovascular care (a level 1 center). However, for geographical reasons, some patients are unable to reach such a center in a reasonable period of time. With this in mind, the group paid special attention to define recommendations on the prerequisites of organizing stroke centers providing medical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke, but not for other neurovascular diseases (level 2 centers). Finally, some centers will have a stroke unit and offer intravenous thrombolysis, but not any endovascular stroke therapy (level 3 centers). Together, these level 1, 2, and 3 centers form a complete stroke system of care. The multi-society group provides recommendations and a framework for the development of medical thrombectomy services worldwide.; RÉSUMÉ : Les normes de pratique recommandées à l’échelle internationale lors d’interventions consécutives à un accident ischémique cérébral aigu . En octobre 2017, à Budapest, une rencontre pluridisciplinaire de spécialistes s’est organisée dans le cadre du 17 e congrès de la World Federation of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology . Cette rencontre portait sur l’établissement de normes relatives aux interventions consécutives à des accidents ischémiques aigus. Elle a eu lieu, précisons-le, après que cinq essais randomisés contrôlés (ERC) ont montré les avantages de la thrombectomie mécanique dans la prise en charge de patients victimes d’un accident ischémique cérébral aigu montrant des signes naissants d’occlusion des plus gros vaisseaux sanguins. Les normes dont il a été alors question visaient aussi à atteindre un consensus quant aux exigences minimales auxquelles devaient se conformer les établissements de santé offrant la thrombectomie mécanique. Dans l’idéal, tous les patients devraient être traités dans un établissement offrant un éventail complet de soins neuro-endovasculaires (de niveau 1). Toutefois, en raison de l’éloignement géographique, quelques patients demeurent incapables de se rendre dans un tel établissement dans des délais raisonnables. Dans cette optique, le groupe réuni à Budapest a défini de façon particulière des recommandations définissant les aspects permettant aux autres établissements (de niveau 2) d’organiser en amont des soins en thrombectomie destinés à des patients victimes d’accidents ischémiques cérébraux aigus mais pas d’autres maladies neurovasculaires. Enfin, d’autres établissements (de niveau 3) pourront compter sur une unité de traitement des AVC, notamment au moyen de la thrombolyse intraveineuse; toutefois, ils ne pourront offrir aucune autre thérapie endovasculaire. Réunis, l’ensemble de ces établissements de niveaux 1, 2 et 3 constitue un réseau complet de soins destinés aux patients victimes d’un AVC. Le groupe multidisciplinaire réuni lors de cette rencontre a ainsi élaboré des recommandations et un cadre de référence visant le développement de la thrombectomie dans le monde entier.

There is a growing acknowledgement in the scientific community of the importance of making experimental data machine findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR). Recognizing that high quality metadata are essential to make datasets FAIR, members of the GO FAIR Initiative and the Research Data Alliance (RDA) have initiated a series of workshops to encourage the creation of Metadata for Machines (M4M), enabling any self-identified stakeholder to define and promote the reuse of standardized, comprehensive machine-actionable metadata. The funders of scientific research recognize that they have an important role to play in ensuring that experimental results are FAIR, and that high quality metadata and careful planning for FAIR data stewardship are central to these goals. We describe the outcome of a recent M4M workshop that has led to a pilot programme involving two national science funders, the Health Research Board of Ireland (HRB) and the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW). These funding organizations will explore new technologies to define at the time that a request for proposals is issued the minimal set of machine-actionable metadata that they would like investigators to use to annotate their datasets, to enable investigators to create such metadata to help make their data FAIR, and to develop data-stewardship plans that ensure that experimental data will be managed appropriately abiding by the FAIR principles. The FAIR Funders design envisions a data-management workflow having seven essential stages, where solution providers are openly invited to participate. The initial pilot programme will launch using existing computer-based tools of those who attended the M4M Workshop., Comment: This is a pre-print of the FAIR Funders pilot, an outcome of the first Metadata for Machines workshop, see: https://www.go-fair.org/resources/go-fair-workshop-series/metadata-for-machines-workshops/. Corresponding author: E. A Schultes, ORCID 0000-0001-8888-635X

Growing worldwide demands for food, energy and chemicals threatens natural ecosystems and global climate. Plants are crucial for food production, but may also be used to produce sustainable energy and materials. Hereto novel crops are sought with high productivity per hectare, whilst requiring minimal fossil fuel or fertilizer input. The aquatic fern Azolla is a potential novel crop due to its rapid growth, symbiosis with a nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria and favorable chemical composition. The aim of this thesis is to provide the knowledge and methods necessary to turn the aquatic weed Azolla into a sustainable crop. To provide reliable starting material for cultivation we developed methods to collect, store, fertilize and germinate Azolla spores. Drying for 7 days followed by freezing in liquid nitrogen (cryopreservation) allowed to preserve Azolla spores at -80°C for up to 7 months, as well as the cyanobacteria symbiont residing inside the spores. To better understand the mechanism leading to the formation of spores (sporulation), a first transcriptome database of Azolla was constructed, revealing that ferns have many genes alike those regulating sexual reproduction in seed plants. Growth potentials of A. filiculoides and A. pinnata were determined at 35.5 and 32.8 t dry weight (dw) ha-1 year-1, respectively. Addition of CO2 up to 800 ppm boosted biomass productivity to 48.3 t dw ha-1 year-1. Under ambient CO2, N2-fixation by the fern’s cyanobacterial symbionts completely supported Azolla’s rapid growth, fixing 1200 kg N ha-1 annually. Nitrogen was predominantly fixed during the day by the phototropic Nostoc Azollae. Analysis of diel transcript profiles and microscopic investigations revealed several adaptations to this form of N-supply in Azolla’s metabolism, leaf architecture and transcriptional regulation of nutrient transport. Rapidly growing Azolla contained between 17.6-20.8% protein, valuable as feed due to a high content of essential amino acids compared to soybean meal. While elevated CO2 concentrations boosted biomass yield, protein content and amino acid composition remained similar. Azolla biomass further contained 7.9-10.0 % lipids of which 41±13% consisted of fatty acids that could be converted into biodiesel. Azolla biodiesel meets requirements set by European standards on fuel density, cetane number and iodine value. However, a fractionation step will be required to decrease the high Cold Filter Plugging Point. Azolla was shown to have a relatively high content of soluble (poly)phenols, including 4.0-5.8% of condensed tannins, that are known to limit protein digestibility. Various polyphenol biosynthesis genes were identified in the A. filiculoides genome, including a highly expressed Leuco-Anthocyanidin Reductase (AzfiLAR-like), likely essential for the synthesis of condensed tannins. Digestibility of Azolla biomass may be enhanced by manipulating (poly)phenol biosynthesis, e.g. by knocking out the AzfiLAR-like gene, or by extracting protein separately from the (poly)phenols. Since the formation of protein-tannin complexes limited the yield of alkaline protein extraction we developed two methods to produce protein extracts with reduced (poly)phenol content: pre-extraction using aqueous acetone and competitive binding of tannins to polyethylene glycol during extraction. Both methods produced a protein precipitate containing 38% of total biomass nitrogen, while considerably reducing (

Growing worldwide demands for food, energy and chemicals threatens natural ecosystems and global climate. Plants are crucial for food production, but may also be used to produce sustainable energy and materials. Hereto novel crops are sought with high productivity per hectare, whilst requiring minimal fossil fuel or fertilizer input. The aquatic fern Azolla is a potential novel crop due to its rapid growth, symbiosis with a nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria and favorable chemical composition. The aim of this thesis is to provide the knowledge and methods necessary to turn the aquatic weed Azolla into a sustainable crop. To provide reliable starting material for cultivation we developed methods to collect, store, fertilize and germinate Azolla spores. Drying for 7 days followed by freezing in liquid nitrogen (cryopreservation) allowed to preserve Azolla spores at -80°C for up to 7 months, as well as the cyanobacteria symbiont residing inside the spores. To better understand the mechanism leading to the formation of spores (sporulation), a first transcriptome database of Azolla was constructed, revealing that ferns have many genes alike those regulating sexual reproduction in seed plants. Growth potentials of A. filiculoides and A. pinnata were determined at 35.5 and 32.8 t dry weight (dw) ha-1 year-1, respectively. Addition of CO2 up to 800 ppm boosted biomass productivity to 48.3 t dw ha-1 year-1. Under ambient CO2, N2-fixation by the fern’s cyanobacterial symbionts completely supported Azolla’s rapid growth, fixing 1200 kg N ha-1 annually. Nitrogen was predominantly fixed during the day by the phototropic Nostoc Azollae. Analysis of diel transcript profiles and microscopic investigations revealed several adaptations to this form of N-supply in Azolla’s metabolism, leaf architecture and transcriptional regulation of nutrient transport. Rapidly growing Azolla contained between 17.6-20.8% protein, valuable as feed due to a high content of essential amino acids compared to soybean meal. While elevated CO2 concentrations boosted biomass yield, protein content and amino acid composition remained similar. Azolla biomass further contained 7.9-10.0 % lipids of which 41±13% consisted of fatty acids that could be converted into biodiesel. Azolla biodiesel meets requirements set by European standards on fuel density, cetane number and iodine value. However, a fractionation step will be required to decrease the high Cold Filter Plugging Point. Azolla was shown to have a relatively high content of soluble (poly)phenols, including 4.0-5.8% of condensed tannins, that are known to limit protein digestibility. Various polyphenol biosynthesis genes were identified in the A. filiculoides genome, including a highly expressed Leuco-Anthocyanidin Reductase (AzfiLAR-like), likely essential for the synthesis of condensed tannins. Digestibility of Azolla biomass may be enhanced by manipulating (poly)phenol biosynthesis, e.g. by knocking out the AzfiLAR-like gene, or by extracting protein separately from the (poly)phenols. Since the formation of protein-tannin complexes limited the yield of alkaline protein extraction we developed two methods to produce protein extracts with reduced (poly)phenol content: pre-extraction using aqueous acetone and competitive binding of tannins to polyethylene glycol during extraction. Both methods produced a protein precipitate containing 38% of total biomass nitrogen, while considerably reducing (

Contains fulltext : 174319.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)

Limited data exist on clot composition and detailed characteristics of arterial thrombi associated with large vessel occlusion in acute ischemic stroke. Advances in endovascular thrombectomy and related imaging modalities have created a unique opportunity to analyze thrombi removed from cerebral arteries. Insights into thrombus composition, etiology, physical properties and neurovascular interactions may lead to future advancements in acute ischemic stroke treatment and improved clinical outcomes. Advances in imaging techniques may enhance clot characterization and inform therapeutic decision-making prior to treatment and reveal stroke etiology to guide secondary prevention. Current imaging techniques can provide some information about thrombi, but there remains much to evaluate about relationships that may exist among thrombus composition, occlusion characteristics and treatment outcomes. Improved pathophysiological characterization of clot types, their properties and how these properties change over time, together with clinical correlates from ongoing studies, may facilitate revascularization with thrombolysis and thrombectomy. Interdisciplinary approaches covering clinical, engineering and scientific aspects of thrombus research will be key to advancing the understanding of thrombi and improving acute ischemic stroke therapy. This consensus statement integrates recent research on clots and thrombi retrieved from cerebral arteries and provides a rationale for further analyses, including current opportunities and limitations.

In various policy actions of the Dutch government, an assumption is made that teachers who had carried out a master thesis are able to generate knowledge and stimulate knowledge utilization in schools (Ministerie van OCW, 2013). Yet evidence of positive effects of teacher research, either as part of a master’s program or carried out by inservice teachers is minimal and somewhat ambiguous. The current study aims to answer the following research questions: How is teacher research evaluated with respect to the professional development as teacher?How is teacher research evaluated with respect to knowledge utilization in schools?

Hereditary thrombophilia is associated with an increased risk of fetal loss. Assuming that fetal loss is due to placental thrombosis, anticoagulant treatment might improve pregnancy outcome. In an observational family cohort study, we prospectively assessed the effects of anticoagulant drugs on fetal loss rates in women with hereditary deficiencies of antithrombin, protein C or protein S. The cohort contained 376 women (50 probands and 326 deficient or non-deficient relatives). Probands were consecutive deficient patients with venous tromboembolism. Thromboprophylaxis during pregnancy was recommended in deficient women, irrespective of prior venous thromboembolism, and in non-deficient women with prior venous thromboembolism. Outcome of first pregnancy was analysed in 55 eligible women. Of 37 deficient women, 26 (70%) received thromboprophylaxis during pregnancy, compared with three of 18 (17%) non-deficient women. Fetal loss rates were 0% in deficient women with thromboprophylaxis versus 45% in deficient women without (P = 0.001) and 7% in non-deficient women without thromboprophylaxis (P = 0.37). The adjusted relative risk of fetal loss in women who received thromboprophylaxis versus women who did not was 0.07 (95% confidence interval 0.001-0.7; P = 0.02). Our data suggest that anticoagulant treatment during pregnancy reduces the high fetal loss rate in women with hereditary deficiencies of antithrombin, protein C or protein S.

The problematic relationship between, on the one hand, monographs and local and national studies and, on the other hand, general historiography is the subject of much debate nowadays. Informed by the postcolonialist theory of architecture and more recent attempts to write alternative world histories of art and architecture, the question arises how the history of architecture can provide insight into the vast diversity of our built environment. How can we develop alternatives for the stereotypical architectural canon and its persistent margins? The present article explores the origins of one of those margins: the Dutch architecture of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. It describes how Dutch architecture was characterized and evaluated in the first surveys of architectural history of the 1850s: J. Fergusson, The Illustrated Handbook of Architecture: Being a Concise and Popular Account of the Different Styles of Architecture Prevailing in All Ages and Countries (1855), W. Lübke, Geschichte der Architektur. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart (1855); and F. Kugler’s fivevolume Geschichte der Baukunst (1856-1873). In order to make the immense subject of the history of architecture comprehensible, Fergusson, Lübke and Kugler constructed a continuous narrative through the ages in their books. Readers would follow the progressive development of architectural styles by means of the most representative and purest examples, such as the French and German cathedrals of the Gothic era and the Italian palazzi and French castles of the Renaissance. This descriptive method reduced all other historical monuments, including the Dutch ones, to buildings that were less pure in style and therefore marginal examples of the main style. Numerous more specific studies appeared to make marginal styles more widely known and sometimes neargued for their appreciation as well. For example, Auguste Schoy wrote in his Histoire de l’influence Italienne sur l’architecture dans les Pays-Bas (1879) that the Dutch Renaissance style ought to be judged on its own merits. According to Schoy, the influence of the Italian Renaissance on the Low Countries did not reside in formal similarities such as symmetry or the correct application of the classical orders and monumentality, but in the ornamentation. The non-monumental building in bricks that is so typical of the Low Countries was modernized by adopting Renaissance motifs from Italy in its ornamentation, which resulted in a picturesque beauty all its own. Acknowledging these studies, the general historiographies adapted their new editions: they became more voluminous and more richly illustrated, but they did not change the main order of the history of architectural styles and their selection of most representative architectural monuments also remained the same. One of the reasons for this was that the sub-studies did not question the narrative presented by the surveying publications. Schoy too accepted the superior status of the Italian Renaissance as a given and studied its influence on the Low Countries. The result of his research amounts to no more than the fact that the Dutch Renaissance was promoted from a negatively judged position in the margin to a positive one. This article argues that by adopting both the method and terminology of the general historiography of architecture, the more specific studies perpetuated the margins. They confirmed the narrative that Dutch architecture was an imperfect or at best fairly successful application of a style that was to be admired in its most perfect beauty elsewhere: at the most representative architectural monuments., Bulletin KNOB, Bulletin KNOB 114 (2015) 1

Item does not contain fulltext BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Incomplete occlusion and recanalization of large and wide-neck brain aneurysms treated by endovascular therapy remains a challenge. We present preliminary clinical and angiographic results of an experimentally optimized Surpass flow diverter for treatment of intracranial aneurysms in a prospective, multicenter, nonrandomized, single-arm study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: At 24 centers, 165 patients with 190 intracranial aneurysms of the anterior and posterior circulations were enrolled. The primary efficacy end point was the percentage of intracranial aneurysms with 100% occlusion on 6-month DSA. The primary safety end point was neurologic death and any stroke through a minimum follow-up of 6 months. RESULTS: Successful flow-diverter delivery was achieved in 161 patients with 186 aneurysms (98%); the mean number of devices used per aneurysm was 1.05. Clinical follow-up (median, 6 months) of 150 patients (93.2%), showed that the primary safety end point occurred in 18 subjects. Permanent neurologic morbidity and mortality were 6% and 2.7%, respectively. Morbidity occurred in 4% and 7.4% of patients treated for aneurysms of the anterior and posterior circulation, respectively. Neurologic death during follow-up was observed in 1.6% and 7.4% of patients with treated intracranial aneurysms of the anterior and posterior circulation, respectively. Ischemic stroke at 30 days or SAH at >7 days occurred. New or worsening cranial nerve deficit was observed in 2.7%. Follow-up angiography available in 158 (86.8%) intracranial aneurysms showed 100% occlusion in 75%. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical outcomes of the Surpass flow diverter in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms show a safety profile that is comparable with that of stent-assisted coil embolization. Angiographic results showed a high rate of intracranial aneurysm occlusion.

Het ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid heeft behoefte aan kennis over de huidige invulling van social return door gemeenten in Nederland. Daarom heeft het ministerie aan TNO gevraagd om in kaart te brengen hoe de gemeenten op dit moment omgaan met social return. Het gaat dan om vragen als hoe vaak gemeenten social return toepassen, in welke vorm, welke doelgroepen ze inzetten en wat de resultaten zijn. Vanuit die optiek is dit onderzoek bedoeld als een inventarisatie van de werkwijzen en ervaringen in de praktijk. Ofwel een ‘foto’ van de status quo. Het ministerie van SZW is in het kader van deze inventarisatie geïnteresseerd in de volgende onderzoeksvragen: 1. Hoeveel gemeenten passen in de praktijk (een vorm van) social return toe en welke doelen heeft de gemeente daarmee? 2. Wat doet de gemeente aan social return, welke afspraak en/of regeling heeft de gemeente? 3. In welke vorm(en) past de gemeente social return toe? 4. Worden er ook andere ‘deals’ dan social return gericht op het inzetten van werklozen ingezet? Bijvoorbeeld afspraken met een bredere sociale inhoud. 5. Op welke wijze zorgen gemeenten dat een social-returneis passend is voor het type aanbesteding (bijvoorbeeld wat betreft doelgroep, marktkenmerken, enz.). 6. Hanteren gemeenten voorschriften voor in dienst name van kandidaten? Bijvoorbeeld vaste dienst, tijdelijke dienst, detachering, etc.? 7. Welke doelgroepen zet de gemeente in bij social return? Hoe verhoudt de inzet zich tot de realisatie? Welke groepen uitkeringsgerechtigden profiteren het meest? 8. Worden de doelen die de gemeenten hebben met social return gehaald? Wat zijn de resultaten van het social-returnbeleid van gemeenten? Waar meten zij de resultaten aan af? Met het beantwoorden van deze vragen krijgt het ministerie inzicht in de rol die social return speelt bij inkoop en aanbesteding door gemeenten.

Regels dwingen aannemer tot ontslaan eigen mensen, schreef de Volkskrant op 19 maart jl. De ongewenste effecten van de social returneisen die steeds meer gemeenten stellen bij aanbestedingen, krijgen de laatste tijd meer aandacht. TNO verkende het onderwerp verdringing. Dit artikel is met toestemming van de redactie overgenomen uit Sociaal Bestek, 2004,nr.3.

De Hanzehogeschool Groningen heeft vanaf 1 maart 2012 het project “Sociaal in het bestek” uitgevoerd. Het betreft een zogenaamd “RAAK-MKB-project”, een subsidieregeling voor innovatieve projecten van hogescholen in samenwerking met mkb-ondernemers. Met dit project wil de Hanzehogeschool Groningen regionale mkb’ers ondersteunen bij social return in aanbestedingen. TNO is in dit project kennispartner, vanwege de grote kennis over en ervaring met het onderwerp. “Social return” wordt (in Nederland) als afkorting gebruikt voor “social return bij aanbeste-ding”. Synoniemen zijn onder andere SROI, 5%-regeling en sociaal bestek. In Engelstalige landen gebruikt men de term “social procurement”; de term “social return” heeft daar een andere (bredere) betekenis. Social return houdt in dat opdrachtgevers opdrachtnemers verplichten om bij acceptatie van de opdracht een bijdrage te leveren aan een specifieke sociale doelstelling van de opdracht-nemer. Meestal is deze verplichting geconcretiseerd in de vorm van een bepaald percentage of bedrag van de aanneem- of loonsom dat de opdrachtnemer moet besteden aan werk, opleiding en/of werkervaring voor mensen met een zwakke arbeidsmarktpositie. Denk aan personen met een uitkering (WWB, Wajong, WIA), mensen uit de sociale werkvoorziening en leerlingen (BBL, BOL, PRO, VSO)1. Het kan echter ook om andere sociale doelen gaan, met een andere invulling. Opdrachtgevers (tot nu toe vooral overheden) willen via social return bijdragen aan een grotere arbeidsparticipatie van mensen met een afstand tot de arbeidsmarkt.

TNO heeft in het kader van het kennisinvesteringsprogramma en met medefinanciering vanuit Stichting Instituut Gak een onderzoek uitgevoerd naar de effectiviteit van re-integratie. Het doel van dit project was de voorspellers van een succesvolle uitstroom naar werk of scholing te onderzoeken bij mensen met een bijstandsuitkering. Hierbij is niet alleen gekeken naar de invloed van klantkenmerken op de uitstroom, maar ook naar het effect van de aanpak van het re-integratietraject. Daarnaast was het doel inzicht te krijgen in welke factoren van invloed zijn op de uitval tijdens re-integratietrajecten. Daartoe hebben we in 2011 en 2012 een onderzoek gedaan onder bijstandsklanten bij twee re-integratieaanbieders. De ene aanbieder vormde de interventiegroep en de andere de controlegroep. Het verschil tussen de begeleidingsaanpak van beide organisaties betrof twee punten: 1) De rol van werk tijdens het re-integratietraject. Bij de interventiegroep werkten klanten eerst intern bij het bedrijf om zo na te gaan hoe klanten functioneerden en om ze algemene werknemersvaardigheden op te laten doen. Hierna werden ze bemiddeld naar werk. Bij de controlegroep werden klanten direct bemiddeld naar werk bij een externe werkgever. 2) De integrale aanpak die wel bij de interventiegroep is toegepast en niet bij de controlegroep. De integrale aanpak bestaat uit een begeleiding die re-integratie en overige hulpverlening integreert (o.a. GGZ-zorg, verslavingszorg en maatschappelijk werk). De dataverzameling heeft op verschillende manieren en op verschillende tijdstippen plaatsgevonden. Een deel is verzameld bij de re- integratieaanbieders zelf en bij hun klanten en een deel bij de betreffende gemeenten (gemeente I van de interventiegroep en gemeente C van de controlegroep). De instroomperiode was bij beide organisaties 10 maanden, maar vond plaats op verschillende tijdstippen: Bij de interventiegroep van januari tot november 2011 en bij de controlegroep van maart 2011 tot januari 2013.

Deze handleiding is geschreven door TNO in opdracht van de Commissie Arbeidsmarktzaken van de CAO-partners in de bouw. Die CAO-partners zijn namens de werkgevers: Bouwend Nederland, Aannemersfederatie Nederland, Ondernemersvereniging Bestratingsbedrijven Nederland (OBN), Vereniging van Waterbouwers en NVB Vereniging voor ontwikkelaars en bouwonder - nemers. En namens de werknemers: FNV Bouw en CNV Vakmensen. De inhoud van de handleiding is gebaseerd op eerder onderzoek van TNO over social return, op interviews met vijf bouw- en infrabedrijven die ervaring hebben met social return bij aanbestedingen en op suggesties van boven - genoemde sociale partners. TNO deed in 2010/2011 onderzoek naar social return voor de rijksoverheid en onderzoek onder gemeenten voor het schrijven van een handleiding social return voor gemeenten. Van 2010 tot 2012 ontwikkelde TNO met partners de Prestatieladder Socialer ondernemen. In 2011/2012 voerde TNO een kennis - investeringsproject met MKB Infra uit over social return. De volgende bedrijven hebben via interviews medewerking verleend aan het tot stand komen van deze handleiding: Aannemingsbedrijf Van der Meer BV te Benthuizen, Baas Smits Bouwgroep te Zoetermeer, Laudy Bouw & Ontwikkeling te Sittard, Nijhuis Bouw BV te Rijssen, Rutte Groep BV te Amsterdam en SPG Infra vakopleidingen Zuid-Holland te Schiedam. De praktijkvoorbeelden in deze handleiding komen grotendeels uit die interviews. We danken hen heel hartelijk voor hun bereidwilligheid en tijdsinvestering

Verschillende landen kennen een quotum voor werkgevers en/of overheden. ze zijn verplicht een bepaald percentage werknemers met beperkingen in dienst te hebben, PvdA en VVD stellen in het tegeerakkoord een quotum voor grotere bedrijven voor. ls dat verstandig? Dit artikel is met toestemming van de redactie overgenomen uit Sociaal Bestek, 2002,nr.12.

We have computed the probability distribution of the conductance of a ballistic and chaotic cavity which is connected to two electron reservoirs by leads with a single propagating mode, for arbitrary values of the transmission probability Gamma of the mode, and for all three values of the symmetry index beta. The theory bridges the gap between previous work on ballistic leads (Gamma = 1) and on tunneling point contacts (Gamma << 1). We find that the beta-dependence of the distribution changes drastically in the crossover from the tunneling to the ballistic regime. This is relevant for experiments, which are usually in this crossover regime. ***Submitted to Physical Review B.***, 7 pages, REVTeX-3.0, 4 postscript figures appended as self-extracting archive, INLO-PUB-940607b

In order to deal with innovations and the associated complexity of work, ongoing collaboration between teachers has become more important in secondary education. Teacher collaboration is one of the factors that contribute to the successful implementation of innovations in secondary schools. However, there is no consensus regarding the definition of the concept of collaboration. As a consequence, there is little agreement as to whether and to what degree collaborative processes actually occur in schools. Hence, the general research question of this dissertation was formulated as: What is the nature of collaboration in teacher teams? Four empirical studies were conducted in the context of seven interdisciplinary teacher teams from an innovative secondary school in the Netherlands. The first study reports on different perspectives on collaboration. The aim of this study was to conceptualise the nature of collaboration in teacher teams. We explored the usefulness of four existing conceptual frameworks for research on collaboration in teacher teams: the social network perspective, the interpersonal perspective, the interdependence perspective, and the community of practice perspective. The community of practice perspective was most useful because it’s discriminative potential and intervention potential. The second study reports on the status quo of collaboration in teacher teams using the community of practice perspective. The first aim of this study was to explore the extent to which communities of practice occur in schools. We concluded that the overall degree of community in the teacher teams was moderate. The second aim was to explore the relationship between the degree of community and diversity in team composition. We concluded that diversity in terms of the educational level and gender was positively related to the degree of community, while diversity in terms of tenure and work experience was negatively related to the degree of community. Study 3 reports on ways to stimulate collaboration between teachers. The aim of this study was to formulate a set of design principles in order to foster community development of teacher teams. We concluded that the set of design principles should be aimed at developing group goals, developing group norms, organising group roles, stimulating a critical reflective attitude, promoting trust, promoting perceived interdependence, promoting ownership, and organising a collective memory. Study 4 reports on the design principles that teacher teams have already integrated into their daily practice. The first aim of this study was to explore whether and to what extent the community development of teacher teams takes place. We concluded that the community development of the seven teacher teams was limited. The second aim of this study was to investigate what community-building efforts teacher teams undertake themselves. We concluded that, in spite of limited support from the school management, the teacher teams made a considerable amount and range of community-building efforts.

In order to deal with innovations and the associated complexity of work, ongoing collaboration between teachers has become more important in secondary education. Teacher collaboration is one of the factors that contribute to the successful implementation of innovations in secondary schools. However, there is no consensus regarding the definition of the concept of collaboration. As a consequence, there is little agreement as to whether and to what degree collaborative processes actually occur in schools. Hence, the general research question of this dissertation was formulated as: What is the nature of collaboration in teacher teams? Four empirical studies were conducted in the context of seven interdisciplinary teacher teams from an innovative secondary school in the Netherlands. The first study reports on different perspectives on collaboration. The aim of this study was to conceptualise the nature of collaboration in teacher teams. We explored the usefulness of four existing conceptual frameworks for research on collaboration in teacher teams: the social network perspective, the interpersonal perspective, the interdependence perspective, and the community of practice perspective. The community of practice perspective was most useful because it’s discriminative potential and intervention potential. The second study reports on the status quo of collaboration in teacher teams using the community of practice perspective. The first aim of this study was to explore the extent to which communities of practice occur in schools. We concluded that the overall degree of community in the teacher teams was moderate. The second aim was to explore the relationship between the degree of community and diversity in team composition. We concluded that diversity in terms of the educational level and gender was positively related to the degree of community, while diversity in terms of tenure and work experience was negatively related to the degree of community. Study 3 reports on ways to stimulate collaboration between teachers. The aim of this study was to formulate a set of design principles in order to foster community development of teacher teams. We concluded that the set of design principles should be aimed at developing group goals, developing group norms, organising group roles, stimulating a critical reflective attitude, promoting trust, promoting perceived interdependence, promoting ownership, and organising a collective memory. Study 4 reports on the design principles that teacher teams have already integrated into their daily practice. The first aim of this study was to explore whether and to what extent the community development of teacher teams takes place. We concluded that the community development of the seven teacher teams was limited. The second aim of this study was to investigate what community-building efforts teacher teams undertake themselves. We concluded that, in spite of limited support from the school management, the teacher teams made a considerable amount and range of community-building efforts.