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© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)., Students with chronic conditions (CC) tend to experience several barriers in terms of their school participation and performance. Therefore, the present study aims to explore the factors related to the time of diagnosis of CC (recent/non-recent), the barriers to participation and academic success (health condition, people's attitude towards CC and school physical environment), the physical and mental health (physical/psychological symptoms and concerns) and school-related variables (relationship with teachers and peers), regarding the school participation of first-year students with CC. This work is part of the HOUSE-Colégio F3 Project, University of Lisbon, which includes 1143 first-year university students from 17 Faculties and Institutes of the University of Lisbon. In this specific study, only the subsample of 207 students with CC was considered, 72.4% of which were female, aged between 18 and 54 years (M = 20.00; SD = 4.83). The results showed that students with a recent diagnosis of CC and students with school participation affected by the CC were those who presented more negative indicators regarding barriers to school participation, physical and mental health, and school-related variables. A greater impact of CC in terms of school participation was associated with having a recent diagnosis, with people's attitude towards CC and with the health condition as barriers, with more psychological symptoms and worse relationships with teachers and peers. This is a relevant message for the organization of health services for students with CC at the beginning of their university studies, especially since they are often displaced from home and managing their health conditions alone (in many cases, for the first time)., Ana Cerqueira—Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) Grant (SFRH/BD/148403/2019). Fábio Botelho Guedes—Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) Grant (SFRH/BD/148299/2019).

Application of municipal sewage sludge to agricultural land, especially in shallow soils, demands to validate the maximum amount ofheavymetal, monitoring its effects on soil and on crops. To achieve this goal, four farms, considered replicates, were chosen in Castro Verde region, to apply four experimental treatments (T1 – conventional fertilization (CF); T2 – subsoiling (S) + (CF); T3 – (S) + (CF) + sludge injection (SI) and T4 – (S) + recommended fertilization (RF) + (SI)), to get mixing effects of sludge injection with fertilization modalities. They were sown wheat (Triticum aestivum) and oat (Avena sativa) as test crops, and sewage sludge, containing heavy metals level according to law (MAOTDR, 2009), was furnished by Castro Verde sewage treatment plants. Results did not show any soil pollution by the metals Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu, Zn and Hg, and the treatments did not affect significantly (p>0.05) the crops. This study validated, at these particular conditions,heavymetals limits established by law to avoid health and environmental risks., A valorização agrícola de lamas de ETAR (lamas residuais urbanas), através da sua aplicação ao solo, em especial numa zona com solos de pouca espessura, exige que se validem os limites considerados tóxicos de metaispesados, em relação ao solo e a culturas. Para a execução do objetivo em estudo foram selecionadas quatro explorações na área cerealífera de Castro Verde, às quais foram aplicados os tratamentos experimentais (T1- adubação tradicional (AT); T2- ripagem (R) + AT; T3 – R +AT+ injeção de lamas (IL) e T4 – R + adubação recomendada + IL), onde se pretendeu além de verificar o efeito da injeção de lamas, relacioná-la com modalidades de fertilização. Em três das explorações foi semeado trigo mole (Triticum aestivum)e numa delas semeou-se aveia (Avena sativa). Utilizou-se uma lama, proveniente da ETAR de Castro Verde, por apresentar níveis de microrganismos e teores de metaispesados*abaixo dos limites estabelecidos por lei (Decreto-Lei n.º 276/2009). Os resultados revelaram que a aplicação de lamas, com elevado teor de humidade, não poluiu o solo em Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr, Zn e Hg. Em todas as explorações os teores detetados destes metais, em todos os tratamentos, foram inferiores aos limites de concentração inaceitáveis. Os tratamentos também não provocaram diferenças significativas (p> 0,05) sobre os teores de metaispesadosdoseados nas culturas.

A valorização agrícola de lamas de ETAR (lamas residuais urbanas), através da sua aplicação ao solo, em especial numa zona com solos de pouca espessura, exige que se validem os limites considerados tóxicos de metais pesados, em relação ao solo e a culturas. Para a execução do objetivo em estudo foram selecionadas quatro explorações na área cerealífera de Castro Verde, às quais foram aplicados os tratamentos experimentais (T1- adubação tradicional (AT); T2- ripagem (R) + AT; T3 – R +AT+ injeção de lamas (IL) e T4 – R + adubação recomendada + IL), onde se pretendeu além de verificar o efeito da injeção de lamas, relacioná-la com modalidades de fertilização. Em três das explorações foi semeado trigo mole (Triticum aestivum) e numa delas semeou-se aveia (Avena sativa). Utilizou-se uma lama, proveniente da ETAR de Castro Verde, por apresentar níveis de microrganismos e teores de metais pesados*abaixo dos limites estabelecidos por lei (Decreto-Lei n.º 276/2009). Os resultados revelaram que a aplicação de lamas, com elevado teor de humidade, não poluiu o solo em Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr, Zn e Hg. Em todas as explorações os teores detetados destes metais, em todos os tratamentos, foram inferiores aos limites de concentração inaceitáveis. Os tratamentos também não provocaram diferenças significativas (p> 0,05) sobre os teores de metais pesados doseados nas culturas., Revista de Ciências Agrárias, vol. 37 n.º 2 (2014)

Agriculture is one of the obvious targets for recycling "sewage sludge" from WWTP, because of its potential in the physical, chemical and biological correction of agroforestry soils, being an advantageous option if it is ensured - by an analysis performed by a legal entity - that its application is allowed. This analysis, in addition to being an indicator of a possible harmful effect on the environment and on the targeted crop (preventing its use), makes it possible to assess the most adequate amount to be applied in each case, and the remaining deficiencies to be supplied by the chemical fertilization., A agricultura é um dos alvos óbvios na reciclagem das “Lamas de Depuração” das ETAR, pela sua potencialidade na correção física, química e biológica dos solos agro-florestais, podendo constituir uma opção muito vantajosa se for garantida - por análise efetuada por entidade idónea - que a sua aplicação é legal, tendo em conta a legislação vigente. Esta análise, para além de constituir um indicador de um eventual efeito nocivo para o ambiente e para a cultura (impeditivo da sua utilização), permite avaliar as dotações mais adequadas e eventuais carências remanescentes, em cada caso, sendo imprescindível face à variabilidade da composição das lamas.

A agricultura é um dos alvos óbvios na reciclagem das “Lamas de Depuração” das ETAR, pela sua potencialidade na correção física, química e biológica dos solos agro-florestais, podendo constituir uma opção muito vantajosa se for garantida - por análise efetuada por entidade idónea - que a sua aplicação é legal, tendo em conta a legislação vigente. Esta análise, para além de constituir um indicador de um eventual efeito nocivo para o ambiente e para a cultura (impeditivo da sua utilização), permite avaliar as dotações mais adequadas e eventuais carências remanescentes, em cada caso, sendo imprescindível face à variabilidade da composição das lamas., Revista de Ciências Agrárias, vol. 41 n.º 1 (2018)

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La internacionalización de las empresas familiares se ha convertido en un campo relevante de la investigación económica, susceptible de ser abordado desde diferentes enfoques teóricos. En todos ellos, la perspectiva histórica es una herramienta muy útil, ya que un enfoque de largo plazo permite un conocimiento más profundo del proceso de internacionalización y de sus implicaciones geográficas, económicas y sociales. El propósito de este trabajo es indagar en los procesos de internacionalización seguidos por las empresas familiares, poniendo el énfasis en los factores que favorecen su éxito en el mercado mundial. En particular, presentamos un análisis histórico económico de tres empresas familiares relevantes en la historia del negocio del corcho a nivel mundial; primero, la empresa familiar Reynolds, que constituye un paradigma de éxito comercial en el negocio corchero hasta el último cuarto del siglo XIX, y de fracaso a partir de entonces; segundo, la empresa Mundet & Sons, que, a pesar de haber llegado a ser una empresa líder en el negocio corchero mundial, constituye también un ejemplo de fracaso paradigmático por su desenlace final en la década de 1980; y tercero, la empresa Corticeira Amorim, ejemplo de éxito y de liderazgo en el mercado internacional desde mediados del siglo XX hasta hoy. The internationalization of family firms has become an important field of economic research, which could be addressed from different theoretical approaches. In all of them, historical perspective is a very useful tool, since a long-term approach allows a deeper understanding of the internationalization process and their geographic, economic and social implications. The purpose of this work is to analyze the processes of internationalization followed by family firms, with an emphasis on factors linked to them which favor their success in the global markets. In particular, we present a historical analysis of three relevant family firms in the world cork business history; first, the Reynolds family firm, which is a paradigm of commercial success in the cork business until the last quarter of the nineteenth century, and of failure thereafter; second, the Mundet & Sons company, which, despite having become a leading company in the world cork business, is also a paradigmatic example of failure because of its final outcome in the 1980s; and third, Corticeira Amorim, an example of success and leadership in the international market since the mid-twentieth century to today.

The trajectories of internationalisation followed by family firms can be viewed from several theoretical approaches: phases and models of the internationalisation process; international entrepreneurship, the sociological perspective and family business theory. A historical perspective of internationalised family firms, allowing for the integration of the abovementioned approaches, is useful to obtain a deep understanding of the internationalisation process of different sectors and of different countries. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the facilitating and restricting factors during the internationalisation path of family firms, whilst considering the influence in their competitive advantages, of ownership structure, management attitudes and other intangible assets, as well as external factors to the firms, like location. The research involved a long run analysis (of more than one century) of two firms which operate in the cork business in Spain and Portugal: Mundet & C.ª, Lda and Corticeira Amorim. One of these companies - Mundet - was closed down in the 1980s and the other – Corticeira Amorim – became, and still is, the leading firm worldwide in the cork industry. A detailed comparison of these two histories - one of failure, and the other of success - permits an accurate identification of the determinants of successful internationalisation. In fact, this comparison is useful for understanding several characteristics of both firms, some of which are similar and others which are different, allowing to test several hypotheses within the context of the theoretical approach of the internationalisation of family firms. This methodological option can be justify by several aspects. Firstly, both are family firms operating in the same business and both were concentrated on the foreign market since their conception. Secondly, both their histories encompass most of the 20th Century and both faced similar national and international constraints, which were overcome, as they both ended up becoming the leading firms in the cork business, although at different periods of time. Thirdly, their choices of location were different and, although in both cases they benefitted from agglomeration forces during certain phases of the business, location was an important determinant of the opposing destinies of these two emblematic cork family firms from Iberia.

O sector corticeiro português é muito interessante para o estudo da problemática da concentração geográfica das actividades económicas. Acresce a este interesse o facto de Portugal se apresentar na actualidade como o maior produtor, transformador e exportador de cortiça, sendo esta das mais importantes componentes da chamada fileira florestal.

The cork sector is a relevant case study given the economic importance of this industry for some regions (value added, employment and rural development). This industry is also important because of its contribution to environmental sustainability as it uses a natural renewable raw material. Portugal and Spain are the most important producers of cork and exporters of manufactured cork products (stoppers and agglomerates). The main purpose of this paper is to study the economic integration and the historical changes of cork business localization in the Iberian Peninsula. We start by studying the historical roots, motivations and economic consequences of the delocalization of Catalonian firms to Portugal during the first quarter of the 20th century. Then a comparison is made with the recent process of delocalization of an anchor firm of Aveiro industrial district (Corticeira Amorim) to Spain. The theoretical framework of this study is the industry and cluster life cycles as well as the recent insights from the evolutionary economic geography.

The cork sector is a relevant case study given the economic importance of this industry for some regions (value added, employment and rural development). This industry isalso important because of its contribution to environmental sustainability as it uses a natural renewable raw material. Portugal and Spain are the most important producers of cork and exporters of manufactured cork products (stoppers and agglomerates). The main purpose of this paper is to study the economic integration and the historical changes of cork business location choices in the Iberian Peninsula. We start by studying the historical roots, motivations and economic consequences of the delocalization of Catalonian firms to Portugal during the first quarter of the 20th century. Then a comparison is made with the recent process of delocalization of an anchor firm of Aveiro industrial district (Corticeira Amorim) to Spain. The theoretical framework of this study is the industry and cluster life cycles as well as the recent insights from the evolutionary economic geography info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This paper is about the relative economic performance of clustered and non-clustered companies in the different phases of the cluster life cycle. It starts with the explanation of a puzzling localization behaviour, namely that most of the Portuguese cork manufacturing firms are concentrated in Santa Maria da Feira, a small county in the north of the country, whereas the bulk of the cork is produced in the south (Alentejo and Ribatejo). The historical roots and past and path dependence of the trajectory of this cluster are examined, as well as the identification of its life cycle phases. A comparative analysis of the economic performance of firms localized in Santa Maria da Feira and in other regions of the country is then made, using labour productivity data for a long time span of several decades. This exercise is a quantitative illustration of the crucial importance of history for the understanding of cluster dynamics, as well as many other (evolutionary) economic phenomena.

In the early decades of the contemporary world economy, Portugal had to perform twice difficult stabilization processes: during the 1890s as a consequence of the collapse of external and public debt payments, and during the 1920s in the wake of the First World War. This paper will analyse these Portuguese situations: the 1890s stabilization based on leaving the gold standard monetary system and on partial default of the external public debt payments led to a period of economic stagnation, which lasted until the First World War, in spite of the good international background provided by the so called belle époque; the 1920s stabilization based on a very tough fiscal adjustment opened the way to an interwar period of slight growth , in spite of the unfavourable international background provided by the problems of the 1920s and the Great Depression during the 1930s (although it was not enough to sustain the liberal republican regime, which was replaced by a military dictatorship, and later an authoritarian right-wing regime).

During the second half of the twentieth century, the Spanish cork industry had lost its hegemonic position to Portugal, in the world market of manufactured cork. In this work we intend to demonstrate that one of the most important explanations of the consolidation of this country’s leadership in the cork business lies in the formation and development of the industrial cork district of Aveiro (Santa Maria da Feira) in the north of Portugal. It was there where the growth of the Portuguese stopper industry took place and with this, the decisive orientation of this nation towards the manufacture of natural cork, substituting the traditional Portuguese trade in cork planks. We argue that the legislation that established the control of the industrial investment in Portugal, the so-called Industrial Conditioning (Condicionamento Industrial) did not restrict the opening of small cottage industries in the north, that fact being a determining reinforcement of the competitiveness of Aveiro in the world stopper trade. Another measure of major importance was the wage regulation covering this industry, being responsible for the wage differential favourable to the north comparing with the south and the centre of the country. Finally, we highlight the role of a big company (Amorim&Irmãos) in the formation and development of this industrial district, which became a leader firm in this sector at a world-wide level. Key words: Cork, “New State”, Portugal, Spain, Industrial District. JEL classification : N4, N5, N74, N8, N9, R32, L52.

En la segunda mitad del siglo XX, la industria corchera española perdió su posición hegemónica en el mercado mundial de las manufacturas corcheras en beneficio de la portuguesa. En la investigación iniciada pretendemos demostrar que una de las claves de la consolidación del liderazgo portugués en este negocio radica en la formación y desarrollo del distrito industrial corchero de Aveiro en el norte de Portugal, en el que se plasmó la expansión de la industria lusa del tapón de corcho, y con ella, la decisiva orientación de la nación hacia la transformación del corcho natural, en detrimento de su tradicional vocación preparadora. Se argumenta que la legislación reguladora de la inversión privada en Portugal (el llamado Condicionamento Industrial) fue tolerante con la apertura de pequeños establecimientos "caseros" en el norte del país, siendo este hecho un refuerzo determinante de la capacidad competitiva de la industria taponera aveirense (y portuguesa) en el mercado mundial. A esta intervención estatal se unió la regulación de los salarios de la industria corchera, que estableció un diferencial salarial favorable al norte frente al resto del país. Asimismo, se pone de manifiesto la participación de una gran empresa (Amorim&Irmãos) en la formación y desarrollo de este distrito industrial, la cual acabó por convertirse en la primera a nivel mundial en el sector. During the second half of the twentieth century, the Spanish cork industry lost its hegemonic position to Portugal in the world market of manufactured cork. In this work we intend to demonstrate that one of the most important explanations for the consolidation of Portuguese leadership in the cork business lies in the formation and development of the industrial cork district of Aveiro (Santa Maria da Feira) in the north of Portugal. It was there that the growth of the Portuguese cork stopper industry took place and with this, the decisive national shift in orientation towards the manufacture of natural cork, substituting the traditional Portuguese trade in planks. We argue that the legislation that established control of industrial investment in Portugal - the so-called Industrial Conditioning (Condicionamento Industrial) - did not restrict the opening of small cottage industries in the north, thus reinforcing the competitiveness of Aveiro in the world stopper trade. Another measure of major importance was the wage regulation covering this industry, which was responsible for the favorable wage differential for the north in comparison with the south and the centre of the country. Finally, we highlight the role played by a big company (Amorim&Irmãos) in the formation and development of this industrial district. This company became a leading firm in the sector world-wide.

Doutoramento em História Económica e Social Partindo da definição de Kuznets (1969) para a identificação e caracterização do crescimento económico moderno (CEM), podemos situar temporalmente esta nova época económica em Portugal na década de 1950, altura a partir da qual o país conheceu um conjunto de alterações, agregadas e estruturais, no sentido de um processo de modernização industrial. A complexidade deste processo permite a adopção de várias perspectivas de estudo. Privilegiamos neste trabalho uma abordagem sectorial do CEM no caso português, por colocar em destaque as articulações entre diferentes actividades económicas que, embora se completem e interajam, não deixam de estar povoadas de interesses antagónicos, que acabam por marcar o ritmo e a dimensão do seu impacto no CEM, 'per si' e em termos do todo sectorial. Constituiu nosso objectivo estudar o impacto da floresta no CEM português durante o Estado Novo (1930-1974), tendo presente que o aproveitamento económico dos produtos florestais sempre assumiu um papel importante na sociedade e economia portuguesas. Para além disso, a evolução das actividades económicas ligadas à floresta foi contextualizada por diversas medidas governamentais e por uma presença forte dos mercados externos enquanto destino da sua produção. Se quisermos classificar estas actividades em termos de fileira, a fileira da cortiça, a da resina e a do papel, colocam-se no primeiro plano de uma análise deste tipo. 0 impacto das fileiras referidas no CEM português foi condicionado por vários factores. Em primeiro lugar, enquanto recurso natural renovável, a floresta acabou por impor determinados condicionalismos às fileiras estudadas, tanto em termos de quantidades de matérias-primas, como da sua qualidade. Acresceu a esta limitação, a presença, em todos os sectores estudados, de agentes económicos com interesses antagónicos e de diferente dimensão, dando origem a conflitos que a teia institucional criada pelo Estado Novo não conseguiu sanar. Restou o comércio externo, onde os produtos florestais evidenciaram alguma importância enquanto geradores de receitas, mas cuja dinâmica evolutiva acabou, também ela, por ser condicionada pelo enquadramento externo da economia portuguesa. Using Kuznets' (1969) definition for the identification and characterisation of modern economic growth (MEG), we can identify this new economic era as having begun in Portugal in the 1950s, when the country experienced a series of aggregate and structural alterations that eventually led to a process of industrial modernisation. This complex process can be approached from several perspectives. Adopting a sectoral approach to the Portuguese MEG highlights the interaction between different economic activities, which, as well as being inter-dependent on each other, also have opposing interests, and this, therefore, restricts the rhythm and dimension of their economic effect on MEG, 'per se,' and in terms of a whole sector. Our aim is to study the contribution of forestry on Portuguese MEG in the period of the Estado Novo (1930-1974), bearing in mind that the economic exploration of forest materials has always assumed an important role in Portuguese society and its economy. Furthermore, the development of economic activities related to forest materials has always been strongly influenced by a range of government measures as well as by the strong presence of the external market as a final outlet. If one wishes to classify these activities in terms of sectors, then the cork, resin and paper sectors must be placed in the very forefront of any analysis of this type. The impact of the above mentioned sectors upon the Portuguese MEG were conditioned by several factors. Firstly, as a renewable natural resource, the forest imposed certain constraints on these sectors in terms of the quantity and quality of its raw materials. Furthermore, this was complicated by the presence of economic agents, of varying sizes, that acted with different interests in relation to the sectors. This behaviour caused conflicts that were beyond the powers of the institutional framework to solve. It was only in foreign trade, where forest products demonstrated some Importance by generating Income, but the growth of which was also curtailed by the external framework of the Portuguese economy.

A coincidência entre a fase de arranque do crescimento económico moderno em Portugal, na década de 50, e um grande número de medidas político-legislativas do Estado Novo aplicadas ao sub-sector florestal durante os anos 30 e 40, levanta a questão de saber até que ponto estas últimas teriam ou não objectivos estruturantes, isto é, se procurariam romper e corrigir os principais factores bloqueadores da modernização da agricultura portuguesa - como sejam a fraca mecanização, uma propriedade agrícola mal estruturada e o incorrecto aproveitamento dos solos - e, simultaneamente, criar recursos estratégicos para um processo de industrialização. Face ao exposto, pretende-se neste texto fazer uma análise preliminar de uma das medidas do Estado Novo no âmbito das florestas, por ventura a fundamental, o Plano de Povoamento Florestal (1938-68), e avaliar de que forma este contribuiu para a evolução dos rendimentos e produtividade agrícolas, abrindo caminho para o crescimento económico moderno em Portugal. The coincidence between the take-off of the Portuguese economy in the 1950s and a great deal of political and legislative measures taken by the Estado Novo and applied on the sector of forest during the 1930s and the 1940s, brings up the question of knowing until what point those measures had or had not structural aims. That is, if this last search to break up and correct the main factors that blocked the agricultural modernization - such as weak mechanization, the inedaquate size of farms, the wrong use of the soils - and create the strategic resources for the industrialization of the country. This paper aims at making a preliminary analysis of the most important agricultural policy measures of the Estado Novo, the 'Piano de Povoamento Florestal' (1930-68), and evaluate its contribution for the evolution of productivity and product in the agricultural sector, allowing Portuguese modern economic growth.