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BACKGROUND: Progressive keratoconus can lead to severely impaired vision, but there is currently no consensus on the definition of progressive disease. Errors in the measurement of the parameters commonly used to establish progressive disease were evaluated in an attempt to determine the limits at which a true change in the values can be detected. The possible association between measurement error and disease severity was also investigated to evaluate the need for limits based on disease severity.METHODS: Sixty-one eyes were studied in 61 patients with keratoconus. Four replicate measurements were made in each patient using a Scheimpflug-based tomographic system (denoted the PC) and an auto-keratometer (denoted the AK). The repeatability coefficient, i.e., the level below which differences between two measurements are found in 95% of paired observations, was calculated. Patients were further divided into three groups based on disease severity (parameter magnitude).RESULTS: Increasing magnitude of all the keratometric parameters investigated was significantly associated with increasing measurement errors, and thus worse repeatability. The maximum keratometry value (Kmax) was the least repeatable parameter (1.23 D, 95% CI 1.11-1.35 D) and showed the strongest association between parameter magnitude and measurement error. The repeatability coefficient ranged between 0.32 and 1.62 D, depending on disease severity. The most repeatable parameter was the flattest central keratometry value (K1), measured with the PC (0.51 D, 95% CI 0.46-0.56 D) and the AK (0.54 D, 95% CI 0.48-0.59 D). K1 showed the weakest association between parameter magnitude and measurement error. The repeatability coefficient for K1 ranged between 0.40 and 0.54 D when using the PC, and between 0.34 and 0.70 D when using the AK in the three groups.CONCLUSIONS: The association between the magnitude of the keratometric parameters and their measurement errors suggests that limits should be based on disease severity to ensure reliable detection of progressive keratoconus. Further studies are, however, required.

Student thesis in Business Administration, Karlstad Business School, Real Estate Management Bachelor thesis, Spring 2019 Supervisor: Peter Samuelsson Authors: Anders Bergström and Simon Svensson Title: Uncertainty in lending to commercial properties – How do the banks handle and minimize the risks and uncertainties when lending to commercial properties? Introduction and problem statement: Valuation and lending to commercial properties are associated with risks and uncertainties. Since the banks base their lending on the basis of valuation, incorrect values are risky for the banks as well as for macroeconomics at large. Research question: How do banks view risk/uncertainty when valuing and lending to commercial properties? How do banks manage and minimize the risks/uncertainties of lending to commercial properties? Objectives: The purpose is to investigate and describe the risks and uncertainties that banks encounter and how they handle them when lending to commercial properties. Limitations: Our study focuses on four banks in Karlstad who work with lending to commercial properties. Methodology: We have applied a qualitative method where we interviewed four people operating in the banking sector, working on lending to commercial properties. The main purpose of the interviews is to investigate how the banks work with risk minimization and management of uncertainties in lending to commercial properties. Conclusions: The banks follow the regulations and the various tools they have to minimize risks and uncertainties when lending. The valuation data is only verified by internal checks carried out by bankers who are not authorized valuers. The bank thus relies on the valuers data and does not review the valuation data as thoroughly as the valuers. In practice, this means that the bankers cannot always detect if a valuation basis is incorrect, but risk to grant the loan anyway.

The ancient continent of Sahul, encompassing Australia, New Guinea and Tasmania, contains some of the earliest archaeological evidence for humans outside of Africa, dating back to at least 50 thousand years ago (kya). New Guinea was also one of the sites were humans developed agriculture in the last 10 thousand years. Despite the importance of this part of the world to the history of humanity outside Africa, little is known about the population history of the people living here. In this thesis I present population-genetic studies using whole-genome sequencing and genotype array datasets from more than 500 indigenous individuals from Australia and New Guinea, as well as initial work on large-scale sequencing of other, worldwide, human populations in the Human Genome Diversity Project panel. Other than recent admixture after European colonization of Australia, and Southeast Asian ad- mixture in the lowlands of New Guinea in the last few millennia, the populations of Sahul appear to have been genetically independent from the rest of the world since their divergence ∼50 kya. There is no evidence for South Asian gene flow to Australia, as previously suggested, and the highlands of Papua New Guinea (PNG) have remained unaffected by non-New Guinean gene flow until the present day. Despite Sahul being a single connected landmass until ∼8 kya, different groups across Australia are nearly equally related to Papuans, and vice versa, and the two appear to have separated genetically already ∼30 kya. In PNG, all highlanders strikingly appear to form a clade relative to lowlanders, and population structure seems to have been reshaped, with major population size increases, on the same timescale as the spread of agriculture. However, present- day genetic differentiation between groups is much stronger in PNG than in other parts of the world that have also transitioned to agriculture, demonstrating that such a lifestyle change does not necessarily lead to genetic homogenization. The results presented here provide detailed insights into the population history of Sahul, and sug- gests that its history can serve as an independent source of evidence for understanding human evolutionary trajectories, including the relationships between genetics, lifestyle, languages and culture., The Wellcome Sanger Institute's 4-year PhD Programme, funded by the Wellcome Trust

International audience; Structural rearrangements have long been recognized as an important source of genetic variation, with implications in phenotypic diversity and disease, yet their detailed evolutionary dynamics remain elusive. Here we use long-read sequencing to generate end-to-end genome assemblies for 12 strains representing major subpopulations of the partially domesticated yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its wild relative Saccharomyces paradoxus. These population-level high-quality genomes with comprehensive annotation enable precise definition of chromosomal boundaries between cores and subtelomeres and a high-resolution view of evolutionary genome dynamics. In chromosomal cores, S. paradoxus shows faster accumulation of balanced rearrangements (inversions, reciprocal translocations and transpositions), whereas S. cerevisiae accumulates unbalanced rearrangements (novel insertions, deletions and duplications) more rapidly. In subtelomeres, both species show extensive interchromosomal reshuffling, with a higher tempo in S. cerevisiae. Such striking contrasts between wild and domesticated yeasts are likely to reflect the influence of human activities on structural genome evolution.

To assess the microbial influence on postnatal hematopoiesis, we examined the role of early life microbial colonization on the composition of leukocyte subsets in the neonatal spleen. A high number of CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) splenocytes present perinatally was sustained for a longer period in conventionally colonized (CONV) mice than in mono-colonized (MC) and germfree (GF) mice, and the CD4(+) T cell population established faster in CONV mice. At the day of birth, compared to GF mice, the expression of Cxcl2 was up-regulated and Arg1 down-regulated in livers of CONV mice. This coincided with lower abundance of polylobed cells in the liver of CONV mice. An earlier peak in the expression of the genes Tjp1, Cdh1, and JamA in intestinal epithelial cells of CONV mice indicated an accelerated closure of the epithelial barrier. In conclusion, we have identified an important microbiota-dependent neonatal hematopoietic event, which we suggest impacts the subsequent development of the T cell population in the murine spleen.

This project seeks new forms of housing production that answer to the disappearance of the welfare state and provides structures for self-organization. It stretches the limits of the housing policies and explores new flexible design solutions. It addresses social and economical adaptability where both the city and the dwellers have responsibility for the process and development of new housing. The adaptable city is a city where dwellers co-create their housing environment.

To assess the microbial influence on postnatal hematopoiesis, we examined the role of early life microbial colonization on the composition of leukocyte subsets in the neonatal spleen. A high number of CD11b+Gr-1+ splenocytes present perinatally was sustained for a longer period in conventionally colonized (CONV) mice than in mono-colonized (MC) and germfree (GF) mice, and the CD4+ T cell population established faster in CONV mice. At the day of birth, compared to GF mice, the expression of Cxcl2 was up-regulated and Arg1 down-regulated in livers of CONV mice. This coincided with lower abundance of polylobed cells in the liver of CONV mice. An earlier peak in the expression of the genes Tjp1, Cdh1, and JamA in intestinal epithelial cells of CONV mice indicated an accelerated closure of the epithelial barrier. In conclusion, we have identified an important microbiota-dependent neonatal hematopoietic event, which we suggest impacts the subsequent development of the T cell population in the murine spleen.

Runt 5% av världens befolkning drabbas av bipolär sjukdom. Sjukdomen innebär att patientens stämningsläge pendlar mellan hypomani eller mani och depression med alla därtill hörande symptom och hinder samt en livslång läkemedelsbehandling. Bipolär sjukdom innebär att i perioder befinna sig i depressionens djupaste mörker för att i andra perioder befinna sig i manins gränslöshet men också den osäkerhet och oförutsägbarhet som pendlingarna mellan de två tillstånden innebär. Bipolär sjukdom medför ett stort lidande och många hinder i vardagen för patienten. Med denna litteraturstudie belyses hur patienten upplever livet med bipolär sjukdom. Studiens resultat baseras på åtta kvalitativa artiklar och en kvantitativ. Sjukdomen medför för patienten ofta en svårighet att acceptera sin diagnos men också en vändpunkt i livet då diagnosen fastställs. Patienten tycks uppleva sina känslor på ett annat vis än den som inte lider av bipolär sjukdom. Kunskapen om sjukdomen i samhället är liten och fördomarna är många vilket leder till en stigmatisering. Patienten har ofta en strävan efter att lära sig mer om sin sjukdom och att lära sig hantera sin tillvaro med sin sjukdom. Något som är av stor vikt för patienten är relationer, såväl till anhöriga som till sjukvården. Sjuksköterskan har en stor betydelse för patienten med bipolär sjukdom och ett av de viktigaste redskap hen har i mötet med patienten är det vårdande samtalet. Program: Sjuksköterskeutbildning

Validerat; 20130919 (global_studentproject_submitter)

För att undvika uppkomst av tromboembolier som t.ex. ischemisk stroke vid diagnoser som leder till ökad risk för att blodet koagulerar används antikoagulations (AK) läkemedel, vanligt förekommande är sk vitamin Kantagonister (AVK-läkemedel) där warfarin (Waran®) är vanligast. AVKläkemedel behöver återkommande testning för att säkerställa effektiv behandling. Denna testning sker normalt vid AK-mottagningar men kan också genomföras av patienterna själva genom självtestning. Den här pilotstudien studerar patienter som självtestar sin AVKläkemedelsbehandling i Östergötland med fokus på kostnader och kostnadseffektivitet. Studien har en före- efter design under 12 månader där patienterna är sina egna kontroller. Patientkohorten består av 20 patienter med AVK-läkemedelsbehandling. Det primära utfallsmåttet är tid inom terapeutiskt intervall före och efter självskattning. Patienterna fick vid 3 tillfällen fylla i instrumenten EQ-5D och SF-36 samt svara på frågor avseende hur mycket de hypotetiskt skulle vara beredda att betala (willingness-to-pay) för att använda självtestning. Medelåldern var 56 år och 67 procent var män. Andel av behandlingstiden inom terapeutiskt intervall var mellan 57 och 100 procent, med ett medel på 86 procent. Mindre blödning inträffade hos 3 patienter men ingen tromboembolisk episod påvisades. Studien är för liten för att säkerställa några kliniska skillnader. Totalt beräknas självtestning kosta 180 kronor per tillfälle, vilket var lägre än de 370 kronor som varje test hos AK-mottagningen innebar. Patienternas livskvalitet (mätt i QALY-vikter) visade en tendens till att stiga under de studerade 12 månaderna. Betalningsviljan sjönk från 11 526 kronor vid baseline till 6 490 kronor efter ett år. Eftersom kostnader har besparats och effekterna förväntas vara likvärdiga är självtestning en kostnadseffektiv åtgärd. Då det dessutom har visats att det finns en samhällelig betalningsvilja för utrustningen stärker detta resultatet att självtestning är kostnadseffektivt hos den studerade patientgruppen. Rapportens resultat tyder på att självtestning leder till lägre kostnader, samt en tendens till förbättrad livskvalitet för patienterna. Inga kliniska skillnader har påvisats. Detta gör att självtestning i rapporten har ansetts vara enkostnadseffektiv åtgärd. Detta är dock en liten pilotstudie och dess resultat behöver verifieras i större studier. To avoid the occurrence of thromboembolic events and ischemic stroke in the diagnoses that lead to increased risk of blood clotting, anticoagulant treatment, primarily in the form of warfarin (Waran®), is used. Warfarin requires regular testing to ensure efficient treatment. This testing is normally done at clinics but can also be performed by patients themselves by self-testing. This pilot study studies patients who self-test their warfarin therapy in the county of Östergötland, with a focus on costs and cost effectiveness. The study has a pre-post design for 12 months where the patients are their own controls. Twenty patients with warfarin therapy were included. The primary outcome measure is the time within therapeutic range before and after the selftesting. Patients answered at three times the instruments EQ-5D and SF-36 as well as questions regarding how much they would hypothetically be willing to pay to use self-testing equipment. Mean age was 56 years and 67 percent were male. Percentage of treatment within the therapeutic range was between 57 and 100 percent, with an average of 86 percent. Minor bleeding occurred in 3 patients but no thrombosis occurred. The study is too small to ensure no clinical differences. In total, self-testing cost SEK 180 per session, which was lower than the cost at the clinic (SEK 370). Patients' quality of life (measured in QALY weights) indicated a tendency to rise during the studied 12 months. The willingness-to-pay decreased from SEK 11,526 at baseline to SEK 6,490 after 12 months. As costs have been spared and the effects are expected to be equivalent, self-testing can be considered costeffective. Moreover, since it has been shown that there is a societal willingness to pay for the equipment this strengthens the result that self-testing is costeffective. The study’s findings suggest that self-testing leads to lower costs and a trend toward improved quality of life for patients. No clinical differences have been demonstrated. This makes self-testing considered a cost-effective measure of the studied patient population. However, this is a small pilot study and its results need to be verified in larger studies.

Academia has a long tradition of structuring itself around academic subjects, often epitomized through architectural manifestations such as individual buildings and whole campi. These materializations serve as sites of research and education, but also serve to describe the university as whole as well as its institutional parts, their definitions and their interrelations. This description goes deeper than simple definition of specific buildings for specific activities or subjects, but rather describes the idea of academic structures and relations between different people in the campi. This paper makes a comparative study of one of the more successful research universities in Stockholm, studying the use of spatial configuration and programming when the main campus was established in the first decade after the second world war, and how it was used in the following large-scale expansion beginning in the 1960s. It shows how, for both pragmatic and ideological reasons, radical shifts in the relation between buildings and academic subjects, as well as academic individuals and the units central to these descriptions, have taken place in the years in-between, and scrutinizes some of the effects coming with such a change. Detta paper studerar hur Karolinska institutets campus i Solna utvecklats genom tre faser (tävlingen, etableringen, förnyelsen) och hur samspelet mellan kunskapsidé, ämnesidentitet, och arkitektur förändrats. Detta genom en studie av ett litet antal exempel som jämförs utifrån sina rumsliga och organisatoriska konfigrationer. QC 20120123

BACKGROUND: Several cross-sectional studies during the past 10 years have observed an increased risk of allergic outcomes for children living in damp or mouldy environments. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate whether reported mould or dampness exposure in early life is associated with the development of allergic disorders in children from eight European birth cohorts. METHODS: We analysed data from 31 742 children from eight ongoing European birth cohorts. Exposure to mould and allergic health outcomes were assessed by parental questionnaires at different time points. Meta-analyses with fixed- and random-effect models were applied. The number of the studies included in each analysis varied based on the outcome data available for each cohort. RESULTS: Exposure to visible mould and/or dampness during first 2 years of life was associated with an increased risk of developing asthma: there was a significant association with early asthma symptoms in meta-analyses of four cohorts [0-2 years: adjusted odds ratios (aOR), 1.39 (95% CI, 1.05-1.84)] and with asthma later in childhood in six cohorts [6-8 years: aOR, 1.09 (95% CI, 0.90-1.32) and 3-10 years: aOR, 1.10 (95% CI, 0.90-1.34)]. A statistically significant association was observed in six cohorts with symptoms of allergic rhinitis at school age [6-8 years: aOR, 1.12 (1.02-1.23)] and at any time point between 3 and 10 years [aOR, 1.18 (1.09-1.28)]. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that a mouldy home environment in early life is associated with an increased risk of asthma particularly in young children and allergic rhinitis symptoms in school-age children.

A degree project has been carried out at Motion Control, Västerås. The degree project “Grafisk Skärm för Inbyggda System” have developed a first prototype of an embedded system with a display, a graphical user interface with touchscreen and possibilities to communicate with external units. The work initiated with surveys of critical components. A technical specification for the desired end product was developed. With the technical specification as support, design specifications for hardware and firmware were developed. After the specifications were done, a circuit diagram was developed and a circuit board was made. The components were mounted by hand. After testing and correction of the construction the project has resulted in a first prototype. The prototype meets a lot of the desired requirements for a completed end product. The prototype can display the graphical user interface with good quality, has a working touchscreen and possibilities to receive external communication. Any processing of the external communication was not implemented. The prototype has a good foundation for further development.

A degree project has been carried out at Motion Control, Västerås. The degree project “Grafisk Skärm för Inbyggda System” have developed a first prototype of an embedded system with a display, a graphical user interface with touchscreen and possibilities to communicate with external units. The work initiated with surveys of critical components. A technical specification for the desired end product was developed. With the technical specification as support, design specifications for hardware and firmware were developed. After the specifications were done, a circuit diagram was developed and a circuit board was made. The components were mounted by hand. After testing and correction of the construction the project has resulted in a first prototype. The prototype meets a lot of the desired requirements for a completed end product. The prototype can display the graphical user interface with good quality, has a working touchscreen and possibilities to receive external communication. Any processing of the external communication was not implemented. The prototype has a good foundation for further development.

Ever since its foundation in 1877, the School of Architecture at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm has been susceptible to international theory. The archive and the library at the present School of Architecture contain numerous examples; in this section we intend to present material as part of a continous project to acknowledge the history and theory of architectural education. The starting point is a book that plays an important part in the history of early modern architecture in Sweden. Following the publication of "Der Städtebau nach seinen künstlerischen Grundsätzen" in 1889, the Austrian architect Camillo Sitte was particularly well received in Sweden and became one of the most influential theorists in the field of architecture and urban planning. The Swedish reception of Sitte is closely connected to the architect Per Hallman (1869–1941), who promoted Sitte's ideas in his practice as an urban planner. Hallman introduced Sitte's ideas in a lecture in Stockholm as early as 1895, clearly inspired by a close reading of "Der Städtebau". His own copy of the first edition still exists in the Library of Architecture at the Royal Institute of Technology. As a PhD-student, I found this worn-out, fragile book almost fifteeen years ago, marked with Hallman's personal ex libris and generously filled with notes in the margins. Hallman's comments on Sitte's text make for fascinating reading, especially since Hallman also had the opportunity to use Sitte's ideas in his practice as a teacher. As the leading Swedish practitioner in his field, Hallman was appointed the first Associate Professor in Urban Planning at the Royal Institute of Technology in 1897, although a permanent position was not granted until 1914. Besides his work as an urban planner, he stayed on as a teacher until 1934, when Sitte's ideas on planning had long lost its significance. However, his influence can still be traced in different ways. One of the most prestigious precincts in Stockholm, planned by Hallman in 1907-08, is the mountainous area adjacent to the present School of Architecture. In this context, Hallman solved the problems introduced by the terrain through an ingenious use of Sitte's methods of irregular planning. It is evident that this situation was taken into account in the design process of the present building for the School of Architecture, which was completed in 1970. A decade earlier, an architectural critic, Thomas Paulsson, had acknowledged Hallman's work in a thesis, concentrating on the forgotten values of earlier planning policies. The urban planning at the turn of the century 1900 could thus be incorporated in the urban appraisal in architectural theory during the 1960s. Later on, architect Göran Sidenbladh, fornerly responsible for the reconstruction of the central parts of Stockholm, even published a Swedish translation of "Der Städtebau". Following the critique towards the city's earlier policy, Sidenbladh's translation may be interpreted as a late memento. Although Sitte's irregular method is no longer the answer to the questions of urban planning, "Der Städtebau" still holds a prominent position in the history and theory of early modern architecture in Sweden. QC 20120207 Serie A

The authors have noticed that during the last couple of years the interest about China has grown not only as an attractive market for production but also as a consumer market. A limited amount of books and articles have been written about SMEs entering the Chinese consumer market and even fewer articles have been written about Swedish SMEs entering China to sell their products. This is what caught the author’s attention of writing this thesis. Sweden has for a long time been good at exporting to other countries. Now when the Chi-nese market has opened up to western companies there are a lot of potential on this market that is estimated to be one of the largest in the world. There are still differences between China and other market not at least the culture. But as time and globalisation goes on the Chinese people learn how to react to the new world of companies from the west that tries to get its share of the highly attractive Chinese market. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate how previous experience and knowledge af-fected the long-term establishment on the Chinese market for the selected Swedish SMEs. Also the knowledge that was obtained when entered China that made the establishment possible was investigated. By interviewing four Swedish small and medium sized companies that have managed to export their products to China and also managed to stay there the authors have gotten to a better understanding of the process of export and the different knowledge's that the com-panies gets in this process of internationalisation. By also interviewing a consultant with a long experience of Chinese-Swedish relations and doing business with China the authors have got a good picture of the issues of today’s SMEs trying to export to China. The analysis revealed that the single most important aspect of making a successful long-term establishment on the Chinese market is the commitment the company can give. It is crucial in order to gain crucial connections and to provide the necessary service that is de-manded by the Chinese customers. Det ökade intresset för Kina de senaste åren har inte undgått författarna av denna uppsats, på senare tid har inte bara Kina varit målet för strategiska produktionsetableringar men man börjar även få upp ögonen för den växande köpkraften i landet. En begränsad mängd böcker och artiklar tar upp ämnet om SME som gör entré på den kinesiska marknaden. Än mindre forskning finns om svenska SME som går in i Kina med målet att sälja sina produk-ter. Detta fångade författarnas intresse. Sverige har under lång tid varit ett exporterande land. Nu när det kinesiska marknaden har öppnats för västerländska företag finns det stora möjligheter på en av de största markna-derna i världen. Kina är en unik marknad och skillnaden mot andra marknader är avsevärd, inte minst kulturskillnaderna. Men under globaliseringens gång lär sig det kinesiska folket att hantera den nya världen och västerländska företag som ger sig in på den attraktiva kine-siska marknaden. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur tidigare erfarenhet och kunskap påverkat de utvalda företagens långsiktiga utveckling på den kinesiska marknaden. Den kunskap som tillvaratogs under tiden i Kina som underlättade vidare utveckling kommer att undersökas. Genom att intervjua fyra svenska företag som har lyckats slå sig in på den kinesiska mark-naden har författarna lyckats få en djupare förståelse om exportprocessen och de olika sor-ters kunskap som företagen erhåller under internationaliseringsprocessen. Genom att också intervjua en konsult med lång erfarenhet av relationer med Kina och det ekonomiska kli-matet i Kina har författarna fått en god bild av vilka svårigheter som SMEs stöter på vid export till Kina. Analysen avslöjade att den enskilt viktigaste aspekten i att en etablering lyckas långsiktigt på den kinesiska marknaden är det engagemang företaget kan leverera. På det viset kan företa-get få tag på de nödvändiga kontakter som krävs och leverera den typ av service som krävs av de kinesiska kunderna.

The world economy is facing a paradigm shift. In today’s fast paced information society companies will find it increasingly difficult to differentiate themselves based on price only. As our materialistic standard peaks people will seek to fulfil softer needs such as dreams and fantasies. Simultaneously people need a break from everyday life, a way to disconnect from the stress and boundaries of western lifestyle, we seek experiences. Side by side with the economic evolvement commercialization in sports has significantly increased during the last ten years. What once were non-profit organizations are today big companies. Sports engage people and makes emotions flow, a visit at an ice hockey arena offers a break from the boring everyday life and it provides us with an experience. Ice hockey organizations are according to us indeed in the experience delivery business, hence they need to act accordingly. This thesis explores the world of experiences and connects it with the visit at an ice hockey arena, specifically Ejendals Arena, Leksand. The purpose of the thesis is to study how Leksands IF today create experiences and then compare it with the experience creating theories and finally to suggest how Leksands IF should proceed in order to offer their guests a complete experience. This has been achieved by studying literature, conducting observations, conversations and discussions. Since the connection between experience economy and sports is relatively unexplored this thesis has taken an explorative form. In the last part of this thesis we suggest a range of different proposals on how Leksands IF should act to position themselves in the emerging experience economy. If Leksands IF succeeds with this we are confident that the connection between their performance and spectators will diminish along with the staged experience appealing to a far wider range of people then today. The benefits of this will be seen both in turnovers and in the number of guests. Världsekonomin är inne i ett skifte. Det blir svårare och svårare att differentiera sig med pris i dagens snabba informationssamhälle samtidigt som människor söker fylla andra och mjukare behov än de rent materialistiska. Människor söker ett avbrott från vardagen, ett sätt att koppla bort den stressade och inrutade livsstilen som idag präglar västvärlden, vi söker upplevelser. Parallellt med den ekonomiska utvecklingen i samhället har kommersialiseringen inom idrotten de senaste 10 åren tagit fart på allvar, vad som en gång var en ideell verksamhet är numera storföretag. Idrott engagerar och får känslor i svall, ett besök på en ishockeyarena erbjuder oss ett avbrott i vardagen och ger oss en upplevelse. Ishockeyklubbar befinner sig enligt oss i allra högsta grad i upplevelseindustrin och bör därmed agera utifrån detta. Uppsatsen forskar kring ämnet upplevelser och kopplar samman det med besöket på en ishockeyarena, mer specifikt ett besök i Ejendals Arena, Leksand. Syftet med rapporten är att studera hur Leksands IF arbetar med upplevelser och jämföra detta med teorin samt att ge förslag på hur Leksands IF ska arbeta med upplevelser i framtiden för att kunna erbjuda en så stark upplevelse som möjligt. Detta har uppnåtts genom litteraturstudier observationer, samtal och diskussioner. Då kopplingen mellan upplevelseekonomin och idrott är relativt outforskad har vårt arbete tagit en utforskande karaktär. I uppsatsens avslutande del kommer vi fram till en rad konkreta förslag på hur Leksands IF bör arbeta och vad vi anser att de skall göra för att kunna erbjuda sina gäster en starkare upplevelse än de idag gör. Om Leksands IF lyckas med detta är vi övertygade om att den sportsliga framgångens koppling till publiksiffrorna kommer att minska samtidigt som långt fler än de som idag gästar Ejendals Arena kommer att bli intresserade av ett besök. Följden blir att Leksands IF kommer se positiva effekter i såväl omsättning som besöksstatistik.

Enligt tidigare forskning sker samverkan mellan Socialtjänsten och Barnoch ungdomspsykiatrin (BUP) oftast på enskilda behandlares/utredares initiativ och direktiv kring samverkan verkar saknas. Med tanke på att den psykiska ohälsan bland barn och unga anses ha ökat är det av vikt att denna samverkan sker. Syftet med denna undersökning var att kartlägga samverkan mellan BUP i Jämtlands läns landsting och Avdelningne Barn och Unga/Avdelningen Unga Vuxna inom Socialtjänsten i Östersunds kommun. Detta för att belysa hur behandlarna/utredarna såg på befintlig samverkan och förenklande/försvårande faktorer mellan dessa aktörer. Det skedde utifrån enkätfrågor baserade på myndigheters riktlinjer. Detta gjordes genom en kvantitativ enkätundersökning i totalpopulationen av ovan nämnda grupper. Avsikten var att belysa centrala tendenser i den aktuella populationens syn på samverkan och inställning till tidigare forskningsrön gällande förenklande och försvårande faktorer vid samverkan. I denna undersökning framkom att samverkan sker, dock utifrån den enskilde behandlarens/utredarens initiativ. Lagstiftning samt skriftliga och/eller muntliga direktiv på arbetsplatserna ansågs av ett flertal förenkla samverkan. Direktiven bör vara förankrade genom hela organisationen för att bli verkningsfulla. De flesta ansåg att det fanns grupper som det är särskilt angeläget att samverka kring. Samverkan skulle förenklas om det skedde enskild konsultation mellan dessa instanser. Det som rankades högst av behandlare/utredare på BUP och ABU/AUV om vad som ansågs förenkla samverkan, var mer kunskap om den andres arbete.

The current antidepressant drugs are ineffective in 30 to 40% of the treated patients; hence, the pathophysiology of the disease needs to be further elucidated. We used the chronic mild stress (CMS) paradigm to induce anhedonia, a core symptom of major depression, in rats. A fraction of the animals exposed to CMS is resistant to the development of anhedonia; they are CMS resilient. In the CMS-sensitive animals, the induced anhedonic state is reversed in 50% of the animals when treating with escitalopram, whereas the remaining animals are treatment resistant. We used the microarray and the real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique, as well as the ingenuity pathway analysis software to identify the differential gene expression pathways, which are associated with the occurrence of the treatment resistance and the stress-resilient rats. In the hippocampus, we found a significant upregulation of apoptotic pathways in the treatment-resistant animals and significantly increased expression levels of genes involved in hippocampal signaling in the CMS-resilient rats. We hypothesize that sensitivity to the stress-induced anhedonia in rats is correlated with the impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis. Udgivelsesdato: 2007-null

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether there is a difference between the respondent groups preparers and non-preparers position in IASBs question if a reversal of previously impaired goodwill should be prohibited. The background is an exposure draft sent out by the IASB and we examine the answers, in form of comment letters, sent in by the respondents to reach our purpose. Our method is positivistic in the sense that we study already existing theories when we create our hypothesis which gives our assumption about how the result of the respondent’s answers will be. Our data, which we have collected from the comment letters, is qualitative secondary data. When we draw our conclusions we’re using both empirics and logics, this method characterises the hypothetic-deductive method. The theory we studied to reach our hypothesis mainly consisted of positive accounting theory, the agency theory and utility maximising theory. But we also studied existing laws, accounting standards and the special nature of goodwill as an asset to create a better understanding of how the different respondent groups would answer the question. The result of our research showed us that more non-preparers than preparers supported IASBs proposition, but the difference between the groups was not large enough to generalize our result and we could not statistically establish any relation with help from our Chi2 test. The result that preparers to a large extent agreed with IASB is interesting because it doesn’t correspond with the theories about positive accounting theory, agency theory and the theory about utilising individuals that we have studied. From the result a few questions arise. Could it be that preparers aren’t as utilising as the theory says? Another theory that could answer this question is the stewardship theory. Our conclusion after studying and analysing our theory and research results is that there in fact is a difference between the respondent groups preparers and non-preparers attitude towards IASBs proposal, even if the difference is smaller than we first thought.

De stora restaureringarna har varit årets tema. Genom att dokumentera och analysera teori och praktik i några av 1800- och 1900-talets största restaureringar - från genomgripande stilrestaureringar till ett mer återhållsamt och tekniskt skon­samt synsätt. Därmed får vi också ett bättre underlag även för dagens ställningsta­gande.Föremål för våra studier är Uppsala domkyrka, Gripsholms slott, Vreta kloster­kyrka, Gustav 11I:s paviljong i Haga, Kungapalatset i Vadstena och Skoklosters slott. Vi hoppas att denna utställning skall bidra till en kritisk hållning och en ökad kunskap om restaureringskonsten, som kvalificerad yrkesuppgift, tidsspegel för historiesyn och som gestaltningsideal. Restaureringskonsten handlar både om teori och praktik - att medvetet förhålla sig till det befintliga kulturarvet, hur och vad som skall bevaras, återställas och förnyas. I de stora restaureringarna har framstående arkitekter och antikvarier varit inblandade och resultatet av deras arbeten har blivit föremål för debatt, antingen i samtiden eller av eftervärlden. När vi idag ställs inför uppgiften att restaurera våra viktiga nationalmonument handlar det även om att ta ställning till tidigare gjorda restaureringar. Hur har synen på monumentens kulturhistoriska värde och metoder för restaurering varierat över tiden? Och hur ser vi på dessa frågor idag, när byggnaderna åter behöver restaureras? Avdelningen för Restaureringskonst vid Kungliga Konsthögskolan ger en ett­årig påbyggnadsutbildning, främst för arkitekter men även till byggnadsantikva­rier, ingenjörer och konservatorer med akademisk grundexamen och minst ett års yrkesverksamhet.

Genome sequences from diverse human groups are needed to understand the structure of genetic variation in our species and the history of, and relationships between, different populations. We present 929 high-coverage genome sequences from 54 diverse human populations, 26 of which are physically phased using linked-read sequencing. Analyses of these genomes reveal an excess of previously undocumented common genetic variation private to southern Africa, central Africa, Oceania, and the Americas, but an absence of such variants fixed between major geographical regions. We also find deep and gradual population separations within Africa, contrasting population size histories between hunter-gatherer and agriculturalist groups in the past 10,000 years, and a contrast between single Neanderthal but multiple Denisovan source populations contributing to present-day human populations.

Cave sediments have been shown to preserve ancient DNA but so far have not yielded the genome-scale information of skeletal remains. We retrieved and analyzed human and mammalian nuclear and mitochondrial environmental "shotgun" genomes from a single 25,000-year-old Upper Paleolithic sediment sample from Satsurblia cave, western Georgia:first, a human environmental genome with substantial basal Eurasian ancestry, which was an ancestral component of the majority of post-Ice Age people in the Near East, North Africa, and parts of Europe; second, a wolf environmental genome that is basal to extant Eurasian wolves and dogs and represents a previously unknown, likely extinct, Caucasian lineage; and third, a European bison environmental genome that is basal to present-day populations, suggesting that population structure has been substantially reshaped since the Last Glacial Maximum. Our results provide new insights into the Late Pleistocene genetic histories of these three species and demonstrate that direct shotgun sequencing of sediment DNA, without target enrichment methods, can yield genome-wide data informative of ancestry and phylogenetic relationships.

How and when the Americas were populated remains contentious. Using ancient and modern genome wide data we found that the ancestors of all present day Native Americans including Athabascans and Amerindians entered the Americas as a single migration wave from Siberia no earlier than 23 thousand years ago (ka) and after no more than an 8000 year isolation period in Beringia. After their arrival to the Americas ancestral Native Americans diversified into two basal genetic branches around 13 ka one that is now dispersed across North and South America and the other restricted to North America. Subsequent gene flow resulted in some Native Americans sharing ancestry with present day East Asians (including Siberians) and more distantly Australo Melanesians. Putative “Paleoamerican” relict populations including the historical Mexican Pericúes and South American Fuego Patagonians are not directly related to modern Australo Melanesians as suggested by the Paleoamerican Model. INTRODUCTION The consensus view on the peopling of the Americas is that ancestors of modern Native Americans entered the Americas from Siberia via the Bering Land Bridge and that this occurred at least {\textasciitilde}14.6 thousand years ago (ka). However the number and timing of migrations into the Americas remain controversial with conflicting interpretations based on anatomical and genetic evidence. RATIONALE In this study we address four major unresolved issues regarding the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans: (i) the timing of their divergence from their ancestral group (ii) the number of migrations into the Americas (iii) whether there was {\textasciitilde}15000 years of isolation of ancestral Native Americans in Beringia (Beringian Incubation Model) and (iv) whether there was post Pleistocene survival of relict populations in the Americas related to Australo Melanesians as suggested by apparent differences in cranial morphologies between some early (“Paleoamerican”) remains and those of more recent Native Americans. We generated 31 high coverage modern genomes from the Americas Siberia and Oceania; 23 ancient genomic sequences from the Americas dating between {\textasciitilde}0.2 and 6 ka; and SNP chip genotype data from 79 present day individuals belonging to 28 populations from the Americas and Siberia. The above data sets were analyzed together with published modern and ancient genomic data from worldwide populations after masking some present day Native Americans for recent European admixture. RESULTS Using three different methods we determined the divergence time for all Native Americans (Athabascans and Amerindians) from their Siberian ancestors to be {\textasciitilde}20 ka and no earlier than {\textasciitilde}23 ka. Furthermore we dated the divergence between Athabascans (northern Native American branch together with northern North American Amerindians) and southern North Americans and South and Central Americans (southern Native American branch) to be {\textasciitilde}13 ka. Similar divergence times from East Asian populations and a divergence time between the two branches that is close in age to the earliest well established archaeological sites in the Americas suggest that the split between the branches occurred within the Americas. We additionally found that several sequenced Holocene individuals from the Americas are related to present day populations from the same geographical regions implying genetic continuity of ancient and modern populations in some parts of the Americas over at least the past 8500 years. Moreover our results suggest that there has been gene flow between some Native Americans from both North and South America and groups related to East Asians and Australo Melanesians the latter possibly through an East Asian route that might have included ancestors of modern Aleutian Islanders. Last using both genomic and morphometric analyses we found that historical Native American groups such as the Pericúes and Fuego Patagonians were not “relicts” of Paleoamericans and hence our results do not support an early migration of populations directly related to Australo Melanesians into the Americas. CONCLUSION Our results provide an upper bound of {\textasciitilde}23 ka on the initial divergence of ancestral Native Americans from their East Asian ancestors followed by a short isolation period of no more than {\textasciitilde}8000 years and subsequent entrance and spread across the Americas. The data presented are consistent with a single migration model for all Native Americans with later gene flow from sources related to East Asians and indirectly Australo Melanesians. The single wave diversified {\textasciitilde}13 ka likely within the Americas giving rise to the northern and southern branches of present day Native Americans. View larger version: In this page In a new window Download PowerPoint Slide for Teaching Population history of present day Native Americans.The ancestors of all Native Americans entered the Americas as a single migration wave from Siberia (purple) no earlier than {\textasciitilde}23 ka separate from the Inuit (green) and diversified into “northern” and “southern” Native American branches {\textasciitilde}13 ka. There is evidence of post divergence gene flow between some Native Americans and groups related to East Asians/Inuit and Australo Melanesians (yellow). Genetic history of Native Americans Several theories have been put forth as to the origin and timing of when Native American ancestors entered the Americas. To clarify this controversy Raghavan et al. examined the genomic variation among ancient and modern individuals from Asia and the Americas. There is no evidence for multiple waves of entry or recurrent gene flow with Asians in northern populations. The earliest migrations occurred no earlier than 23000 years ago from Siberian ancestors. Amerindians and Athabascans originated from a single population splitting approximately 13000 years ago. Science this issue 10.1126/science.aab3884

Cave sediments have been shown to preserve ancient DNA but so far have not yielded the genome-scale information of skeletal remains. We retrieved and analyzed human and mammalian nuclear and mitochondrial environmental "shotgun" genomes from a single 25,000-year-old Upper Paleolithic sediment sample from Satsurblia cave, western Georgia:first, a human environmental genome with substantial basal Eurasian ancestry, which was an ancestral component of the majority of post-Ice Age people in the Near East, North Africa, and parts of Europe; second, a wolf environmental genome that is basal to extant Eurasian wolves and dogs and represents a previously unknown, likely extinct, Caucasian lineage; and third, a European bison environmental genome that is basal to present-day populations, suggesting that population structure has been substantially reshaped since the Last Glacial Maximum. Our results provide new insights into the Late Pleistocene genetic histories of these three species and demonstrate that direct shotgun sequencing of sediment DNA, without target enrichment methods, can yield genome-wide data informative of ancestry and phylogenetic relationships.

The grey wolf (Canis lupus) was the first species to give rise to a domestic population, and they remained widespread throughout the last Ice Age when many other large mammal species went extinct. Little is known, however, about the history and possible extinction of past wolf populations or when and where the wolf progenitors of the present-day dog lineage (Canis familiaris) lived1–8. Here we analysed 72 ancient wolf genomes spanning the last 100,000 years from Europe, Siberia and North America. We found that wolf populations were highly connected throughout the Late Pleistocene, with levels of differentiation an order of magnitude lower than they are today. This population connectivity allowed us to detect natural selection across the time series, including rapid fixation of mutations in the gene IFT88 40,000–30,000 years ago. We show that dogs are overall more closely related to ancient wolves from eastern Eurasia than to those from western Eurasia, suggesting a domestication process in the east. However, we also found that dogs in the Near East and Africa derive up to half of their ancestry from a distinct population related to modern southwest Eurasian wolves, reflecting either an independent domestication process or admixture from local wolves. None of the analysed ancient wolf genomes is a direct match for either of these dog ancestries, meaning that the exact progenitor populations remain to be located. © 2022, The Author(s). 8028-00005B; IP DKRVO 2019-2023, MK000094862; 220457/Z/20/Z, ERC-2013-StG-337574-UNDEAD, ERC-2019-StG-853272-PALAEOFARM; 075-15-2021-1069; European Molecular Biology Organization, EMBO: 217223/Z/19/Z; Vallee Foundation; Velux Fonden; Wellcome Trust, WT; Francis Crick Institute, FCI: FC001595; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 796877; Medical Research Council, MRC; Natural Environment Research Council, NERC: 210119/Z/18/Z, NE/K003259/1, NE/K005243/1, NE/S00078X/1, NE/S007067/1; Cancer Research UK, CRUK; European Research Council, ERC: 852558; Grantová Agentura České Republiky, GA ČR: 15-06446S; Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas: 2018-01640; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; Vetenskapsrådet, VR: 681396, BELSPO B2/191/P2/ICHIE; Russian Science Foundation, RSF: 16-18-10265-RNF, 20-17-00033, 21-18-00457-RNF, 310763; Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab; Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej, NAWA: PPN/PPO/2018/1/00037 This work was supported by grants to P. Skoglund from the European Research Council (grant no. 852558), the Erik Philip Sörensen Foundation and the Science for Life Laboratory, Swedish Biodiversity Program, made available by support from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. A.B., L.S., P. Swali and P. Skoglund were supported by Francis Crick Institute core funding (FC001595) from Cancer Research UK, the UK Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust. P. Skoglund was also supported by the Vallee Foundation, the European Molecular Biology Organisation and the Wellcome Trust (217223/Z/19/Z). Computations were supported by SNIC-UPPMAX. We also acknowledge support from Science for Life Laboratory, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the National Genomics Infrastructure funded by the Swedish Research Council and the Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science for assistance with massively parallel sequencing and access to the UPPMAX computational infrastructure. We thank the Yukon gold mining community and First Nations, including the Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in, for continued support of our palaeontology research in the Yukon Territories, Canada. We thank the Danish National High-Throughput Sequencing Centre and BGI-Europe for assistance in sequencing data generation and the Danish National Supercomputer for Life Sciences–Computerome ( https://computerome.dtu.dk ) for computational resources. We thank National Museum Wales for continued sampling support. M. Germonpré acknowledges support from the Brain.be 2.0 ICHIE project (BELSPO B2/191/P2/ICHIE). M.T.P.G. was supported by the European Research Council (grant no. 681396). M.-H.S.S. was supported by the Velux Foundations through the Qimmeq Project, the Aage og Johanne Louis-Hansens Fond and the Independent Research Fund Denmark (8028-00005B). L.D. acknowledges support from FORMAS (2018-01640). D.W.G.S. received funding for this project from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 796877. M.P. was supported by the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange–NAWA (grant no. PPN/PPO/2018/1/00037). V.J.S. was supported by the University of Zurich’s University Research Priority Program ‘Evolution in Action: From Genomes to Ecosystems’. This research was done with the participation of ZIN RAS (grant no. 075-15-2021-1069). We are grateful to the museum of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology UB RAS (Ekaterinburg, Russia) for provision of samples. R.P.J. and C.O’D. were supported by the Standing Committee for Archaeology of the Royal Irish Academy through the Archaeological Excavation Research Grant Scheme. E.Y.P., P.N. and V.V.P. are supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant no. 16-18-10265-RNF and 21-18-00457-RNF). Y.V.K. was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant no. 20-17-00033). M.H. was supported by the European Research Council (consolidator grant GeneFlow no. 310763). M.L.-G. was supported by the Czech Science Foundation GAČR (grant no. 15-06446S) and institutional financing of the Moravian Museum from the Czech Ministry of Culture (IP DKRVO 2019-2023, MK000094862). L.S. is supported by the Sir Henry Wellcome fellowship (220457/Z/20/Z). We thank Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart for sample access. L.F. and G.L. were supported by European Research Council grants (ERC-2013-StG-337574-UNDEAD and ERC-2019-StG-853272-PALAEOFARM) and Natural Environmental Research Council grants (NE/K005243/1, NE/K003259/1, NE/S007067/1 and NE/S00078X/1). L.F. was also supported by the Wellcome Trust (210119/Z/18/Z). This research was funded in whole, or in part, by the Wellcome Trust (FC001595). For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a CC-BY public copyright licence to any author accepted manuscript version arising from this submission.

INTRODUCTION: Large-scale human genome sequencing studies to date have been limited to large, metropolitan populations or to small numbers of genomes from each group. Much remains to be understood about the extent and structure of genetic variation in our species and how it was shaped by past population separations, admixture, adaptation, size changes, and gene flow from archaic human groups. Larger numbers of genome sequences from more diverse populations are needed to illuminate these questions. RATIONALE: We sequence 929 genomes from 54 geographically, linguistically and culturally diverse human populations to an average of 35x coverage, and analyze the variation among them. We also physically resolve the haplotype phase of 26 of these genomes using linked-read sequencing. RESULTS: We identify 67.3 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 8.8 million small insertions or deletions (indels) and 40,736 copy number variants (CNVs). This includes hundreds of thousands of variants that had not been discovered by previous sequencing efforts but which are common in one or more population. We demonstrate benefits to the study of population relationships of genome sequences over ascertained array genotypes, particularly when involving African populations. Populations in central and southern Africa, the Americas and Oceania each harbour tens to hundreds of thousands of private, common genetic variants. The majority of these variants arose as novel mutations rather than through archaic introgression, except in Oceanian populations where many private variants derive from Denisovan admixture. While some reach high frequencies, no variants are fixed between major geographical regions. We estimate that the genetic separation between present-day human populations occurred mostly within the last 250,000 years. However, these early separations were gradual in nature and shaped by protracted gene flow. All populations thus still had some genetic contact more recently than this, but there is also evidence that a small fraction of present-day structure might be hundreds of thousands of years older. Most populations expanded in size over the last 10,000 years, but hunter-gatherer groups did not. The low diversity among the Neanderthal haplotypes segregating in present-day populations indicates that, while more than one Neanderthal individual must have contributed genetic material to modern humans, there was likely only one major episode of admixture. In contrast, Denisovan haplotype diversity reflects a more complex history involving more than one episode of admixture. We find small amounts of Neanderthal ancestry in West African genomes, most likely reflecting Eurasian admixture. Despite their very low levels or absence of archaic ancestry, African populations share many Neanderthal and Denisovan variants that are absent from Eurasia, reflecting how a larger proportion of the ancestral human variation has been maintained in Africa. CONCLUSION: The discovery of substantial amounts of common genetic variation that was previously undocumented, and is geographically restricted, highlights the continued value of anthropologically informed study designs for understanding human diversity. The genome sequences presented here are a freely available resource with relevance to population history, medical genetics, anthropology and linguistics. [Figure: see text]

Nätverket för Arkitektur och kulturmiljö inom Samverkansforum för statliga byggherrar och förvaltare arrangerade hösten 2013 en serie om tre seminarier, som belyste den aktuella frågan om statens roll för skyddet av kulturhistoriskt värdefulla miljöer. Seminarieserien ägde rum i statligt ägda kulturmiljöer i Stockholm med syftet att bredda kunskapsunderlaget och öka intresset för statens ägande, byggande och reglerande av arkitektur och kulturmiljö. Frågor om statens ägande borde intressera en vidare krets än de aktuella myndigheterna. Vilken är statens roll som fastighetsägare, och vilket ansvar har staten för kulturarvet? Vilka urvalskriterier är aktuella, och hur påverkar de synen på kulturarvet? Även tryckt i begränsad upplaga, ISBN 978-91-637-7218-4.QC 20150603

Nätverket för Arkitektur och kulturmiljö inom Samverkansforum för statliga byggherrar och förvaltare arrangerade hösten 2013 en serie om tre seminarier, som belyste den aktuella frågan om statens roll för skyddet av kulturhistoriskt värdefulla miljöer. Seminarieserien ägde rum i statligt ägda kulturmiljöer i Stockholm med syftet att bredda kunskapsunderlaget och öka intresset för statens ägande, byggande och reglerande av arkitektur och kulturmiljö. Frågor om statens ägande borde intressera en vidare krets än de aktuella myndigheterna. Vilken är statens roll som fastighetsägare, och vilket ansvar har staten för kulturarvet? Vilka urvalskriterier är aktuella, och hur påverkar de synen på kulturarvet? Även tryckt i begränsad upplaga, ISBN 978-91-637-7218-4.QC 20150603