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Multiple substance use is a common but underrecognized problem in patients on opioid agonist treatment (OAT). Co-occurring substance misuse is associated with poor clinical and psychosocial outcomes. We aimed (a) to determine the effect of screening and brief intervention (SBI) for substance misuse in people on OAT and (b) to qualitatively summarize the implementation of SBI.We performed a systematic review of clinical trials on the efficacy of SBI for alcohol and drug misuse in participants on OAT. We searched 5 electronic databases and included published studies and unpublished trials. We measured the standardized mean difference in substance risk scores before and after intervention. We also estimated the standardized mean difference in alcohol consumption per day before and after intervention.We included a total of 8 studies; 5 of these were included in the meta-analysis, and all were reviewed for narrative synthesis. We observed a significant change in the pre-post brief intervention substance risk scores with a medium effect size (Hedges g = 0.752, 95% confidence interval, 0.405-1.099). Sensitivity analyses with different pretest-posttest correlations did not change our result. Modest effects of SBI were found in reducing both alcohol and illicit drug risk scores, and among the population on methadone and buprenorphine treatment. We also observed a significant decrease in alcohol consumption per day 3 months after SBI. Studies showed a limited and incomplete screening for substance misuse and delivery of brief intervention in OAT settings.Screening and brief intervention may be a potential treatment for co-occurring substance misuse among patients on OAT.

Vertebrate pigmentation is an outcome of an interplay of several signaling pathways that result in immense diversity of pigment patterns observed across the animal kingdom. Transitory nature of these signaling events impedes deciphering pathways that control migration and establishment of melanocyte stem cells (McSC), necessary for pigment patterning. Using zebrafish and cultured mammalian melanocytes, we uncover a hitherto unknown role for Plexin D1 signaling. This pathway directs migration by F-actin modulation and further dictates subsequent functional states of melanocytes through a transcriptional response. In zebrafish, abrogation of PLXND1 derails melanocyte migration and reduces mid-line melanophores emerging from the regeneration competent McSC pool. In cultured melanocytes, activation of PLXND1 by the ligand semaphorin 3E reduces the velocity of migration, influences directional correlation, and promotes movement towards positive cues such as SCF. PLXND1 activation results in EGFR signaling necessary for McSC establishment, and induces GNAS, an effector of MC1R pathway involved in melanocyte maturation. Identification of this long-range secreted negative chemotactic signaling provides a missing player and enriches reaction diffusion model for pigment patterning.

Food provides us required nutrients and plays a vital role in maintaining proper health. Food helps in keeping our immune system healthy to prevent and cure diseases. When additional substances are added in food to reduce its quality in order to increase quantity is called food adulteration. Today, as consumer we all are facing this deadlier and serious problem of consuming adulterated food in one or the other way. Consumption of adulterated food can cause many diseases; some adulterants may even lead to death. But many of the consumers do not know about all such malpractices happening in the market and is facing lots of losses in terms of health and money. On the other side many producers and sellers are continuing these deadly practices to compete cutthroat competition, to get maximize profits, sometimes to increase shelf life of product or to attract consumer. The study is to focus food adulteration practices happening in the market and the awareness levels of consumers regarding the food adulteration and its effects.

Background: Dhatu Sarata is defined as the supreme quality & functional aspect of Dhatu. (2) Chakrapani described it as "Vishuddhatara Dhatu," which means the finest, purest & excellent state of Dhatu. It is the actual test to measure an individual's strength (physical and mental). On the other hand, Intelligence is a feature that is defined to describe a person's cognitive abilities concerning their Sarata. Aim: The Present study primarily deals with intelligence quotient (IQ) & its correlation with Dhatu Sarata through questionnaires & assessments with special reference to Rasa and Rakta Sarata. Material & methods: The present survey (Observational) study was conducted on apparently healthy individuals randomly selected from O.P.D/I.P.D. of Pt. Khushilal Sharma Government (Autonomous) Ayurvedic College and Institute, Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh), including students and staff of the college and people living in the surrounding areas. All the volunteers who have Rasa or Rakta Sarata evaluated by Ayursoft software were further assessed for IQ with the help of the Wechsler Adult intelligence scale online test with 20 questions. A non-parametric test (Spearman Correlation) was used to explore the correlation between the two variables, i.e., Rasa Sarta &IQ and Rakta Sarta & IQ, as at least one of the variables. Result & observations: Out of 300 individuals, a total of 290 persons were found to be of Rasa Sara and Rakta Sara. There was a moderate correlation between Rasa Sarata & IQ, while Rakta Sarta and IQ showed a strong positive correlation. These positive findings obtained through this study validate the classical reference about the clinical manifestation of Rasa & Rakta Dhatusarata. Conclusion: Furthermore study can be carried out to find out its relationship with recent laboratory parameters. All remaining Dhatu Sarata can also be studied & compared with IQ level.

The 4th January 2016 Manipur earthquake (Mw 6.7) occurred along the Indo-Burmese wedge and ruptured towards NW direction causing severe damage to buildings/structures in North-East (NE) Indian region. A plausible earthquake (Mw 8.0) is simulated to estimate the ground motions and associated seismic hazard by means of the waveforms of 2016 Manipur earthquake (Mw 6.7) as an element earthquake considering the source in the subduction boundary of the Indo-Burmese wedge at an intermediate depth. The empirical greens function mechanism (EGFM) is adopted to accomplish the better utilization of the observed ground motions of the recorded earthquake as an element earthquake and to achieve the probable ground motions in order to acquire the appropriate path/site effects in the simulated ground motions. The obtained results demonstrate the impact of the comparable rupture directivity pattern in both element as well as the simulated earthquakes. The Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) in NE India from element and simulated earthquakes vary from 3 cm/sec2 and 11 cm/sec2 to 103 cm/sec2 and 342 cm/sec2 at epicentral distances of 624 km and 53 km respectively. The high amplitude surface waves due to the interference of seismic waves along with the combined effects of rupture directivity and site amplification showcased the highest PGA value at Shillong (SHL). This site is located on Pre-Cambrian rock and situated at an epicentral distance of 214 km from the source zone, which is lying at an intermediate depth that might have propelled the direct seismic waves of higher intensity at a longer distance compared to other sites. The outcome of the present study highlights the significance of varied ground motion parameters among the observed sites to the extent of bearing the damage potential of strong ground motions. The related analysis also advocates for the simulated PGA variations and associated duration of the earthquake waveforms exposed on different geological formations that have strong bearings on the seismic risk involved with future probable great earthquake in the study region. Moreover, simulated ground motions of expected plausible disastrous earthquakes on numerous geological formations beneath the various sites have significant impacts on designing critical structures/buildings such as schools, hospitals, bridges, dams and nuclear power plants for NE India. Thus, the detailed investigations on ground motion parameters, simulation of ground motion and the influence of different geological/geomorphological conditions on duration, shape and maximum amplitude of ground motion may be supportive for implementing earthquake risk and mitigation plans in order to assess the seismic hazard of the study region.

ICP-OES is a powerful, versatile, and advanced analytical technique with excellent detection properties. Due to its extraordinary features, it has been widely employed for the analysis of a wide variety of chemical elements in the past few years with great success. It offers the least detection time, lower detection limits, broader linear dynamic range, and greater matrix tolerability as well as negligible chemical interferences. Beyond this, it can handle multiple varieties of samples including aqueous, inorganic, organic liquids, and solids as well. It comprises complex instrumental makeup which enables it to detect up to 2 to 70 elements simultaneously with great accuracy. Recent reports evidenced that this hyphenated technique has been employed in several analytical determinations including food analysis, agricultural investigations, geological studies, drug/metabolite analysis, and environmental and forensic sciences. In the present compilation, a detailed description of the fundamental principles of ICP-OES has been provided along with its various sophisticated functional components. Also, the reported applications of this technique in different fields have been discussed highlighting the basic experimental setups and outcomes by presenting the data as tables. This summarization may be helpful to analysts to get insights into the working as well as performance characteristics of this technique.

Cannabis misuse and opioid use disorder (OUD) are highly comorbid but under-treated and associated with poorer outcomes. This paper reports a double-blind, parallel-group randomized controlled trial to determine the efficacy of single-session, clinician-delivered screening and brief intervention (SBI) for reducing cannabis risk. The primary outcome was the cannabis-specific Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) scores, measured at three-month post-intervention. The secondary objectives were to determine the efficacy of SBI in reducing the frequency of cannabis use, in risk transition from moderate to low risk, and in prescription and non-prescription opioid use. One hundred forty-three participants were randomly allocated to receive either SBI (n = 72) or control (n = 71) interventions. We performed Per-protocol (PP) (n = 125) and Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis (n = 143). We adjusted our analysis for age, sex, and baseline ASSIST score. The ITT showed that the SBI group had a significant reduction (F = 39.46, p .001, Effect size 0.22) in the mean ASSIST at follow-up. PP analyses too revealed a similar positive effect of SBI (F = 53.1; p .001, Effect size 0.31). At follow-up, the SBI group had a higher number of days of cannabis abstinence. Care providers and policymakers may consider SBI for cannabis use in individuals on medications for OUD.

Hydrodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of long-term stable nanofluids are very crucial for their industrial applications. Also utilization of coils is beneficial for industries as it provides a high rate of heat transfer and is compact in size too. So, the main focus of this study is to investigate the hydrodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of long-term stable f-CNT nanofluids when flowing inside a coil-based heat exchanger. f-CNT nanofluids were prepared by utilizing modified two-step method. To analyze the effect of different parameters on hydrodynamic and convective heat transfer characteristics, f-CNT concentration, $$ {\varvec{D}}_{{\mathbf{c}}}$$ , and Re were varied from 0 to 0.048 vol%, 95 to 175 mm, and 2300 to 9500, respectively. According to results, f-CNT concentration, $$ {\varvec{D}}_{{\mathbf{c}}}$$ , and Re substantially influenced the hydrodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of f-CNT nanofluids. It was found that improvement in h (152%) was much higher than the enhancement in friction factor (49%) when f-CNT nanofluid at 0.048 vol% was flowing through the coil of 95 mm diameter. Based on the heat transfer and hydrodynamic data, performance index was evaluated. The maximum performance index was calculated ⁓ 2.5, suggesting that the utilization of helical coils and f-CNT nanofluids is an excellent choice in industrial applications. Based on the experimental data, empirical correlations have been proposed to calculate the friction factor and Nusselt number for f-CNT nanofluids when flowing inside coils of different diameters and at different f-CNT concentrations. The proposed correlations explain the present experimental data within ± 15% and ± 20%, for friction factor and Nu, respectively.

Ayurvedic classics proclaim Srotasa as the system of channels designed as biological transport system performing divergent functions. Indeed, it is a generic term indicating all the macro and micro channels and pathways operat- ing in the living organism. Broadly Srotasa are classified in two categories: Bahirmukha and Antarmukha. Ar- tavavaha Srotasa is enumerated as one of the Antarmukha Srotasa by Sushruta, playing an important role in transformation of Artava and Artava Chakra, and Garbhotpatti, having Garbhasaya and Artavavahi Dhamani as its Moolasthana. Keywords: Antarmukha, Artavavaha, Garbhotpatti, Moolasthana, Srotasa

SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) or coronavirus disease that emerged in Wuhan, China's Hubei province. According to a Wuhan citizen, the virus spread from the Wuhan fish market to humans via a form of waterborne transmission. The WHO proclaimed the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic a global public health emergency in March of the following year. Rather than influencing the individual animals mostly, the movement of humans and a few days later, the infection spread to other parts of the world by the distribution of specimens to animals and by the movement of humans, causing considerable illness in human populations. An estimated one and a total of nearly sixty-eight million two hundred and fifty-six million people have been impacted, including one and a million thousand five hundred and sixty thousand fatalities in more than two hundred countries around the world. As of the present, there are no medicines or vaccinations against the world's first SARS-CoV-2 virus are in clinical trials molecular and cellular studies of CoVs, as well as their care, were reviewed in this latest assessment. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, WHO, Global pandemic, Human coronaviruses, Pathogenesis, Treatments

Objective Carbapenems are last resort antibiotics for multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. However, resistance to carbapenem is increasing at an alarming rate worldwide leading to major therapeutic failures and increased mortality rate. Early and effective detection of carbapenemase producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is therefore key to control dissemination of carbapenem resistance in nosocomial as well as community-acquired infection. The aim of present study was to evaluate efficacy of Modified strip Carba NP (CNP) test against Modified Hodge test (MHT) for early detection of carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE). Material and Methods Enterobacteriaceae isolated from various clinical samples were screened for carbapenem resistance. A total of 107 CRE were subjected to MHT and Modified strip CNP test for the detection of CPE. Statistical Analysis It was done on Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, IBM India; version V26. Nonparametric test chi-square and Z-test were used to analyze the results within a 95% level of confidence. Results Out of 107 CRE, 94 (88%) were phenotypically confirmed as carbapenemase producer by Modified strip CNP test and 46 (43%) were confirmed by Modified Hodge Test (MHT). Thirty-eight (36%) isolates showed carbapenemase production by both MHT and CNP test, 56 isolates (52%) were CNP test positive but MHT negative, eight (7%) isolates were MHT positive but CNP test negative and five (5%) isolates were both MHT and CNP test negative. There is statistically significant difference in efficiency of Modified CNP test and MHT (p < 0.05). Conclusion Modified strip CNP test is simple and inexpensive test which is easy to perform and interpret and gives rapid results in less than 5 minutes. It has high degree of sensitivity and specificity. Modified strip CNP test shows significantly higher detection capacity for carbapenemase producers as compared with MHT.

Bioremediation is a promising technology for the treatment of environmental contaminants and paving new avenues for the betterment of the environment. Over the last some years, several approaches have been employed to optimize the genetic machinery of microorganisms relevant to bioremediation. Metabolic engineering is one of them that provides a new insight for bioremediation. This review envisages the critical role of these techniques toward exploring the possibilities of the creation of a new pathway, leading to pathway expansion to new substrates by assembling of catabolic modules from different origins in the same microbial cell. The recombinant DNA technology and gene editing tools were also explored for the construction of metabolically engineered microbial strains for the degradation of complex pollutants. Moreover, the importance of CRISPR-Cas system for knock-in and knock-out of genes was described by using recent studies. Further, the idea of the cocultivation of more than one metabolic engineered microbial communities is also discussed, which can be crucial in the bioremediation of multiple and complex pollutants. Finally, this review also elucidates the effective application of metabolic engineering in bioremediation through these techniques and tools.

Groundwater withdrawal at very fast rate poses threat on existing groundwater resources in different parts of the world. This reduction in groundwater levels significantly disturbed the natural aquifer flow rate and thereby different hydrogeochemical processes, which may further impair the groundwater quality. The groundwater quality in rural area of Chhattisgarh State is degraded, and the problem of saline water poses health risk to people. In this research investigation, suitability of groundwater of Bemetara District, Chhattisgarh, India, has been evaluated for drinking purpose through water quality index (WQI) method and principal component analysis (PCA). Total 116 groundwater samples were collected during the pre-monsoon (June 2019) and post-monsoon season (December 2019) and analyzed for physicochemical parameters. Total dissolved solids ranged from 250 to 10,440 mg/L and 289 to 3583 mg/L during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon, respectively, and 55% of the total samples exceeded acceptable BIS limit in pre-monsoon, while about 66% samples exceeded in post-monsoon season. SO42−concentrations varied from 3 to 5734 mg/L during pre-monsoon and 4.5 to 2002 mg/L during post-monsoon, respectively. Total 28% samples in pre-monsoon and 18% samples in post-monsoon season exceeded the maximum permissible BIS limit (400 mg/L) of SO42−ion in the study area. On the basis of WQI, the quality of groundwater varies from “Excellent water” to “Good water” category. The groundwater of northeastern part of the district is not suitable for drinking, and therefore, it is recommended to treat this groundwater before human consumption with special reference to SO42−contamination. PCA inferred that four components are sufficient to explain the variance in chemistry of groundwater that is mainly governed by dissolution of gypsum mineral, other rock–water interaction and anthropogenic activities. Further, water quality was improved in the direction of groundwater flow in the study area, establishing a direct relationship between groundwater flow and water quality of the Bemetara District. This study provides very useful database to design sustainable groundwater management plan for the district.

Melanocytes are specialized neural crest-derived cells present in the epidermal skin. These cells synthesize melanin pigment that protects the genome from harmful ultraviolet radiations. Perturbations in melanocyte functioning lead to pigmentary disorders such as piebaldism, albinism, vitiligo, melasma, and melanoma. Zebrafish is an excellent model system to understand melanocyte functions. The presence of conspicuous pigmented melanocytes, ease of genetic manipulation, and availability of transgenic fluorescent lines facilitate the study of pigmentation. This study employs the use of wild-type and transgenic zebrafish lines that drive green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression under mitfa and tyrp1 promoters that mark various stages of melanocytes. Morpholino-based silencing of candidate genes is achieved to evaluate the phenotypic outcome on larval pigmentation and is applicable to screen for regulators of pigmentation. This protocol demonstrates the method from microinjection to imaging and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based dissection of phenotypes using two candidate genes, carbonic anhydrase 14 (Ca14) and a histone variant (H2afv), to comprehensively assess the pigmentation outcome. Further, this protocol demonstrates segregating candidate genes into melanocyte specifiers and differentiators that selectively alter melanocyte numbers and melanin content per cell, respectively.

Background: The content and nature of media reports could influence suicide prevention measures. Aim: To evaluate contemporary online media reports’ compliance with guidelines for responsible reporting of suicidal acts from Indian resources. Methods: We included English and Hindi articles for reports concerning suicide, published by local and national media sources for 30 consecutive days from the day of death of a celebrity by alleged suicide. The search was performed in Google News with predefined search queries and selection criteria. Two independent investigators did data extraction. Subsequently, each news report was assessed against guidelines for the responsible reporting of suicide by the WHO and the Press Council of India. Results: We identified 295 articles (Hindi n = 172, English n = 123). Results showed more than 80% of the media reports deviated from at least one criterion of the recommendations. A maximum breach was seen in the news article’s headlines, sensational reportage and detailed suicide methods description. Significant differences were seen in the quality of English and Hindi reporting and reporting celebrity and noncelebrity suicide. Additional items revealed were reporting suicide pacts, linking multiple suicides in a single news report, allowing user-generated threads and linking Religion and suicide. Conclusion: Measures are required to implement reporting recommendations in the framework of a national suicide prevention strategy.

Delhi, National Capital Region (NCR) of India, falls in the seismic Zone IV (Zone factor 0.24) on the seismic zoning map prepared by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), and this region may experience devastating intensities in case of plausible moderate to the major earthquake in the vicinity. The strategic geological, geomorphological, and geographic characteristics make this seat of administrative power more vulnerable toward the earthquake disaster right from the ancient periods. Therefore, we study the impact of the M 6.0 earthquake sourced at Sohna fault in the neighborhood of the capital region by generating synthetic accelerograms through semiempirical envelop technique. The observed accelerograms of November 25, 2007 ( $$M_{w}$$ 4.7) earthquake have been modeled to utilize the reliability of the semiempirical approach. To analyze the actual scenario, the ground motions at the surface have been generated after the incorporation of the site effects because different soil conditions of NCR fascinate different degrees of damage in case of a destructive earthquake. As a result, the obtained peak ground acceleration (PGA) varies between 100 and 600 cm/s2, and some of the sites exhibit even higher PGA values being situated on the sediments of river-oriented plain areas and proximity of the source. The spatial distribution of estimated values of PGA and spectral accelerations at different periods show that sites in NCR like Delhi (600 cm/s2), Sonipat (633 cm/s2), Gurgaon (461 cm/s2), and Faridabad (300 cm/s2) exhibit high to severe seismic hazard in case of M 6.0 at Sohna fault and it is suggested that a population of about 4.78 million along with the infrastructure of this region is exposed to high risk. The estimated seismic exposure of the population is important to utilize the resources properly before the destructive earthquake incidence. The hazard maps for PGA and different structural periods in the NCR region reveal the level of seismic hazard and risk of the study region. These hazard maps are very helpful for administrators, stakeholders, and civil engineers to construct earthquake-resistant structures to minimize the risk generated by the future impending earthquakes. The exponential growth of the buildings, industries, businesses, etc., attracts the attention of urban area planners because of high seismic risk due to the damaging earthquakes, and its severity must be understood to save the life and property to mitigate the natural disaster like an earthquake by proper disaster mitigation plans, especially in the metropolitan cities like Delhi NCR.

Bioremediation is a better alternative and widely accepted approach used for efficient degradation of environmental pollutants released from industries, urban and agricultural activities due to its...

This study aims to estimate attenuation characteristics of the central Himalayan region of India concerning various strong-motion parameters such as Kappa value (κ) and site effects. We have tried ...

Background: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the uropathogens among the patients attending Bharatpur Hospital. Methods: A laboratory-based cross-sectional study was carried out among the patients attending Bharatpur Hospital from December 2017 to February 2018. Aseptically collected clean catch mid-stream urine samples from 200 clinically suspected patients were cultured and processed for the identification of the uropathogens in the laboratory using standard microbiological procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed for all the isolates against commonly used antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines 2017. Results: Out of 200 samples collected, 59(29.5%) of the samples showed the presence of pathogens causing urinary tract infection (UTI). Among them, 43(72.9%) were Gram-negative and 16(27.1%) were Gram-positive bacteria. UTI was found to be the most prevalent in females compared to the males and in the age group of 21-30 years. E. coli (72.0%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (50.0%) were the most predominant Gram-negative and Gram-positive isolates respectively. The isolates were resistant to cefpodoxime (54.2%) and least resistant to gentamicin (10.2%). Twenty (33.9%) isolates were found to be multi-drug resistant (MDR). Conclusions: Higher frequency of antibiotic resistance among UTI patients alerts for continuous surveillance to assure effective control of this infection. Awareness of good hygienic practice especially in females and prudent use of antibiotics in case of infection can be sug-gested. Keywords: antibiotic susceptibility test; E. coli; MDR; urine.

The leachates emanating from the landfills are high in organic loads and thus become potential sources of contamination for both surface and groundwater. As the landfill ages, the nature of leachate changes from acidic to alkaline. The change in pH level affects the chemical oxygen demand (COD)/biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) ratio and when it is less than 0.63, chemical treatments are more effective over the biological treatment methods such as upflow anaerobic sludge blankets (UASB). The existing literature suggests coagulation-flocculation and advanced oxidation process (Fenton) as effective methods for treating wastewater but no comparison of the two are available. Thus, the present study attempts to identify the most efficient coagulants out of ferric chloride (FeCl3), ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) and alum [Al2(SO4)3]. Ferric chloride leading to 99% colour removal, 98% COD removal, 99% decrease in total organic carbon, 94.3% removal in NH3-N and 91.4% removal in total Kjeldahl nitrogen is observed to be the most efficient coagulant and surprisingly, proves to be even better than Fenton. To understand the field applicability of the two treatment procedures, coagulation with FeCl3 and Fenton are compared with the UASB method which is currently employed at Gazipur landfill site, Delhi. With lesser operational cost than UASB, both FeCl3 and Fenton perform better on cost-efficiency scale. Switching from in-suit UASB method to the FeCl3 method of treatment may result in decreasing the operational cost by 71.9% and to conventional Fenton may result in decreasing the operational cost by 76.8%.

Background: Media portrayal of mental illness may influence public stigma and service utilization. Aim: This study aims to explore the overall tone and content of the news articles on mental illnesses in India. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on online English and Hindi news portals for articles which made reference to mental illness, published by local and national media sources between September 2019 and August 2020. The search was performed using location and news-only filters in the “Google” search engine; we used predefined search queries and selection criteria. A previously published checklist was used for the content analysis; it was done by two independent investigators. Results: A total of 273 news reports met inclusion criteria (Hindi n = 164, English n = 109). Results showed that more than half (54.9%) had a positive tone. Nearly a third (30.8%) of these articles were stigmatizing in tone. Persons with mental illness were portrayed as violent, unreliable, and unpredictable. Uses of blanket terms (33.3%) such as mentally ill, mentally unstable, mentally retarded, and stigmatizing photographs (36.9%) were also common. Overall, Hindi media had a significantly better quality of reporting than the English language media. National media reports had a less negative and stigmatizing tone than local articles. Conclusion: There is a need for a concerted attempt to improve the quality of media reporting of mental illness in India.

From the birth of a human being till today, art continued with him like a shadow. God has created creation through all his arts. In the interior of all his arts, liveliness was the main focus of attraction. The artworks made by God are also distinguished in themselves as a complete art form. Man is the best art of God. In which all the arts were threaded like beads in a rosary, which has been dedicated to the world by humans from time to time and has always been beautifying the world with its beauty. मानव के जन्म से लेकर आज तक कला उसके साथ परछाई के समान चलती रही। ईश्वर ने अपनी समस्त कलाओं के द्वारा सृष्टि की रचना की है। उसकी सभी कलाओं के अन्तरस मंे सजीवता मुख्य आकर्षण का केन्द्र बिन्दु रही। ईश्वर की बनायी कलाकृतियां भी स्वयं मंे एक सम्पूर्ण कला के रूप मंे प्रतिष्ठित है। मानव ईश्वर की सर्वश्रेष्ठ कला है। जिसमंे समस्त कलायें एक माला मंे मोतियों के समान पिरोई गयी, जो कि समय-समय पर मानव द्वारा संसार को समर्पित होती रही और सदा अपने सौन्दर्य से संसार को सुशोभित करती रही है।

Background: India has been amongst the most affected nations during the SARS CoV2 pandemic, with sparse data on country wide spread of asymptomatic infections and antibody persistence. This longitudinal cohort study was aimed to evaluate SARS CoV2 seropositivity rate as a marker of infection and evaluate temporal persistence of antibodies with neutralization capability and to infer possible risk factors for infection. Methods: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India (CSIR) with its more than 40 laboratories and centers in urban and semi urban settings spread across the country piloted the pan country surveillance. 10427 adult individuals working in CSIR laboratories and their family members based on voluntary participation were assessed for antibody presence and stability was analyzed over 6 months utilizing qualitative Elecysys SARS CoV2 specific antibody kit and GENScript cPass SARS CoV2 Neutralization Antibody Detection Kit. Along with demographic information, possible risk factors were evaluated through self to be filled online forms with data acquired on blood group type, occupation type, addiction and habits including smoking and alcohol, diet preferences, medical history and transport type utilized. Symptom history and information on possible contact and compliance with COVID 19 universal precautions was also obtained. Findings:1058 individuals (10.14%) had antibodies against SARS CoV2. A follow up on 346 seropositive individuals after three months revealed stable to higher antibody levels against SARS CoV2 but declining plasma activity for neutralizing SARS CoV2 receptor binding domain and ACE2 interaction. A repeat sampling of 35 individuals, at six months, revealed declining antibody levels while the neutralizing activity remained stable compared to three months. Majority of seropositive individuals (75%) did not recall even one of nine symptoms since March 2020. Fever was the most common symptom with one fourth reporting loss of taste or smell. Significantly associated risks for seropositivity (Odds Ratio, 95% CI, p value) were observed with usage of public transport (1.79, 1.43 to 2∙24, 2.81561x10-6), occupational responsibilities such as security, housekeeping personnel etc. (2.23, 1.92 to 2.59, 6.43969x10-26), non smokers (1.52, 1.16 to 1.99, 0.02) and non vegetarianism (1.67, 1.41 to 1.99, 3.03821x10-8). An iterative regression analysis was confirmatory and led to only modest changes to estimates. Predilections for seropositivity was noted with specific ABO blood groups; O was associated with a lower risk. Interpretation: In a first of its kind study from India, we report the seropositivity in a country wide cohort and identify variable susceptible associations for contacting infection. Serology and Neutralizing Antibody response provides much sought for general insights on the immune response to the virus among Indians and will be an important resource for designing vaccination strategies. Funding: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India (CSIR)

Millets and pseudo-cereals are one of the most important underutilized food crops, traditionally grown on marginal land and poor agroclimatic conditions. They are highly nutritious having excellent functional food properties owing to the presence of high amounts of nutrients for example, protein, essential fatty acids, dietary fibre, B-complex vitamins and minerals such as calcium, iron, zinc, potassium and magnesium. The presence of high-quality dietary fibres and phenolic compounds makes these grains an important food for health-conscious society. Despite the presence of high nutritional and nutraceuticals components, these crops are still considered a food of poor people. The demand for these underutilized food grains in different parts of the world is increasing steadily as these prevent deterioration of human health such as lowering blood pressure and risk of heart disease, prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Other health benefits are increasing the time span of gastric emptying by providing the roughage to digestive system. Therefore, to overcome metabolic disorders and life-style diseases, food variety from these grains is the only answer. To drive the maximum nutritional and health benefits, optimized processing and development of value-added products is need of the hour. Lack of processing technologies besides, government policy of hindrances towards these underutilized grains is responsible not to give them a suitable importance in the farming system. Therefore, reorientation of the efforts to generate more demand through value addition through diversification of processing technologies, nutritional evaluation and creation of awareness among the people is required at government, research institutions and food processing industry level. This chapter deals with the experimental studies on the nutritional, functional and health benefits of these underutilized cereals and pseudo-cereals in India and elsewhere. This also reviews the processing techniques and value addition alternatives of various traditional and convenience foods including ready-to-eat food products. Processing technologies used for improving the edible and nutritional characteristics of these grains along with challenges, limitations and future perspectives to promote utilization as functional food for future generations are discussed. It is expected that the availability of the literature on earlier R&D efforts at one place will definitely highlight their significance and shall create more awareness among the researchers, students and the consumers, which ultimately will ensure that these highly nutritious and functional food crops are popularized worldwide.

Background Nepal has implemented the social health security program in certain health facilities to improve access to quality health services. The aim of the study is to understand the utilization pattern of social health security schemes and community’s perception of the social health security program. Method A descriptive cross-sectional mixed-method study was conducted among 300 households of Illam district who had enrolled in the social health security scheme. A multi-stage random sampling method was used. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data whereas focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted for qualitative data. Descriptive analysis, bivariate and multivariate analysis was done. FGDs were transcribed and thematic analysis was done. Findings The utilization rate of social health security scheme was 88.7%. Factors associated with the utilization of program included: presence of under-five children and chronic illness in households, sex and age group. Focus group discussion revealed that people were aware of social health insurance and pleased with program implemented by government. However, the hospitals under the social health insurance were not able to meet their expectations. Conclusion Although the utilization of social health security scheme was high, people were dissatisfied with the service provided by the hospital under the social health security scheme. Therefore, the social health insurance board should closely monitor the hospitals and develop a feedback mechanism from the users.

Aims We conducted a cross-sectional survey to estimate the prevalence and clinical manifestation of disulfiram ethanol reaction (DER) and isopropanol toxicity (IT) in patients with alcohol use disorders, on disulfiram. Alcohol-based hand rub contains either ethanol or isopropanol or both. COVID-19 pandemic has led to wide scale usage of sanitizers. Patients with alcohol use disorders, on disulfiram, might experience disulfiram ethanol like reactions with alcohol-based sanitizers. Methods We telephonically contacted 339 patients, prescribed disulfiram between January 2014 and March 2020. The assessment pertained to the last 3 months (i.e. third week of March to third week of June 2020). Result The sample consisted of middle-aged men with a mean 16 years of alcohol dependence. Among the 82 (24%) patients adherent to disulfiram, 42 (12.3%) were using alcohol-based hand rubs. Out of these, a total of eight patients (19%; 95% CI 9–33) had features suggestive of DER; four of whom also had features indicative of IT. Five patients (62.5%) had mild and self-limiting symptoms. Severe systemic reactions were experienced by three (37.5%). Severe reactions were observed with exposure to sanitizers in greater amounts, on moist skin or through inhalation. Conclusion Patients on disulfiram should be advised to use alternate methods of hand hygiene., Short Summary Alcohol-based hand sanitizer may lead to both disulfiram ethanol reaction and isopropanol toxicity in patients on disulfiram. The higher amount of use and probably inhalational absorption may lead to a systemic reaction. This may affect treatment adherence. Patients on disulfiram should use alternate methods of hand hygiene.

The present state of constantly increasing plastic pollution is the major concern of scientific researchers. The conventional techniques applied (i.e., burning and landfilling) to get plastic degraded from the environment are inadequate due to harmful byproducts and limited to its recycling. In this review, we have recapitulated recent biotechnological approaches, including synthetic microbial consortia, systems biology tools, and genetic engineering techniques which can pave the path towards the plastic bioremediation and degradation. Moreover, potential plastic degrader microbes and their degradation pathways are also summarized. Lastly, this review focuses on enhancing the understanding of the degradation ability of microorganisms using contemporary biotechnological tools.

CNT nanofluids are getting attention in heat transfer applications due to their very high thermal conductivity in comparison with conventional fluids. For commercial exploitation of CNT nanofluids as heat transfer media, they must have long-term stability. In this study, the two-step method was modified to prepare dynamically stable CNT nanofluids by utilizing commercial grade multiwalled carbon nanotubes and SDBS as a surfactant. The modified technique consists of separation of coarse agglomerates of CNT from the CNT nanofluids by applying centrifugal action after its preparation. The effect of relative centrifugal force was also studied for the very first time on the stable concentration of CNT nanofluids. The stability of CNT nanofluids was analyzed by measurement of their CNT concentration and Zeta potential. Results showed that CNT nanofluids possess good stability and remain stable for more than 15 months. In addition to stability, thermo-physical properties such as thermal conductivity, density, and viscosity of CNT nanofluids were also measured. The results of this study elucidated the effect of RCF on the stable concentration of CNT nanofluids. It is expected that the results obtained in this study may significantly contribute to the proper tailoring of CNT nanofluids, by providing long-term stable CNT nanofluids which are suitable for industrial heat transfer applications.

BRCA1 gene mutations account for about 25-28% of hereditary Breast Cancer as BRCA1 is included in the category of high penetrance genes. Except for few commonmutations, there is a heterogenous spectrum of BRCA1 mutations in various ethnic groups. 185AGdel and 5382ins Care the most common BRCA1 alterations (founder mutations) which have been identified in most of the population. This review has been compiled with an aim to consolidate the information on genetic variants reported in BRCA1 found in various ethnic groups, their functional implications if known; involvement of BRCA1 in various cellular pathways/processes and potential BRCA1 targeted therapies. The pathological variations of BRCA1 vary among different ethical groups. A systematic search in PubMed and Google scholar for the literature on BRCA1 gene was carried out to figure out structure and function of BRCA1 gene. BRCA1 is a large protein having 1863 amino acids with multiple functional domains and interacts with multiple proteins to carry out various crucial cellular processes. BRCA1 plays a major role in maintaining genome integrity, transcription regulation, chromatin remodeling, cell cycle checkpoint control, DNA damage repair, chromosomal segregation, and apoptosis. Studies investigating the phenotypic response of mutant BRCA1 protein and comparing it to wildtype BRCA1 protein are clinically important as they are involved in homologous recombination and other repair mechanisms. These studies may help in developing more targetted therapies, detecting novel interacting partners, identification of new signaling pathways that BRCA1 is a part of or downstream target genes that BRCA1 affects.

INTRODUCTION: A comparison of precision of intraocular implant power calculation by computing keratometry values by two different methods, namely, the automated and manual keratometry (MK), was done. For checking this accuracy, the parameter taken into consideration was the absolute refractive error which was ascertained postoperatively. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This study was conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology, Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences and PG Institute, Indore. At a tertiary eye care centre in Central India (Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences, Indore). Duration of the study was 18 months. Sample size was 66 individuals who were with cataract (nuclear sclerosis I to III). Although keratometry was done by both methods and implant power derived separately by computing both readings, decision of which power to be implanted in an eye would depend on the group, in which patient would fall. Group A were prospective candidates who would be implanted intraocular lens (IOL) of that power as assessed by computing MK value, whereas Group B were participants who would be implanted IOL of that power as assessed by computing value obtained by automated keratometry (AK). First patient fell in Group A and second in Group B, third again in Group A till 33 patients had been operated in each group. RESULTS: Bland–Altman plot thus obtained showed that the two keratometers are comparable. The postoperative refractive errors for the two Groups (A and B), showed that if an error of ±0.50 D or less is considered, then in Group A 81% of patients achieved this and 87% of patients required this as spectacle aid in Group B. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we compared the accuracy of AK with that of MK for calculation of implant power. It was concluded from this study that AK is a simple keratometric technique that appeared to be more accurate than MK.

Access credit without physical collateral and as bottom up model of development approach, micro finance gets worldwide acceptance as powerful instrument of poverty alleviation programme in new economy. Numbers of micro finance institutions in various entity entered as alternative micro finance institutions to fulfil the needs of underprivileged classes. This research article depicts the perception of the clients and non clients of Sonitpur and Lakhimpur districts of Assam regarding the changes they feel about micro-finance services of NGOs. Two NGOs namely, Institute of Integrated Resource Management (IIRM) and Gramin have been purposively selected from Sonitpur and Lakhimpur districts of Assam and sample size comprises 945 numbers of women clients of selected NGOs and 945 numbers of non clients from same area selected randomly through lottery. Survey method was applied to gather the information. Features like, low interest rate in comparison of other non-institutionalised sources, micro finance service at their doorstep plays an important factors in accepting the NGOs micro finance services in the study area. It is widely perceived by the clients, that NGOs microfinance is helping in employment creation and thus increases household income. It is also believed by both clients and non-clients that, access to financial services are likely to make both qualitative and quantitative changes.

Maximum magnitude (MM) earthquake in the Kopili fault zone of North-East India has been assessed using different approaches, which are primarily dependent on various parameters such as fault geometry, slip rate, geodetic moment rate, and convergence rate. The analyses reveal that the source zone has accumulated strain energy, during the last 72 years since 1943, enough to produce a strong earthquake of magnitude ≥ 7. On supplementing with the historical data, we conclude Mw7.3 as the maximum potential earthquake for the Kopili source zone. Such large earthquake, on its occurrence, may cause widespread significant ground shakings and damage to infrastructures in the study region. We, therefore, also simulated strong ground motion, in the form of peak ground acceleration (PGA), for the Mw7.3 potential earthquake using Empirical Green’s Function (EGF) approach for ten different sites. In the analysis, an earthquake of magnitude Mw6.5, which has been simulated using a recorded Mw5.3 earthquake, is used as Green’s Function. The two-step approach is adopted in the simulation process, as the required criteria, i.e., moment ratio of

Dopamine transporter (DAT) blockers like cocaine and many other abused and therapeutic drugs bind and stabilize an inactive form of the transporter inhibiting reuptake of extracellular dopamine (DA). The resulting increases in DA lead to the ability of these drugs to induce psychomotor alterations and addiction, but paradoxical findings in animal models indicate that not all DAT antagonists induce cocaine-like behavioral outcomes. How this occurs is not known, but one possibility is that uptake inhibitors may bind at multiple locations or in different poses to stabilize distinct conformational transporter states associated with differential neurochemical endpoints. Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing the pharmacological inhibition of DAT is therefore key for understanding the requisite interactions for behavioral modulation and addiction. Previously, we leveraged complementary computational docking, mutagenesis, peptide mapping, and substituted cysteine accessibility strategies to identify the specific adduction site and binding pose for the crosslinkable, photoactive cocaine analog, RTI 82, which contains a photoactive azide attached at the 2β position of the tropane pharmacophore. Here, we utilize similar methodology with a different cocaine analog N-[4-(4-azido-3-I-iodophenyl)- butyl]-2-carbomethoxy-3- (4-chlorophenyl) tropane, MFZ 2–24, where the photoactive azide is attached to the tropane nitrogen. In contrast to RTI 82, which crosslinked into residue Phe319 of transmembrane domain (TM) 6, our findings show that MFZ 2–24 adducts to Leu80 in TM1 with modeling and biochemical data indicating that MFZ 2–24, like RTI 82, occupies the central S1 binding pocket with the (+)-charged tropane ring nitrogen coordinating with the (−)-charged carboxyl side chain of Asp79. The superimposition of the tropane ring in the three-dimensional binding poses of these two distinct ligands provides strong experimental evidence for cocaine binding to DAT in the S1 site and the importance of the tropane moiety in competitive mechanisms of DA uptake inhibition. These findings set a structure-function baseline for comparison of typical and atypical DAT inhibitors and how their interactions with DAT could lead to the loss of cocaine-like behaviors.