187 results on '"Ashkan Vaziri"'
Search Results
2. Remote multimodal monitoring of motor neuron disease progression using wearable sensors and digital assessments (S14.010)
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Andrew Geronimo, Jose Casado, Ram Kinker Mishra, James Lim, Ashkan Vaziri, and Zachary Simmons
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- 2023
3. BioDigit MG: A Pilot Study Examining a Digital Technology for Quantitative Assessment and Remote Monitoring of Myasthenia Gravis (P7-8.005)
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Amanda Guidon, Ram Kinker Mishra, Abigail Lindsay, Raghu Mulukutla, and Ashkan Vaziri
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- 2023
4. Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) as a Digital Biomarker of Cognitive Decline in Older Adults (P6-6.003)
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Myeounggon Lee, Ram Kinker Mishra, Michele York, Mark Kunik, Gregory Barchard, Ashkan Vaziri, and Bijan Najafi
- Published
- 2023
5. Longitudinal study of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) using remote at-home multi-modal digital assessments and wearable devices (S51.002)
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Mansi Sharma, Anna J. Hall, Rylee Cole, Jose Casado, Ram Kinker Mishra, Ashkan Vaziri, Alexander Pantelyat, and Anne Marie Wills
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- 2023
6. Dual-Task Upper Extremity Motor Performance Measured by Video Processing as Cognitive-Motor Markers for Older Adults
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Changhong Wang, Mohsen Zahiri, Ashkan Vaziri, and Bijan Najafi
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Aging ,Geriatrics and Gerontology - Abstract
Introduction: The use of dual-task model such as dual-task gait has been extensively studied to assess cognitive-motor performance among older adults. However, space restriction and safety factor limit its applications in remote assessment. To address the gap, we propose a video processing-based approach to remotely quantify cognitive-motor performance using a 20-second repetitive elbow flection-extension test with dual-task condition, called video-based motoric-cognitive meter (MCM). Methods: Eighteen older participants (age: 78.6±6.5 years) who were clinically diagnosed either as having mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia were included in this study. Participants were asked to perform 20-second repetitive elbow flexion-extension exercise with a memory exercise by counting backward from a two-digit number. During the test, all movements of the forearm were recorded by a video camera. As a comparator, a validated wrist-worn sensor was used, which allowed quantifying upper-extremity kinematics. Results: The results showed a good agreement (r ≥ 0.530 and ICC2,1 ≥ 0.681) between the derived dual-task upper-extremity motor performance from the proposed video-based MCM and a clinically validated sensor-based MCM. We also observed moderate correlations (|r| ≥ 0.496) between some measures of video-based MCM (flexion time, extension time, and flexion-extension time) and clinical cognitive scale (Minimum Mental State Examination, abbreviation: MMSE). Additionally, some measures of dual-task upper-extremity motor performance (speed, flexion time, extension time, and flexion-extension time) were associated with dual-task gait speed (|r| ≥ 0.557), which has been found to be correlated with cognitive impairment. Lastly, the selected dual-task motor performance metric (flexion time) was sensitive to predict MMSE scores in linear regression analyses with statistical significance (adjusted R2 = 0.306, p = 0.025). Conclusion: This study proposes a video processing-based approach to analyze dual-task upper-extremity motor performance from a simple and convenient upper-extremity function test. The results indicate concurrent validity of the proposed video-based MCM compared with the sensor-based MCM, and associations between dual-task upper-extremity motor performance and clinically validated cognitive markers (MMSE scores and dual-task gait). Future studies are warranted to explore sensitivity of this solution to promote remote assessment of cognitive-motor performance among older adults in telehealth applications.
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- 2023
7. Automated Bone Tumor Segmentation and Classification as Benign or Malignant Using Computed Tomographic Imaging
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Ilkay Yildiz Potter, Diana Yeritsyan, Sarah Mahar, Jim Wu, Ara Nazarian, Aidin Vaziri, and Ashkan Vaziri
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Radiological and Ultrasound Technology ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Computer Science Applications - Published
- 2023
8. Bending Stiffness Tunability of Biomimetic Scale Covered Surfaces Via Scales Orientations
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Milad Tatari, Hamid Ebrahimi, Ranajay Ghosh, Ashkan Vaziri, and Hamid Nayeb-Hashemi
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- 2023
9. Tele-Medicine Based and Self-Administered Interactive Exercise Program (Tele-Exergame) to Improve Cognition in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia: A Feasibility, Acceptability, and Proof-of-Concept Study
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Catherine Park, Ram kinker Mishra, Michele K. York, Ana Enriquez, Abigail Lindsay, Gregory Barchard, Ashkan Vaziri, and Bijan Najafi
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Cognition ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Humans ,Female ,Dementia ,Cognitive Dysfunction ,Middle Aged ,Exercise ,dementia ,exercise ,telehealth ,exergame ,cognitive impairment ,gamification ,Alzheimer’s disease ,Aged ,Exercise Therapy - Abstract
Improved life expectancy is increasing the number of older adults who suffer from motor-cognitive decline. Unfortunately, conventional balance exercise programs are not tailored to patients with cognitive impairments, and exercise adherence is often poor due to unsupervised settings. This study describes the acceptability and feasibility of a sensor-based in-home interactive exercise system, called tele-Exergame, used by older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia. Our tele-Exergame is specifically designed to improve balance and cognition during distractive conditioning while a telemedicine interface remotely supervises the exercise, and its exercises are gamified balance tasks with explicit augmented visual feedback. Fourteen adults with MCI or dementia (Age = 68.1 ± 5.4 years, 12 females) participated and completed exergame twice weekly for six weeks at their homes. Before and after 6 weeks, participants’ acceptance was assessed by Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) questionnaire, and participants’ cognition and anxiety level were evaluated by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), respectively. Results support acceptability, perceived benefits, and positive attitudes toward the use of the system. The findings of this study support the feasibility, acceptability, and potential benefit of tele-Exergame to preserve cognitive function among older adults with MCI and dementia.
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- 2022
- Full Text
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10. Assessment of gait and balance impairment in people with spinocerebellar ataxia using wearable sensors
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Michael Curtis, Christopher Kenney, Ashkan Vaziri, Christopher D. Stephen, Timothy Piser, Jeremy D. Schmahmann, Anoopum S. Gupta, Louie Morsy, He Zhou, Hung Nguyen, and Ana Enriquez
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Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Ataxia ,Cerebellar Ataxia ,STRIDE ,Dermatology ,Wearable Electronic Devices ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Bayesian multivariate linear regression ,Humans ,Spinocerebellar Ataxias ,Medicine ,Gait ,Postural Balance ,Aged ,Balance (ability) ,business.industry ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Gait analysis ,Spinocerebellar ataxia ,Neurology (clinical) ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Cadence ,human activities - Abstract
To explore the use of wearable sensors for objective measurement of motor impairment in spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) patients during clinical assessments of gait and balance. In total, 14 patients with genetically confirmed SCA (mean age 61.6 ± 8.6 years) and 4 healthy controls (mean age 49.0 ± 16.4 years) were recruited through the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Ataxia Center. Participants donned seven inertial sensors while performing two independent trials of gait and balance assessments from the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) and Brief Ataxia Rating Scale (BARS2). Univariate analysis was used to identify sensor-derived metrics from wearable sensors that discriminate motor function between the SCA and control groups. Multivariate linear regression models were used to estimate the subjective in-person SARA/BARS2 ratings. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the performance of the model. Stride length variability, stride duration, cadence, stance phase, pelvis sway, and turn duration were different between SCA and controls (p
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- 2021
11. Objective Assessment of Upper-Extremity Motor Functions in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Using Wearable Sensors
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Reza Mohammadi-Ghazi, Hung Nguyen, Ram Kinker Mishra, Ana Enriquez, Bijan Najafi, Christopher D. Stephen, Anoopum S. Gupta, Jeremy D. Schmahmann, and Ashkan Vaziri
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Upper Extremity ,Wearable Electronic Devices ,Cerebellar Ataxia ,movement disorder ,telemedicine ,care in place ,remote patient monitoring ,digital biomarker ,scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia ,dysdiadochokinesia ,Humans ,Spinocerebellar Ataxias ,Ataxia ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Biochemistry ,Instrumentation ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Analytical Chemistry - Abstract
The study presents a novel approach to objectively assessing the upper-extremity motor symptoms in spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) using data collected via a wearable sensor worn on the patient’s wrist during upper-extremity tasks associated with the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA). First, we developed an algorithm for detecting/extracting the cycles of the finger-to-nose test (FNT). We extracted multiple features from the detected cycles and identified features and parameters correlated with the SARA scores. Additionally, we developed models to predict the severity of symptoms based on the FNT. The proposed technique was validated on a dataset comprising the seventeen (n = 17) participants’ assessments. The cycle detection technique showed an accuracy of 97.6% in a Bland–Altman analysis and a 94% accuracy (F1-score of 0.93) in predicting the severity of the FNT. Furthermore, the dependency of the upper-extremity tests was investigated through statistical analysis, and the results confirm dependency and potential redundancies in the upper-extremity SARA assessments. Our findings pave the way to enhance the utility of objective measures of SCA assessments. The proposed wearable-based platform has the potential to eliminate subjectivity and inter-rater variabilities in assessing ataxia.
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- 2022
- Full Text
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12. Digital Biomarkers of Gait and Balance in Diabetic Foot, Measurable by Wearable Inertial Measurement Units: A Mini Review
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Gu Eon Kang, Angeloh Stout, Ke’Vaughn Waldon, Seungmin Kang, Amanda L. Killeen, Peter A. Crisologo, Michael Siah, Daniel Jupiter, Bijan Najafi, Ashkan Vaziri, and Lawrence A. Lavery
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Wearable Electronic Devices ,Diabetes Mellitus ,Humans ,Walking ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Biochemistry ,Instrumentation ,Gait ,Postural Balance ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Diabetic Foot ,Analytical Chemistry ,Walking Speed - Abstract
People with diabetic foot frequently exhibit gait and balance dysfunction. Recent advances in wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) enable to assess some of the gait and balance dysfunction associated with diabetic foot (i.e., digital biomarkers of gait and balance). However, there is no review to inform digital biomarkers of gait and balance dysfunction related to diabetic foot, measurable by wearable IMUs (e.g., what gait and balance parameters can wearable IMUs collect? Are the measurements repeatable?). Accordingly, we conducted a web-based, mini review using PubMed. Our search was limited to human subjects and English-written papers published in peer-reviewed journals. We identified 20 papers in this mini review. We found preliminary evidence of digital biomarkers of gait and balance dysfunction in people with diabetic foot, such as slow gait speed, large gait variability, unstable gait initiation, and large body sway. However, due to heterogeneities in included papers in terms of study design, movement tasks, and small sample size, more studies are recommended to confirm this preliminary evidence. Additionally, based on our mini review, we recommend establishing appropriate strategies to successfully incorporate wearable-based assessment into clinical practice for diabetic foot care.
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- 2022
13. Smart-Home Concept for Remote Monitoring of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) in Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment: A Proof of Concept and Feasibility Study
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Myeounggon Lee, Ram Kinker Mishra, Anmol Momin, Nesreen El-Refaei, Amir Behzad Bagheri, Michele K. York, Mark E. Kunik, Marc Derhammer, Borna Fatehi, James Lim, Rylee Cole, Gregory Barchard, Ashkan Vaziri, and Bijan Najafi
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Cognition ,remote patient monitoring ,smart home ,dementia ,aging ,Internet of Things (IOT) ,wearables ,digital health ,activity of daily living ,life-space ,Activities of Daily Living ,Feasibility Studies ,Humans ,Cognitive Dysfunction ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Biochemistry ,Instrumentation ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Analytical Chemistry ,Aged - Abstract
Assessment of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) is essential for the diagnosis and staging of dementia. However, current IADL assessments are subjective and cannot be administered remotely. We proposed a smart-home design, called IADLSys, for remote monitoring of IADL. IADLSys consists of three major components: (1) wireless physical tags (pTAG) attached to objects of interest, (2) a pendant–sensor to monitor physical activities and detect interaction with pTAGs, and (3) an interactive tablet as a gateway to transfer data to a secured cloud. Four studies, including an exploratory clinical study with five older adults with clinically confirmed cognitive impairment, who used IADLSys for 24 h/7 days, were performed to confirm IADLSys feasibility, acceptability, adherence, and validity of detecting IADLs of interest and physical activity. Exploratory tests in two cases with severe and mild cognitive impairment, respectively, revealed that a case with severe cognitive impairment either overestimated or underestimated the frequency of performed IADLs, whereas self-reporting and objective IADL were comparable for the case with mild cognitive impairment. This feasibility and acceptability study may pave the way to implement the smart-home concept to remotely monitor IADL, which in turn may assist in providing personalized support to people with cognitive impairment, while tracking the decline in both physical and cognitive function.
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- 2022
14. Mobility Performance in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Potential Digital Biomarkers of Concern about Falling
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Bijan Najafi, Changhong Wang, Ashkan Vaziri, and Michelle A. Patriquin
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Aging ,medicine.medical_specialty ,media_common.quotation_subject ,STRIDE ,Poison control ,Walking ,Article ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Injury prevention ,medicine ,Humans ,Gait ,Aged ,media_common ,Aged, 80 and over ,business.industry ,Trunk ,Propensity score matching ,Accidental Falls ,Female ,Independent Living ,Geriatrics and Gerontology ,Worry ,Falling (sensation) ,business ,human activities ,Biomarkers - Abstract
Introduction: Concern about falling is a prevalent worry among community-dwelling older adults and may contribute to a decline in physical and mental health. This study aimed to examine the association between mobility performance and concern about falling. Methods: Older adults aged 65 years and older, with Mini-Mental State Examination score ≥24, and ambulatory (with or without the assistive device) were included. Concern about falling was evaluated with Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) scores. Participants with high concern about falling were identified using the cutoff of FES-I ≥23. Participants’ motor capacity was assessed in standardized walking tests under single- and dual-task conditions. Participants’ mobility performance was measured based on a 48-h trunk accelerometry signal from a wearable pendant sensor. Results: No significant differences were observed at participant characteristics across groups with different levels of concern about falling (low: N = 64, age = 76.3 ± 7.2 years, female = 46%; high: N = 59, age = 79.3 ± 9.1 years, female = 47%), after propensity matching with BMI, age, depression, and cognition. With adjustment of motor capacity (stride velocity and stride length under single- and dual-task walking conditions), participants with high concern about falling had significantly poorer mobility performance than those with low concern about falling, including lower walking quantity (walking bouts, steps and time per day, and walking bout average, walking bout variability, and longest walking bout, p ≤ 0.013), and poorer daily-life gait (stride velocity and gait variability, p ≤ 0.023), and poorer walking quality (frontal gait symmetry, and trunk acceleration and velocity intensity, p ≤ 0.041). The selected mobility performance metrics (daily steps and frontal gait symmetry) could significantly contribute to identifying older adults with high concern about falling (p ≤ 0.042), having better model performance (p = 0.036) than only walking quantity (daily steps) with adjustment of confounding effects from the motor capacity (stride length under dual-task walking condition). Conclusion: There is an association between mobility performance and concern about falling in older adults. Mobility performance metrics can serve as predictors to identify older adults with high concern about falling, potentially providing digital biomarkers for clinicians to remotely track older adults’ change of concern about falling via applications of remote patient monitoring.
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- 2021
15. Lattice materials with pyramidal hierarchy: Systematic analysis and three dimensional failure mechanism maps
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Ranajay Ghosh, Linzhi Wu, Xingyu Wei, Jian Xiong, Qianqian Wu, Ying Gao, Mohamad Eydani Asl, Ashkan Vaziri, and Li Ma
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Materials science ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Minimum weight ,Failure mechanism ,02 engineering and technology ,Sandwich panel ,Structural engineering ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Finite element method ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Template ,Buckling ,Mechanics of Materials ,Lattice (order) ,0103 physical sciences ,Lattice materials ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
Sandwich core materials that offer superior mechanical properties at minimum weight are essential in designing high-performance sandwich structures. Hierarchical materials are ideal templates for this purpose. In this paper, we investigate the mechanical performance of a pyramidal–pyramidal hierarchical lattice material to highlight its potential as the core material for sandwich structures. Three-dimensional failure mechanism maps for the pyramidal–pyramidal hierarchical lattice material are developed under different loading conditions and the results are compared to finite element simulations. Next, we study the mechanical response and failure modes of a sandwich panel with self-similar pyramidal lattice core construction subjected to in-plane compression and three-point bending. The current study indicates that the pyramidal–pyramidal hierarchical configuration can improve the load bearing capacity and core buckling resistance of the sandwich structures at low density. The study provides insights into the role of structural hierarchy in tuning the mechanical response of the lattice materials and expands the application envelope of lightweight sandwich structures by effectively increasing the structural buckling resistance.
- Published
- 2019
16. Bending behavior of biomimetic scale covered beam with tunable stiffness scales
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Milad Tatari, Soroush Kamrava, Ashkan Vaziri, Hamid Nayeb-Hashemi, and Ranajay Ghosh
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Materials science ,Soft robotics ,lcsh:Medicine ,02 engineering and technology ,Substrate (electronics) ,Bending ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,Chemical engineering ,Operating temperature ,medicine ,Composite material ,lcsh:Science ,Multidisciplinary ,lcsh:R ,Stiffness ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Mechanical engineering ,0104 chemical sciences ,Grippers ,Bending stiffness ,lcsh:Q ,medicine.symptom ,0210 nano-technology ,Beam (structure) - Abstract
Biomimetic scales provide a convenient template to tailor the bending stiffness of the underlying slender substrate due to their mutual sliding after engagement. Scale stiffness can therefore directly impact the substrate behavior, opening a potential avenue for substrate stiffness tunability. Here, we have developed a biomimetic beam, which is covered by tunable stiffness scales. Scale tunability is achieved by specially designed plate like scales consisting of layers of low melting point alloy (LMPA) phase change materials fully enclosed inside a soft polymer. These composite scales can transition between stiff and soft states by straddling the temperatures across LMPA melting points thereby drastically altering stiffness. We experimentally analyze the bending behavior of biomimetic beams covered with tunable stiffness scales of two architectures—one with single enclosure of LMPA and one with two enclosures of different melting point LMPAs. These architectures provide a continuous stiffness change of the underlying substrate post engagement, controlled by the operating temperature. We characterize this response using three-point bending experiments at various temperature profiles. Our results demonstrate for the first time, the pronounced and reversible tunability in the bending behavior of biomimetic scale covered beam, which are strongly dependent on the scale material and architecture. Particularly, it is shown that the bending stiffness of the biomimetic scale covered beam can be actively and reversibly tuned by a factor of up to 7. The developed biomimetic beam has applications in soft robotic grippers, smart segmented armors, deployable structures and soft swimming robots.
- Published
- 2020
17. Mechanically Programmed Miniature Origami Grippers
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Ashkan Vaziri, Chang Liu, Soroush Kamrava, Samuel M. Felton, and Alec Orlofsky
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0209 industrial biotechnology ,Computer science ,String (computer science) ,Stiffness ,Mechanical engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Kinematics ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Mechanism (engineering) ,020901 industrial engineering & automation ,Grippers ,medicine ,Robot ,medicine.symptom ,0210 nano-technology ,Actuator - Abstract
This paper presents a robotic gripper design that can perform customizable grasping tasks at the millimeter scale. The design is based on the origami string, a mechanism with a single degree of freedom that can be mechanically programmed to approximate arbitrary paths in space. By using this concept, we create miniature fingers that bend at multiple joints with a single actuator input. The shape and stiffness of these fingers can be varied to fit different grasping tasks by changing the crease pattern of the string. We show that the experimental behavior of these strings follows their analytical models and that they can perform a variety of tasks including pinching, wrapping, and twisting common objects such as pencils, bottle caps, and blueberries.
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- 2020
18. Blast-resilience of honeycomb sandwich panels
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Hamid Ebrahimi, Ashkan Vaziri, Leila Keyvani Someh, and Julián A. Norato
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Materials science ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Structural system ,02 engineering and technology ,Structural engineering ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Compression (physics) ,Shock (mechanics) ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Mechanics of Materials ,Indentation ,Honeycomb ,General Materials Science ,Material failure theory ,Resilience (materials science) ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Sandwich-structured composite ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
Well-designed honeycomb sandwich panels are known to have superior blast performance compared to their corresponding solid panel of the same mass. However, the residual structural capacity of honeycomb sandwich panels and their blast resilience has not been systematically studied. Here, we investigate the structural behavior of all-metal honeycomb sandwich panels after shock loading using detailed numerical simulations. The initial shock is varied from relatively small intensities to moderate intensities sufficient to create material failure and significant plastic deformation in the panel. The structural response of the shock-loaded panels is investigated under quasi-static punch indentation and in-plane compression. The maximum load carrying and energy absorption capacities of shock-loaded panels are quantified for a wide range of initial shock intensities and different panel core densities. Failure maps for the honeycomb panels were constructed for each quasi-static loading condition by considering three failure modes: core failure, face sheet failure, and total panel detachment from its support. This study provides new insights into the behavior and structural resilience of the shock-loaded sandwich panels, while further highlighting their potential in the development of resilient structural systems.
- Published
- 2018
19. Thermoelastic Response of Functionally Graded Fiber-Reinforced Rotating Disk With Non-Uniform Thickness Profile Under Variable Angular Velocity
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Yue Zheng, Hamid Nayeb-Hashemi, Ashkan Vaziri, and Masoud Olia
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Thermoelastic damping ,Materials science ,Angular velocity ,Fiber ,Composite material ,Variable (mathematics) - Abstract
Displacement and stress fields in a functionally graded (FG) fiber-reinforced rotating annular disk with a non-uniform thickness profile, subjected to angular deceleration and a temperature profile were investigated. Unidirectional fibers were considered to be circumferentially distributed within the disk with fiber volume fraction changing radially. The governing equations for displacement, stress, and temperature fields were solved using finite difference method. The results indicated that thermal induced stresses were more dominate than the rotational induced stresses. Disks which were fiber rich at the inner radius, the fibers made negligible difference on the displacement and stress fields when compared to a homogenous disk made from the matrix material. In addition, it was found that the deceleration magnitude had no effect on the radial and hoop stresses, nor the temperature on the developed shear stress. The shear stress was only affected by the disk deceleration. Tsai-Wu failure criterion was applied for decelerating disks to ascertain their failure behavior. The results show that Tsai-Wu failure index is dominated by the thermal stresses.
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- 2019
20. Computational modeling of human bone fracture healing affected by different conditions of initial healing stage
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Jason E. Chen, Ara Nazarian, Mohammad S. Ghiasi, Edward K. Rodriguez, and Ashkan Vaziri
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Mechanobiological modeling ,lcsh:Diseases of the musculoskeletal system ,Callus formation ,0206 medical engineering ,Finite Element Analysis ,Healing time ,Human bone ,02 engineering and technology ,Bone healing ,03 medical and health sciences ,Fractures, Bone ,Migration rate ,Rheumatology ,Elastic Modulus ,Medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Computer Simulation ,Bone fracture healing ,030304 developmental biology ,Fracture Healing ,0303 health sciences ,business.industry ,Inflammatory stage ,Mesenchymal stem cell ,Granulation tissue ,Granulation tissue material properties ,musculoskeletal system ,020601 biomedical engineering ,Biomechanical Phenomena ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Initial phase ,Callus ,lcsh:RC925-935 ,business ,Initial callus size ,Biomedical engineering ,Research Article - Abstract
Background Bone healing process includes four phases: inflammatory response, soft callus formation, hard callus development, and remodeling. Mechanobiological models have been used to investigate the role of various mechanical and biological factors on bone healing. However, the effects of initial healing phase, which includes the inflammatory stage, the granulation tissue formation, and the initial callus formation during the first few days post-fracture, are generally neglected in such studies. Methods In this study, we developed a finite-element-based model to simulate different levels of diffusion coefficient for mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) migration, Young’s modulus of granulation tissue, callus thickness and interfragmentary gap size to understand the modulatory effects of these initial phase parameters on bone healing. Results The results quantified how faster MSC migration, stiffer granulation tissue, thicker callus, and smaller interfragmentary gap enhanced healing to some extent. However, after a certain threshold, a state of saturation was reached for MSC migration rate, granulation tissue stiffness, and callus thickness. Therefore, a parametric study was performed to verify that the callus formed at the initial phase, in agreement with experimental observations, has an ideal range of geometry and material properties to have the most efficient healing time. Conclusions Findings from this paper quantified the effects of the initial healing phase on healing outcome to better understand the biological and mechanobiological mechanisms and their utilization in the design and optimization of treatment strategies. It is also demonstrated through a simulation that for fractures, where bone segments are in close proximity, callus development is not required. This finding is consistent with the concepts of primary and secondary bone healing.
- Published
- 2019
21. 3D cellular metamaterials with planar anti-chiral topology
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Hamid Nayeb-Hashemi, Ashkan Vaziri, Davood Mousanezhad, Hamid Ebrahimi, and Julián A. Norato
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010302 applied physics ,Materials science ,Deformation (mechanics) ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metamaterial ,Oblique case ,02 engineering and technology ,Bending ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Topology ,01 natural sciences ,Planar ,Mechanics of Materials ,0103 physical sciences ,lcsh:TA401-492 ,General Materials Science ,Node (circuits) ,lcsh:Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials ,0210 nano-technology ,Topology (chemistry) - Abstract
We constructed a new class of three-dimensional cellular metamaterials by connecting planar structure with anti-chiral topology. This was achieved by introducing a unique node design for connecting planar materials to enable constructing a three-dimensional architecture. This node design is based on linking the circular elements of the anti-chiral topology using oblique load-bearing ligaments. As the planar structure is subjected to loading, the circular elements rotate and the ligaments undergo bending, resulting in out-of-plane deformation of the three-dimensional cellular metamaterials. The node design, and specifically the ligaments' revolution angle govern the behavior of cellular metamaterials. This was demonstrated by designing cellular metamaterials with a wide range of positive and negative Poisson's ratio in the out-of-plane direction. Keywords: Cellular material, Auxetic behavior, Poisson's ratio, Chirality
- Published
- 2018
22. Mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of sandwich panels with ultra-lightweight three-dimensional hierarchical lattice cores
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Davood Mousanezhad, Qianqian Wu, Xingyu Wei, Jian Xiong, Ying Gao, Li Ma, and Ashkan Vaziri
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Shearing (physics) ,3d printed ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Applied Mathematics ,Mechanical Engineering ,Ultra lightweight ,02 engineering and technology ,Structural engineering ,Experimental validation ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Mechanics of Materials ,Modeling and Simulation ,Lattice (order) ,General Materials Science ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Sandwich-structured composite - Abstract
Mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of sandwich panels with “corrugated-pyramidal” hierarchical lattice cores were investigated through analytical modeling and detailed numerical simulations. This included studying the behavior of hierarchical lattice core material under compression and shearing, as well as investigating the mechanical performance of sandwich panels subjected to in-plane compression and three-point bending. Failure maps were constructed for the hierarchical lattice cores, as well as sandwich panels with hierarchical lattice cores by deriving analytical closed-form expressions for strength for all possible failure modes under each loading. 3D printed samples were manufactured and tested under out-of-plane compression in order to provide limited experimental validation of the study. Our study provides insights into the role of structural hierarchy in tuning the mechanical behavior of sandwich structures, and new opportunities for designing ultra-lightweight lattice cores with optimal performance.
- Published
- 2018
23. Thermal conductivity of biomimetic leaf composite
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Davood Mousanezhad, Gongdai Liu, Ranajay Ghosh, Hamid Nayeb-Hashemi, and Ashkan Vaziri
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0106 biological sciences ,Morphology (linguistics) ,Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Composite number ,Conductivity ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Finite element method ,Matrix (geology) ,Composite structure ,Thermal conductivity ,Mechanics of Materials ,Thermal ,Materials Chemistry ,Ceramics and Composites ,Composite material ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
The venous morphology of a typical plant leaf affects its mechanical and thermal properties. Such a material could be considered as a fiber reinforced composite structure where the veins and the rest of the leaf are considered as two materials having highly contrast mechanical and thermal properties. The variegated venations found in nature is idealized into three principal fibers—the central mid-fiber corresponding to the mid-rib, straight parallel secondary fibers attached to the mid-fiber representing the secondary veins, and then another set of parallel fibers emanating from the secondary fibers mimicking the tertiary veins of a typical leaf. This paper addresses the in-plane thermal conductivity of such a composite by considering such a venous fiber morphology embedded in a matrix material. We have considered two cases, fibers having either higher or lower conductivity respect to the matrix. The tertiary fibers do not interconnect the secondary fibers in our present study. We carry out finite element based computational investigation of the thermal conductivity of these composites under uniaxial thermal gradients and study the effect of different fiber architectures. To this end, we use two broad types of architectures both having similar central main fiber but differing in either having only secondary fibers or additional tertiary fibers. The fiber and matrix volume fractions are kept constant and a comparative parametric study is carried out by varying the inclination of the secondary fibers. We find the heat conductivity in the direction of the main fiber (Y direction) increases significantly as the fiber angle of the secondary increases. Furthermore, for composite with metal fibers, the conductivity in the Y direction is further enhanced when composite is manufactured by having secondary fibers forming a closed cell structure. However, for composite with ceramic fibers, the conductivity of the composite in the Y direction is little affected by having secondary fibers closed. An opposite behavior is observed when considering conductivity of the composite in the X direction. The conductivity of the composite in the X direction is reduced with increase in the angle of the secondary fibers. Higher conductivity in the X direction is achieved for composite with no closed cells for composites with metal fibers. The results also indicate that for composites with the constant fiber volume fraction, morphology of tertiary fibers may not significantly alter material conductivities. In conclusion, introducing a leaf-mimicking topology in fiber architecture can provide significant additional degrees of tunability in design of these composite structures.
- Published
- 2017
24. Bone fracture healing in mechanobiological modeling: A review of principles and methods
- Author
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Edward K. Rodriguez, Mohammad S. Ghiasi, Jason E. Chen, Ara Nazarian, and Ashkan Vaziri
- Subjects
Mechanobiological modeling ,0301 basic medicine ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,lcsh:Diseases of the musculoskeletal system ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Mechanical stimuli ,Bone healing ,Article ,Callus ,03 medical and health sciences ,Finite element ,medicine ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Bone fracture healing ,Biological modeling ,Hematoma ,Growth factor ,Computational modeling ,Cell migration ,Bone fracture ,medicine.disease ,030104 developmental biology ,Tissue Differentiation ,Mathematical modeling ,Angiogenesis ,lcsh:RC925-935 ,Growth factors ,Neuroscience - Abstract
Bone fracture is a very common body injury. The healing process is physiologically complex, involving both biological and mechanical aspects. Following a fracture, cell migration, cell/tissue differentiation, tissue synthesis, and cytokine and growth factor release occur, regulated by the mechanical environment. Over the past decade, bone healing simulation and modeling has been employed to understand its details and mechanisms, to investigate specific clinical questions, and to design healing strategies. The goal of this effort is to review the history and the most recent work in bone healing simulations with an emphasis on both biological and mechanical properties. Therefore, we provide a brief review of the biology of bone fracture repair, followed by an outline of the key growth factors and mechanical factors influencing it. We then compare different methodologies of bone healing simulation, including conceptual modeling (qualitative modeling of bone healing to understand the general mechanisms), biological modeling (considering only the biological factors and processes), and mechanobiological modeling (considering both biological aspects and mechanical environment). Finally we evaluate different components and clinical applications of bone healing simulation such as mechanical stimuli, phases of bone healing, and angiogenesis., Highlights • Bone fracture healing is a series of biological processes, regulated by the mechanical environment and biological factors. • Conceptual models of bone fracture healing aim to understand the qualitative process and to formulate its general mechanism. • Mechanobiological models consider the effects of both mechanical environment and biological factors. • Mechanobiological regulations and mechanical stimuli effects on growth factors can potentially have clinical applications. • While important, the inflammatory phase in the bone healing process is not included in mechanobiological simulations.
- Published
- 2017
25. Biomimetic composites inspired by venous leaf
- Author
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Hamid Nayeb-Hashemi, Ashkan Vaziri, A Hossieni, Ranajay Ghosh, Davood Mousanezhad, and Gongdai Liu
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Materials science ,Mechanics of Materials ,Mechanical Engineering ,Composite number ,Materials Chemistry ,Ceramics and Composites ,Physics::Optics ,Composite material ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
A typical plant leaf can be idealized as a composite having three principal fibers: the central mid-fiber corresponding to the mid-rib, straight parallel secondary fibers attached to the mid-fiber representing the secondary veins, and then another set of parallel fibers emanating from the secondary fibers mimicking the tertiary fibers embedded in a matrix material. This paper introduces a biomimetic composite design inspired by the morphology of venous leafs and investigates the effects of venation morphologies on the in-plane mechanical properties of the biomimetic composites using finite element method. The mechanical properties such as Young’s moduli, Poisson’s ratio, and yield stress under uniaxial loading of the resultant composite structures was studied and the effect of different fiber architectures on these properties was investigated. To this end, two broad types of architectures were used both having similar central main fiber but differing in either having only secondary fibers or additional tertiary fibers. The fiber and matrix volume fractions were kept constant and a comparative parametric study was carried out by varying the inclination of the secondary fibers. The results show that the elastic modulus of composite in the direction of main fiber increases linearly with increasing the angle of the secondary fibers. Furthermore, the elastic modulus is enhanced if the secondary fibers are closed, which mimics composites with closed cellular fibers. In contrast, the elastic modulus of composites normal to the main fiber ( x direction) exponentially decreases with the increase of the angle of the secondary fibers and it is little affected by having secondary fibers closed. Similar results were obtained for the yield stress of the composites. The results also indicate that Poisson’s ratio linearly increases with the secondary fiber angle. The results also show that for a constant fiber volume fraction, addition of various tertiary fibers may not significantly enhance the mechanical properties of the composites. The mechanical properties of the composites are mainly dominated by the secondary fibers. Finally, a simple model was proposed to predict these behaviors.
- Published
- 2017
26. Enhanced elastic-foundation analysis of balanced single lap adhesive joints
- Author
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Jim Papadopoulos, Ashkan Vaziri, Hamed Abdi, and Hamid Nayeb-Hashemi
- Subjects
Materials science ,Polymers and Plastics ,General Chemical Engineering ,Stiffness ,02 engineering and technology ,Mechanics ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Poisson's ratio ,Biomaterials ,Bond length ,Stress (mechanics) ,symbols.namesake ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Shear stress ,medicine ,symbols ,medicine.symptom ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology ,Joint (geology) ,Beam (structure) ,Plane stress - Abstract
Conventional single-lap adhesive joints between identical adherends achieve ultimate strength only after significant inelastic deformation of the adhesive and perhaps also the adherends. However purely elastic analysis provides insights and is relevant to fatigue initiation or brittle failure. We extend classical beam-based elastic results, both ‘within the bond’ (deriving more-accurate peak peel stress from the joint-edge moment) and ‘beyond the bond’ (determining the edge moment from adherend dimensions, remote boundary conditions, and load). Within the bond, we show that peak adhesive equivalent stress and principal stress are minimized when the bond length exceeds four characteristic lengths of the elastic-foundation shear stress equation. This makes simplified ‘long’ joint formulas attractive for initial design. We then examine how well the long-joint predicted peak peel stress matches plane strain finite element analysis, and empirically capture a peel-stress end effect due to nonzero adhesive Poisson ratio. With this end-effect correction, the limit of useful accuracy can be expressed as a ratio R a of (adherend axial stiffness) to (adhesive axial stiffness) being > a number of order 10 2 - 10 3 depending on Poisson ratio. This limit supplements the Goland and Reissner proposed applicability limit for elastic foundation analysis, expressed as a limiting ratio R v of through-thickness or vertical stiffnesses. Outside the bond, Timoshenko-style beam-column expressions are used to derive a simplified joint-edge moment factor. While similar in spirit to the edge-moment determination of Goland and Reissner for infinite-length pinned adherends, treating the bond region as a rigid block leads to simpler nonlinear expressions, and captures the moment-reducing benefits of shorter (finite-length) adherends and fixed-slope end conditions. Joint rotation effects become dominant when T L 2 > E I ( L is adherend free length, T is tensile load), then joint rotation magnitude depends on T D 2 / E I ( D is lap length).
- Published
- 2017
27. Topology Optimization of Multi-Material Lattices for Maximal Bulk Modulus
- Author
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Julián A. Norato, Hesaneh Kazemi, and Ashkan Vaziri
- Subjects
Physics ,Bulk modulus ,Topology optimization ,Multi material ,Topology ,Finite element method ,Topology (chemistry) ,Interpolation - Abstract
In this paper, we present a method for multi-material topology optimization of lattice structures for maximum bulk modulus. Unlike ground structure approaches that employ 1-d finite elements such as bars and beams to design periodic lattices, we employ a 3-d representation where each lattice bar is described as a cylinder. To accommodate the 3-d bars, we employ the geometry projection method, whereby a high-level parametric description of the bars is smoothly mapped onto a density field over a fixed analysis grid. In addition to the geometric parameters, we assign a size variable per material to each bar. By imposing suitable constraints in the optimization, we ensure that each bar is either made exclusively of one of a set of a multiple available materials or completely removed from the design. These optimization constraints, together with the material interpolation used in our formulation, make it easy to consider any number of available materials. Another advantage of our method over ground structure approaches with 1-d elements is that the bars in our method need not be connected at all times (i.e., they can ‘float’ within the design region), which makes it easier to find good designs with relatively few design variables. We illustrate the effectiveness of our method with numerical examples of bulk modulus maximization for two-material lattices with orthotropic symmetry, and for two- and three-material lattices with cubic symmetry.
- Published
- 2019
28. Honeycomb sandwich panels subjected to combined shock and projectile impact
- Author
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Ashkan Vaziri, Elsadig Mahdi, Hamid Ebrahimi, Ranajay Ghosh, and Hamid Nayeb-Hashemi
- Subjects
Materials science ,Aerospace Engineering ,Ocean Engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Deflection (engineering) ,Tearing ,Composite material ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Sandwich-structured composite ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Projectile impact ,business.industry ,Projectile ,Mechanical Engineering ,Structural engineering ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Finite element method ,Shock loading ,Transverse plane ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,Dynamic response ,Mechanics of Materials ,Dynamic loading ,Sandwich panels ,Automotive Engineering ,Failure map ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Failure mode and effects analysis - Abstract
Structural response and failure modes of honeycomb sandwich panels subjected to a shock (impulsive pressure) followed by a high velocity projectile impact were investigated using detailed finite element simulations. Performance of sandwich panels was quantified by maximum transverse deflection of the bottom face sheet and core crushing strain along with an investigation of their optimal behavior. Three failure modes were observed in panels - core failure, top face failure, and tearing and detachment from support. Failure maps of honeycomb sandwich panels were constructed to show the failure mode of panels as a function of shock intensity, projectile velocity and panel core relative density. In addition, a limited set of simulations were carried out to study the role of incident angle of projectile on the overall performance of a panel. These simulations showed that maximum deflection occurred for vertically impacting projectiles. However, we found that this did not directly translate to maximum core crushing strain in sandwich panels. The results provide new insight into the performance and failure of sandwich panels under complex dynamic loading conditions, and further highlight the potential of these panels for development of threat-resistant structural systems. 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. This work has been supported by the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) under Award Number NPRP 5-1298-2-560 . The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the Qatar National Research Fund. Scopus
- Published
- 2016
29. Decontamination of surfaces exposed to single wall carbon nanohorns
- Author
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Paul Su, Ranajay Ghosh, Ashkan Vaziri, Zahra Karimi, Hamid Ebrahimi, and Ramin Oftadeh
- Subjects
Materials science ,Silicon ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Nanotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,Carbon nanotube ,Single-walled carbon nanohorn ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Pulmonary surfactant ,law ,Nano ,Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Sodium dodecyl sulfate ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Process Chemistry and Technology ,Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,Human decontamination ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Pollution ,6. Clean water ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
The effect of different surfactants on the removal efficiency of wiping surfaces contaminated with single walled carbon nanohorns (SWCNHs) was studied. To this end, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactants were used, and their removal efficiencies with water only and with cleaning with a dry wipe were compared. The surfactant concentrations and wipe pressure during the wiping process were varied, and significant effects on removal efficiency were found. In addition, the results were compared with those obtained with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) and the differences among these nanostructures were reported. The results suggest that SDS and SDBS are good candidates for removal of SWCNHs deposited on silicon wafers with SDS removal efficiencies capable of exceeding 90%. In addition, the results show that there is an optimum wiping pressure and surfactant concentration with the highest removal efficiency. A direct relationship was also found between wipe saturation and removal efficiency of SWCNHs deposited on silicon substrates. The differences between individual nano structures were perceptible in spite of following similar broad trends; for instance, SWCNH contaminated surfaces in general proved more difficult to clean than surfaces contaminated with the other nanostructures.
- Published
- 2016
30. Transverse vibration and stability of a functionally graded rotating annular disk with a circumferential crack
- Author
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Jim Papadopolus, Ashkan Vaziri, Ranajay Ghosh, Elsadig Mahdi, Hassan Bahaloo, and Hamid Nayeb-Hashemi
- Subjects
Finite element method ,Cracks ,Materials science ,Transverse vibrations ,Shear force ,Out-of-plane vibrations ,Speed ,02 engineering and technology ,Rotating disks ,Circumferential cracks ,Stiffness ,Critical speed ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Equations of motion ,Governing equations ,medicine ,General Materials Science ,Elastic modulus ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions ,Crack propagation ,Mechanical Engineering ,Elastic moduli ,Fracture mechanics ,Rotational speed ,Mechanics ,Finite difference scheme ,Finite difference method ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Rotating annular disk ,Vibration ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,Classical mechanics ,Functionally graded ,Mechanics of Materials ,Bending moment ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,medicine.symptom ,0210 nano-technology ,Semi-analytical approaches - Abstract
Out of plane vibration of rotating disks limits their performances especially at certain critical speed. The critical speed of these disks may be affected by the presence of defects such as a circumferential crack. In this paper out of plane vibration of functionally graded (FG) rotating annular disks with a circumferential open crack is investigated. The cracked disk is modeled as two sub-disks, connected at the crack location by translational and rotational line springs, simulating the crack plate response to induced shear force and bending moment at the crack radius. These spring stiffness constants are obtained numerically using the finite element method (FEM) as a function of crack depth and radius. The rotational spring stiffness strongly depends on the disk rotation speed, while the stiffness of the translational spring is found to be independent of the disk speed. Both spring constants depend on the spatial distribution of the disk elastic modulus. The in-plane disk stresses are obtained using a semi-analytical approach. Those in plane stresses are used to obtain the governing equation of out of plane motion of the disk. A finite difference scheme is used to solve the partial differential equation of motion to obtain eigenvalues, critical speed and associated mode shapes. The lowest critical speed, which is one of the important parameters limiting the performance of the rotating disk, is obtained from the Campbell Diagram. It is found that irrespective of the distribution of the modulus of elasticity in the FG disk, increasing the crack depth or decreasing the crack radial distance from the disk center decreases the critical speed. The critical speed reduction is more pronounced for the case when the disk material modulus of elasticity is decreasing from the disk center. 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. This work has been supported by the Qatar National Research Foundation (QNRF) under Award no. NPRP 5-068-2-024 . Scopus
- Published
- 2016
31. Compression behavior and energy absorption of carbon fiber reinforced composite sandwich panels made of three-dimensional honeycomb grid cores
- Author
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Ranajay Ghosh, Linzhi Wu, Ashkan Vaziri, Jian Xiong, Hong Hu, and Li Ma
- Subjects
Void (astronomy) ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Enhanced heat transfer ,Bioengineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Structural engineering ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Grid ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Mechanics of Materials ,Honeycomb ,Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Embedding ,Specific energy ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Sandwich-structured composite ,Interlocking - Abstract
Carbon fiber reinforced three dimensional egg and pyramidal honeycomb grids cores with interconnected void spaces were fabricated using an interlocking method. The out-of-plane compression properties, failure modes, and energy absorption capacity of all-composite sandwich panels made of the new 3D grid cores were investigated. The analytical models for predicting the compressive stiffness and strength of both egg and pyramidal honeycomb grids cores were derived. The results showed that the fabricated sandwich panels have higher specific energy absorbing abilities compared to lightweight square honeycombs of same density (10–100 Kg/m3). The new core design promises novel applications for lightweight multifunctional structures due to increased flow in the inner spaces of the core construction, embedding of electrical lines, enhanced heat transfer, fuel storage and higher energy absorption compared to traditional cores.
- Published
- 2016
32. An Active Microarchitectured Material that Utilizes Piezo Actuators to Achieve Programmable Properties
- Author
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Jonathan B. Hopkins, Babak Haghpanah, Peter C. Dohm, Ashkan Vaziri, and Yuanping Song
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Optimal design ,Materials science ,Periodic lattice ,Stiffness ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,0103 physical sciences ,Electronic engineering ,medicine ,General Materials Science ,medicine.symptom ,0210 nano-technology ,Actuator - Abstract
In this paper, a new microarchitectured material is introduced that consists of a large periodic lattice of small compliant unit cells (i.e.
- Published
- 2016
33. Elastic properties of chiral, anti-chiral, and hierarchical honeycombs: A simple energy-based approach
- Author
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Davood Mousanezhad, Ranajay Ghosh, Hamid Nayeb-Hashemi, Abdel Magid Hamouda, Babak Haghpanah, and Ashkan Vaziri
- Subjects
Honeycomb ,Environmental Engineering ,Materials science ,Auxetics ,Biomedical Engineering ,Computational Mechanics ,Aerospace Engineering ,Modulus ,Ocean Engineering ,Geometry ,02 engineering and technology ,Hierarchical ,Shear modulus ,Metamaterial ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Anisotropy ,Elastic modulus ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Mechanical Engineering ,Mathematical analysis ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Finite element method ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,Chiral ,lcsh:TA1-2040 ,Mechanics of Materials ,Auxetic ,lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,0210 nano-technology ,Chirality (chemistry) - Abstract
The effects of two geometric refinement strategies widespread in natural structures, chirality and self-similar hierarchy, on the in-plane elastic response of two-dimensional honeycombs were studied systematically. Simple closed-form expressions were derived for the elastic moduli of several chiral, anti-chiral, and hierarchical honeycombs with hexagon and square based networks. Finite element analysis was employed to validate the analytical estimates of the elastic moduli. The results were also compared with the numerical and experimental data available in the literature. We found that introducing a hierarchical refinement increases the Young's modulus of hexagon based honeycombs while decreases their shear modulus. For square based honeycombs, hierarchy increases the shear modulus while decreasing their Young's modulus. Introducing chirality was shown to always decrease the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the structure. However, chirality remains the only route to auxeticity. In particular, we found that anti-tetra-chiral structures were capable of simultaneously exhibiting anisotropy, auxeticity, and remarkably low shear modulus as the magnitude of the chirality of the unit cell increases. 2016 The Authors. The authors thank Dr. Jim Papadopoulos for many fruitful discussions. This report was made possible by a NPRP award (NPRP 7-882-2-326 ) from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of the Qatar Foundation). The statements herein are solely the responsibility of the authors. Scopus
- Published
- 2016
34. Multi-material topology optimization of lattice structures using geometry projection
- Author
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Hesaneh Kazemi, Ashkan Vaziri, and Julián A. Norato
- Subjects
FOS: Computer and information sciences ,J.2 ,J.6 ,Physics ,Optimal design ,Offset (computer science) ,Mechanical Engineering ,Topology optimization ,Computational Mechanics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Truss ,Geometry ,74P05, 49Q10, 74S05 ,Homogenization (chemistry) ,Computer Science Applications ,Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science (cs.CE) ,Optimization and Control (math.OC) ,Mechanics of Materials ,Medial axis ,Lattice (order) ,FOS: Mathematics ,Projection method ,Computer Science - Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science ,Mathematics - Optimization and Control - Abstract
This work presents a computational method for the design of architected truss lattice materials where each strut can be made of one of a set of available materials. We design the lattices to extremize effective properties. As customary in topology optimization, we design a periodic unit cell of the lattice and obtain the effective properties via numerical homogenization. Each bar is represented as a cylindrical offset surface of a medial axis parameterized by the positions of the endpoints of the medial axis. These parameters are smoothly mapped onto a continuous density field for the primal and sensitivity analysis via the geometry projection method. A size variable per material is ascribed to each bar and penalized as in density-based topology optimization to facilitate the entire removal of bars from the design. During the optimization, we allow bars to be made of a mixture of the available materials. However, to ensure each bar is either exclusively made of one material or removed altogether from the optimal design, we impose optimization constraints that ensure each size variable is 0 or 1, and that at most one material size variable is 1. The proposed material interpolation scheme readily accommodates any number of materials. To obtain lattices with desired material symmetries, we design only a reference region of the unit cell and reflect its geometry projection with respect to the appropriate planes of symmetry. Also, to ensure bars remain whole upon reflection inside the unit cell or with respect to the periodic boundaries, we impose a no-cut constraint on the bars. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method via numerical examples of bulk and shear moduli maximization and Poisson’s ratio minimization for two- and three-material lattices with cubic symmetry.
- Published
- 2020
35. Topology Optimization of Structures Made of Discrete Geometric Components With Different Materials
- Author
-
Ashkan Vaziri, Hesaneh Kazemi, and Julián A. Norato
- Subjects
Cantilever ,Computer science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Topology optimization ,02 engineering and technology ,Topology ,01 natural sciences ,Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design ,Computer Science Applications ,010101 applied mathematics ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Mechanics of Materials ,0101 mathematics ,Topology (chemistry) - Abstract
We present a new method for the simultaneous topology optimization and material selection of structures made by the union of discrete geometric components, where each component is made of one of multiple available materials. Our approach is based on the geometry projection method, whereby an analytical description of the geometric components is smoothly mapped onto a density field on a fixed analysis grid. In addition to the parameters that dictate the dimensions, position, and orientation of the component, a size variable per available material is ascribed to each component. A size variable value of unity indicates that the component is made of the corresponding material. Moreover, all size variables can be zero, signifying the component is entirely removed from the design. We penalize intermediate values of the size variables via an aggregate constraint in the optimization. We also introduce a mutual material exclusion constraint that ensures that at most one material has a unity size variable in each geometric component. In addition to these constraints, we propose a novel aggregation scheme to perform the union of geometric components with dissimilar materials. These ingredients facilitate treatment of the multi-material case. Our formulation can be readily extended to any number of materials. We demonstrate our method with several numerical examples.
- Published
- 2018
36. Origami-inspired Cellular Metamaterial with Anisotropic Multi-stability
- Author
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Ranajay Ghosh, Ashkan Vaziri, Zhihao Wang, and Soroush Kamrava
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Materials science ,Multi stability ,Hinge ,Metamaterial ,Reconfigurability ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Physics::Optics ,02 engineering and technology ,Applied Physics (physics.app-ph) ,Physics - Applied Physics ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Topology ,01 natural sciences ,0103 physical sciences ,General Materials Science ,0210 nano-technology ,Anisotropy ,Envelope (mathematics) ,Rotation (mathematics) - Abstract
Origami designs offer extreme reconfigurability due to hinge rotation and facet deformation. This can be exploited to make lightweight metamaterials with controlled deployability and tunable properties. Here, we create a family of origami-inspired cellular metamaterials which can be programmed to have various stability characteristics and mechanical responses in three independent orthogonal directions. The cellular metamaterials were constructed from their origami unit cell that can have one or two admissible closed-loop configurations. The presence of the second closed-loop configuration leads to the emergence of bi-stability in the cellular metamaterial. We show that the stability and reconfigurability of the origami unit cell, and thus the constructed cellular metamaterials, can be programmed by manipulating the characteristic angles inherited from the origami pattern. Two examples of such programmable metamaterial with bi-stability in out-of-plane direction and anisotropic multi-stability in orthogonal directions are presented. Our study provides a platform to design programmable three-dimensional metamaterials significantly broadening the application envelope of origami.
- Published
- 2018
37. Reprogrammable Braille on an elastic shell
- Author
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Ashkan Vaziri, Jun Young Chung, and Lakshminarayanan Mahadevan
- Subjects
Physics ,Sequence ,Multidisciplinary ,Bistability ,Minimal realization ,Shell (structure) ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Programmable matter ,Classical mechanics ,0103 physical sciences ,Physical Sciences ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology ,Material properties ,Absolute scale ,Multistability - Abstract
We describe a minimal realization of reversibly programmable matter in the form of a featureless smooth elastic plate that has the capacity to store information in a Braille-like format as a sequence of stable discrete dimples. Simple experiments with cylindrical and spherical shells show that we can control the number, location, and the temporal order of these dimples, which can be written and erased at will. Theoretical analysis of the governing equations in a specialized setting and numerical simulations of the complete equations allow us to characterize the phase diagram for the formation of these localized elastic states, elastic bits (e-bits), consistent with our observations. Given that the inherent bistability and hysteresis in these low-dimensional systems arise exclusively due to the geometrical-scale separation, independent of material properties or absolute scale, our results might serve as alternate approaches to small-scale mechanical memories.
- Published
- 2018
38. Slender Origami with Complex 3D Folding Shapes
- Author
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Ranajay Ghosh, Yu Yang, Soroush Kamrava, and Ashkan Vaziri
- Subjects
Physics ,0103 physical sciences ,General Physics and Astronomy ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Geometry ,02 engineering and technology ,Physics - Applied Physics ,Applied Physics (physics.app-ph) ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology ,01 natural sciences - Abstract
One-dimensional slender bodies can be deformed or shaped into spatially complex curves relatively easily due to their inherent compliance. However, traditional methods of fabricating complex spatial shapes are cumbersome, prone to error accumulation and not amenable to elegant programmability. In this letter, we introduce a one-dimensional origami based on attaching Miura-ori that can fold into various programmed two- or three-dimensional shapes. We study the out-of-plane displacement characteristics of this origami and demonstrate with examples, design of slender bodies that conform to programmed complex spatial curves. Our study provides a new, accurate, and single actuation solution of shape programmability.
- Published
- 2018
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39. Programmable Elastic Metamaterials
- Author
-
Babak Haghpanah, Hamid Ebrahimi, Davood Mousanezhad, Jonathan Hopkins, and Ashkan Vaziri
- Subjects
Materials science ,Electronic engineering ,Metamaterial ,General Materials Science ,State (computer science) ,Elasticity (economics) ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Topology - Abstract
Embodiments of the present invention provide programmable materials capable of real-time, significant adjustment in their mechanical response. When combined with autonomous sensing and control strategies, these materials can be used in a new series of structural components with enhanced static and dynamic efficiency. An embodiment of the present invention provides an apparatus comprising an array of one or more unit cells, formed from a material, each cell defining a shape; and links coupled to the unit cells, at least a subset of the links enabling changing of an elasticity of at least a subset of the unit cells or at least a sub- array of the unit cells as a function of a state of the at least a subset of the links, the state including ON and OFF states.
- Published
- 2015
40. Removal of multiwalled carbon nanotube contaminants from surfaces with microscale topological features
- Author
-
William W. Doerr, Paul Su, Zahra Karimi, Syed Hassan, Ashkan Vaziri, and Babak Haghpanah
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Materials science ,Silicon ,General Chemical Engineering ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,Carbon nanotube ,010402 general chemistry ,Topology ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,Etching (microfabrication) ,law ,Surface roughness ,Environmental Chemistry ,Wafer ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Microscale chemistry ,General Environmental Science ,Water Science and Technology ,Plasma etching ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry ,Photolithography ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Experiments were performed to examine the efficiency of surfactants to remove multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) from silicon substrates with nano and microscaled features. In the first set of experiments, nanoscale features were induced on silicon wafers using SF6 and O2 plasma. In the second set, well-defined microscale topological features were induced on silicon wafers using photo lithography and plasma etching. The etching time was varied to create semi-ellipsoidal pits with average diameter and height of 7–9 mm, and 1–3 mm, respectively. For the cleaning process, the MWCNTs were wiped off using a simple wiping mechanism by two different surfactants and distilled water. The areal density of the MWCNTs was quantified prior to and after the removal using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and post-image processing. For a surface featured with nanoscale asperities, the removal efficiency was measured to be in the range 83–99% based on substrate type and surface roughness. No evident relationship was observed between the etching time and the removal efficiency. For surfaces with microscale features, increasing the etching time results in appearance of larger pits and significant decrease in the removal efficiency. VC 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 00: 000–000, 2015
- Published
- 2015
41. Advanced Micro-Lattice Materials
- Author
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Li Ma, Linzhi Wu, Arne Ohrndorf, Jian Xiong, Ranajay Ghosh, Ashkan Vaziri, Robert Mines, and H.-J. Christ
- Subjects
Engineering ,business.industry ,Lattice materials ,General Materials Science ,Nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,business ,High absorption ,Engineering physics - Abstract
Topological management of materials at a Micro-scale is one of the fundamental building principles of nature. This combination of material and structural properties results in marked changes in the properties of solids. Nowadays physicists, chemists, materials scientists and engineers explore those effects by synthesizing, characterizing, and modeling Micro-lattice materials from all material classes. Applications have been identified in the fields of ultra-lightweight structures, thermal equipment, electrochemical devices, high absorption capacity and bio-repair materials. This article aims to review recent progress in the development of such advanced Micro-lattice materials.
- Published
- 2015
42. Impact resistance and energy absorption of regular and functionally graded hexagonal honeycombs with cell wall material strain hardening
- Author
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Ranajay Ghosh, Ashkan Vaziri, Abdel Magid Hamouda, Hamid Nayeb-Hashemi, Amin Ajdari, and Davood Mousanezhad
- Subjects
Materials science ,Strain (chemistry) ,Hexagonal crystal system ,Mechanical Engineering ,Plasticity ,Strain hardening exponent ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Kinetic energy ,Cell wall ,Mechanics of Materials ,Energy absorption ,General Materials Science ,Composite material ,Deformation (engineering) ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
This paper highlights the effects of cell wall material strain hardening and density functional gradation (FG) on in-plane constant-velocity dynamic crushing response and impact behavior of hexagonal honeycombs. Results show that cell wall material strain hardening influences the distinct deformation modes induced by crushing velocity generally observed in regular hexagonal honeycombs. This is seen by a delay in the onset of localized deformation up until intermediate crushing velocities after which localization becomes dominant smearing out differences brought about by cell wall material strain hardening (plasticity convergence). In addition, during the impact loading on regular honeycombs, it was found that increasing the cell wall material strain hardening decreases the rate of gain of maximum crushing strain with increments in initial kinetic energy of impact. On the other hand, introducing FG brings about new deformation patterns due to changes in material distribution and preferential cell wall collapse of the weaker members. Interestingly, although the dynamic localization effect at higher crushing velocities observed earlier was not found to be particularly affected by FG, gradient convergence (i.e. smearing out the effects of FG due to higher velocities analogous to plasticity convergence) was not observed. On the contrary, gradient convergence emerged at higher impacting velocities primarily brought about by a combination of initial deformation localization and its subsequent advancement into FG region ahead. The kinetic energy threshold for the emergence of this gradient convergence effect was found to be considerably delayed by cell wall material strain hardening.
- Published
- 2014
43. Origami-based Building Blocks for Modular Construction of Foldable Structures
- Author
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Soroush Kamrava, Davood Mousanezhad, and Ashkan Vaziri
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary ,Computer science ,lcsh:R ,Structural system ,lcsh:Medicine ,Metamaterial ,02 engineering and technology ,Folding (DSP implementation) ,Modular construction ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,0104 chemical sciences ,Computer architecture ,lcsh:Q ,lcsh:Science ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Origami, widely known as the ancient Japanese art of paper folding, has recently inspired a new paradigm of design for mechanical metamaterials and deployable structural systems. However, lack of rationalized design guidelines and scalable manufacturing methods has hindered their applications. To address this limitation, we present analytical methods for designing origami-based closed-loop units with inherent foldability, and for predicting their folding response (e.g., folding force, bistability, and area and volume change by folding). These units can be employed as building blocks for application-driven design and modular construction of foldable structures with desired performance and manufacturing scalability.
- Published
- 2017
44. Displacement and Stress Fields in a Functionally Graded Fiber-Reinforced Rotating Disk With Nonuniform Thickness and Variable Angular Velocity
- Author
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Hassan Bahaloo, Yue Zheng, Ashkan Vaziri, Hamid Nayeb-Hashemi, and Davood Mousanezhad
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Engineering drawing ,Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Angular velocity ,02 engineering and technology ,Mechanics ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Displacement (vector) ,Stress (mechanics) ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Mechanics of Materials ,General Materials Science ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Fiber ,0210 nano-technology ,Variable (mathematics) - Abstract
Displacement and stress fields in a functionally graded (FG) fiber-reinforced rotating disk of nonuniform thickness subjected to angular deceleration are obtained. The disk has a central hole, which is assumed to be mounted on a rotating shaft. Unidirectional fibers are considered to be circumferentially distributed within the disk with a variable volume fraction along the radius. The governing equations for displacement and stress fields are derived and solved using finite difference method. The results show that for disks with fiber rich at the outer radius, the displacement field is lower in radial direction but higher in circumferential direction compared to the disk with the fiber rich at the inner radius. The circumferential stress value at the outer radius is substantially higher for disk with fiber rich at the outer radius compared to the disk with the fiber rich at the inner radius. It is also observed a considerable amount of compressive stress developed in the radial direction in a region close to the outer radius. These compressive stresses may prevent any crack growth in the circumferential direction of such disks. For disks with fiber rich at the inner radius, the presence of fibers results in minimal changes in the displacement and stress fields when compared to a homogenous disk made from the matrix material. In addition, we concluded that disk deceleration has no effect on the radial and hoop stresses. However, deceleration will affect the shear stress. Tsai–Wu failure criterion is evaluated for decelerating disks. For disks with fiber rich at the inner radius, the failure is initiated between inner and outer radii. However, for disks with fiber rich at the outer radius, the failure location depends on the fiber distribution.
- Published
- 2017
45. Origami-based cellular metamaterial with auxetic, bistable, and self-locking properties
- Author
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Ashkan Vaziri, Hamid Ebrahimi, Davood Mousanezhad, Soroush Kamrava, and Ranajay Ghosh
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Physics ,Multidisciplinary ,Bistability ,Auxetics ,Metamaterial ,Physics::Optics ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Topology ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,0103 physical sciences ,Self locking ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
We present a novel cellular metamaterial constructed from Origami building blocks based on Miura-ori fold. The proposed cellular metamaterial exhibits unusual properties some of which stemming from the inherent properties of its Origami building blocks, and others manifesting due to its unique geometrical construction and architecture. These properties include foldability with two fully-folded configurations, auxeticity (i.e., negative Poisson’s ratio), bistability, and self-locking of Origami building blocks to construct load-bearing cellular metamaterials. The kinematics and force response of the cellular metamaterial during folding were studied to investigate the underlying mechanisms resulting in its unique properties using analytical modeling and experiments.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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46. Non-ideal effects in bending response of soft substrates covered with biomimetic scales
- Author
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Ashkan Vaziri, Ranajay Ghosh, and Hamid Ebrahimi
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Length scale ,Engineering ,Rotation ,Mechanical Phenomena ,Animal Scales ,Finite Element Analysis ,Biomedical Engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Homogenization (chemistry) ,Biomaterials ,Rigidity (electromagnetism) ,Biomimetic Materials ,Animals ,Statistical physics ,business.industry ,Structural engineering ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Finite element method ,Elasticity ,0104 chemical sciences ,Nonlinear system ,Mechanics of Materials ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Order of magnitude - Abstract
Biomimetic scales are known to substantially alter the mechanics response of the underlying substrate engendering complex nonlinearities that can manifest even in small deformations due to scales interaction. This interaction is typically modeled using a-priori homogenization with an enforced periodicity of engagement. Such a framework is fairly useful especially when dealing with the structural length scale which is at least one order of magnitude greater than the scales themselves since individual tracking of a large number of scales become insurmountable. On the other hand, this scheme makes several assumptions whose validity has not yet been investigated including infinite length of the substrate and rigidity of the scales. The validity of these assumptions and the accuracy and limitations of associated analytical models are investigated. Finite element based numerical studies were carried out to identify the critical role of edge effects and other non-ideal behavior such as violation of periodicity and nonlinear constitutive response on scale rotation. Our investigation shows that several important quantities show a strong saturation characteristic which justify many of the simplifying assumptions whereas others need much greater care.
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- 2017
47. In situMeasurement of the Adhesion Strength and Effective Elastic Stiffness of Single Soft Micropillar
- Author
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Cheol-Woong Yang, Ranajay Ghosh, Ashkan Vaziri, Ji Yeong Lee, In-Suk Choi, Won Kyung Seong, Kwang-Ryeol Lee, and Myoung-Woon Moon
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Materials science ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,Stiffness ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,General Chemistry ,Polymer ,Dynamic mechanical analysis ,Adhesion ,Compression (physics) ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,chemistry ,Buckling ,Mechanics of Materials ,Microscopy ,Materials Chemistry ,medicine ,Deformation (engineering) ,Composite material ,medicine.symptom - Abstract
We report the deformation behavior and mechanical properties of a polymeric micropillar, which measures approximately 10 μm by 30 μm in size by measuring the loading/unloading response using an in situ force measurement system. When the single poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) micropillar was subjected to compression, we observed a periodic wrinkle and global (Euler) buckling at the sidewall. During unloading, we found the pull-off force (adhesion force) to increase for higher values of preloading and also for lower loading/unloading rates. From the slope of the load–displacement curves measured in situ, we calculated the effective elastic stiffness of the PDMS micropillar to be about 2.03 MPa. In addition to the current work, we report that this method can be used more broadly for in situ measurement of the intrinsic mechanical and adhesion properties of polymers and other relatively soft materials.
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- 2014
48. Bending behavior of lightweight sandwich-walled shells with pyramidal truss cores
- Author
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Abdel Magid Hamouda, Jian Xiong, Linzhi Wu, Ashkan Vaziri, Hamid Ebrahimi, Lichun Ma, and Ranajay Ghosh
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Face wrinkling ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Composite number ,Truss ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Structural engineering ,Finite element method ,Buckling ,chemistry ,Aluminium ,Peak load ,Ceramics and Composites ,Composite material ,business ,Interlocking ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
A study on the bending response of a composite curved panel with pyramidal metallic truss cores suitable for functional applications is presented using a combination of analytical modeling, three-point bending experiments and finite element (FE) based simulations. The aluminum pyramidal cores were constructed using an interlocking method before curing with composite face sheets to fabricate the final structure. A theoretical model was developed to analyze the experiments and develop failure criteria. Three failure modes: (i) face wrinkling, (ii) face crushing, and (iii) debonding between face sheet and truss cores, were considered and theoretical relationships for predicting the collapse load associated with each mode were developed. The experiments were carried out on two sets of specimens with differing face sheet thickness which clearly indicated the important role played by core debonding in determining the peak load of the structure. Localized buckling instabilities were also reported for samples with thinner face sheets. The role of debonding in determining strength was further highlighted by a comparison with FE simulations with suppressed debonding.
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- 2014
49. Thermal analysis of reinforced concrete chimneys with fiberglass plastic liners in uncontrolled fires
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Amin Adjari, Ashkan Vaziri, Artemis Agelaridou-Twohig, Hosam M. Ali, and Franco Tamanini
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Residual strength ,Engineering ,Flue gas ,business.industry ,Chimney ,Structural engineering ,Fibre-reinforced plastic ,Thermal analysis ,Reduction (mathematics) ,business ,Reinforced concrete ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Parametric statistics - Abstract
This paper presents a simple method to calculate fire duration and flue gas temperatures for reinforced concrete (RC) chimneys with fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) liners based on experimentally determined burning characteristics of the liner material. Implementation of the method to calculate fire durations and the transient heat transfer conditions is demonstrated for single- and four-liner chimneys. A parametric study is carried out for chimney designs and geometries ranging from 100 m to 300 m in height and 7 m to 40 m in diameter, with 1–4 liners and varying opening configurations. The results are used to identify a limited number of cases for which the RC chimney undergoes the most extreme reduction in its post-fire residual strength. Analytical estimations of the chimney residual strength after the fire are obtained using a method established based on the procedure outlined in the American Concrete Institute (ACI) 307 Standard for chimney strength calculations. Calculations for a series of critical configurations of RC chimneys, with FRP liner geometries within the practical design limits detailed in this paper, show that the post-fire structural capacity of the chimneys would not lead to catastrophic failures especially because the chimney is not expected to see other high design lateral loads such as wind or earthquake simultaneously.
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- 2014
50. Mechanics of anisotropic hierarchical honeycombs
- Author
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Hamid Nayeb-Hashemi, Jim Papadopoulos, Abdel Magid Hamouda, Ashkan Vaziri, Ramin Oftadeh, and Babak Haghpanah
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Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Isotropy ,Oblique case ,Geometry ,Mechanics ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Finite element method ,Vertex (geometry) ,Fourth order ,Mechanics of Materials ,Honeycomb ,General Materials Science ,Anisotropy ,Elastic modulus ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
Anisotropic hierarchical honeycombs of uniform wall-thickness are constructed by repeatedly replacing each three-edge vertex of a base hexagonal network with a similar but smaller hexagon of the same orientation, and stretching the resulting structure in horizontal or vertical directions to break the isotropy. The uniform overall thickness is then adjusted to maintain the constant average density. The resulting fractal-appearing hierarchical structure is defined by the ratios of replacement edge lengths to the underlying network edge length and also the cell wall angle. The effective elastic modulus, Poisson׳s ratio and plastic collapse strength in the principal directions of hierarchical honeycombs were obtained analytically as well as by finite element analyses. The results show that anisotropic hierarchical honeycombs of first to fourth order can be 2.0–8.0 times stiffer and at the same time up to 2.0 times stronger than regular honeycomb at the same wall angle and the same overall average density. Plastic collapse analysis showed that anisotropic hierarchical honeycomb has the larger plastic collapse strength compared to regular hierarchical honeycomb of the same order at certain oblique wall angles. The current work provides insight into how incorporating anisotropy into the structural organization can play a significant role in improving the mechanics of the materials structure such as regular or hierarchical honeycombs, and introduces new opportunities for development of novel materials and structures with desirable and actively tailorable properties.
- Published
- 2014
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