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Harringtonine (HT), produced from

Mosquitoes and EDTA-treated blood samples from febrile racehorses were investigated for Getah virus infection from 2016 to 2019 at the Miho Training Center, where several outbreaks of Getah virus have occurred. We collected 5557 mosquitoes and 331 blood samples from febrile horses in this study. The most frequently captured mosquito species was Culex tritaeniorhynchus (51.9%), followed by Aedes vexans nipponii (14.2%) and Anopheles sinensis (11.2%). Getah virus was detected in mosquitoes (Aedes vexans nipponii) in 2016 (strain 16-0810-26) but not in 2017-2019. Six of 74 febrile horses in 2016 and one of 69 in 2019 tested positive for Getah virus; none of the horses tested positive in 2017 or 2018. Phylogenetic and sequence analysis showed that strain 16-0810-26 was closely related to strains that had been isolated from horses and a pig around the training center in 2014-2016 but have not been detected in samples collected at the training center since 2017. In contrast, the strain isolated from the infected horse in 2019 (19-I-703) was genetically distinct from the strains isolated from horses and a pig in 2014-2016 and was more closely related to a strain isolated in 1978 at the training center. The source of strain 19-I-703 is unclear, but the virus was not detected in other horses sampled in 2019. In summary, we found that the distribution of mosquito species present at the training center had not changed significantly since 1979, and although a small outbreak of Getah virus infection occurred among horses at the training center in 2016, limited Getah virus activity was detected in mosquitoes and horses at the training center from 2017 to 2019.

A 2-year-old male Thoroughbred horse presented with a mass in the maxilla. The focally ulcerated mass, approximately 8 cm in diameter, covered the upper left intermediate and corner incisor teeth (nos. 602 and 603 according to the modified Triadan system) and radiographic examination revealed displacement and lysis of the incisors. Histologically, the tumour was composed of a dense proliferation of spindle-shaped cells and neoplastic odontogenic epithelial cells arranged in island, follicular, plexiform or sheetlike patterns. The spindle-shaped cells were immunopositive for cytokeratins AE1/AE3, 5/6, 14 and 19. The Ki-67 index was 32.6% in the spindle cell component. Based on the histological and immunohistochemical findings, the tumour was diagnosed as spindle cell ameloblastic carcinoma.

Introduction Swertia japonica Makino (S. japonica) has a long history of use as a folk medicine, and it is one of the three essential Japanese folk medicines. S.japonica has been reported to have various biological activities. The biologically active secoiridoid glycoside swertiamarin (SM) has been isolated from S. japonica. The efficacy of this plant is attributed to SM and related secoiridoid glycosides. To control the quality of S. japonica for medicinal use, a method for the determination of SM and other secoiridoid glycosides in the plant is needed. Objective To produce an anti-SM monoclonal antibody (MAb) and develop an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) for S. japonica standardisation and quality control. Methodology SM was conjugated to cationised bovine serum albumin (cBSA), and the SM-cBSA conjugate was used to immunise BALB/c mice. Splenocytes from the immunised mice were then fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells to produce hybridoma cells that expressed anti-SM MAb. Results The developed icELISA was sufficiently sensitive and had a quantitative range of 0.78 to 12.5 μg/mL. Coefficients of variation below 10% indicated good repeatability. Recoveries in a spike and recovery assay ranged from 91.84% to 115.50%, which confirmed that the icELISA was accurate. The SM content measured using the icELISA was in agreement with the results of a high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) assay. Conclusion The icELISA is suitable for the high-throughput analysis of SM and other secoiridoid glycosides in S. japonica. The method is fast, economical, and reliable for S. japonica quality control.

Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF) is a recently described form of interstitial pneumonia associated with equine herpesvirus type 5 (EHV-5). This disease has been reported in North and South America, Europe and Oceania but not, to our knowledge, in horses in Japan. We diagnosed EMPF in two Thoroughbred horses in Japan on the basis of gross and histopathological findings. In both cases, significant gross lesions, restricted to the lungs, consisted of numerous firm and coalescing nodules widely distributed throughout the lung. The nodules were3 cm in diameter and pale white to tan in colour. Microscopically, they showed severe interstitial fibrosis and infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes and a few eosinophils. The residual alveoli were lined by cuboidal epithelial cells (type II pneumocytes) and filled with many macrophages, which rarely displayed oval eosinophilic to amphophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. Polymerase chain reaction and sequence analyses identified the glycoprotein H gene of EHV-5, and in-situ hybridization detected EHV-5 in the alveolar macrophages in the lesions. In one case, electron microscopy revealed herpesvirus-like particles and EHV-5 was isolated from pulmonary lesions.

Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the gram-positive spore-forming bacteriumBacillus anthracis. Detecting naturally acquired antibodies against anthrax sublethal exposure in animals is essential for anthrax surveillance and effective control measures. Serological assays based on protective antigen (PA) ofB.anthracisare mainly used for anthrax surveillance and vaccine evaluation. Although the assay is reliable, it is challenging to distinguish the naturally acquired antibodies from vaccine-induced immunity in animals because PA is cross-reactive to both antibodies. Although additional data on the vaccination history of animals could bypass this problem, such data are not readily accessible in many cases. In this study, we established a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific to antibodies against capsule biosynthesis protein CapA antigen ofB.anthracis, which is non-cross-reactive to vaccine-induced antibodies in horses. Usingin silicoanalyses, we screened coding sequences encoded on pXO2 plasmid, which is absent in the veterinary vaccine strain Sterne 34F2 but present in virulent strains ofB.anthracis. Among the 8 selected antigen candidates, capsule biosynthesis protein CapA (GBAA_RS28240) and peptide ABC transporter substrate-binding protein (GBAA_RS28340) were detected by antibodies in infected horse sera. Of these, CapA has not yet been identified as immunoreactive in other studies to the best of our knowledge. Considering the protein solubility and specificity ofB.anthracis, we prepared the C-terminus region of CapA, named CapA322, and developed CapA322-ELISA based on a horse model. Comparative analysis of the CapA322-ELISA and PAD1-ELISA (ELISA uses domain one of the PA) showed that CapA322-ELISA could detect anti-CapA antibodies in sera from infected horses but was non-reactive to sera from vaccinated horses. The CapA322-ELISA could contribute to the anthrax surveillance in endemic areas, and two immunoreactive proteins identified in this study could be additives to the improvement of current or future vaccine development.

Higenamine (HM), an alkaloid found in various plant species, is obtained when norcoclaurine synthase selectively condenses dopamine and 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde to give (S)-higenamine ((S)-HM). The World Anti-doping Agency has listed HM as a prohibited agent in athletics. As a result, many commercial, academic, and regulatory bodies across the globe are invested in finding a rapid method for (S)-HM detection. In the current study, a lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) was developed in which the relevant biosensor was generated as a conjugate of the monoclonal antibody against (S)-HM (namely, MAb E8) and colloidal gold nanoparticles. The HM-γ-globulin conjugates and rabbit anti-mouse IgG antibodies were placed in the test and control zones, respectively. The free (S)-HM molecules in the samples and the immobilized HM-γ-globulin conjugates competitively reacted with the developed biosensor in the LFA. An inverse relationship existed between the biosensors' visible response, which was noted by the variation in the intensity of a pinkish spot in the test zone, and the content of the free (S)-HM. The limit of detection of the developed LFA was 156 ng/mL. Various validation methods confirmed that the LFA exhibited sufficient sensitivity, selectivity, repeatability, and reliability, making it ideal for (S)-HM detection in plant samples and plant-containing products. The developed system required only a small sample volume (20 μL) and a concise sample preparation time compared with conventional LFAs. Thus, the LFA reported in this study could serve as a rapid response kit for the detection of (S)-HM in plant samples.

Serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), a marker of equine cryptorchidism, is detectable in intact and cryptorchid stallions but not in geldings because it is secreted from Sertoli cells. A 4-year-old uncastrated Thoroughbred racehorse had no visible testes; therefore, the horse was considered a bilateral cryptorchidism. However, the serum AMH was undetectable (

One of the most important issues in semiconductor manufacturing is to suppress variation of characteristics in semiconductor devices within a wafer, in order to enhance production yield. In this report, an intentional two-dimensional (2D) nonuniform ion implantation system, named the “MIND System”, is introduced and the effects of the system on suppression of some kind of variations are reviewed.

Background Capillaria hepatica is a zoonotic parasite in humans and animals and has a worldwide distribution. However, infections in mammals apart from rodents, which are natural hosts of the parasite, have rarely been reported. This report describes the first known case of C. hepatica infection in a horse in Japan. Case presentation A 3-year-old filly without clinical signs was presented at a slaughterhouse in Japan. Gross examination revealed white to tan nodules 0.5 to 1.5 cm in diameter in the parenchyma of the liver. Histologically, the nodules had mature fibrous capsules and consisted of multifocal to coalescing granulomatous inflammations with numerous nematode eggs. The eggs were barrel shaped with an opercular plug on each end and double-layered shells; these findings are consistent with the features of C. hepatica eggs. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first case of C. hepatica infection in a horse in Japan. The pathological findings confirmed the presence of this pathogen in this part of the world, and they highlight the importance of this nematode in the differential diagnosis of hepatic granulomatous lesions in horses.

Getah virus is mosquito-borne and causes disease in horses and pigs. We sequenced and analyzed the complete genomes of three strains isolated from horses in Ibaraki Prefecture, eastern Japan, in 2016. They were almost identical to the genomes of strains recently isolated from horses, pigs, and mosquitoes in Japan.

Two-dimensional (2D) dose control is becoming well accepted for semiconductor device fabrication. At the same time, two specialized versions are arising; (1) High accuracy intentional non-uniform dose implant with relatively moderate dynamic dose range and (2) High dynamic dose range intentional non-uniform implant with relatively moderate dose accuracy. Sumitomo Heavy Industries Ion Technology (SMIT) has developed two-dimensional intentional non-uniform dose-implant methods for both demands. A method to carry out a highdynamic- range 2D non-uniform dose implant will be presented at this conference. In this paper, the method to carry out high-accuracy intentional 2D non-uniform implants (MIND 2.0) will be reported. The MIND 2.0 system has been installed on SMIT's hybrid-scan single-wafer ion implanters. In order to obtain intentional non-uniform dosage, beam scanning patterns must be modified. For a high-accuracy intentional 2D non-uniform dose implant, an iterative method which includes actual dose-pattern checks has been implemented in MIND 2.0. In this way, appropriate beam scanning patterns for intended twodimensional non-uniform dose patterns are always obtained, no matter what a beam size is.

Two-dimensional (2D) dose control is becoming well accepted for semiconductor device fabrication. At the same time, two specialized versions are arising; (1) High accuracy intentional non-uniform dose implant with relatively moderate dynamic dose range and (2) High dynamic dose range intentional non-uniform implant with relatively moderate dose accuracy. Sumitomo Heavy Industries Ion Technology (SMIT) has developed two-dimensional intentional non-uniform doseimplant methods for both demands. A method to carry out a high-accuracy intentional 2D non-uniform implant (MIND 2.0) will be presented at this conference. In this paper, our method to carry out a high-dynamic-range 2D non-uniform dose implant will be reported. A test implant was planned and carried out for an intentional doughnut-shape dose pattern by using the MC3-II/GP ion implanter. While the implant dose in the outmost region is neglected, we could obtain in the inner region about ten times smaller dose than in middle region in a wafer.

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Abortusequi is a pathogen restricted to horses. Our investigation targeted 4 draft horses (9–10 months old) kept on a Japanese farm that had suffered an outbreak of S. Abortusequi abortion. The 4 horses were suspected to be carriers of the bacterium owing to their high agglutination titers (≥1:2,560) in tube agglutination testing. The owners’ on-farm observations confirmed that the horses had no apparent abnormalities, and S. Abortusequi was not isolated from their blood, rectal swabs, or sternal bone marrow fluid at antemortem investigation. However, at autopsy, all horses displayed the following: suppurative aneurysm of the cranial mesenteric artery with heavy infection with Strongylus vulgaris larvae; heavy intestinal parasitic infection with Gasterophilus intestinalis, Parascaris equorum, Anoplocephala perfoliata, and S. vulgaris; and enlargement of the systemic lymph nodes. In each case, large numbers of S. Abortusequi were isolated from the anterior mesenteric artery thrombus. The thrombus isolates harbored a single virulence plasmid, and the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles of the isolates were identical not only to each other but also to those of Japanese enzootic strains of S. Abortusequi. These results reveal that parasitic aneurysms of the cranial mesenteric artery should be considered an important possible site of carriage of S. Abortusequi in horses. The results also suggest high clonality of the isolated serovar in the horse population in Japan.

spread of pathogens to other patients or surfaces. Therefore cleaning and disinfection are paramount for keeping the environment and fomites safe for animals andhumans in ahospital and field environments. Studies in humans and veterinary settings have shown that contaminated environment and fomites (stethoscopes, thermometers, etc.) are routinely found, thus posing a risk for disease transmission. Furthermore routine cleaning and disinfection has been shown to be effective in decreasing the bioburden on environmental surfaces, thus decreasing the chances of disease transmission. Practices such as improved education and training, checklists to assure that all surfaces and equipment/devises are treated and assessment of environmental cleanliness with feedback to the environmental service worker have been shown in human medicine to improve frequency of adequate cleaning by 71 to 77%. Practices like these, with the added environmental surveillance cultures for Salmonella spp.were instituted by the author with success in the past in both the field and hospital environments. Even though studies have shown that environmental cleaning and disinfection reduces pathogen loads, thesemeasures should be complementedbyother interventions that strengthen and complement it. For example monitoringof Salmonella shedderswill enhanced infection control practices byperformingamore thorough cleaninganddisinfection of high risk areas. Moreover biosecurity education of personnel involved with animal care would increase engagement and compliance, thus strengthening infectious control measures.

Background As we reported previously, Getah virus infection occurred in horses at the Miho training center of the Japan Racing Association in 2014. This was the first outbreak after a 31-year absence in Japan. Here, we report a recurrent outbreak of Getah virus infection in 2015, sequential to the 2014 one at the same site, and we summarize its epizootiological aspects to estimate the risk of further outbreaks in upcoming years. Results The outbreak occurred from mid-August to late October 2015, affecting 30 racehorses with a prevalence of 1.5 % of the whole population (1992 horses). Twenty-seven (90.0 %) of the 30 affected horses were 2-year-olds, and the prevalence in 2-year-olds (27/613 [4.4 %]) was significantly higher than that in horses aged 3 years or older (3/1379 [0.2 %], P

Fowl glioma-inducing virus (FGV), which belongs to avian leukosis virus (ALV) subgroup A, induces fowl glioma. This disease is characterized by multiple nodular gliomatous growths of astrocytes and has been previously reported in Europe, South Africa, Australia, the United States and Japan. FGV and FGV variants have spread to ornamental Japanese fowl, including Japanese bantams (Gallus gallus domesticus), in Japan. However, it is unclear how and where FGV emerged and whether FGV is related to the past fowl glioma in European countries. In this study, the prevalence of FGV in European, Asian and Japanese native chickens was examined. FGV could not be isolated from any chickens in Germany and Asian countries other than Japan. Eighty (26%) out of 307 chickens reared in Japan were positive by FGV-screening nested polymerase chain reaction and 11 FGV variants with an FGV-specific sequence in their 3' untranslated region were isolated. In addition, four other ALVs lacking the FGV-specific sequence were isolated from Japanese bantams with fowl glioma and/or cerebellar hypoplasia. These isolates were considered to be distinct recombinant viruses between FGV variants and endogenous/exogenous avian retroviruses. These results suggest that the variants as well as distinct recombinant ALVs are prevalent among Japanese native chickens in Japan and that FGV may have emerged by recombination among avian retroviruses in the chickens of this country.

Fowl glioma-inducing virus (FGV), which belongs to avian leukosis virus subgroup A, causes the so-called fowl glioma and cerebellar hypoplasia in chickens. In the present study, the complete nucleotide sequences of four isolates (Tym-43, U-1, Sp-40 and Sp-53) related to the FGV prototype were determined and their pathogenicity was investigated. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 3'-long terminal repeat of all isolates grouped together in a cluster, while sequences of the surface (SU) proteins encoded by the env gene of these viruses had 85 to 96% identity with the corresponding region of FGV. The SU regions of Tym-43, U-1 and FGV grouped together in a cluster, but those of Sp-40 and Sp-53 formed a completely separate cluster. Next, C/O specific-pathogen-free chickens were inoculated in ovo with these isolates as well as the chimeric virus RCAS(A)-(FGVenvSU), constructed by substituting the SU region of FGV into the retroviral vector RCAS(A). The four variants induced fowl glioma and cerebellar hypoplasia and the birds inoculated with Sp-53 had the most severe lesions. In contrast, RCAS(A)-(FGVenvSU) provoked only mild non-suppurative inflammation. These results suggest that the ability to induce brain lesions similar to those of the FGV prototype is still preserved in these FGV variants.

A 2-year-old, male Japanese native fowl ( Gallus gallus domesticus) was presented with an inability to feed and torticollis. At a necropsy, there were cylindrical enlargements and yellow discoloration of multiple peripheral nerves, including nerves of the lumbosacral plexus, brachial plexus, and spinal ganglia. On histologic examination, these lesions consisted of diffuse proliferations of spindle cells with characteristic onion bulb-like structures around residual axons. The spindle cells were immunohistochemically positive for glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and negative for S-100 α/β proteins. On the basis of microscopic, histologic, and immunohistochemical findings, the tumors were diagnosed as multiple perineuriomas.

To clarify the factors causing an outbreak in 2014 of Getah virus infection among racehorses at the Miho training center, Japan, we isolated virus strains and performed an epizootiological investigation of affected horses and related horse populations. Three Getah virus isolates were recovered from clinical samples, and one of them (14-I-605) was used in a virus-neutralizing test. Of the affected horses ( n = 33), 20 (60.6%) were 2-year-olds. We investigated the histories of Getah virus vaccination of the affected horses and the whole population at the Miho training center. Among the 2-year-old population, the prevalence of the disease in horses that had been vaccinated once was 14.1%. This was significantly higher than that in horses that had been vaccinated twice or more (1.3%; P < 0.01). Among horses that had entered the training center from farms in Ibaraki Prefecture surrounding the training center and from neighboring Chiba Prefecture, the rate of seropositivity for Getah virus was 13.0% in September 2014 and 42.9% in October 2014; that in the corresponding periods in 2010 and 2013 was 0%. In conclusion, we identified two possible causes of the outbreak of Getah virus infection in the training center in 2014: (i) the existence of susceptible horses that had received only one dose of vaccination before the outbreak and (ii) increased risk of exposure to the virus because of epizootic Getah virus infection among horses on surrounding farms in Ibaraki and Chiba prefectures.

Needless to say, productivity of ion implantation processes is a very important issue for economical device fabrication. Reduction of implant areas is one of the essential keys to increase a beam utilization factor for high-current ion implanters. SEN already developed the X-, Y-, D-, and F-SAVING system to address this issue. This time, another SAVING system, the O-SAVING, has been developed for the SHX-III/S. In result, the system reduces implant time in 40% from the original implant and more than 10% from the F-SAVING. This system can freely change the beam scan widths and positions, keeping the beam scan frequency constant. In this manner not only good uniformity is ensured but also a shape of implant area can be freely selected from arbitrary shapes such as a circle, a triangle, a semicircle, and so on.

SEN Corporation has developed a very flexible dose pattern modulation system called “MIND+”. This system can be used for yield enhancement by compensating for variation induced by other processes. In this paper, another important feature of SEN’s single-wafer implanters is introduced. The system is called the “MILD” system, standing for “Maskless Implantation for Local Doping.” MILD provides the capability to implant dopants at any positions on a wafer without hard masks or photo-resist patterns. In this paper, MILD system operation and results will be described.

Electrical characteristics of semi-conductor devices within a wafer are expected to be uniform based on control of the dose pattern during the ion implant process. SEN developed the MIND system (Mapping of Intentional Non-uniform Dosage), to provide such dose pattern control. This capability has been enhanced with MIND+. The new system provides improved two-dimensional dose pattern control with more degrees of freedom and greater accuracy than the original MIND system. In addition, MIND+ can generate practical dose patterns (see below) while using a single step implant. As a result, MIND+ provides a very powerful tool for yield enhancement without sacrificing throughput. This paper will provide more detail on the capabilities and practical applications of the MIND+ system.

Productivity of an ion implantation process is one of the critical issues for device fabrication. Reduction of implant area is a key factor to increase beam utilization for high-current implanters. SEN has already developed the X-, Y- and D-SAVING systems to address this issue. These allow reduction of beam scan length horizontally along the center line, vertically and horizontally along the right hand side of the wafer off the center line, respectively. These SAVING systems are is use for volume manufacturing by several semiconductor fabs. The F-SAVING system is the latest development for the SHX-III. One of the most important features in the F-SAVING system is the introduction of two-dimensional information on beam size for additional reduction of implant area. In this report, detail concepts of the F-SAVING system will be discussed.

There are many process steps needed to fabricate semi-conductor devices. In general, the goal of every process is to impact all portions of the wafer identically and great effort is applied to eliminating any non-uniformity. However, it is not always possible to remove all variation, especially to the level required by advanced devices. This is especially true for plasma processes such as CVD and etch based on the tendency of plasma density to vary along the radial dimension [1]. The ion implantation process is one of the best candidates to compensate for such variations because of its flexible dose control.

The MIND system (Mapping of Intentional Non‐uniform Dose) has been developed by SEN and installed on single wafer implanters—both the medium current MC3 and the high current SHX series. Using this system, both the mechanical (vertical) and beam (horizontal) scan speeds can be simultaneously controlled to create two‐dimensional non‐uniform dose profiles during a single‐step ion implant. The MIND system has been used for device manufacturing with excellent results at several fabrication lines.

Equipment productivity is a critical issue for device fabrication. For ion implantation, productivity is determined both by ion current at the wafer and by utilization efficiency of the ion beam. Such improvements not only result in higher fabrication efficiency but also reduce consumption of both electrical power and process gases. For high‐current ion implanters, reduction of implant area is a key factor to increase efficiency. SEN has developed the SAVING system (Scanning Area Variation Implantation with Narrower Geometrical pattern) to address this opportunity. In this paper, three variations of the SAVING system are introduced along with discussion of their effects on fab productivity.

This paper presents a case of inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver in a 76-year-old female. She was admittedto the hospital because of general fatigue and low grade fever. Laboratory data showed increase in ESR and CRP, and mild impairment of liver function, but tumor markers remained normal.Image diagnosis following computedtomography, ultrasonography revealed a space occupying lesion in the right lobe of the liver. Hepatic angiographyrevealed a hypervasucular lesion surrounded with obstructed small vessels.The tumor size was found to bediminished on echography performed one month later. These findings suggested an inflammatory pseudotumor ofthe liver. Since we could not rule out the malignant tumor, subsegmentectomy (S4, S5) of the liver wasuneventfully performed. The cut surface of the tumor was yellowish-white, and 3.0×2.0×1.5cm in size.Histologically, the tumor was characterized by fibrous cell proliferation and chronic inflammatory cells, indicatingchronic inflammatory tumor.This disease should be entertain as one of probable tumor lesions of the liver andneedle biopsy can provide the definite diagnosis.The previous reports comprising 19 cases of pseudotumor of theliver in Japan are also reviewed.

For improvement of device yield within a wafer, the SEN's MIND system is powerful tool. It is found out that one can compensate variations from other manufacturing processes of semiconductor devices and can fabricate the “same” semiconductor devices with using the MIND system.

In order to compensate the variation from other processes, an intentional non-uniform dosage mapping system has been developed. Modulating both vertical and horizontal scan speed makes it possible to implant in two-dimensional non-uniform dosage even for high-tilt implantation. For zero-degree angle implantation, more complicated non-uniform dosage mapping can be achieved by combining the scan control with step-wise rotations.

Fowl glioma is characterized by multiple nodular growth of astrocytes, and fowl glioma-inducing virus belonging to avian leukosis virus has been isolated from Japanese bantam as a causal agent. Subcutaneous neoplasms of the head and neck have been reported in layer chickens since 2003 in Japan, and fowl glioma concurred in these affected layers. In the present study, the histopathology of 240 layers, including 18 layers with subcutaneous neoplasms and 222 layers kept with the affected layers, was performed to clarify the characteristics of fowl glioma in layers. Microscopically, 103 layers showed non-suppurative encephalitis, and four layers had locally extensive proliferation or multiple nodules of astrocytes. Gliomas concurred in 11 layers with subcutaneous neoplasms and occurred independently in three layers. In addition, two layers had locally extensive proliferation of small, round cells in the cerebrum. The fowl glioma-inducing virus genome was not detected in the affected brains by nested polymerase chain reaction. Ten isolates were obtained from the affected brains. By nucleotide sequencing of the env gene, SU coding regions of these isolates were most closely related to myeloblastosis-associated virus-like viruses, but TM regions showed the highest similarity to endogenous viral (ev) loci. The genome of one isolate mainly consisted of ev loci and contained several parts of other avian leukosis/sarcoma viruses. These results show that the causal avian leukosis virus of fowl glioma is not just fowl glioma-inducing virus and that different avian leukosis virus strains having oncogenicity in the central nervous system by recombination are spread in layers in Japan.

症例は57歳女性で心窩部痛, 黄疸を主訴として入院, 胆嚢総胆管結石症に伴う閉塞性黄疸と診断した.しかし術前検査にて胃粘膜下腫瘍を認めたため, 噴門側胃切除術および胆嚢摘出術, 総胆管切石術を施行した.腫瘍は胃体上部小弯側に存在, 4.5×4×2.2cmで頂部に潰瘍形成を伴っていた.組織学的には平均筋性腫瘍との鑑別が困難であったが, S-100蛋白染色陽性, Actin染色陰性を示したことから, 胃悪性神経鞘腫と診断しえた.胃神経原性腫瘍の悪性化例はきわめてまれとされており, 本報告例は本邦11例目と思われる.本症は良悪性の鑑別を含めた術前診断が困難であり, 組織診断においても平滑筋性腫瘍との鑑別に難渋する症例が存在する.しかし, 近年免疫組織化学染色の発達により, 客観的な鑑別が可能になってきた.また予後に関しては, 血行性転移の頻度が高く今後この点から治療方針を検討すべきと考えられる.

耐熱性膜を用いて, し尿の高温発酵液のクロスフロー濾過を行い, 操作条件が膜透過流束に及ぼす影響について検討した.その結果, 限界流束が得られ, その値は原液流速が大きいほど, また濃度が低いほど大きかった.また, 膜モジュールの構造が大きく影響し, 平膜モジュール (NTR-C70-F) では管状膜よりも3～5倍ほど高い限界流束が得られた.膜面にはゲル層が形成され, その比抵抗は約4.5×1015m・kg-1 (300kPa) と高い値を示した.長期パイロットテストにおいては, 安定した透過流速が得られ, 原液流速2m・s-1で約1.6m3・m-2・d-1の値であった.その膜透過液中には市販液肥と比べてNH4-N,Cl-が多いことも明らかとなった.

消化管原発悪性リンパ腫手術症例17例の予後因子および治療について検討した.Naqviら2) の分類では5年生存率は1, II期 (11例) 74.1%, III, IV期 (6例) 33.3% (p

In this study, the effect of thickness, fastening torque and washer on joint property of mechanical joint were investigated. Three types oflaminate thickness were fabricated by hand-lay-up technique and three fastening conditions were used, one was without any washers and torque, another was that the washers were used onto both side of specimen with significantly low torque of 0.1N· m and the other was that the washers were used onto both side of specimen with high torque of 5N· m. In case of thin specimen without washer and torque, the large out-plane defonnation was generated. On the other hand, in case of using washer and torque of 0.1N·m, slant cracks caused by shear fracture were generated overall. Also, in the case of using washer and torque of 5N·m, delamination and transverse crack occurred overall.

In this paper, we present a design of M-channel linear-phase paraunitary filter banks (LPPUFB), with filters of unequal lengths and same center of symmetry, (ULPPUFB) without using non-linear optimization algorithms. ULPPUFB can be viewed as generalized lapped orthogonal transforms (GenLOTs) with variable-length basis functions and are used in block transform-based image coding. ULPPUFB has long basis functions in order to avoid blocking artifacts, whereas it reserves short basis functions for high-frequency signal components like edges, thereby limiting ringing artifacts. The design of ULPPUFB has already been shown and can be expressed completely using a lattice structure. However, when it is used in image coding, the coding gain must be maximization, and then we must use non-linear optimization algorithms. When filter length or channel numbers are increased, non-linear optimization algorithms would necessitate an enormous amount of calculation. In this paper, we design each filter without using non-linear optimization, directly based on the compaction problem and implement ULPPUFB by changing these filters into lattice structures. Then, we show their validity.

Peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) are rare in chickens and their etiology remains to be elucidated. In this study, a naturally occurring PNST in a Japanese native fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) was pathologically examined and the strain of avian leukosis virus (ALV) isolated from the neoplasm was characterized by molecular biological analysis. The fowl presented with a firm subcutaneous mass in the neck. The mass, connected to the adjacent spinal cord (C9-14), was microscopically composed of highly cellular tissue of spindle cells arranged in interlacing bundles, streams, and palisading patterns with Verocay bodies and less cellular tissue with abundant collagen. Immunohistochemically, neoplastic cells were divided into two types: perineurial cells positive for vimentin, glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), and claudin1; and Schwann cells positive for vimentin, occasionally positive for S-100 alpha/beta but negative for GLUT1. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of neurofibrosarcoma was made. The complete nucleotide sequence of an ALV strain, CTS_5371, isolated from the neoplasm was determined and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the strain was a novel recombinant virus from avian leukosis/sarcoma viruses previously reported. Additionally, experimental infection revealed that CTS_5371 induced the proliferation of Schwann cells and perineurial cells. These results suggest that this ALV strain has the ability to induce PNSTs in chickens.

Epidemiological studies suggest that retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1, are associated with cardiomyopathy and myocarditis, but a causal relationship remains to be established. We encountered unusual cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and mitosis in Japanese native fowls infected with subgroup A of the avian leukosis viruses (ALVs-A), which belong to the genus Alpharetrovirus of the family Retroviridae and mainly induce lymphoid neoplasm in chickens. The affected hearts were evaluated by histopathology and immunohistochemistry, viral isolation, viral genome sequencing and experimental infection. There was non-suppurative myocarditis in eighteen fowls and seven of them had abnormal cardiomyocytes, which were distributed predominantly in the left ventricular wall and showed hypertrophic cytoplasm and atypical large nuclei. Nuclear chains and mitosis were frequently noted in these cardiomyocytes and immunohistochemistry for proliferating cell nuclear antigen supported the enhancement of mitotic activity. ALVs were isolated from all affected cases and phylogenic analysis of envSU genes showed that the isolates were mainly classified into two different clusters, suggesting viral genome diversity. In ovo experimental infection with two of the isolates was demonstrated to cause myocarditis and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy similar to those in the naturally occurring lesions and cardiac hamartoma (rhabdomyoma) in a shorter period of time (at 70 days of age) than expected. These results indicate that ALVs cause myocarditis as well as cardiomyocyte abnormality in chickens, implying a pathogenetic mechanism different from insertional mutagenesis and the existence of retrovirus-induced heart disorder.

Cystosarcoma phyllodes is occasionally encountered, but its diagnosis is likely to depend on histological examination after its removal. Only a few comprehensive studies concerning its noninvasive diagnosis have been reported. Therefore, focal findings in the breast and ultrasound findings of tumors were investiaged in six cases of cystosarcoma phillodes. The sizes of the tumors were 3 to 19cm in diameter, and one of them had extensive skin ulceration, which is rare, but differential diagnosis from other malignant diseases with skin ulceration is quite important. Histological examinations revelaed benign cystosarcoma phillodes in all cases which coincided with the findings of the ultrasound examination. The characteristic findings of ultrasound examination were solid and sometimes cystic patterns with smooth and well defined tumor margins with no acoustic attenuation. Cystosarcoma phillodes can be diagnosed preoperatively with the combination of careful observation of its clinical manifestations and the use of ultrasound examination.

触媒として過硫酸カリを用い, 重合温度70あるいは80℃において, 水にほとんど溶解しないスチレンの水溶液重合を行ない, 次の事実を認めた。1) 重合初期では, 異なった直径の粒子が生成されるが, 重合後期では, 適度の直径を有する粒子だけが水相に残存し, 他のものはすべて沈殿する。2) 触媒濃度の減少とともに, 沈殿ポリマー量は減少し, 粒子の安定性は増加し, 均一な同じ直径を有する粒子が生成される。3) 実験した範囲内でのモノマー初濃度では, 重合時間28.5hrにおける重合率は, モノマー初濃度の増加とともに増加し, 極大値を経てから再び減少する。4) かきまぜ速度の増加につれて, 粒子径および重合度は減少する。以上の結果から, 過硫酸カリ濃度6.2×10-4mol/l, モノマー初濃度0.871mol/l, 重合温度70℃の条件で, 粒子径のそろった安定性の良い粒子の得られることがわかった。一方, 得られた粒子の電気易動度を測定して求められた1個の粒子表面上に存在する荷電数は, 1個のポリマー末端に2個の強酸イオンがあるとして, 重合度から計算された荷電数にほぼ等しい。このことから, 重合停止はカップリングであり, モノマーの重合を開始する触媒切片 (おそらく, ・SO4-) は, 粒子内部に浸入しえず, 表面に止まり, 粒子を安定化することを明らかにした。

This paper proposes a new non-expansive convolution for nonlinear-phase paraunitary filter banks (NLPPUFBs). First, we present that any NLPPUFBs can be implemented by connecting several block transforms. Next, we show a signal extension method at the analysis bank by exploiting the characteristics of that structure. Furthermore, we prove that the signal can be reconstructed at the synthesis bank without any redundant signals. Finally, we apply the proposed extension to image coding to validate our method