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This letter describes a cohort of 100 children younger than 18 years of age with RT-PCR-confirmed Covid-19 who were assessed in 17 pediatric emergency departments in Italy. The descriptive results are compared with previously published results involving children in China and the United States.

Data on features of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in children and adolescents are scarce. We report preliminary results of an Italian multicentre study comprising 168 laboratory-confirmed paediatric cases (median: 2.3 years, range: 1 day–17.7 years, 55.9% males), of which 67.9% were hospitalised and 19.6% had comorbidities. Fever was the most common symptom, gastrointestinal manifestations were frequent; two children required intensive care, five had seizures, 49 received experimental treatments and all recovered.

Background: Anakinra might improve the prognosis of patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 (ie, patients requiring oxygen supplementation but not yet receiving organ support). We aimed to assess the effect of anakinra treatment on mortality in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Methods: For this systematic review and individual patient-level meta-analysis, a systematic literature search was done on Dec 28, 2020, in Medline (PubMed), Cochrane, medRxiv, bioRxiv, and the ClinicalTrials.gov databases for randomised trials, comparative studies, and observational studies of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19, comparing administration of anakinra with standard of care, or placebo, or both. The search was repeated on Jan 22, 2021. Individual patient-level data were requested from investigators and corresponding authors of eligible studies; if individual patient-level data were not available, published data were extracted from the original reports. The primary endpoint was mortality after 28 days and the secondary endpoint was safety (eg, the risk of secondary infections). This study is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020221491). Findings: 209 articles were identified, of which 178 full-text articles fulfilled screening criteria and were assessed. Aggregate data on 1185 patients from nine studies were analysed, and individual patient-level data on 895 patients were provided from six of these studies. Eight studies were observational and one was a randomised controlled trial. Most studies used historical controls. In the individual patient-level meta-analysis, after adjusting for age, comorbidities, baseline ratio of the arterial partial oxygen pressure divided by the fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2), C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations, and lymphopenia, mortality was significantly lower in patients treated with anakinra (38 [11%] of 342) than in those receiving standard of care with or without placebo (137 [25%] of 553; adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0·32 [95% CI 0·20–0·51]). The mortality benefit was similar across subgroups regardless of comorbidities (ie, diabetes), ferritin concentrations, or the baseline PaO2/FiO2. In a subgroup analysis, anakinra was more effective in lowering mortality in patients with CRP concentrations higher than 100 mg/L (OR 0·28 [95% CI 0·17–0·47]). Anakinra showed a significant survival benefit when given without dexamethasone (OR 0·23 [95% CI 0·12–0·43]), but not with dexamethasone co-administration (0·72 [95% CI 0·37–1·41]). Anakinra was not associated with a significantly increased risk of secondary infections when compared with standard of care (OR 1·35 [95% CI 0·59–3·10]). Interpretation: Anakinra could be a safe, anti-inflammatory treatment option to reduce the mortality risk in patients admitted to hospital with moderate to severe COVID-19 pneumonia, especially in the presence of signs of hyperinflammation such as CRP concentrations higher than 100 mg/L. Funding: Sobi. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) status, cognitive, and behavioral traits of ADHD in school-aged children. Method: Seventy-three children with and without ADHD were assessed with cognitive tasks and behavioral rating scales including quality of life and global functioning at baseline of an intervention trial (clinicaltrials.gov NCT01796262). Correlation analyses were performed between the cognitive tasks/behavioral ratings and blood PUFA levels. Results: Children with ADHD had lower levels of DHA, omega-3 index, and total PUFA. PUFAs were positively associated with behavior but not consistently related to cognitive domains. Conclusion: The present study confirms that children with ADHD display abnormal fatty acid profiles within an Italian setting. Furthermore, PUFAs were associated with behavior but not with cognition. Accordingly, for the first time, lower blood levels of PUFA were associated not only with symptoms of ADHD but also with a poorer quality of life.

The current gold standard for diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) includes subjective measures, such as clinical interview, observation, and rating scales. The significant heterogeneity of ADHD symptoms represents a challenge for this assessment and could prevent an accurate diagnosis. The aim of this work was to investigate the ability of a multi-domain profile of measures, including blood fatty acid (FA) profiles, neuropsychological measures, and functional measures from near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), to correctly recognize school-aged children with ADHD. To answer this question, we elaborated a supervised machine-learning method to accurately discriminate 22 children with ADHD from 22 children with typical development by means of the proposed profile of measures. To assess the performance of our classifier, we adopted a nested 10-fold cross validation, where the original dataset was split into 10 subsets of equal size, which were used repeatedly for training and testing. Each subset was used once for performance validation. Our method reached a maximum diagnostic accuracy of 81% through the combining of the predictive models trained on neuropsychological, FA profiles, and deoxygenated-hemoglobin features. With respect to the analysis of a single-domain dataset per time, the most discriminant neuropsychological features were measures of vigilance, focused and sustained attention, and cognitive flexibility; the most discriminating blood FAs were linoleic acid and the total amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Finally, with respect to the fNIRS data, we found a significant advantage of the deoxygenated-hemoglobin over the oxygenated-hemoglobin data in terms of predictive accuracy. These preliminary findings show the feasibility and applicability of our machine-learning method in correctly identifying children with ADHD based on multi-domain data. The present machine-learning classification approach might be helpful for supporting the clinical practice of diagnosing ADHD, even fostering a computer-aided diagnosis perspective.

Razionale EXPO 2015 affronta un bisogno primario per l’essere umano: “nutrire il pianeta; energia per la vita”. Per le ripercussioni globali a breve-medio termine è una importante occasione di confronto nazionale e internazionale. La problematica dovrebbe essere affrontata in modo razionale, chiaro e, soprattutto, ampiamente compartecipato dall’opinione pubblica. Dato per scontato che il primo nutrimento è l’ossigeno, l’assunto è che la composizione e non solo la qualità del cibo ingerito siano indispensabili per stabilire la porzione e la frequenza di consumo. Il primo aspetto da fare emergere dovrebbe pertanto riguardare le caratteristiche della corretta nutrizione e le modalità per ottenerla, considerando che il comportamento alimentare è la risultante di una complessa interazione tra fattori biologici, psicologici e l’ambiente in cui si vive. Cibo in quantità suf#ciente, sicuro e in grado di fornire il giusto apporto nutrizionale sono le condizioni per mantenere la salute e avere una vita attiva (World Food Summit del 1996). Mentre la Commissione Europea propone un aggiornamento dei Regolamenti a garanzia della sicurezza alimentare con una rinnovata attenzione alla prevenzione e alle ricadute ecologiche dell’alimentazione, le Agenzie Internazionali (OMS, FAO, UE) sottolineano la necessità di porre la giusta attenzione agli aspetti nutrizionali dell’alimentazione e alle sue conseguenze in termini di salute. Sulla scelta al consumo le tre priorità emergenti sono: 1. ricerca del benessere e salute. L’equazione “mangiare bene-stare bene”, sempre più percepita dalla popolazione, necessita di chiarimenti sui rapporti tra sano e naturale, sano e industriale, sano e biologico (più di 700 milioni di euro in Italia nel 2014 per prodotti bio), sano ed eco-friendly; 2. attenzione all’ambiente e alla sostenibilità; 3. criteri etici nella scelta dei prodotti. La visione globale della problematica risulta estremamente complessa, richiedendo una pianificazione a 360° che va oltre il mero ambito sanitario. Imprescindibile alla sua realizzazione, specie a livello nazionale, l’esistenza di un “Sistema Paese” di fatto coeso. Se nutrire l’individuo è lo scopo principale del cibo, dovrebbero risultare de#nite le priorità/emergenze nutrizionali da affrontare su scala nazionale e internazionale per poter rendere efficaci i modelli d’intervento sia di tipo preventivo sia terapeutico e di piani#cazione agro-alimentare per le popolazioni. Purtroppo, le politiche d’intervento attivate nei vari Paesi dimostrano ancora impostazioni fortemente settoriali e in parte condizionate da interessi economico-finanziari. Una constatazione risulta evidente: l’incomprensibile inadeguato investimento strategico in nutrizione clinica e preventiva nell’ambito della politica sanitaria nazionale. E a maggior ragione, alla luce dei grandi cambiamenti demografici avvenuti in tutti i Paesi del mondo: invecchiamento della popolazione, aumento degli adolescenti, specie nei Paesi in via di sviluppo, migrazioni. Ciò ha modificato prevalenza e incidenza delle patologie cronico degenerative, che richiedono un numero crescente d’interventi riabilitativi, specie in relazione alla malnutrizione per eccesso e difetto (calorico-proteica e/o in micronutrienti). Una evidenziazione delle criticità condivisa dai tecnici del settore, nel rispetto della necessaria multidisciplinarietà, risulta pertanto quanto mai necessaria per un serio raffronto, anche a livello internazionale, su problematiche comuni. La “pesatura” delle stesse, sulla base di criteri quantitativi assoluti, rende oggettiva e trasparente all’opinione pubblica e ai policy maker la possibile e ottimale allocazione delle risorse necessarie per contrastarle. Il manifesto delle criticità in nutrizione clinica e preventiva: • faciliterà la riflessione dei cittadini italiani, sottoposti a una eccessiva e costante pressione mediatica – prevalentemente a fini commerciali – su tali argomenti, fonte di crescente confusione e insicurezza circa i comportamenti da seguire. Non bisognerebbe lasciarsi sfuggire l’opportunità di un’ampia ri*essione di carattere scientifico, che possa portare all’attenzione di un pubblico globale temi che sono centrali per l’intera Comunità Internazionale non solo per la durata di Expo 2015; • potrà fungere da strumento operativo d’indirizzo istituzionale per un intervallo temporale di almeno quattro anni, necessario per una ef#cace pianificazione degli interventi. Il documento non è una linea-guida o un decalogo di nobili propositi, ma una analisi oggettiva corredata di azioni strategiche fattibili e auspichiamo vincolanti. Deve aumentare il convincimento che le problematiche nutrizionali (per lo più connesse alla patologia cronica), non sono risolvibili con soli interventi sanitari, ma richiede un cambio di orientamento culturale a livello produttivo, distributivo e di consumo. In questa operazione risulta evidente la centralità del Ministero della Salute e in particolare della Direzione Generale della Igiene e Sicurezza degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, per un’eventuale revisione delle politiche in materia (tramite strumenti quali linee-guida, LEA, PSN, ecc.) e ricadute in ambito nazionale (politiche regionali in materia sanitaria dedicate alla nutrizione) e internazionale.

Primary antibody deficiencies are a group of disorders characterized by an unusual susceptibility to infections and malnutrition. Little is known on nutritional status in primary immunodeficiencies, since only one study was published on this topic. The aim of the multicenter study is general assessment of nutritional status of patients with primary agammaglobulinemia (XLA or AAR). Sixty-five patients (all males, aged 2-57 years, median age 18,5 years) were enrolled referring to eleven Italian Centers (IPINET). Short questionnaire to evaluate physiological data and nutritional habits was subministered. Anthropometric indicies (weight, height, BMI, skinfolds and circumferences) and blood tests (IGF-1, prealbumin, albumin, blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, apolipoprotein A and B, triglycerides) were measured. All data were collected in standardized Case Report Form. Fourty-nine patients showed weight and BMI percentiles between 25 ° and 97 °. Weight and BMI percentiles at enrollment seemed similar or higher that the corresponding percentiles at the time of diagnosis . The laboratory blood tests values showed no significant difference compared to the reference values for each age class. No signs of malnutrition were found in tested patients. We speculate that an adequate immunoglobulin replacement therapy in patients with Agammaglobulinemia may help in reducing the risk of malnutrition by supplying protein chains and trough the reduction of infections.

Although dietary counseling is generally recommended in children with food allergy (FA), its effect on the nutritional status of these patients has not yet been evaluated. Our nonrandomized multicenter prospective intervention study was undertaken to investigate the effects of dietary counseling on children with FA. Anthropometric data, dietary intakes, and laboratory biomarkers of nutritional status were evaluated in children with FA (aged 6 to 36 months) before and after dietary counseling, by multidisciplinary teams composed of pediatricians, dietitians, and nurses. Ninety-one children with FA (49 boys and 42 girls; mean age 18.9 months, 95% CI 16.5 to 21.3) were evaluated; 66 children without FA (41 boys and 25 girls; mean age 20.3 months, 95% CI 17.7 to 22.8) served as controls providing baseline values only. At enrollment, energy and protein intakes were lower in children with FA (91 kcal/kg/day, interquartile range [IQR]=15.1, minimum=55.2, maximum=130.6; and 2.2 g/kg/day, IQR=0.5, minimum=1.5, maximum=2.7, respectively) than in children without FA (96 kcal/kg/day, IQR=6.1, minimum=83.6, maximum=118.0; and 4.6 g/kg/day, IQR=1.2, minimum=2.0, maximum=6.1, respectively; P

The prevalence of obesity and its metabolic consequences has dramatically increased in the last two decades urging physicians to find a reliable definition for early detection, treatment and possibly prevention of metabolic syndrome (MS). MS could be diagnosed in adult patients in the presence of a large waist circumference and ≥2 of the following features: high serum triglycerides, low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high blood pressure and high fasting glucose. The definition of MS in children is more problematic, and the potential role of its single components on metabolic risk remains largely undefined. Recent evidence strongly suggests not only a relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and MS in obese children, adolescents and adults, but also the key role exerted by liver fat deposition in the pathogenesis of MS.We propose that NAFLD should be routinely checked in obese subjects because early lifestyle changes may be effective in reducing the overall risk of MS.

Objectives: The aim of the present review was to provide recommendations on the use of hydrolysates in infants when formula feeding is initiated. Methods: We performed an overview of reviews followed by a systematic review of subsequently published trials. Results: We found 8 systematic reviews; only 1 study of limited quality was published afterwards. Certain extensively hydrolyzed casein and certain partially hydrolyzed whey formulas are appropriate for reducing the risk of allergy in infants at high risk when formula feeding is initiated. Conclusions: In high-risk infants, when breast-feeding is not possible, hydrolysates of documented safety and efficacy have an indication in infant feeding up to the age 4 to 6 months.

A. Epidemiology of Pediatric HIV As of December 2007, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 2.5 million children had HIV worldwide1. Approximately 420,000 children become newly infected with HIV annually, mainly through mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). This makes pediatric HIV a leading cause of morbidity and mortality1. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has prevented MTCT and has lowered the prevalence of perinatal HIV in developed countries. Increased use of prophylactic medications in developing nations is helping to contain the epidemic in those countries as well1. However, pediatric HIV in many countries continues to be a widespread public health problem. Maternal HIV status and death, as well as childhood undernutrition, independently affect childhood mortality. Worldwide, HIV infection is associated with greater child mortality over standard risk by 2 years of age2. In developing nations, children with HIV have the same morbidities as non-infected children, yet the rate of disease morbidity is greater with an increased likelihood for progression to AIDS. Increased availability and effectiveness of ART, as well as improved methods of detecting HIV in women and children, will have the greatest impact on outcomes until a vaccine is developed.

Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), especially the Omega 3, modulate key functions in the body. Their circulating levels are representative of their "status", and may vary at different ages. We have compared the FA status in Italian subjects from neonates to adulthood, assessed through FA analysis of blood drops from fingertips. Data from four cohorts of Italian subjects (total number 1835), have been pooled in four age-groups: neonates (4 days, n =81), children (2–9 years, n =728), adults (40–59 years, n =434) and elderly (60–79 years, n =592). LC-PUFA of both series (Omega 3 and 6) are higher in the blood of neonates than at subsequent ages, reflecting the efficient transfer of these FA from mothers to the fetus. In contrast, the lowest levels of Omega 3 PUFA, especially of DHA, are found in children, probably reflecting inadequate dietary intakes, with possible consequences on the health status at subsequent ages.

Re: ESPGHAN's 2008 recommendation for early introduction of complementary foods: how good is the evidence? (Cattaneo et al. 2011).

The number of surviving children born prematurely has increased substantially during the last 2 decades. The major goal of enteral nutrient supply to these infants is to achieve growth similar to foetal growth coupled with satisfactory functional development. The accumulation of knowledge since the previous guideline on nutrition of preterm infants from the Committee on Nutrition of the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition in 1987 has made a new guideline necessary. Thus, an ad hoc expert panel was convened by the Committee on Nutrition of the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition in 2007 to make appropriate recommendations. The present guideline, of which the major recommendations are summarised here (for the full report, see http://links.lww.com/A1480), is consistent with, but not identical to, recent guidelines from the Life Sciences Research Office of the American Society for Nutritional Sciences published in 2002 and recommendations from the handbook Nutrition of the Preterm Infant. Scientific Basis and Practical Guidelines, 2nd ed, edited by Tsang et al, and published in 2005. The preferred food for premature infants is fortified human milk from the infant's own mother, or, alternatively, formula designed for premature infants. This guideline aims to provide proposed advisable ranges for nutrient intakes for stable-growing preterm infants up to a weight of approximately 1800 g, because most data are available for these infants. These recommendations are based on a considered review of available scientific reports on the subject, and on expert consensus for which the available scientific data are considered inadequate.

Survival of small premature infants has markedly improved during the last few decades. These infants are discharged from hospital care with body weight below the usual birth weight of healthy term infants. Early nutrition support of preterm infants influences long-term health outcomes. Therefore, the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition has reviewed available evidence on feeding preterm infants after hospital discharge. Close monitoring of growth during hospital stay and after discharge is recommended to enable the provision of adequate nutrition support. Measurements of length and head circumference, in addition to weight, must be used to identify those preterm infants with poor growth that may need additional nutrition support. Infants with an appropriate weight for postconceptional age at discharge should be breast-fed when possible. When formula-fed, such infants should be fed regular infant formula with provision of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Infants discharged with a subnormal weight for postconceptional age are at increased risk of long-term growth failure, and the human milk they consume should be supplemented, for example, with a human milk fortifier to provide an adequate nutrient supply. If formula-fed, such infants should receive special postdischarge formula with high contents of protein, minerals and trace elements as well as an long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supply, at least until a postconceptional age of 40 weeks, but possibly until about 52 weeks postconceptional age. Continued growth monitoring is required to adapt feeding choices to the needs of individual infants and to avoid underfeeding or overfeeding.

PN is used to treat children that cannot be fully fed by oral or enteral route, for example due to severe intestinal failure (1). Intestinal failure occurs when the gastrointestinal tract is unable to ingest, digest and absorb sufficient macronutrients and/or water and electrolytes to maintain health and growth. Children differ from adults in that their food intake must provide sufficient nutrients not only for the maintenance of body tissues but also for growth. This is particularly true in infancy and during adolescence when children grow extremely rapidly. At these times children are particularly sensitive to energy restriction because of high basal and anabolic requirements. The ability to provide sufficient nutrients parenterally to sustain growth in infants and children suffering from intestinal failure or severe functional intestinal immaturity represents one of the most important therapeutic advances in paediatrics over the last three decades. Improvements in techniques for artificial nutritional support now ensure that children in whom digestion and absorption are inadequate or who are unable to eat normally no longer need to suffer from the serious consequences of malnutrition including death. Since the 1960s, the wider availability of intravenous amino acid solutions and lipid emulsions resulted in successful prescription of PN in small infants, which was followed by the development of more appropriate solutions and delivery systems. PN can now be used not only for patients who require short-term parenteral feeding but also on a long-term basis for patients with chronic intestinal failure. With PN children with prolonged intestinal failure have the potential to grow and develop normally and to enjoy a good quality of life within the constraints of their underlying disease, and selected patients with irreversible intestinal failure may thus become candidates for intestinal transplantation (2). Whilst advances in knowledge of nutrient requirements, improved methods of nutrient delivery and understanding of the prevention and management of complications ensure that paediatric PN can generally be delivered safely and effectively, areas of uncertainty and controversy remain. PN is usually indicated when a sufficient nutrient supply cannot be provided orally or enterally to prevent or correct malnutrition or to sustain appropriate growth. Every effort should be made to avoid PN with the use of adequate care, specialised enteral feeds and artificial feeding devices as appropriate. PN is not indicated in patients with adequate small intestinal function in whom nutrition may be maintained by oral tube or gastrostomy feeding. Malnutrition in children, in addition to the general effects of impaired tissue function, immuno-suppression, defective muscle function and reduced respiratory and cardiac reserve also results in impaired growth and nutrition. Whilst somatic growth exhibits a bi-model pattern being fastest in infancy, then dropping off and receiving a further spurt around puberty, other organs of the body may grow and differentiate only at one particular time. This is particularly true with respect to the brain for which the majority of growth occurs in the last trimester of pregnancy and in the first two years of life. Poor nutrition at critical periods of growth results in slowing and stunting of growth which may later exhibit catch-up when a period of more liberal feeding occurs. In adolescence the risk is of not achieving growth potential if severe and continuous disease occurs and adequate provision is not made for their nutritional needs. The sick child is at the greatest risk of growth failure and nutritional disorder. Infants and children are particularly susceptible to the effects of starvation. The small preterm infant of 1 kg body weight contains only 1% fat and 8% protein and has a non-protein caloric reserve of only 110 kcal/kg body weight (460 kJ/kg). As fat and protein content rise with increase in size, the non-protein caloric reserve increases steadily to 220 kcal/kg body weight (920 kJ/kg) in a one year old child weighing 10.5 kg. If it is assumed that all non-protein and one third of the protein content of the body is available for caloric needs at a rate of 50 kcal/kg body weight (210 kJ/kg) per day in infants and children, estimates of the duration of survival during starvation and semi-starvation may be made. A small preterm baby, therefore, has sufficient reserve to survive only four days of starvation and a large preterm baby has enough for twelve days (3). With increased caloric requirements associated with disease this may be cut dramatically to less than two days for small preterm infants and perhaps a week for a large preterm baby. Recently it has become clear that small infants have special nutrition needs in early life and there is now a considerable body of evidence to suggest that nutrition at this age may determine various outcomes later in life, including both physical growth and intellectual development (4, 5). Clearly infants are at a considerable disadvantage compared with adults and early recourse to PN is essential when impaired gastrointestinal function precludes enteral nutrition.

Children infected with the type-1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at risk of nutritional deficiencies leading to an impaired polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status. The aim of the present study was to compare the PUFA composition of plasma lipid classes (total lipids, phospholipids (PL), cholesteryl esters (CE) and triglycerides) in well-growing HIV-infected children with an age-matched group of HIV-seroreverter children born to infected mothers. Eighteen HIV children, of both sexes, mean age 4.6 y, most of whom under combined antiretroviral regimen, were compared with 18 seroreverters, mean age 5.4 y, comparable for demographic, anthropometric and dietary characteristics. All children had adequate growth parameters (weight and height3rd percentile). The plasma fatty acid content was similar in the two groups. HIV seropositive subjects showed lower linoleic acid (LA) levels in all the plasma lipid fractions, with higher 20:3n-9 and 20:5n-3 levels in PL and CE. The plasma PL triene/tetraene ratio (marker of relative LA deficiency) related positively to the viral load and negatively to the blood CD4+ lymphocyte count. Compared to age-matched seroreverter subjects, HIV-seropositive children show a lipid fatty acid status suggestive of relative LA deficiency and increased turnover of the PUFA series.

Background Quarantine and isolation measures during COVID-19 pandemic may have caused additional stress and challenged the mental health of the youth. Aim of the study is to investigate the COVID-19 pandemic impact on neuropsychological disorders (NPD) of Italian children and adolescents to provide general pediatric recommendations. Material and methods A retrospective multicenter observational study was planned by the Italian Pediatric Society (SIP) to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the access of children to pediatric Emergency Departments (pED) for the evaluation of neuropsychological symptoms, collecting the classification codes of diagnoses between March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2021. The period study was split into two sub-periods: a pre COVID-19 period (from March 1 2019 to March 1, 2020) and a COVID-19 period (from March 2, 2020 to March 2, 2021). As additional information, data on NPD hospitalizations in any pediatric department of the involved centers were recorded. Results During the study period, a total of 533,318 children were admitted to the pED involved in the study. Despite a 48.2% decline of pED admissions, there was a significant increase (83.1%) in patient admissions for NPD. The most frequent NPD conditions which increased during the COVID-19 pandemic were suicidal ideation (+ 147%), depression (+ 115%), eating disorder (+ 78.4%), and psychosis (+ 17.2%). During the pandemic period, a 39.5% increase in NPD hospitalizations was observed as well. The NPD disorders that mostly required hospitalizations were suicidal ideation (+ 134%), depression (+ 41.4%), eating disorder (+ 31.4%), and drug abuse (+ 26.7%). COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on children's health, mainly on their NPD development. Neuropsychological assessment should be required at the primary level, in the pediatrician's office, to facilitate early capture of the sign of impairment and provide an adequate treatment. Conclusion SIP underlines the psychological consequences of COVID 19 pandemic on the youngest and recommends an early identification of NPD in the pediatric population to avoid other serious consequences for children's physical and mental health.

Contains fulltext : 237989.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) BACKGROUND: Anakinra might improve the prognosis of patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 (ie, patients requiring oxygen supplementation but not yet receiving organ support). We aimed to assess the effect of anakinra treatment on mortality in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. METHODS: For this systematic review and individual patient-level meta-analysis, a systematic literature search was done on Dec 28, 2020, in Medline (PubMed), Cochrane, medRxiv, bioRxiv, and the ClinicalTrials.gov databases for randomised trials, comparative studies, and observational studies of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19, comparing administration of anakinra with standard of care, or placebo, or both. The search was repeated on Jan 22, 2021. Individual patient-level data were requested from investigators and corresponding authors of eligible studies; if individual patient-level data were not available, published data were extracted from the original reports. The primary endpoint was mortality after 28 days and the secondary endpoint was safety (eg, the risk of secondary infections). This study is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020221491). FINDINGS: 209 articles were identified, of which 178 full-text articles fulfilled screening criteria and were assessed. Aggregate data on 1185 patients from nine studies were analysed, and individual patient-level data on 895 patients were provided from six of these studies. Eight studies were observational and one was a randomised controlled trial. Most studies used historical controls. In the individual patient-level meta-analysis, after adjusting for age, comorbidities, baseline ratio of the arterial partial oxygen pressure divided by the fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO(2)/FiO(2)), C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations, and lymphopenia, mortality was significantly lower in patients treated with anakinra (38 [11%] of 342) than in those receiving standard of care with or without placebo (137 [25%] of 553; adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0·32 [95% CI 0·20-0·51]). The mortality benefit was similar across subgroups regardless of comorbidities (ie, diabetes), ferritin concentrations, or the baseline PaO(2)/FiO(2). In a subgroup analysis, anakinra was more effective in lowering mortality in patients with CRP concentrations higher than 100 mg/L (OR 0·28 [95% CI 0·17-0·47]). Anakinra showed a significant survival benefit when given without dexamethasone (OR 0·23 [95% CI 0·12-0·43]), but not with dexamethasone co-administration (0·72 [95% CI 0·37-1·41]). Anakinra was not associated with a significantly increased risk of secondary infections when compared with standard of care (OR 1·35 [95% CI 0·59-3·10]). INTERPRETATION: Anakinra could be a safe, anti-inflammatory treatment option to reduce the mortality risk in patients admitted to hospital with moderate to severe COVID-19 pneumonia, especially in the presence of signs of hyperinflammation such as CRP concentrations higher than 100 mg/L. FUNDING: Sobi.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most frequent bacterial diseases in infants and children. Physician adherence to recommendations is notoriously often poor, but no data are available on UTIs management in the emergency setting. In this multicenter national study, we investigated the policies regarding UTIs management in children aged 2 months to 3 years in Italian emergency units. Between April and June 2021, directors of the emergency units were invited to answer an online survey on the following items: diagnostic approach to children with fever without an apparent source, therapeutic approach to UTIs, the use of kidney and urinary tract ultrasound, and the criteria for hospitalization. A total of 121 (89%) out of 139 of invited units participated in the study. Overall, units manage children with a suspected or confirmed UTI according to available recommendations for most of the items. However, in almost 80% (n = 94) of units, a sterile perineal bag is used to collect urine for culture. When urine is collected by cathether, heterogeneity exists on the threshold of bacterial load considered for UTI diagnosis. Conclusions: Available recommendations on UTIs in children are followed by Italian emergency units for most of the items. However, the methods to collect urine specimens for culture, one of the crucial steps of the diagnostic work-up, often do not align with current recommendations and CFU thresholds considered for diagnosis largely vary among centers. Efforts should be addressed to validate and implement new child and family friendly urine collection techniques. What is Known:• Several guidelines are published on the management of children with suspected or confirmed urinary tract infection.• No data are available on the management of pediatric urinary tract infections in the emergency setting. What is New:• Almost 80% of the Italian emergency units employ a sterile perineal bag to collect urine for culture.• Diagnostic CFU thresholds largely vary among centers.

Epidemiologic data suggest an increased prevalence of pediatric food allergies and intolerances (FAIs) during the last decades. This changing scenario has led to an increase in the overall healthcare costs, due to a growing demand for diagnostic and treatment services. There is the need to establish Evidence-based practices for diagnostic and therapeutic intervention that could be adopted in the context of public health policies for FAIs are needed.This joint position paper has been prepared by a group of experts in pediatric gastroenterology, allergy and nutrition from the Italian Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (SIGENP) and the Italian Society for Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (SIAIP). The paper is focused on the Diagnostic Therapeutic Care Pathway (DTCP) for pediatric FAIs in Italy.

Lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant psychological impact on children and adolescents. This study compared lockdown effects on children aged 1–10 years in 2020 and 2021. Two structured questionnaires were administered to 3392 parents in 2020, and 3203 in 2021. Outcomes considered for the data analysis included sleep changes, episodes of irritability, attention disturbances, distance learning and number of siblings. For data analysis, children were divided into two groups: pre-scholar (1–5 years old) and older ones. The lockdown was associated with a significant increase in sleep disturbances in 2020 and persisted after a year. The high prevalence of mood changes persisted unchanged in children under the age of 10 in 2020 and in 2021. Even if strengthened family ties seemed to mitigate the negative impact of lockdowns in 2020, this effect appeared absent or at least reduced in 2021. Irritability and rage in children were perceived to have increased in 2021 compared to 2020. A significant reduction in digital device use was observed in 2021 compared to 2020. Overall, the most harmful consequences of the lockdown in 2020 were still observed in 2021. Further studies are needed to analyze possible psychological effects that the generation who experienced the pandemic during early childhood may have, particularly in their future adolescence, in order to identify possible intervention practices to support families.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent national lockdowns, school closures and distance learning may have had both negative and positive effects on physical and mental health of children. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on a large group of children between 1 and 10 years old in Lombardy, Italy (n = 3392). Their parents filled in a survey answering single or multiple-choice questions about their offspring’s behavior changes (including sleep, dietary habits, emotional disturbances), relationship with siblings, parents and peers, the use of digital technologies, and distance learning experience during the lockdown. Results Parents reported lifestyles and emotional alterations during the lockdown. The modifications of family relationships, parents’ remote working, and screen time were associated with sleep, emotional and behavioral modifications. Distance learning was overall considered adequate. Conclusions This study reported the most updated data on the effects of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on children between 1 and 10 years of age in a large sample of Italian schoolchildren. The results of this study point out that pediatricians and authorities should support relationships within families during the COVID-19 pandemic. Parents’ remote working might play an important role for this purpose.

Background Maternal dietary habits are contributors of maternal and fetal health; however, available data are heterogeneous and not conclusive. Methods Nutrient intake during pregnancy was assessed in 503 women with uncomplicated pregnancies, using the validated Food Frequency Questionnaire developed by the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-FFQ). Results In all, 68% of women had a normal body mass index at the beginning of pregnancy, and 83% of newborns had an appropriate weight for gestational age. Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG), and placental weight were independently correlated with birth weight. GWG was not related to the pre-pregnancy BMI. EPIC-FFQ evaluation showed that 30% of women adhered to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) ranges for macronutrient intake. In most pregnant women (98.1%), consumption of water was below recommendations. Comparing women with intakes within EFSA ranges for macronutrients with those who did not, no differences were found in BMI, GWG, and neonatal or placental weight. Neither maternal nor neonatal parameters were associated with the maternal dietary profiles. Conclusions In our population, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, GWG, and placental weight are determinants of birth weight percentile, while no association was found with maternal nutrition. Future studies should explore associations through all infancy. Impact Maternal anthropometrics and nutrition status may affect offspring birth weight. In 503 healthy women, maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG), and placental weight were independently correlated to neonatal birth weight. GWG was not related to the pre-pregnancy BMI. In all, 30% of women respected the EFSA ranges for macronutrients. Neither maternal nor neonatal parameters were associated with maternal dietary profiles considered in this study. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, GWG, and placental weight are determinants of neonatal birth weight percentile, while a connection with maternal nutrition profiles was not found.

Background Fluid therapy is a cornerstone of pediatric intensive care medicine. We aimed at quantifying the load of water, sodium and chloride due to different fluid indications in our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). We were particularly interested in the role of fluid creep, i.e. fluid administered mainly as the vehicle for drugs, and the association between sodium load and water balance. Methods Critically ill children aged ≤3 years and invasively ventilated for ≥48 h between 2016 and 2019 in a single tertiary center PICU were retrospectively enrolled. Need for renal replacement therapy, plasmapheresis or parenteral nutrition constituted exclusion criteria. Quantity, quality and indication of fluids administered intravenously or enterally, urinary output and fluid balance were recorded for the first 48 h following intubation. Concentrations of sodium and chloride provided by the manufacturers were used to compute the electrolyte load. Results Forty-three patients (median 7 months (IQR 3–15)) were enrolled. Patients received 1004 ± 284 ml of water daily (153 ± 36 ml/kg/day), mainly due to enteral (39%), creep (34%) and maintenance (24%) fluids. Patients received 14.4 ± 4.8 mEq/kg/day of sodium and 13.6 ± 4.7 mEq/kg/day of chloride, respectively. The majority of sodium and chloride derived from fluid creep (56 and 58%). Daily fluid balance was 417 ± 221 ml (64 ± 30 ml/kg/day) and was associated with total sodium intake (r2 = 0.49, p Conclusions Critically ill children are exposed, especially in the acute phase, to extremely high loads of water, sodium and chloride, possibly contributing to edema development. Fluid creep is quantitatively the most relevant fluid in the PICU and future research efforts should address this topic in order to reduce the inadvertent water and electrolyte burden and improve the quality of care of critically ill children.

ContextExtensive literature is available on exclusive breastfeeding and formula-feeding practices and health effects. In contrast, limited and unstructured literature exists on mixed milk feeding (MMF), here defined as the combination of breastfeeding and formula feeding during the same period in term infants > 72 hours old (inclusion criterion).ObjectiveA systematic review and meta-analysis were performed, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, on the global prevalence of MMF (primary outcome) and related drivers and practices (secondary outcomes).Data SourcesThe search of MMF in generally healthy populations was conducted across 6 databases, restricted to publications from January 2000 to August 2018 in English, Spanish, French, and Mandarin.Data ExtractionTwo reviewers independently performed screenings and data extraction according to a priori inclusion and exclusion criteria.Data AnalysisOf the 2931 abstracts identified, 151 full-text publications were included for data extraction and 96 of those were included for data synthesis (the majority of those were cross-sectional and cohort studies). The authors summarized data across 5 different categories (feeding intention prenatally, and 4 age intervals between > 72 hours and > 6–23 months) and 5 regional subgroups. The overall prevalence of MMF across different age intervals and regions varied between 23% and 32%; the highest rate was found for the age group 4–6 months (32%; 95% confidence interval, 27%–38%); regional comparisons indicated highest MMF rates in Asia (34%), North and South America (33%), and Middle East and Africa together (36%), using a random effects meta-analysis model for proportions. Some drivers and practices for MMF were identified.ConclusionMMF is a widespread feeding reality. A shared and aligned definition of MMF will help shed light on this feeding practice and evaluate its influence on the duration of total breastfeeding, as well as on infants’ nutrition status, growth, development, and health status in the short and long terms. PROSPERO registration number CRD42018105337.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) biostatus has been proposed as possible attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis biomarker. The present exploratory study aimed to investigate the association between PUFAs biostatus and cerebral cortex metabolism measured by functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a sample of children with and without ADHD. 24 children with ADHD and 22 typically developing (TD) peers, aged 8&ndash, 14, were recruited. Linoleic, arachidonic, docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids levels were evaluated in whole blood. All children underwent fNIRS while performing an n-back working memory task. Between groups comparisons revealed lower levels of arachidonic acid in children with ADHD and stronger NIRS signal in TD participants, especially when completing more difficult tasks. Correlations conducted between fNIRS activation and PUFA biostatus revealed several associations between hemodynamic changes in the frontoparietal regions and fatty acids profile across participants. This result was also confirmed by the multiple hierarchical regression analyses that remarked an inverse effect of eicosapentaenoic acid levels on oxyhemoglobin values in right frontoparietal region. Such preliminary findings, if confirmed, would suggest that PUFAs could play a role in atypical neurodevelopment.

Anaemia is a common pathologic condition, present in almost 5% of the adult population. Iron deficiency is the most common cause; other mechanisms can be involved, making anaemia a multi-factorial disorder in most cases. Anaemia being a frequent manifestation in the diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, patients are often referred to gastroenterologists. Furthermore, upper and lower endoscopy and enteroscopy are pivotal to the diagnostic roadmap of anaemia. In spite of its relevance in the daily clinical practice, there is a limited number of gastroenterological guidelines dedicated to the diagnosis of anaemia. For this reason, the Italian Association of Hospital Gastroenterologists and Endoscopists and the Italian Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition commissioned a panel of experts to prepare a specific guideline on anaemia and its diagnostic roadmap in the gastroenterological scenario. The panel also discussed about the potential involvement of gastroenterologists and endoscopists in the management of patients with anaemia, with particular attention to the correct use of investigations. The panel paid particular attention to practical issues with the aim to support gastroenterologists in their clinical practice when dealing with patients with anaemia.

The inaccuracy of resting energy expenditure (REE) prediction formulae to calculate energy metabolism in children may lead to either under- or overestimated real caloric needs with clinical consequences. The aim of this paper was to apply artificial neural networks algorithms (ANNs) to REE prediction. We enrolled 561 healthy children (2&ndash, 17 years). Nutritional status was classified according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, and 113 were obese. REE was measured using indirect calorimetry and estimated with WHO, Harris&ndash, Benedict, Schofield, and Oxford formulae. The ANNs considered specific anthropometric data to model REE. The mean absolute error (mean &plusmn, SD) of the prediction was 95.8 &plusmn, 80.8 and was strongly correlated with REE values (R2 = 0.88). The performance of ANNs was higher in the subgroup of obese children (101 &plusmn, 91.8) with a lower grade of imprecision (5.4%). ANNs as a novel approach may give valuable information regarding energy requirements and weight management in children.