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Objectives: The mental health of adolescent girls in countries of South Asia is related to several social and cultural factors including gender disadvantage, especially in low resource settings such as tribal areas. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has increased this vulnerability even further. This study assesses the association of gender disadvantage with psychological distress among adolescent girls residing in a tribal area of India and examines the role of resilience. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic first wave in 2020 using telephonic interviews with 102 girls aged 15–20 from one block (65.46% tribal population) of a predominantly tribal area in Central India. Trained interviewers administered translated versions of the Kessler Psychological Distress 10-item scale (K-10), the Checklist for Assessment of Gender Disadvantage (CAGED), and the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). Pair-wise correlation was conducted between gender disadvantage, resilience and psychological distress using CAGED, BRS and K-10 scores. A one-way ANOVA was used to compare mean difference in CAGED domain scores and K-10 severity score groups. Results: The mean age of girls was 17.62 years (standard deviation 1.64). Scores on K-10 indicating moderate to severe psychological distress were seen among 27.5% of the respondents. Girls reported lack of space/privacy (39.2%), lack of freedom to pursue interests (32.4%), opinions not being considered (31.4%), and financial difficulties as hindrance to opportunities (28.4%) as common experiences of gender disadvantage. Gender disadvantage was directly associated with severity of psychological distress and inversely with resilience. Conclusion: This study indicates the importance of decreasing gender disadvantage for improving the mental health of young women and girls in underserved areas. The role of peer group interventions and engaging men and boys using gender transformative interventions in improving mental health needs to be studied.

We have investigated the interface dislocations in InxGa1−xN/GaN heterostructures (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.20) using diffraction contrast analysis in a transmission electron microscope. The results indicate that the structural properties of interface dislocations depend on the indium composition. For lower indium composition (up to x = 0.09), we observed that the screw-type dislocations and dislocation half-loops occurred at the interface, even though the former do not contribute toward elastic relaxation of the misfit strain in the InGaN layer. With the increase in indium composition (0.13 ≤ x ≤ 0.17), in addition to the network of screw-type dislocations, edge-type misfit dislocations were generated, with their density gradually increasing. For higher indium composition (0.18 ≤ x ≤ 0.20), all of the interface dislocations are transformed into a network of straight misfit dislocations along the direction, leading to partial relaxation of the InGaN epilayer. The presence of dislocation half-loops may be explained by a slip on basal plane; formation of edge-type misfit dislocations are attributed to punch-out mechanism.

The external nose is pyramidal in shape with its root above and base directed downwards. The framework is composed of bones and cartilages. The bones are the two nasal bones articulating medially. Laterally they articulate with the frontal process of maxilla, superiorly to the medial part of nasal notch of frontal bone and inferiorly to the lateral cartilage of nose and posteriorly with the perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone. Considering the malignant conditions of nose & PNS, the most common issq. cell carcinoma of maxillary sinus (37.S°lc>), followed by S. q cell carcinoma of nose (25%), and then Adenocarcinoma of maxillary sinus (1 2.5%), Sq. cell carcinoma of Ethmoid sinus (12.5%) & adenoid cystic carcinoma of maxillary sinus (12.5°/o) These findings are comparable with reports of Cheesman (1957) , who had noted that Sq. cell carcinoma comprised of 80% of cases & Bahadur et al (1984), who reported that most common was Sq. cell carcinoma (65%).Followed by adenocysticcarcinoma (12%), Adinocarcinoma (12%) Meliginate lanoma (2%) olfactory neuroblastoma(2%).

We have investigated the interfacial dislocations in InxGa1–xN/GaN (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.20) heterostructures using diffraction contrast analysis in a transmission electron microscopy. The analysis indicate that the structural properties of the interface dislocations depend on the indium composition. For lower indium composition up to x = 0.09, we observed that the screw-type dislocations and dislocation half loops occurred at the interface even though the former do not contributes toward elastic relaxation of the misfit strain in the InGaN layer. With the increase of indium composition (0.13 ≤ x ≤ 0.17), in addition to the network of screw-type dislocations, edge-type misfit dislocations were found generated with their density gradually increasing. For higher indium composition (0.18 ≤ x ≤ 0.20), all the interfacial dislocations are transformed into a network of straight misfit dislocations along the directions leading to partially relaxation of the InGaN epilayer. The presence of dislocation half loops may be explained by slip on the basal plane, the formation of misfit dislocations are attributed to punch-out mechanism.

AI can do a wide range of analytical activities, such as specifying relations among variables, that have been handled by technology for many years. The automation of these talents opens up new corporate and consumer applications in a wide range of industries. Intelligent agents, automated information synthesis, autonomous cars, computerized medical diagnosis, voice recognition for human-computer interface, and increased decision-making are just some of the notable new products, services, and capabilities made possible by AI. With AI-based marketing tools, this optimization will be taken to the next level in the future. AI will have a significant influence on SEM, from PPC campaign planning to identifying the demographics most likely to convert. AI of the tomorrow will use machine learning to create and optimize sponsored ad campaigns in the future. Marketers could concentrate on the more difficult jobs while the machines took care of the little aspects thanks to automation. As in any other situation, the amount of human effort required to attract and maintain the audience would be minimal.Artificial Intelligence (AI) is making our lives simpler. When an app learns human behaviour, it may forecast what a user would desire and at what moment. This is done via machine learning. In this approach, applications may do a variety of tasks, such as buying groceries, viewing movies, playing music, and more. In an addition to this, the AI can be utilized among the area of establishing systems that can perform tasks without even a human command., {"references":["Apell, P., & Eriksson, H. (2021). Artificial intelligence (AI) healthcare technology innovations: the current state and challenges from a life science industry perspective. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 1-15","] Chun, P. J., Dang, J., Hamasaki, S., Yajima, R., Kameda, T., Wada, H., ... & Nagatani, K. (2020). Utilization of unmanned aerial vehicle, artificial intelligence, and remote measurement technology for bridge inspections. Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics, 32(6), 1244-1258","Gupta, R., Tanwar, S., Al-Turjman, F., Italiya, P., Nauman, A., & Kim, S. W. (2020). Smart contract privacy protection using AI in cyber-physical systems: tools, techniques and challenges. IEEE access, 8, 24746-24772","Hannan, M. A., Al-Shetwi, A. Q., Ker, P. J., Begum, R. A., Mansor, M., Rahman, S. A., ... & Muttaqi, K. M. (2021). Impact of renewable energy utilization and artificial intelligence in achieving sustainable development goals. Energy Reports, 7, 5359-5373.","Janková, Z., & Dostál, P. (2019). Utilization of Artificial Intelligence for Sensitivity Analysis in the Stock Market. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 67(5), 1269-1283","Kusunose, K., Haga, A., Abe, T., & Sata, M. (2019). Utilization of artificial intelligence in echocardiography. Circulation Journal, CJ-19.","Nawaz, N. (2019). Artificial intelligence is transforming recruitment effectiveness in CMMI level companies. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 8(6)."]}

Objectives: The objectives of this study were as follows: (1) To estimate thecytomorphological spectrum of thyroid lesions. (2) To categorize the thyroid lesions based on Bethesda system reporting. (3) To correlate the spectrum of thyroid lesions with demographic parameters. Methods: A retrospective record-based study was conducted at the Department of Pathology in Tertiary Care Institute, from January 2017 to January 2021. A total of 346 case files were retrieved consisting of all the patients having thyroid lesions who underwent the procedure of fine-needle aspiration cytology. Statistical analysis was done using the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.0 version. Continuous variables were presented by mean±SD and categorical variables by frequency or percentages. Results: Majority of the case are falling between the age group of 26–35 years, followed by 36–45 years of age. The majority of cases in the study population were presented with Bethesda Category II lesion (88.7%) which was found to be statistically significant (p

Recently, organic-inorganic perovskite-based solar cells have become a revolution in photovoltaic field due to their unique properties. Several studies were focused on perovskite solar cells based on Pb perovskite layer as lead provides strong absorption of photons and have high efficiency. However, the factor of toxicity, stability and ecological challenges of these devices is the main challenge to the progress in commercial production. In this, study and numerical modeling of perovskite solar cells using an alternative candidate which is tin as a perovskite material has been carried out. This later is investigated in order to overcome the toxicity, stability and ecological challenges effects on perovskite solar cells, as they exhibit similar photovoltaic performances as Pb-perovskite solar cells. Therefore, the effect of single and double absorbent i.e. CH3NH3SnI3 and CH3NH3SnBr3 and no Hole Transport Layer is studied and investigated to enhance the conversion efficiency of perovskite devices. The obtained simulation results illustrate that perovskite solar cells based on no HTL and double absorbent layer exhibit 21.3% of power conversion efficiency compared to that with other HTL materials. Thus, adding double absorbent layer in perovskite solar cell design possibly will be considered as novel designing for future Sn-perovskite solar cells. The numerical simulation was performed using 1DSolar Cell Capacitance Simulator (1D- SCAPS).

Research of lead-free Perovskite based solar cells has gained speedy and growing attention with urgent intent to eliminate toxic lead in Perovskite materials. The main purpose of this work is to supplement the research progress with comparative analysis of different lead-free Perovskite based solar cells by numerical simulation method using solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D) software. The environmental friendliness and excellent thermal stability proves Cesium Tin Iodide (CsSnI3) as one of the promising materials for the commercialization of the Perovskite solar cells. However, CsSnI3 solar cells suffer from poor efficiency due to having low open-circuit voltage, VOC attributed to poor absorber film quality as well as energy level mismatch at the interfaces between different layers like transparent front contact. The architecture of the solar cell is n-i-p device structure acts as light CsSnI3 absorber active layer, TiO2 as electron transport layer and Spiro-OMeTAD as hole transport layer with device structure FTO/ TiO2/CsSnI3 / Spiro-OMeTAD /Au. The open circuit voltage Voc, short circuit current density Isc, fill factor and power conversion efficiency Voc=1.09V, Jsc=28.85mA/cm2, FF=88.65%, eta=28.09%, V_MPP=0.99V, J_MPP=28.15 mA/cm2 respectively.

Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis ATCC27536 and Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356 were encapsulated in a conjugated whey protein hydrolysate (WPH10) through spray drying. Probiotic cultures were added at the ratio of 1:1 into the conjugated WPH10 solution at a spiking level of about 10 log

In this paper we work on the Bloom Torus graph by satisfying the condition of Smarandachely product cordial labeling. Smarandachely product cordial labeling on is such a labeling with induced labeling &nbsp

In this paper the researcher prepares truth table for the labeling of Bloom Torus graphby admitting the condition of Smarandachely product cordial labelling. Smarandachely product cordial labeling on is such a labeling with induced labeling &nbsp

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In this study, the ability of a whey protein hydrolysate to exhibit the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antihypertensive behavior after combining with a reducing carbohydrate was studied. Whey protein hydrolysates with varying degrees of hydrolysis (WPH10, WPH15, and WPH20) were determined for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antihypertensive activities. Of these, hydrolysate (WPH10) exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity (with 10-11.2 mm zone of inhibition) against tested microorganisms: Listeria innocua, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus coagulans. Also, the WPH10 exhibited the highest antioxidant (866.56 TEAC µmol/L) and antihypertensive (67.52%) attributes. Hence, based on the highest bioactivity, hydrolysate WPH10 was selected for conjugation with maltodextrin, and the effect of conjugation on the bioactivities was evaluated. The conjugated WPH10 solution demonstrated higher antimicrobial (17.16 mm) and antioxidant activity (1044.37 TEAC µmol/L), whereas a slight decrease in the antihypertensive activity (65.4%) was observed, as compared to WPH10 alone. The conjugated solution was further spray dried and alternatively, freeze-dried. The dried WPH10 conjugate exhibited even higher antimicrobial (18.5 mm) and antioxidant activity (1268.89 TEAC µmol/L) while retaining the antihypertensive activity (65.6%). Overall, the results indicate the ability of the WPH10-maltodextrin to retain the bioactive behavior after combining with a reduced carbohydrate. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Whey protein hydrolysates upon conjugation with carbohydrates retain the bioactive properties of whey protein, which provides opportunities for application as an ingredient to develop novel health formulations.

The nuclear erythroid 2-related-factor (Nrf2) transcription factor/hemoxygenase 1 (HO-1) is a key regulator of an important neuroprotection response by driving the interpretation of various cytoprotective gene to encode for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and detoxifying proteins. Various studies investigated that the upregulation of Nrf2/HO-1 has become the potential therapeutic approach in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a motor neuron disease in which there is a progressive loss of upper motor neuron and lower motor neurons of the motor cortex, brain stem, and corticospinal tract. A result of this upregulation of Nrf2/HO-1 indicates that in the brain, anti-oxidant capacity is reinforced. Further, this shows a cytoprotective effect against oxidative stress in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A study reported functions associated with the Nrf2/HO-1 in the neuronal cell, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes. Although ALS's pathogenesis is not yet clear, but it is compelling. The evidence shows any dysfunction in the brain such as mitochondrial dysfunction, protein aggregation, glial cell activation, excitotoxicity, and apoptosis which gives ALS-like symptoms. In this review, we have mainly focused on detailing the downregulation of Nrf2/HO-1, which may be the prime reason and may further serve as a pathological hallmark for ALS development. As surveyed, there are limited targetbased interventions that only provide symptomatic relief but do not cure the disease completely. Dysregulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway leads to many physiological changes contributing to neurological conditions, including ALS. Based on the above view, we summarized the combined role of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling in ALS and explored potential therapeutic strategies for disease improvement through pathway modulators.

Solid waste generated from various sources needs to be disposed properly in scientific manners to ensure its minimum impacts on the quality of environment. Solid waste is a consequence of life and its varies from one society to other. In early time human consumed at resources and he had not any problems but deposal of its waste. Traditional compositing and producing the fertilizers were very typical solutions for most of the organic waste during that time; the disposal of the solid waste can be traced from that time when human started to make community, society and urban life. Municipal solid waste is one of major problem in urban centers. Ambikapur city is one of the urban centers of Surguja district Chhattisgarh state in India is our study area. The main objective of the study sources of the solid waste generation and disposal. At present study gives the details of municipal solid waste generation, in the forms of residential, industrial, commercial, construction, demolish, and agriculture. The solid waste collection in the forms of door to door, community bins and storage points. Different types of vehicles are used to transport the municipal solid waste. To study the implementation of disposal methods of solid waste in Ambikapur city. The population of Ambikapur city is 3,43,173 and city area covered 35.36 Sq. Km. the average solid waste generation 206.21 Metric tons. &nbsp

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disease (MND) characterized by the death of upper and lower motor neurons (corticospinal tract) in the motor cortex, basal ganglia, brain stem, and spinal cord. The patient experiences the sign and symptoms between 55 to 75 years of age, which include impaired motor movement, difficulty in speaking and swallowing, grip loss, muscle atrophy, spasticity, and sometimes associated with memory and cognitive impairments. Median survival is 3 to 5 years after diagnosis and 5 to 10% of the patients live for more than 10 years. The limited intervention of pharmacologically active compounds, that are used clinically, is majorly associated with the narrow therapeutic index. Pre-clinically established experimental models, where neurotoxin methyl mercury mimics the ALS like behavioural and neurochemical alterations in rodents associated with neuronal mitochondrial dysfunctions and downregulation of adenyl cyclase mediated cAMP/CREB, is the main pathological hallmark for the progression of ALS in central as well in the peripheral nervous system. Despite the considerable investigation into neuroprotection, it still constrains treatment choices to strong care and organization of ALS complications. Therefore, this current review specially targeted the investigation of clinical and pre-clinical features available for ALS to understand the pathogenic mechanisms and to explore the pharmacological interventions associated with the up-regulation of intracellular adenyl cyclase/cAMP/ CREB and activation of mitochondrial-ETC coenzyme-Q10 as a future drug target in the amelioration of ALS mediated motor neuronal dysfunctions.

Methylmercury (MeHg) is a potent neurotoxin that causes neurotoxicity and neuronal cell death. MeHg exposure also leads to oligodendrocyte destruction, glial cell overactivation, and demyelination of motor neurons in the motor cortex and spinal cord. As a result, MeHg plays an important role in the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-like neurocomplications. ALS is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder in which neuroinflammation is the leading cause of further CNS demyelination. Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2)/Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway was thought to be a potential target for neuroprotection in ALS. Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA) is a multi-component pentacyclic triterpenoid mixture derived from Boswellia serrata with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The research aimed to investigate whether AKBA, as a Nrf2 / HO-1 activator, can provide protection against ALS. Thus, we explored the role of AKBA on the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in a MeHg-induced experimental ALS model. In this study, ALS was induced in Wistar rats by oral gavage of MeHg 5 mg/kg for 21 days. An open field test, force swim test, and grip strength were performed to observe experimental rats' motor coordination behaviors. In contrast, a morris water maze was performed for learning and memory. Administration of AKBA 50 mg/kg and AKBA 100 mg/kg continued from day 22 to 42. Neurochemical parameters were evaluated in the rat's brain homogenate. In the meantime, post-treatment with AKBA significantly improved behavioral, neurochemical, and gross pathological characteristics in the brain of rats by increasing the amount of Nrf2/HO-1 in brain tissue. Collectively, our findings indicated that AKBA could potentially avoid demyelination and encourage remyelination.

In this research, the zinc mixed cadmium sulfide thin films were synthesized on the glass substrate by simple and easy successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) process. The thin films were prepared by different mixing percentage of Zinc with cadmium sulfide. The Zn-CdS films have been characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and optical properties were investigated by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. X-Ray studies show the hexagonal crystal structure of CdS film. The surface morphology is found different in both annealed and unannealed structure from FESEM image. It is smooth, dense and uniform in structure in case of unannealed condition. And it is non-uniform structure when annealed. The absorbance spectra of pure CdS and Zn mixed CdS has compared and it is observed that Zn-mixed CdS have greater absorbance than pure CdS.

The Voice and Text Translator is about translating one form of speech to another. This is a multi-tasking project which can perform various tasks at the same time. The definition of voice recognition should be taken into account, as it is often correlated with the process of identifying a person from his or her voice, i.e., the recognition of a speaker. The main aim of this app is to provide a mechanism for Speech to Speech. It further provides the mechanism for Speech to Text, Text to Speech, and also Text to Text in various languages. This software which deals with speech recognition has to get adapted to the unpredictable and highly variable nature of the human race. Every algorithm that is involved in the speech recognition process is tested and trained on different speaking styles, languages, accents, phrasings, or speaking patterns. Moreover, all these softwares also have to separate the actually spoken speech(audio) from the unwanted background noise that often accompanies these signals. This also contains some advanced features like voice recognition, understanding, and conversion, which are difficult for a machine to perform. But nowadays AI and ML are dominating the Tech. At its core, this project is built in the python programming language. Python is known for its rich and vast library and its usage in almost all kinds of projects. So, this Translator also contains some very precious modules of Python like Google-Trans, gTTs, etc. A broad array and series of research in the fields of computer science and linguistics are used in the speech recognition process. To have an easier life or to take part in the trending technologies that include hands-free use of any device, almost all the modern devices are adapting and shifting towards integrating speech recognition functions into their device and making up with the new trending technologies. After the implementation of this project, there would be no need for any intermediate person who conveys a message from source to target, like in earlier days., {"references":["Arora, K., Arora, S., & Roy, M. K. (2013). Speech to speech translation: a communication boon. CSI transactions on ICT, 1(3), 207-213.","Bano, S., Jithendra, P., Niharika, G. L., & Sikhi, Y. (2020, November). Speech to text translation enabling multilingualism. In 2020 IEEE International Conference for Innovation in Technology (INOCON) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.","Limbu, S. H. (2020). Direct Speech to Speech Translation Using Machine Learning.","Bahar, P., Bieschke, T., & Ney, H. (2019, December). A comparative study on end-to-end speech to text translation. In 2019 IEEE Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding Workshop (ASRU) (pp. 792-799). IEEE.","Patil, S., Pradeep, N.. Speech translation system for language barrier reduction. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)"]}

Aim and objective- To differentiate between physiological and pathological elevation of of PSA, importance of PSA level in various prostatic diseases, and monitoring the efcacy of therapy. Patient And Method- study conducted in department of surgery, Rajendra institute of medical sciences, Ranchi. Study in 60 patients in OPD and in ward patient. Result And Conclusion- There is physiological increase in serum PSA Level with increase in age in absence of any prostatic disease and symptom. Increase in PSA level in carcinoma prostate, monitoring of response of treatment and disease recurrence

BACKGROUND Glaucoma is a chronic, progressive optic neuropathy leading to irreversible blindness. Raised intraocular pressure is one of the modifiable risk factors of developing glaucoma. Regulation of intraocular pressure (IOP) is influenced by various factors and, systolic hypertension is one of them. The objectives of the study was to assess the relationship between systolic hypertension and IOP, also to see the effect of controlled and uncontrolled systolic blood pressure (SBP) on IOP in adults above 40 years of age. METHODS This study included a total of 230 known systemic hypertensive patients of age above 40 years. All the patients underwent detailed history taking, careful systemic and ocular examination. IOP was measured by Goldmann applanation tonometer, central corneal thickness (CCT) by anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) and blood pressure (BP) was recorded after 5 minutes of rest. The data was recorded. RESULTS Correlation coefficient for SBP and IOP in right eye (RE) was 0.290 and for left eye (LE) was 0.354 with a probability value of P < 0.0001 which was statistically highly significant. Mean IOP for controlled SBP was 17.76 mmHg in both eyes (BE) which increased to 20.19 mmHg in RE and 20.64 mmHg in LE in uncontrolled SBP. The Z score value between controlled and uncontrolled systolic hypertensive patients in RE and LE was 6.11 and 7.06 respectively (P < 0.0001). There was an increment of IOP for every 10 mmHg in SBP by 0.56 mmHg in right eye and 0.73 mmHg in left eye. CONCLUSIONS Systolic blood pressure is significantly correlated with IOP. The uncontrolled SBP was related to higher mean IOP and mean IOP was found to increase with rise in SBP. Therefore, patients with known hypertension and glaucoma have to be regularly followed-up and should keep their BP in normal range to prevent disease progression. KEYWORDS Intraocular Pressure, Central Corneal Thickness, Systolic Blood Pressure, Adults Above 40 Years

Endophthalmitis due to Bacillus species can be associated with devastating consequences. In the present case series, two-each cases of postoperative and traumatic endophthalmitis were included. Prompt surgical intervention was done in all cases. Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis were isolated in 3 cases and 1 case, respectively. All isolates showed 100% sensitivity to vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, and clindamycin. In spite of early intervention, final functional and anatomical outcomes were poor in all four cases.

Libraries have been at the forefront in adopting emerging technologies to manage the library’s operations and provide information services to the user community they serve. With the emergence of cloud computing (CC) technology, libraries are exploring and adopting CC service models to make their own services more efficient, reliable, secure, scalable, and cost-effective. In this article, the authors share their experience migrating some of the library’s locally hosted ICT-based services onto the Microsoft Azure cloud platform. The migration of services to a cloud platform has helped the library significantly reduce the downtime of its services due to power or network or system outages.

In this work, we study the electronic properties of defects in the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructure, which is known to host a high mobility two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at the interface. This 2DEG also shows photoconductance, which could be related to defects that act as deep center trapping and releasing carriers by interaction with light. This phenomenon has raised an interest for the identification of deep energy levels in the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructure. We have studied the defect state properties using electrical characterization such as capacitance-voltage (C-V), current-voltage (I-V) measurements, and deep-level transient Fourier spectroscopy (DLTFS). From C-V and I-V analyses, a hysteresis was observed indicating an effect of mobile charges in the LaAlO3. Using DLTFS, we identify three defect states located at around 0.17 eV below conduction band and at 0.23 and 0.26 eV above the valence band. These defect states were attributed to defects in SrTiO3 such as strontium vacancies or titanium vacancies. We identify a fourth defect state having an energy of about 0.69 eV below the conduction band that could be related to oxygen vacancies in LaAlO3 or in SrTiO3. In addition, the observation of an effect of the electric field with DLTFS indicated that oxygen vacancies might be involved in Fowler-Nordheim or trap-assisted tunneling through the LaAlO3 layer., We acknowledge the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (No. MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) through the Severo Ochoa FUNFUTURE (Grant No. CEX2019-000917-S) and Grant Nos. PID2020-118479RB-I00 and PID2020-112548RB-I00, and by the European Regional Development Fund “A way of making Europe.”, With funding from the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000917-S).

Now-days increasing solid or liquid wastes are major problems in developing country therefore utilization of all these wastes are required because of its impact on the environment and as well as on agriculture. These wastes are decomposed and stabilized through composting, vermicomposting, anaerobic digestion, recycling and reuse. Solid wastes act as an organic fertilizer, nutrient supplier, and media for nursery and also helps in improving the physical, chemical and microbiological activity in agricultural soils. Reuse of wastewater helps in reducing water crisis in agriculture. Poultry wastes are used as organic fertilizer, feed for livestock, biogas production, products for commercial purposes.

BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy can be asymptomatic until there is significant vision loss. Generating awareness about diabetic retinopathy (DR) among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2 DM) is of key importance. This can help in early diagnosis and management of DR, avoiding the sight threatening complications. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, awareness and prevalence of DR among patients of T2 DM on their first visit to ophthalmology outpatient department (OPD). METHODS This is a single centre, hospital-based, observational cross-sectional study. It was conducted from March 2019 to February 2020, among diagnosed cases of T2 DM attending the eye OPD for the first-time following diagnosis. A structured questionnaire was prepared that includes questions regarding the knowledge and awareness of DR. It was used to collect the data, following which a complete ophthalmic checkup was done. To evaluate for prevalence of retinopathy, a dilated fundoscopy was done in every case. The data thus collected was then analyzed. RESULTS A total of 306 participants was enrolled which included 170 males and 136 females. Majority (69.28%) were aware that diabetes can affect eye (retina) which can lead to blindness. In spite of that, in 58.50% cases, the reason for 1st eye screening was “diminution of vision”. About 74.51% patients said that there is no risk of DR if the blood sugar is well controlled. According to 50.98% respondents, retinal assessment is important only when vision is affected. Mass media (30.71%) was found to be the main source of information for the patients in this study. Duration of diabetes and the educational status were found to be significant (p < 0.05) for the awareness of diabetic retinopathy. However, we found the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy to be 17.65% among the patients undergoing eye screening for the 1st time following diagnosis of T2 DM. CONCLUSIONS In order to prevent vision threatening complications of DM, the level of awareness has to be increased. Complete ophthalmological evaluation including retinal examination is of utmost importance for early diagnosis and management.

Lactic acid bacteria as a starter culture are very important component in the fermentation process of dairy and food industry. Application of lactic acid bacteria as probiotic bacteria adds more functionality to the developed product. Gut colonizing bacteria have attractive benefits related to human health. Bio-functional properties such as antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammatory, ACE-inhibitory, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, antiviral, immunomodulatory, hypocholesterolemic, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activities are the most applicable research areas of lactic acid bacteria. Different strains of Lactobacillus are generally consumed as probiotics and colonize the gastrointestinal tract. Sometimes these bacteria may possess antimicrobial activity and may positively influence the effect of antibiotics. Use of Lactobacillus spp. for the development of functional foods is one of the promising areas of current research and applications. Individual bacterial species have unique biological activity, which may vary from strains to strains and identification of this uniqueness could be helpful in the development of functional and therapeutic food products.

Low-carbon ferromanganese (LC-FeMn) is an essential ingredient for making high-strength low-alloy steel and stainless steel. The conventional industrial-scale silicothermic method for the production of LC-FeMn comprises several energy intensive complex steps consuming about 2000 kWh/ton. We have attempted an improved silicothermic process, which is based on a single step smelting of optimized charge mix in the electric arc furnace. Thermochemical simulation of the smelting process by FactSage 6.4 showed significant effect of the charge mix basicity (B = CaO/SiO2) on manganese, iron, silicon and phosphorous distribution between the metal and slag. The optimum basicity was found to be 1.5 at the charge mix ratio i.e., Mn ore/lime/SiMn of 1:1:0.6 in the smelting tests. Under optimum conditions, the energy consumption was about 690 kWh/ton. This approach has potential benefits for the ferromanganese industry in terms of simpler and energy efficient process.

A changed Pulsincap measurements type of metronidazole was created to target tranquilize discharge in the colon. Groups of hard gelatin cases were treated with formaldehyde keeping the tops in that capacity. Metronidazole pellets arranged by expulsion spheronization technique were consolidated into these particular container shells and stopped with polymers guar gum, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose 10K, carboxymethylcellulose sodium and sodium alginate independently at fixations 20 mg, 30 mg and 40 mg. The filled cases were totally covered with 5% cellulose acetic acid derivation phthalate to forestall variable gastric purging. All the definitions were tested to decide sedate substance and the capacity of the adjusted Pulsincap to give colon-explicit medication conveyance was surveyed by in vitro tranquilize discharge concentrates in cushion pH 1.2 for 2 h, pH 7.4 (reproduced intestinal liquid) for 3 h and pH 6.8 (animated colonic liquid) for 7 h. The outcomes showed that critical medication discharge happened simply after 5 h from the beginning of analysis.

Gas turbine components are exposed to very high temperature and pressure and require effective cooling to ensure the effective, efficient and prolonged service life period. In the present work ANSYS FLUENT was employed to numerically investigate performance of cooling on a flat surface using circular coolant hole with entrance of coolant at different blowing ratios entering at 300 forward and backward directions. The proposed simulative methodology was validated with a zero velocity coolant entrance which showed no change in the plate temperature, which was expected and also found. The results found were also validated using various experimental results available in different literatures. The simulation results indicated that orientation of cooling hole governs the extent of film cooling effectiveness. The results of this work had a mixed outcome. Forward coolant entrance provided better centerline cooling effectiveness but spreadability was better for backward entrance

Persistent photoconductance is a phenomenon found in many semiconductors, by which light induces long-lived excitations in electronic states. Commonly, persistent photoexcitation leads to an increase of carriers (accumulation), though occasionally it can be negative (depletion). Here, we present the quantum well at the LaAlO 3 / SrTiO 3 interface, where in addition to photoinduced accumulation, a secondary photoexcitation enables carrier depletion. The balance between both processes is wavelength dependent, and allows tunable accumulation or depletion in an asymmetric manner, depending on the relative arrival time of photons of different frequencies. We use Green’s function formalism to describe this unconventional photoexcitation, which paves the way to an optical implementation of neurobiologically inspired spike-timing-dependent plasticity., This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades through Grants No. MAT2017-85232-R (AEI/FEDER,EU) and Severo Ochoa SEV-2015-0496 and the Generalitat de Catalunya through Grant No. 2017 301 SGR1377. Y. L., B. G., and L. M. acknowledge the Normandy region and European Regional Development Fund through the projects RIN RECHERCHE PLACENANO Contract No. 18E01664/ 18P02478 and RIN RECHERCHE EVOL_PELIICAEN Contract No. 17P04260/17P04263. Y. C. acknowledges the China Scholarship Council Grant No. 201506890029. J. G. acknowledges Ramón y Cajal (RyC) contract (2012-11709). The STEM microscopy work was conducted in the ICTSCNME. STEM-specimen preparation was conducted in “Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas” at the Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon-Universidad de Zaragoza. The authors acknowledge both the ICTS-CNME and the LMAINA for offering access to their instruments and expertise. We acknowledge collaboration and discussions with Dr. Florencio Sánchez regarding thin film growth.

Graphene based 2D electrical contacts have been proposed to mitigate the contact resistance bottleneck in 2D material based transistors. In this work, we present a detailed analysis of Ru-graphene and Ni-graphene contacts to 2.1nm thick CVD MoS 2 , which show a contact resistance of 9.34 kΩ – μm and 17.1 kΩ – μm, respectively. We report a novel physical characterization strategy to characterize the MoS 2 -contact interface by inverting the MoS 2 devices, exposing the contact interface. Using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we characterize the contact interface to correlate the observed electrical trend with physical characterization of the contact interface.