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The objective of this study was to investigate the structure of vertisol, the aggregate distribution, and the stability of structural aggregates. The investigation was conducted in the municipality of Smederevo in eastern Serbia. At ten locations, disturbed samples, as well as soil samples for structure analysis were taken. The distribution of aggregates shows the high amount of macro aggregates, low content of aggregates 2-3 mm size, and according to the structural coefficient satisfactory structure. The stability of macroaggregates to dispersion by water in the arable layer of vertisol is excellent. The results of this research could be used in cultivation practices planning since there is a possibility of improving the structure of vertisol. Cilj rada je bio da se ispita struktura smonice, distribucija agregata i stabilnost strukturnih agregata prema rasplinjavanju u vodi. Istraživanje je obavljeno u opštini Smederevo u istočnoj Srbiji. Na deset lokacija uzeti su uzorci u poremećenom stanju i uzorci zemljišta za analizu strukture. Distribucija agregata pokazuje veću zastupljenost makroagregata, nizak sadržaj agregata veličine 2-3 mm, a prema koeficijentu strukturnosti zadovoljavajuću strukturu. Stabilnost makroagregata u obradivom sloju smonice je odlična. Rezultati ovog istraživanja mogu da se koriste u planiranju poljoprivredne proizvodnje jer postoji mogućnost poboljšanja strukture smonice.

The aim of this work is to synthesize a series of composite materials based on mesoporous silica and hydroxyapatite (MSN-HA) for applications as biodegradable carriers of agriculture important molecules., Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, Grant III44006

We used machine learning to process Sentinel 2 multispectral images and infer the amount of soil organic matter using satellite soil indices.

Although satellite imaging has been present as a source of valuable spatial data for a long time, it was not until very recently that high quality satellite imagery products produced by high resolution multispectral instruments became affordable and broadly available. On the other hand, information contained in such measurements proved to have significant impact on the overall improvement of the best practices in agricultural production and environmental monitoring. One of the applications that could benefit from the large scale satellite based measurements is characterization of topsoil properties of arable land. More exactly, bare soil spectra acquired by multispectral instruments can directly provide information about soil texture, represented by the content of clay, sand, or silt, over the observed vegetation free area. There have been a few attempts to investigate such possibilities in the context of the current and forthcoming multispectral and hyperspectral imagers. In a recently published study, a comprehensive evaluation of the capabilities of several imagers in the task of soil texture estimation was performed. However, those findings were based only on the simulated and resampled spectral responses derived from the soil spectral signature libraries acquired under controlled laboratory conditions using high precision hyperspectral instruments. Among the simulated imagers was also Sentinel-2 MSI. In line with these efforts, aim of this paper is to further investigate applicability of this instrument in the real working environment, characterized by the challenging factors introduced by the atmosphere, tillage and plant remains, missing data due to cloud coverage, variable soil moisture as a consequence of climate and volatile weather conditions, as well as natural soil spatial variability, due to the large spatial extent of the performed analysis. &nbsp

In the temperate agro-ecological conditions of Vojvodina province there is a lack of research on the impact of different tillage to the soil organic matter change. Simultaneously, the introduction of conservation tillage systems is expanding, as a viable option for climate friendly agriculture. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of conservation and conventional management in winter wheat and sunflower production on the OM change. The study was performed in Padina (South Banat) on the calcareous chernozem soil. Soil samples were taken from a depth of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm and 30-40 cm. Conventional tillage was done with a plow at a depth of 25 cm for winter wheat, and 27 cm for sunflower, while conservation tillage was carried out with heavy harrows at a depth of 15 cm for winter wheat, and with combined tool Horsch Terrano at a 25 cm depth for sunflower. The total content of OM in the soil was higher in the conservation tillage as compared to plowing. The highest content of OM with conservation tillage was found at adepth of 10-20 cm after sunflower, and 0-10 cm in winter wheat plot. The higher content of labile organic carbon soluble in hot water (HWC) was found in the plowing of winter wheat and sunflower in a plow layer of 0-20 cm, and the lowest content was found at a depth of 20-30 cm. In the conservation tillage higher HWC content for winter wheat was found at the depth of 0-10 cm, and 10-20 cm in sunflower, indicating that crop residue deposition and amount affect the accumulation of OM. Soil depth manifested a higher impact on HWC content in relation to the tillage system and crops. With plowing, Carbon Management Index indicated the OM accumulation at a depth of 20-40 cm in winter wheat, and 0-20 cm in sunflower. Conservation tillage resulted with the OM accumulation in a 20-40 cm soil layer for both crops. The regression analysis showed that with the increase of the labile organic matter fraction, associated with crop residue retention, the total OM could also be preserved. U agroekološkim uslovima Vojvodine ne postoji dovoljno istraživanja o uticaju različitih načina obrade na dinamiku organske materije u zemljištu. Istovremeno, savremeni načini obrade se sve više zasnivaju na uvođenju mašina za redukovanu obradu zemljišta. Cilj ovog rada je analiza uticaja redukovane i konvencionalne obrade u proizvodnji pšenice i suncokreta na promenu nivoa organske materije. Istraživanje je obavljeno u Padini (Južni Banat) na zemljištu koje pripada tipu černozem. Uzorci zemljišta su uzeti sa dubine od: 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm i 30-40 cm. Konvencionalna obrada kod pšenice izvedena je plugom pri dubini od 25 cm, a kod suncokreta na 27 cm, dok je redukovana obrada kod pšenice obavljena teškom tanjiračom na 15 cm, a kod suncokreta kombinovano razrivačkim oruđem Horsch Terano 3 na 25 cm. Ukupan sadržaj organske materije (OM) u zemljištu je bio veći na parcelama na kojima se izvodi redukovana obrada u odnosu na konvencionalnu obradu plugom. Najveći sadržaj OM kod redukovane obrade suncokreta utvrđen je pri dubini od 10-20 cm, a kod pšenice na 0-10 cm. Najveća vrednost labilne organske materije rastvorljive u toploj vodi (HWC) je bila u sistemu oranja kod pšenice i suncokreta u sloju 0-20 cm, a najniža vrednost na dubini od 20-30 cm. Kod redukovane obrade najveća vrednost HWC-a kod pšenice utvrđena je u dubini 0-10 cm, a kod suncokreta 10-20 cm što ukazuje da mesto zaoravanja i količina biljnih ostataka utiču na nakupljanje OM. Veći uticaj na HWC ispoljila je dubina u odnosu na sistem obrade i usev. Analiza Carbon management index-a (CMI) ukazuje na nakupljanje OM konvencionalnog sistema obrade plugom kod pšenice u sloju 20-40 cm, dok je kod suncokreta nakupljanje OM od 0-20 cm. Kod redukovane obrade nakupljanje OM veoma je izraženo u sloju od 20-40 cm kod oba useva, a regresionom analizom je utvrđeno da se sa porastom ukupne OM povećava i sadržaj labile OM.

Poznavanje dinamike porasta biljaka i inetrakcija sistema obrade sa faktorima spoljašnje sredine su glavni preduslovi postizanja visokih i stabilnih prinosa dobrog kvaliteta. Istovremeno, praćenje promena u zemljištu kao rezultat gajenja poljoprivrednih useva mora biti sastavni deo planiranja određene proizvodnje. Cilj ovih istraživanja je bio ustanoviti mogućnosti korišćenja DNDC (denitrifikacija – dekompozicija) modela u umerenim agroekološkim uslovima poređenjem izmerenih podataka za visinu prinosa i sadržaja organske materije iz višegodišnjih ogleda „Plodoredi“ i rezultata dobijenih modeliranjem pomoću DNDC. Analizirano je četiri sistema ratarenja koji su bazirani na kukuruzu i pšenici. Izmerene vrednosti u uzorcima deponovanog C su približne modeliranim vrednostima na dvopoljnom i tropoljnom plodoredu dok kod monokultura kukuruza i pšenice nisu utvrđene zavisnosti izračunatih i modeliranih vrednosti pomoću DNDC modela. Kada je u pitanju prinos, dobijena je statistički značajna zavisnost između izmerenih prinosa pšenice i kukuruza na monokulturi, dvopolju i tropolju i modeliranih vrednosti korišćenjem DNDC modela. Analiza gasova staklene bašte pomoću DNDC modela je pokazala veću emisiju CO2 i NH3 na parcelama sa kukuruzom u poređenju sa zemljištem nakon gajenja pšenice. Rezultati ispitivanja DNDC modela govore u prilog njegovom korišćenju u našim agroekološkim uslovima u funkciji praćenja dinamike organske materije i regulaciji gasova staklene bašte, dok je njegova primena ograničena u proceni prinosa.

U cilju smanjenja uticaja defekta u procesu proizvodnje, a samim tim i povećanja prinosa, u ovom radu predložena je primena metoda za povećanje pouzdanosti dela arhitekture, označenog kao deo od najvećeg značaja za datu primenu. Za razliku od ET koncepta, kod koga je projektant svestan mogućnosti postojanja defekta, zna njegovu poziciju i uticaj, i ne menja svojstva arhitekture kako bi otklonio posledice defekta, kod predložene tehnike parcijalnog povećanja pouzdanosti projektant na sistematski način određuje uticaje defekta na delove arhitekture i određuje koje delove treba projektovati kao visoko pouzdane. Ovakvim kompromisom dveju tehnika uveden je novi stepen slobode kod projektovanja sistema, koji rezultuje arhitekturom parcijalno tolerantnom na defekte.

The cabinets for physical therapy are provided with various devices which shorten the time needed for patients' recovery and healing. A typical physical medicine cabinet has tens of stand-alone devices for different purposes. These are the devices which perform biostimulation using diadynamic or interferential electrical currents, ultrasound waves, vacuum impulses, electromagnetic fields, etc. The aim of this paper is to present hardware and software components, and developed network protocol for integrated system of devices for physical medicine, based on the existing products of Elektromedicina company, with key feature that allows the devices to be centrally managed and monitored. This paper addresses the system's architecture, user interfaces both for devices and centralized server console, network protocol for communication between devices and centralized management station, the scheduler, and the therapy procedure within the system. It will be shown that the efficiency of the integrated system, measured in the time-per-patient and patients-per-day, compared with the efficiency of regular physical therapy cabinet is increased by more than 20%.

In order to study aggregate fraction distribution and structure stability of the Haplic Chernozem soils from different cropping systems of winter wheat and maize were analyzed. Cropping systems were situated in a long-term experiment carried out at the Rimski Sancevi experimental station, Novi Sad. Soils from different cropping systems were analyzed in depths: 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm with wet and 0-20 cm for dry sieving procedure. The following indicators of soil structure were analyzed: dry geometric mean diameter (dGMD), structure coefficient (Ks), wet mean weight diameter (wMWD) and water stable aggregates (WSA). Based on the aggregate size fraction arrangement after dry and wet sieving significant difference was found between crops - winter wheat and maize. After dry sieving both crops showed relatively stable structure, although dry geometric mean diameter (dGMD) and structure coefficient (Ks) differ in explanation of cropping system effects on structure. After wet sieving small macroaggregates (250-2000 μm) showed greater structural stability and large marcroaggregates were lower. To preserve structure it is necessary to apply proper tillage operation and to allow soil to naturally build biological maturity that facilitate favourable aggregates and affects soils properties.

The objective of this study was to check the fertility of soils in the region of Srem through the analysis of the main chemical soil properties. Locations for soil sampling have been determined by means of a 4x4 km grid superimposed over a soil map of the Vojvodina Province R 1:50,000. GPS coordinates were given for each sample site. The results of this study provide a solid basis for soil quality and environment status estimations. Compared against the previous round of studies (Hadžić et al., 1993), there occurred a moderate soil alkalization, except in forests typically established on the brown forest soil and pseudogley. Humus reduction was registered in most soil types except the alluvial and alluvial-diluvial soils and in forested areas. Total nitrogen varied in unison with humus content. Considering the mean values of available phosphorus and potassium for the entire region of Srem, decreasing trends were seen as compared with the previous round of studies. U cilju kontrole plodnosti i sagledavanja sadržaja opasnih i štetnih materija u zemljištima Srema i eventualno njihove degradacije u širem smislu, u toku septembra i oktobra 2006. prikupljeno je 250 uzoraka zemljišta. Svaki uzorak prate i podaci o njegovom tačnom položaju sa koordinatama i nadmorskom visinom. U radu je prikazan deo istraživanja koja se odnose na osnovna hemijska svojstva zemljišta. Najveći broj uzoraka zemljišta ima umereno alkalnu reakciju (prosečna vrednost za sve ispitivane uzorke pH u H2O 7,83) i dobro su obezbeđeni humusom (oko 70% uzoraka ima sadržaj humusa u granicama od 2 do 4% sa prosečnim sadržajem od 3,01 %). Srednji sadržaj CaCO3 iznosi 5,79%. Sadržaj lako pristupačnog fosfora i kalijuma nalazi se na optimalnom nivou (srednja vrednost P2O5 22,70 mg/100g a K2O 21,88 mg/100g zemljišta).

Usually crop models are run as point-based at field level. However, various soil properties may cause crop growth and yield to vary significantly at a smaller spatial scale than the field. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine whether within-field variation in yield can be simulated when appropriate input data are available. A study was performed on a 64-ha maize field located in Vojvodina region (northern Serbia). The soil was characterized as Chernozem. The field was managed by the farmer at a sub-field level in 2017. Apparent electrical conductivity zones were used for targeted soil sampling and final yield was recorded by yield monitors installed on the two harvesters used to harvest the field. According to the results, field slope, water flow direction and accumulation were important yield driving factors. Spatially variable soil properties were introduced into the WOFOST crop model by estimating available water within the field, based on calculated water flow accumulation. Points were selected within management zones. Yield predicted by the model was correlated with the yield measured by the yield monitors.

Increased concentrations of anions and cations, as well as potentially toxic metals in the agricultural soils developed in the area of water field Velika Gorica can present problem from the standpoint of environmental risk. The subject of this study is the Cambisol soil developed on the area of the Velika Gorica water well field. The objective of this research was to determine the main soil properties and soil accumulation or mobilisation of potentially toxic metals and ions in Cambisol under agricultural activities. Physical, mineralogical and geochemical analysis of the collected soils were carried out in order to determine their properties, such as soil reaction (pH), electrical conductivity, carbonate, organic and mineralogical content and grain size distribution. Sequential extraction analysis was made to determine the main binding site of potentially toxic metals in the soil. The analyses were performed according to the BCR procedure and proportions of elements were determined in four fractions: (1) carbonate, (2) the fraction of Fe-Mn oxide and hydroxide, (3) organic-sulphide, and (4) residual fraction. The following potentially toxic metals were measured: Cu, Cd, Zn and Pb. The analysis of anions and cations (Na+, K+, NH4 +, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3 -, NO2 - and SO4 2-) were made using ionic chromatography. The analysis showed that the concentrations of potentially toxic elements (Cu, Cd, Zn and Pb) as well as cations and anions (Na+, K+, NH4 +, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3 -, NO2 - and SO4 2-) are significant in a layer of up to about 80 cm. Their concentration decreases beneath the specified depth as a result of particle size distribution, dominated by silt and clay that determine a lower permeability of the soil. Surface samples showed increased element concentrations, as well as the influence of agricultural activities. Even though influence of agricultural activities is recognized, all results show that impact is decreasing after approximately 80 cm depth.

The subject of this study are the soils(calcomelanosol, calcocambisol and regosol) in the area of the Neretva River Delta around the Kuti Lake. The objective of this work was to determine geochemical and mineralogical properties of calcomelanosol, calcocambisol and regosol for better understanding weathering processes of source materials. Chemical, mineralogical and geochemical analysis of the collected soils were carried out in order to determine their properties, such as soil reaction (pH), electrical conductivity, content of carbonates. Organic material was removed from the fraction

Some of the most important agrotechnical measures in crop production are soil tillage and fertilization. Irregular and scientifically unfounded implementation of above mentioned measures have negative effects on environment, yields, profit and in the end on health safety of food. Producing safe food while preserving the environment is a standard today, but it also requires a rapid response of agricultural producers to the newly arisen situations. Main objective of this paper is to test the advanced expert model for calculation of optimal nitrogen fertilization in different conservational systems of tillage. The model takes into account 30 parameters on basis of which it calculates recommendations for fertilization together with a proposal of measures for soil conditioning. Multi- year research trials are conducted in central part of Croatia (this paper will present only two experimental years – climatically very divergent) on the soils of limited fertility for winter wheat and maize with five different tillage systems (T1- Conventional soil tillage, T2-Subsoiling, T3- Chiseling, T4-Discharrowing, T5-No-tillage) and three levels of nitrogen fertilization (N1 - model calculated optimal level, N2 - 50% lower dosage and N3 - 50% higher dosage). On the basis of obtained results it was determined that the weather conditions had the strongest impact, after that tillage and the nitrogen fertilization had the weakest impact primarily on yield and yields components. By application of AlXp computer model, significant impact on ecological and economic justification of cultivation of winter wheat and maize was accomplished, by selecting optimal agrotechnical procedures (soil tillage and nitrogen fertilization) in compliance with agroecologic conditions.