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The identity and institutional image of universities are presented to the world through their websites. On their websites, universities publish their academic offerings, their mission, their vision, their academic objectives, their achievements, their regulations, their news and all their university work. Hence, the importance of university websites is accessible. The accessibility of university websites has been evaluated several times in the past, but there is no work that has summarized all the evaluations performed to provide a general overview of the situation. Therefore, in this research we have performed a systematic literature review (SLR) to consolidate, analyze, synthesize and interpret the accessibility results of university websites published in 42 papers that have been selected for this study. The methodology used in this SLR was that proposed in Kitchenham’s guidelines, which includes three stages: planning the review, conducting the review and reporting the review. The results present the analysis and synthesis of the evaluations of 9,140 universities in 67 countries. Of these, 38,416 web pages, 91,421 YouTube videos and 28,395 PDF documents were evaluated. Manual methods, methods with automatic tools and the combination of both methods were used for the evaluation. Most websites were evaluated using the ISO/IEC 40500:2012 and Section 508 standards. The accessibility guidelines most commonly violated in the evaluations were: adaptable, compatible, distinguishable, input assistance, keyboard accessible, navigable, predictable, readable and text alternatives. In conclusion, the university websites, YouTube videos and PDF documents analyzed in the 42 papers present important accessibility problems. The main contribution of this SLR is the consolidation of the results of the 42 studies selected to determine the findings and trends in the accessibility of university websites around the world. This work was supported by the Catholic University of Cuenca; the EduTech project (609785-EPP-1-2019-1-ES-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP) co-funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union; and the project “Development of IoT systems for people with disabilities” (PID2019-111196RB-I00) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation.

BackgroundAs patients are increasingly searching for information about their medical condition on the internet, there is a need for health professionals to be able to guide patients toward reliable and suitable information sources on the internet. ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to develop a clinical tool for health care professionals to assess the usability and quality of the content of websites containing medical information that could be recommended to patients. MethodsA 3-round modified electronic Delphi (eDelphi) study was conducted with 20 health care professionals. ResultsIn round one of the eDelphi study, of the 68 items initially created, 41 items (29 on usability and 12 on content) were rated as important or very important by more than half of the panel and thus selected for further evaluation in round two. In round two, of the 41 items chosen from round 1, 19 were selected (9 on usability and 10 on content) as important or very important by more than half of the panel for further evaluation. As a result of round three, 2 items were combined as a single item, leaving the instrument with 18 items in total (8 on usability and 10 on content). The tool is freely accessible online. ConclusionsThe CUE-tool can be used to (1) evaluate the usability and reliability of the content of websites before recommending them to patients as a good information source; (2) identify websites that do not have reliable content or may be difficult for patients to use; (3) develop quality websites by using the criteria in the CUE-tool; and (4) identify different qualities between different websites.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has markedly affected renal transplant care. During this time of social distancing, limited in-person visits, and uncertainty, patients and donors are relying more than ever on telemedicine and web-based information. Several factors can influence patients’ understanding of web-based information, such as delivery modes (instruction, interaction, and assessment) and social-epistemological dimensions (choices in interactive knowledge building). Objective The aim of this study was to systemically evaluate the content, delivery modes, and social-epistemological dimensions of web-based information on COVID-19 and renal transplantation at time of the pandemic. Methods Multiple keyword combinations were used to retrieve websites on COVID-19 and renal transplantation using the search engines Google.com and Google.nl. From 14 different websites, 30 webpages were examined to determine their organizational sources, topics, delivery modes, and social-epistemological dimensions. Results The variety of topics and delivery modes was limited. A total of 13 different delivery modes were encountered, of which 8 (62%) were instructional and 5 (38%) were interactional; no assessment delivery modes were observed. No website offered all available delivery modes. The majority of delivery modes (8/13, 62%) focused on individual and passive learning, whereas group learning and active construction of knowledge were rarely encountered. Conclusions By taking interactive knowledge transfer into account, the educational quality of eHealth for transplant care could increase, especially in times of crisis when rapid knowledge transfer is needed.

Background People use the internet as a primary source for learning about medical procedures and their associated safety profiles and risks. Although abortion is one of the most common procedures worldwide among women in their reproductive years, it is controversial and highly politicized. Substantial scientific evidence demonstrates that abortion is safe and does not increase a woman’s future risk for depressive disorders or infertility. The extent to which information found on the internet reflects these medical facts in a trustworthy and unbiased manner is not known. Objective The purpose of this study was to collate and describe the trustworthiness and political slant or bias of web-based information about abortion safety and risks of depression and infertility following abortion. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study of internet websites using 3 search topics: (1) is abortion safe?, (2) does abortion cause depression?, and (3) does abortion cause infertility? We used the Google Adwords tool to identify the search terms most associated with those topics and Google’s search engine to generate databases of websites related to each topic. We then classified and rated each website in terms of content slant (pro-choice, neutral, anti-choice), clarity of slant (obvious, in-between, or difficult/can’t tell), trustworthiness (rating scale of 1-5, 5=most trustworthy), type (forum, feature, scholarly article, resource page, news article, blog, or video), and top-level domain (.com, .net, .org, .edu, .gov, or international domain). We compared website characteristics by search topic (safety, depression, or infertility) using bivariate tests. We summarized trustworthiness using the median and IQR, and we used box-and-whisker plots to visually compare trustworthiness by slant and domain type. Results Our search methods yielded a total of 111, 120, and 85 unique sites for safety, depression, and infertility, respectively. Of all the sites (n=316), 57.3% (181/316) were neutral, 35.4% (112/316) were anti-choice, and 7.3% (23/316) were pro-choice. The median trustworthiness score was 2.7 (IQR 1.7-3.7), which did not differ significantly across topics (P=.409). Anti-choice sites were less trustworthy (median score 1.3, IQR 1.0-1.7) than neutral (median score 3.3, IQR 2.7-4.0) and pro-choice (median score 3.7, IQR 3.3-4.3) sites. Anti-choice sites were also more likely to have slant clarity that was “difficult to tell” (41/112, 36.6%) compared with neutral (25/181, 13.8%) or pro-choice (4/23, 17.4%; P Conclusions People seeking information about the safety and potential risks of abortion are likely to encounter a substantial amount of untrustworthy and slanted/biased abortion information. Anti-choice sites are prevalent, often difficult to identify as anti-choice, and less trustworthy than neutral or pro-choice sites. Web searches may lead the public to believe abortion is riskier than it is.

Background Websites are an important source of information for fellowship applicants, as they can influence ongoing interest and potential program selection. Objective This study aims to evaluate the current state of colorectal fellowship websites. Methods This cross-sectional study evaluates the quantity and quality of information available on websites of colorectal fellowship programs verified by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education in 2019. Results A total of 63 colorectal fellowships were included for evaluation. Websites were surveyed for content items that previous studies have found to be influential to program applicants. The 58 (91%) programs with a functional website were evaluated using an information index (calculated as a function of availability of content items concerning education, application, personnel, and benefits) and an interactive index (calculated as a function of accessibility and usability of the webpage). Programs had a median total score of 27.8 (IQR 21.5-34.5) of 79. The median score for the interactive index was 7.5 of 15 and for the information index was 20 of 64. The median scores for website application, education, personnel, and benefits or life considerations were 5, 5.5, 3.3, and 4 of 13, 24, 13, and 14, respectively. There was no difference in total score between programs in different geographical regions (P=.46). Conclusions Currently, colorectal surgery fellowship program websites do not provide enough content for applicants to make informed decisions. All training programs, regardless of specialty, should evaluate and improve their digital footprint to ensure their websites are accessible and provide the information desired by applicants.

Background Informal carers have a crucial role in the care of older people, but they are at risk of social isolation and psychological exhaustion. Web-based services like apps and websites are increasingly used to support informal carers in addressing some of their needs and tasks, such as health monitoring of their loved ones, information and communication, and stress management. Despite the growing number of available solutions, the lack of knowledge or skills of carers about the solutions often prevent their usage. Objective This study aimed to review and select apps and websites offering functionalities useful for informal carers of frail adults or older people in 5 European countries (Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Sweden). Methods A systematic online search was conducted from January 2017 to mid-March 2017 using selected keywords, followed by an assessment based on a set of commonly agreed criteria and standardized tools. Selected resources were rated and classified in terms of scope. Focus groups with informal carers were conducted to validate the list and the classification of resources. The activities were conducted in parallel in the participating countries using common protocols and guidelines, a standardization process, and scheduled group discussions. Results From a total of 406 eligible resources retrieved, 138 apps and 86 websites met the inclusion criteria. Half of the selected resources (109/224, 48.7%) were disease-specific, and the remaining resources included information and utilities on a variety of themes. Only 38 resources (38/224, 17.0%) were devoted specifically to carers, addressing the management of health disturbances and diseases of the care recipient and focusing primarily on neurodegenerative diseases. Focus groups with the carers showed that almost all participants had no previous knowledge of any resource specifically targeting carers, even if interest was expressed towards carer-focused resources. The main barriers for using the resources were low digital skills of the carers and reliability of health-related apps and websites. Results of the focus groups led to a new taxonomy of the resources, comprising 4 categories: carer’s wellbeing, managing health and diseases of the care recipient, useful contacts, and technologies for eldercare. Conclusions The review process allowed the identification of online resources of good quality. However, these resources are still scarce due to a lack of reliability and usability that prevent users from properly benefiting from most of the resources. The involvement of end users provided added value to the resource classification and highlighted the gap between the potential benefits from using information and communication technologies and the real use of online resources by carers.

Background: Patients diagnosed with melanoma frequently search the internet for treatment information, including novel and complex immunotherapy. However, health literacy is limited among half of the German population, and no assessment of websites on melanoma treatment has been performed so far. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify and assess the most visible websites in German language on melanoma immunotherapy. Methods: In accordance with the common Web-based information-seeking behavior of patients with cancer, the first 20 hits on Google, Yahoo, and Bing were searched for combinations of German synonyms for “melanoma” and “immunotherapy” in July 2017. Websites that met our predefined eligibility criteria were considered for assessment. Three reviewers independently assessed their quality by using the established DISCERN tool and by checking the presence of quality certification. Usability and reliability were evaluated by the LIDA tool and understandability by the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT). The Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES) was calculated to estimate the readability. The ALEXA and SISTRIX tools were used to investigate the websites’ popularity and visibility. The interrater agreement was determined by calculating Cronbach alpha. Subgroup differences were identified by t test, U test, or one-way analysis of variance. Results: Of 480 hits, 45 single websites from 30 domains were assessed. Only 2 website domains displayed a German quality certification. The average assessment scores, mean (SD), were as follows: DISCERN, 48 (7.6); LIDA (usability), 40 (2.0); LIDA (reliability), 10 (1.6); PEMAT, 69% (16%); and FRES, 17 (14), indicating mediocre quality, good usability, and understandability but low reliability and an even very low readability of the included individual websites. SISTRIX scores ranged from 0 to 6872 and ALEXA scores ranged from 17 to 192,675, indicating heterogeneity of the visibility and popularity of German website domains providing information on melanoma immunotherapy. Conclusions: Optimization of the most accessible German websites on melanoma immunotherapy is desirable. Especially, simplification of the readability of information and further adaption to reliability criteria are required to support the education of patients with melanoma and laypersons, and to enhance transparency.

Background: Previous data suggest that quality of Internet information regarding surgical conditions and their treatments is variable. However, no comprehensive analysis of website quality exists for thoracic surgery. Objective: The aim of this study was to quantify website quality in a multilingual setting using an international standard for assessment. Methods: Health On the Net (HON) principles may be applied to websites using an automated toolbar function. We used the English, French, Spanish, and German Google search engines to identify 12,000 websites using keywords related to thoracic conditions and procedures. The first 150 websites returned by each keyword in each language were examined. We compared website quality to assess for tertile (is the quality better in first, second, or third 50 websites returned) and language differences. A further analysis of the English site types was undertaken performing a comparative analysis of website provider types. Results: Overall, there are a considerable number of websites devoted to thoracic surgery: “lung cancer” returned over 150 million websites. About 7.85% (940/11,967) of websites are HON-accredited with differences by search term (P

Background: The most popular social networking site in the United States is Facebook, an online forum where circles of friends create, share, and interact with each other’s content in a nonpublic way. Objective: Our objectives were to understand (1) the most commonly used terms and phrases relating to breast cancer screening, (2) the most commonly shared website links that other women interacted with, and (3) the most commonly shared website links, by age groups. Methods: We used a novel proprietary tool from Facebook to analyze all of the more than 1.7 million unique interactions (comments on stories, reshares, and emoji reactions) and stories associated with breast cancer screening keywords that were generated by more than 1.1 million unique female Facebook users over the 1 month between November 15 and December 15, 2016. We report frequency distributions of the most popular shared Web content by age group and keywords. Results: On average, each of 59,000 unique stories during the month was reshared 1.5 times, commented on nearly 8 times, and reacted to more than 20 times by other users. Posted stories were most often authored by women aged 45-54 years. Users shared, reshared, commented on, and reacted to website links predominantly to e-commerce sites (12,200/1.7 million, 36% of all the most popular links), celebrity news (n=8800, 26%), and major advocacy organizations (n=4900, 15%; almost all accounted for by the American Cancer Society breast cancer site). Conclusions: On Facebook, women shared and reacted to links to commercial and informative websites regarding breast cancer and screening. This information could inform patient outreach regarding breast cancer screening, indirectly through better understanding of key issues, and directly through understanding avenues for paid messaging to women authoring and reacting to content in this space. [J Med Internet Res 2017;19(6):e201]

Background: A range of digital technologies are available to lay people to find, share, and generate health-related information. Few studies have directed attention specifically to how women are using these technologies from the diverse array available to them. Even fewer have focused on Australian women’s use of digital health. Objective: The Australian Women and Digital Health Project aimed to investigate which types of digital technologies women used regularly for health-related purposes and which they found most helpful and useful. Qualitative methods—semistructured interviews and focus groups—were employed to shed light on the situated complexities of the participants’ enactments of digital health technologies. The project adopted a feminist new materialism theoretical perspective, focusing on the affordances, relational connections, and affective forces that came together to open up or close off the agential capacities generated with and through these enactments. Methods: The project comprised two separate studies including a total of 66 women. In study 1, 36 women living in the city of Canberra took part in face-to-face interviews and focus groups, while study 2 involved telephone interviews with 30 women from other areas of Australia. Results: The affordances of search engines to locate health information and websites and social media platforms for providing information and peer support were highly used and valued. Affective forces such as the desire for trust, motivation, empowerment, reassurance, control, care, and connection emerged in the participants’ accounts. Agential capacities generated with and through digital health technologies included the capacity to seek and generate information and create a better sense of knowledge and expertise about bodies, illness, and health care, including the women’s own bodies and health, that of their families and friends, and that of their often anonymous online social networks. The participants referred time and again to appreciating the feelings of agency and control that using digital health technologies afforded them. When the technologies failed to work as expected, these agential capacities were not realized. Women responded with feelings of frustration, disappointment, and annoyance, leading them to become disenchanted with the possibilities of the digital technologies they had tried. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate the nuanced and complex ways in which the participants were engaging with and contributing to online sources of information and using these sources together with face-to-face encounters with doctors and other health care professionals and friends and family members. They highlight the lay forms of expertise that the women had developed in finding, assessing, and creating health knowledges. The study also emphasized the key role that many women play in providing advice and health care for family members not only as digitally engaged patients but also as digitally engaged carers.

Introduction: Nowadays, potential patients surf the internet to check the websites of health care organizations to select the most suitable health organization for their needs within the perspective of health tourism. To this effect, dental health tourism as a subset of health tourism is considered to be a developing sector. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess whether websites are effectively used as media tools by dental health care organizations, which serve as currently active as well as promising components of health tourism in Turkey. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 555 websites of dental health care organizations were examined. Web pages were evaluated by using E-Information Quality Scale of the Health Centre. A low score indicates well-designed websites. Results: Scores related to “contact information” and “website layout” were lower in the private ones (n:146) than the public institutions (n:409)(p=0.000, p=0.011). It was observed that 80.8% (n:122) of the websites with foreign language options (n:151), were private institutions); whereas, public institutions only constitute 19.2% (n:29) of the total. All sub-group scores in the scale were lower in the organizations offering foreign language alternatives in contrast to the ones without foreign language options (p

This white paper has been prepared by World Bank s Transport and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Global Practice at the request of the MIOA . Delivery of the White Paper is part of a wider package of technical assistance by the World Bank to the Government of FYR Macedonia. The paper starts off by giving an overview of the state of telecom development in rural FYR Macedonia from the standpoint of affordability and availability of the commercial broadband Internet access services for the less advantaged groups of the population. The next section describes the Wi-Fi Kiosk Project outlining its scope, aim, and implementation process while bringing forward publics experiences with respect to the Wi-Fi kiosk use. This section also examines technical parameters related to the Internet usage and demonstrates the problematic of the kiosk maintenance in the remote and rural areas. Section five references specific policy and regulatory measures designed by different government stakeholders with a goal to analyse the approach which has been chosen to ensure availability of the fixed and (or) mobile broadband Internet in the rural areas of the country. The white paper concludes with a set of observations and recommendations aiming to address the sustainability of the results achieved by the Wi-Fi Kiosk Project and to offer next steps to increase rural connectivity in FYR Macedonia.

Background - Medication is the most common intervention in health care, and written medication information can affect consumers’ medication-related behavior. Research has shown that a large proportion of Australians search for medication information on the Internet. Objective - To evaluate the medication information content, based on consumer medication information needs, and usability of 4 Australian health websites: Better Health Channel, myDr, healthdirect, and NPS MedicineWise . Methods - To assess website content, the most common consumer medication information needs were identified using (1) medication queries to the healthdirect helpline (a telephone helpline available across most of Australia) and(2) the most frequently used medications in Australia. The most frequently used medications were extracted from Australian government statistics on use of subsidized medicines in the community and the National Census of Medicines Use. Each website was assessed to determine whether it covered or partially covered information and advice about these medications. To assess website usability, 16 consumers participated in user testing wherein they were required to locate 2 pieces of medication information on each website. Brief semistructured interviews were also conducted with participants to gauge their opinions of the websites. Results - Information on prescription medication was more comprehensively covered on all websites (3 of 4 websites covered 100% of information) than nonprescription medication (websites covered 0%-67% of information). Most websites relied on consumer medicines information leaflets to convey prescription medication information to consumers. Information about prescription medication classes was less comprehensive, with no website providing all information examined about antibiotics and antidepressants. Participants (n=16) were able to locate medication information on websites in most cases (accuracy ranged from 84% to 91%). However, a number of usability issues relating to website navigation and information display were identified. For example, websites not allowing combinations of search terms to be entered in search boxes and continuous blocks of text without subheadings. Conclusions - Of the 4 Australian health information websites tested, none provided consumers with comprehensive medication information on both prescription and nonprescription medications in a user-friendly way. Using data on consumer information needs and user testing to guide medication information content and website design is a useful approach to inform consumer website development.

Background: Little is known about how individuals engage with electronic health (eHealth) interventions over time and whether this engagement predicts health outcomes. Objective: The objectives of this study, by using the example of a specific type of eHealth intervention (ie, websites for smoking cessation), were to determine (1) distinct groups of log-in trajectories over a 12-month period, (2) their association with smoking cessation, and (3) baseline user characteristics that predict trajectory group membership. Methods: We conducted a functional clustering analysis of 365 consecutive days of log-in data from both arms of a large (N=2637) randomized trial of 2 website interventions for smoking cessation (WebQuit and Smokefree), with a primary outcome of 30-day point prevalence smoking abstinence at 12 months. We conducted analyses for each website separately. Results: A total of 3 distinct trajectory groups emerged for each website. For WebQuit, participants were clustered into 3 groups: 1-week users (682/1240, 55.00% of the sample), 5-week users (399/1240, 32.18%), and 52-week users (159/1240, 12.82%). Compared with the 1-week users, the 5- and 52-week users had 57% higher odds (odds ratio [OR] 1.57, 95% CI 1.13-2.17; P=.007) and 124% higher odds (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.45-3.43; P

Разработката представя основна част от работата на екипа от учени по проект №КП-06-Н42/4 към ФНИ за проучване и подобряване на онлайн достъпността за хора с увреждания. Изследването цели да подпомогне достъпността за хората със силно или напълно изгубено зрение, както и разбирането на проблемите, с които те се сблъскват, и начините за преодоляването им, така че да може да се систематизират и изградят ефективни похвати, критерии и методология за анализ, оценка и подобряване на дигиталното представяне на информация. Предложени са методология и критерии за анализ и тестване, приложени на над 100 сайта и документи, развивани и подобрявани по време на проекта. Разгледани и тествани са и софтуери. Представени са и примери за подобряване на дигиталното представяне на информация онлайн към хора с нарушено зрение, включително сайт с достъпност и QR кодове, обучителен сайт и система със подходящо дигитално представяне и кодиране на информацията. The paper presents a major part of the research work of a team of scientists under project No. KP-06-Н42/4, funded by the National Institute for Scientific Research, concerning the analysis, evaluation, and improvement of digital accessibility for people with disabilities. The research aims to support accessibility for people with severe or total vision loss, as well as understanding the problems they face, and the ways to overcome them. This includes offering a methodology for assessment, analysis and evaluation of accessibility tested on more than 100 sites and documents. Software programmes were also reviewed for accessibility. The paper also includes examples offering more adequate digital presentations of information to people with disabilities. Examples include a site with accessibility and QR codes, a training site and a system with appropriate digital representation and encoding of information. Изследването е частично финансирано по проект „Дигитална достъпност за хора със специални потребности: методология, концептуални модели и иновативни екосистеми“ чрез договор No КП-06-Н42/4 от 08.12.2020 г. с фонд „Научни изследвания“ на Република България.

BackgroundPurchasing electronic health records (EHRs) typically follows a process in which potential adopters actively seek information, compare alternatives, and form attitudes towards the product. A potential source of information on EHRs that can be used in the process is vendor websites. It is unclear how much product information is presented on EHR vendor websites or the extent of its value during EHR purchasing decisions. ObjectiveTo explore what features of EHR systems are presented by vendors in Ontario, Canada, on their websites, and the persuasive means they use to market such systems; to compare the online information available about primary care EHR systems with that about hospital EHR systems, and with data compiled by OntarioMD, a regional certifying agency. MethodsA list of EHR systems available in Ontario was created. The contents of vendor websites were analyzed. A template for data collection and organization was developed and used to collect and organize information on the vendor, website content, and EHR features. First, we mapped information on system features to categories based on a framework from the Institute of Medicine (IOM). Second, we used a grounded theory–like approach to explore information for building consumer confidence in the vendor and product, and the various persuasive strategies employed on vendor websites. All data were first coded by one researcher. A peer reviewer independently analyzed a randomly chosen subset of the websites (10 of 21; 48%) and provided feedback towards a unified coding scheme. All data were then re-coded and categorized into themes. Finally, we compared information from vendor websites and data gathered by OntarioMD. ResultsVendors provided little specific product information on their websites. Only two of five acute care EHR websites (40%) and nine of 16 websites for primary care systems (56%) featured seven or all eight of the IOM components. Several vendor websites included system interface demonstrations: screenshots (six websites), public videos or slideshows (four websites), or for registered viewers only (three websites). Persuasive means used by vendors included testimonials on 14/21 (67%) websites, and directional language. Except for one free system, trial EHR versions were not available. OntarioMD provided more comprehensive information about primary care systems than the vendors’ websites. Of 14 points of comparison, only the inclusion of templates and bilingual interfaces were fully represented in both data sources. For all other categories, the vendor websites were less complete than the OntarioMD site. ConclusionsEHR vendor websites employ various persuasive means, but lack product-specific information and do not provide options for trying systems on a limited basis. This may impede the ability of potential adopters to form perceptions and compare various offerings. Both vendors and clients could benefit from greater transparency and more specific product information on the Web. Trial RegistrationN/A

Cet article s’appuie sur les résultats d’une recherche portant sur l’extrême-droite et qui visait à analyser les liens multiples existant entre les médias et la radicalisation menant à la violence. L’équipe de recherche a recouru à plusieurs types de méthodologies aussi bien quantitatives que qualitatives découlant d’entretiens menés avec près de 70 individus radicalisés, et d’observations directes d’événements réunissant leurs groupes Le présent article retient les propos explicites de deux individus radicalisés et s’attèle en particulier à l’analyse de centaines de sites consultés sur une période de plusieurs mois, entre 2018 et 2020 This paper discusses the findings of research on the political far right aimed at analyzing the multiple links between the media and radicalization leading to violence. The research team used a number of quantitative and qualitative methodologies based on interviews with some 70 radicalized individuals and direct observations of events that bring their groups together. The paper examines the explicit statements of two radicalized individuals and presents an analysis of the hundreds of sites visited over many months between 2018 and 2020. Este artículo se apoya en los resultados de una investigación referente a la extrema derecha, que tenía como objetivo analizar los múltiples vínculos existentes entre los medios de comunicación y la radicalización que conducen a la violencia. El equipo de investigación recurrió a diversos tipos de metodologías tanto cuantitativas como cualitativas empleadas en entrevistas llevadas a cabo con 70 personas radicalizadas, y observaciones directas de eventos que congregan sus grupos. El artículo se refiere a las declaraciones explícitas de dos personas radicalizadas y se centra en particular en el análisis de centenares de sitios consultados durante un periodo de varios meses, entre 2018 y 2020

Background: In the United Kingdom, rates of deliberate self-harm (DSH) are rising. Alongside this, there has been an increase in the number of websites available with DSH content, and the Internet is known as a valuable resource for those who feel isolated by their condition(s). However, there is little and contradictory evidence available on the effects of using such websites. Further research is therefore required to examine the use and effects of DSH websites. Objective: Our objectives were to explore (1) the reasons people engage in the use of self-harm forums/websites, (2) the beliefs of users of self-harm forums regarding the role of such websites, (3) how the use of self-harm forums/websites modulates self-harm behaviors, and (4) other ways that self-harm forums affect the lives of individuals who use them. Methods: Data were collected by a questionnaire hosted on 20 websites with self-harm content. Participants were self-selected from users of these sites. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and simple thematic analysis. Results: In total, 329 responses were received with 91.8% (302/329) from female site users. The majority of participants (65.6%, 187/285) visited these sites at least twice per week, and most participants used the sites to find information (78.2%, 223/285) or participate in the forums (68.4%, 195/285). Positive effects of website use such as gaining help and support, isolation reduction, and a reduction in self-harm behaviors were reported by a large number of participants. However, smaller but important numbers reported negative effects including worsened self-harm, being triggered to self-harm, and additional negative physical and psychological effects. Conclusions: This is the first multisite study to explore DSH website use in depth. There are clear and important benefits to engaging in website use for many individuals; however, these are not experienced by all website users. Negative effects were experienced by moderate numbers following website use, and clinicians should consider the impact of a patient’s website use when consulting. [J Med Internet Res 2013;15(12):e285]

This paper mainly aims to provide in-depth research on how Croatian franchisors utilise the possibilities of the digital environment in terms of their digital presence. The main focus of digital presence analysis is set on franchisors’ official website and supporting communication channels. For research, this paper focused on creating and testing a specialised evaluation model. The proposed model is dominantly based on three applicable models (Martinez & Gauchi, 2010; Rao & Frazer, 2005; Stefanović & Stanković, 2014) and revised according to the situational factors. A redesigned model was used to evaluate websites of Croatian franchisors, mainly focusing on the provided information, website usability, communication possibilities, and promotional activities. This research paper offers two main outcomes. The first outcome is the redesigned evaluation model, which was applied and tested with several provided improvement guidelines. The second outcome is the comparative analysis of the selected Croatian franchisors in terms of their digital presence and its relationship to several market-related indicators. The paper presents a literature review on franchising e-presence worldwide. The research results presented in this paper offer a better insight into the use of websites by Croatian franchisors. Based on their use, certain conclusions can be made. Consequently, a contribution is made to theoretical research about franchising in Croatia and can serve as a framework for further research in the region. Based on the findings of this paper and the information provided by Croatian franchisors about their products and/or services to current and potential buyers, investments in websites result in wider franchising networks and greater success in the market.

The hotel industry experienced an immense transformation due to technological advancement and digitalization. Hotel websites evolved from merely online brochures to innovative tools with massive strategic significance. Nowadays, hotel websites are a substantial marketing tool for online branding and reaching potential guests. Furthermore, hotel websites are used as online booking mechanisms for hotels to enforce their direct booking channels. Yet, not all hotel websites generate success, depending on their quality. There are numerous interpretations of what website quality consists of, with the consensus that functionality and usability are the key factors that a quality website must contain. This research aims to conduct a preliminary bibliometric analysis to provide insights and systematize previous work on the topic. First, the Web of Knowledge database was searched with the selected keywords reflecting the research goal. Second, the most frequent words and phrases were extracted, and then finally, cluster analysis was conducted to extract research key topics. Interest findings emerged from the analysis beneficial both for academics and hotel managers. The bibliometric analysis pointed out topics' relevance and increased interest from the authors. The number of papers and citations has been rising in the last few years. The paper's origins are worldwide, confirming international interest in the topic. Moreover, the most frequent word analysis outlined the relationship between booking intention and website quality as a leading interest, confirming that website quality is an important factor for direct hotel booking. The most frequent phrase analysis revealed the researcher's interest in the website quality evaluation methodologies and the connection between website quality and perspectives such as the green economy. Finally, the cluster analysis emerged five key interest topics related to the website quality and hotel industry: booking intention, innovation, methodology, psychology, and special events.

Web accessibility means that people with some type of disability can make use of the Web in the same conditions as the rest of the people. When we talk about web accessibility, we refer to a web design and development that allows these people to perceive, understand, navigate and interact with the Web. Web accessibility also benefits other people, including elderly people whose abilities have declined as a result of age. The Web is an essential resource in human activity: education, employment, government, commerce, health, entertainment and many others benefit of the power of the Web. The aim of this systematic literature review is to analyze the empirical methods of evaluating accessibility to educational websites, disabilities and their errors described in a total of 25 selected studies. The results show that in 20 of the 25 papers, web accessibility was evaluated with automatic tools, in 2 papers it was evaluated with real users and in the other 3 papers with automatic tools, real users and experts. There is also evidence that all the educational websites analyzed in the papers need to correct errors. In conclusion, educational websites do not meet any version of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) and their conformance levels. According to the results, the empirical evaluation methods used for web accessibility could be improved by adopting automatic evaluation tools for website construction and manual mechanisms with web accessibility experts. The challenge for educational institutions is to carry out web accessibility projects to comply with WCAG and other web accessibility standards and current laws of educational inclusion. This work was supported in part by the Catholic University of Cuenca and in part by the EduTech Project co-funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union under Grant 609785-EPP-1-2019-1-ES-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP.

Hoy en día, las ciudades compiten por convertirse en la elección de la comunidad mundial en materia de inversiones, comercio, turismo y asociaciones. En este contexto, la redefinición de su estrategia de comunicación, especialmente a nivel digital, se ha convertido en un reto urgente. Por otro lado, la Covid-19 ha impactado directamente en todas las facetas de la vida y, particularmente, en el mundo de los viajes y el turismo, se ha transformado en una crisis de comunicación para las ciudades. Basados en esto, el presente trabajo, utilizando una metodología ya probada en sitios web de diferentes áreas temáticas, presenta una investigación descriptiva, explicativa y exploratoria de los sitios web de las 26 ciudades más visitadas del mundo. Concibiendo los sitios web como el centro neurálgico de la estrategia de comunicación de las ciudades, el estudio ha aplicado una herramienta de análisis basada en seis variables (usabilidad, interactividad, información ofrecida, tipología y actualización de contenidos, redes sociales y contenidos transmedia, y accesibilidad) y organizada en torno a 75 categorías temáticas. Esto permitió profundizar, entre otros temas, en cómo se muestra la ciudad a través de sus canales digitales, qué cuenta y cómo lo cuenta y, de forma muy relevante, cómo las ciudades han abordado la información relacionada con la Covid-19 en sus webs. La investigación destaca, entre otros aspectos, una tendencia a la mediatización de los procesos siguiendo rutinas propias de los cibermedios, advirtiendo de la necesidad de incrementar el papel de las webs como espacios informativos sobre la Covid-19. Nowadays, cities are competing to become the global community's choice in investment, trade, tourism, and partnerships. In this context, the redefinition of their communication strategy, especially at the digital level, has become an urgent challenge. On the other side, COVID-19 has directly impacted all facets of life and, particularly in the world of travel and tourism, has transformed into a communication crisis for cities. On this basis, this paper, using a methodology already proven on websites of different thematic areas, presents a descriptive, explanatory, and exploratory research on the websites of the 26 most visited cities in the world. Conceiving websites as the nerve center of cities communication strategy, the study has applied an analysis tool based on six variables (usability, interactivity, information offered, content typology and updating, social networks and transmedia content, and accessibility) and organized around 75 thematic categories. This made it possible to deepen among other topics, on how the city is shown through its digital channels, what and how it tells the story, and, very relevantly, how cities have tackled Covid-19 related information on their websites. The research highlights, among other aspects, a trend towards the mediatization of processes following routines typical of cybermedia, warning of the need to increase the role of websites as informative spaces on Covid-19.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the websites of 22 national libraries in Ibero-America to determine whether and how effectively they display these organisations’ mission statements, as well as any convergence/divergence among these texts. Design/methodology/approach A review was conducted of the national library websites of ABINIA’s 22 members to locate their respective mission statements. The statements identified were analysed and evaluated against the positioning and presence criteria and wording proposed by experts. Findings Website content clearly attests to national libraries’ eagerness to publicise their mission statements, which are readily accessible in most cases. Their functions are represented to a more or less standard pattern. Most are portrayed as institutions responsible for custodying, enriching, preserving and disseminating their countries’ cultural legacy. Other purposes mentioned include the promulgation of and accessibility to the heritage custodied. Practical implications The paper may prove useful for professional librarians involved in drafting or revising their organisation’s mission statement in the wake of changing circumstances or on the occasion of the formulation of a new strategic plan. Originality/value Of the very short number of analyses of libraries’ mission statements published to date, none discusses national libraries. This is the very first study of national library mission statement in Ibero-America. It forms part of a line of research dealing with national library mission statements defined and available on institutional websites for countries anywhere in the world.

Purpose This paper aims to analyze the effects of web communities vs company websites in providing tactile information considering different types of product in terms of touch diagnosticity (low- vs. high-touch products). Design/methodology/approach Three experimental studies were conducted to examine the effect of online information sources (i.e. web communities vs. company websites) in providing tactile information on consumer responses, considering the moderation role of product type in terms of touch diagnosticity (low- vs. high-touch products, Study 1), the moderating role of type of information (tactile vs. generic, Study 2a); and the moderating role of need for touch (NFT) (Study 2a and 2b). Findings While previous research converges on the idea that the provision of a written description of tactile properties deriving from the product usage is particularly effective for products for which tactile information is diagnostic and for individuals high in NFT, the results demonstrated that the presence (vs. the absence) of the description of the tactile properties provided by web communities (vs. company websites) matters for those products for which touch is not diagnostic and for individuals low in NFT. Practical implications The findings have particular relevance for emerging brands intending to commercialize their products in the digital environment. These companies should be present in web communities to describe a product’s tactile characteristics, especially if not diagnostic. Originality/value This paper significantly contributes to a better understanding of a little studied area, namely, consumer responses toward haptic compensational strategies providing haptic cues (e.g. written description of tactile information along with pictures of products) aiming at compensating for the absence of touch, underlining the differential influence of online sources of tactile information on consumer responses across different types of products.

Використання цифрових інструментів у маркетингових комунікаціях стало очевидною умовою успішного бізнесу. При цьому згідно із сучасною концепцією холістичного маркетингу призначення маркетингових комунікацій організації полягає у просуванні її бізнесу, яке включає не тільки просування її товарів і послуг, але й управління відносинами організації з усіма стейкхолдерами. Ці положення повною мірою стосуються вітчизняних промислових підприємств, які намагаються вийти на зарубіжні ринки збуту. Як ключовий термін для дослідження маркетингових онлайн-комунікацій обрано «сайт». З точки зору свого призначення сайти представляють різного виду соціальні медіа, які полегшують їх користувачам спілкування й обмін між собою мультимедійною інформацією. Сайти розглядаються як канали маркетингових комунікацій, у яких для просування бізнесу застосовуються певні методи. При цьому виникає проблема інтеграції каналів просування в єдину систему маркетингових комунікацій. Статтю присвячено аналізу методів просування бізнесу організацій за допомогою сайтів соціальних медіа та їх систематизації для створення інтегрованих маркетингових комунікацій. Здійснено класифікацію вебсайтів відповідно до тієї ролі, яку вони можуть виконувати в інтегрованому просуванні бізнесу. Слід виокремлювати офіційні сайти організації, яка просуває свій бізнес, і сайти, які використовуються нею для отримання інформаційних послуг. Багато організацій мають два офіційних сайти: представницький – для презентації свого бізнесу і транзакційний ‒ для електронної торгівлі. Розробниками сайтів інформаційних послуг виступають їхні власники, для яких надання цих послуг становить зміст їх бізнесу. До таких сайтів належать соціальні медіа, що підтримують електронну пошту, соціальні мережі, блоги, месенджери. Проаналізовано основні методи просування в різних соціальних медіа. Встановлено необхідні логічні зв'язки між процесами просування по різних каналах комунікацій для їх інтеграції в єдину систему. The use of digital tools in marketing communications has become an obvious precondition for a successful business. At the same time, the modern concept of holistic marketing establishes that the purpose of marketing communications is to promote business of a firm, which includes not only the promotion of its goods and services, but also the management of its relations with all stakeholders. These provisions fully apply to Ukrainian industrial enterprises that seek to develop foreign sales markets In the paper the concept of a site was chosen as the key term for research of marketing online communications. From the standpoint of their purpose, sites represent different types of social media that make it easier for their users to communicate and exchange multimedia information with each other. Websites are viewed as marketing communication channels that use certain methods to promote business activities. This raises the problem of integrating promotion channels into a single marketing communications system. The paper is devoted to the analysis of methods of promoting business activities of enterprises using social media sites and their systematization to create integrated marketing communications. We have classified websites according to the role they can play in integrated business promotion. It has been established that one should highlight the official sites of an enterprise promoting its business activities and the sites used to obtain information services. Many enterprises have two official websites: a representative one for presenting their business activities and a transactional one for e-commerce. The developers of information services sites are their owners, for whom the provision of these services constitutes the content of their business activity. These sites include social media supporting email, social networks, blogs, instant messengers. The analysis of the main methods of promotion in various social media is carried out. It allows one to establish the necessary logical connections between the promotion processes through various communication channels for their integration into a single system.

The purpose of this thesis is to study how well design iterations work in the very early stage of a website redesign project. The focus is on the perspective of how the project team felt about starting design iterations right from the beginning. This study is limited to health tech wearable products where users have a mobile application to use with the health tech wearable device. Design iterations are a repeatable process, cycles of designing, prototyping, testing and evaluating the outcome with users. The purpose of design iterations is to get quick user feedback of the newest designs. The redesign in the case study was started completely from scratch and deciding the concept for the website is a part of this case study. Health tech wearables are, for example, sport watches and fitness trackers. Many of the health tech wearable devices work in a way that the data the device collects is synced with a mobile device and the user has a specific mobile application to use with the health tech wearable device. This approach of syncing the health tech wearable with a mobile device gives quite much freedom to the possible web application. Web applications can be completely left out, or it can have more functionalities than the mobile applications have. The first part of this thesis covers competitor analysis to understand the state of the business. Competitor analysis compares different health tech wearable web applications and shows different solutions how competitors have approached the issue. The theoretical background of this study focuses on theory about design iterations on website redesign projects. It covers motivations for website redesign and theory about design iterations, user interviews and A/B testing viewed from the perspective of a website redesign. The case study concentrates on concepting and prototyping a website and evaluating it in design iterations. The first design iteration round started from defining the possible concepts for the web application and building a paper prototype for it. Prototypes are built with three design iteration rounds and they all are low-fidelity mockups presenting the website ideas. The goal for the whole project was to build a web application that users feel brings value to them and would be useful to be used with the mobile application. The results of the study indicate that design iterations work well also in the early stage of a website redesign project. Design iterations can help to understand users’ expectations better already from the beginning. The project team felt that to get the full benefit of design iterations the amount of design iterations shouldn’t be limited to too little.

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Owing to the unprecedented advancements in digital technologies adopted for use in marketing tourism, their use in tourism is expected only to gain momentum. The purpose of this paper is to systematically review literature published in tourism-related journals on digital marketing tools in tourism from 2016-2020, and to discuss future trends. The analysis reveals that the increased adoption of digital marketing tools has disrupted the status quo of the tourism industry. Findings also highlight a growing and broad digital marketing tools terrain that is thematically diverse. Tourism marketers have to ensure that they understand the trends in the digital marketing domain and be able to adapt to the changes in order to remain competitive. Based on literature synthesis, the study provides insights into practical managerial implications and provides the groundwork for future studies.

Cet article étudie des discours ayant trait à deux grands cabinets de conseils internationaux, McKinsey & Company et le Boston Consulting Group afin d’observer de quelles façons ces organisations se retrouvent mythifiées. Les auteures interrogent la construction de leurs notoriétés mythiques à partir de la manière dont leurs discours organisationnels façonnent des imaginaires d’excellence autour du consulting. La majeure partie des matériaux discursifs récoltés est issue des sites internet français de ces cabinets qui en sont eux-mêmes les énonciateurs. Les autres discours abordés sont des discours médiatiques circulant à leur sujet dans l’espace public français This paper examines corporate narratives about two major international consulting firms—McKinsey & Company and the Boston Consulting Group—to see how these organizations are mythologized. The authors examine the construction of their mythical reputations based on how their organizational discourse shapes the projection of excellence in consulting. Most of the discursive materials compiled were put out by the two firms themselves and are taken from their French websites. The other materials examined comprise media discourse disseminated about the firms in the French public sphere. Este artículo trata del estudio de los discursos referentes a dos grandes firmas de consultoría internacional McKinsey & Company y el Boston Consulting Group, con el fin de observar cómo estas empresas han sido mitificadas. Las autoras del artículo cuestionan la construcción de su renombre mítico a partir de la manera en que sus discursos organizacionales moldean el imaginario de excelencia en torno de consulting. La mayor parte del material discursivo recopilado proviene de sitios Internet en francés de esas firmas, en los que ellos mismos son los enunciadores. Los otros discursos tratados son los mediáticos, difundidos sobre ellos, en el espacio público francés

This paper examines the impact of internet information on COVID-19 vaccination rates across U.S. states. Does greater information on the internet about COVID-19 vaccine access increase the number of vaccines administered? Does greater information about COVID-19 vaccine reliability facilitate vaccine administration? To gauge the COVID-19 related information on the world-wide-web we created two cross-state datasets using Google search. One search dealt with searching for information on vaccination availability and scheduling in each state, while the other search involved information on vaccine reliability and its side effects. The estimation results showed that greater availability of the relevant information on the internet increased vaccine administration rates, and this was true for both types of internet searches, resulting in an affirmative answer to the questions above. In contrast, the diffusion of internet access and the digital divide across states did not have a significant impact on vaccination rates. Whereas supply chain issues have garnered most of the attention in terms of the limitations of quickly vaccinating the public, our results show that internet information might be acting as a (largely unheralded) enabler.

U radu se analiziraju igre i igrifikacijski elementi koji se nalaze na mrežnim stranicama enciklopedija. Analizirano je 92 mrežnih stranica općih i posebnih enciklopedija, od kojih 14 sadržava obrazovne mrežne igre ili određene igrifikacijske elemente. Te su igre razvrstane s obzirom na tip: kviz, križaljka, vješala, slagalica ili zagonetka, jedinstvene igre, igre povezivanja itd. Također su unutar igara enciklopedija te stranica enciklopedija identificirani igrifikacijski elementi koji su često prisutni: bodovanje, razine, priča, sustav nagrađivanja itd. Rezultati provedene analize pokazuju da još uvijek malo mrežnih enciklopedija sadržava igre i igrifikacijske elemente (15%) te da od enciklopedija koje imaju igre većina ima kvizove (70%), ali također da postoje neke jedinstvene obrazovne igre koje sadržavaju priču te mogu pomoći korisnicima u učenju geografije, činjenica o životinjama itd. Postoje i igre poput The Wikipedia Adventure, koje poučavaju korisnike kako se koristiti Wikipedijom. Istraživanje je provedeno u sklopu projekta Hrvatski mrežni rječnik – Mrežnik kako bi se osmislio konceptualni okvir igrifikacije mrežnoga rječnika. Metodologija izrade konceptualnoga okvira e-rječnika uz neke se preinake može iskoristiti i za izradu konceptualnoga okvira igrifikacije enciklopedije., The paper analyses games and gamification elements present on encyclopedia websites. The analysis included 92 websites of general and special encyclopedias, only 14 of which contain educational games or gamification elements. These games are categorised by type: quiz, crosswords, hangman, puzzles, drag and drop, unique games, etc. Gamification elements were also identified: scoring, levels, story, reward system, etc. The results of the analysis show that only a few encyclopedias contain games and gamification elements (15%) and that quizzes are the game type which occurs most often on encyclopedia websites (ten encyclopedia websites). There are also unique educational games with a story that can help users in learning geography, facts about animals, etc. There are also games like The Wikipedia Adventure that help the users learn how to work with Wikipedia. The research was conducted within the project Croatian Web Dictionary – Mrežnik to create a conceptual framework for gamifying a web dictionary. The methodology of that conceptual framework can be used to create a conceptual framework for gamifying encyclopedias.

The paper analyses games and gamification elements present on encyclopedia websites. The analysis included 92 websites of general and special encyclopedias, only 14 of which contain educational games or gamification elements. These games are categorised by type: quiz, crosswords, hangman, puzzles, drag and drop, unique games, etc. Gamification elements were also identified: scoring, levels, story, reward system, etc. The results of the analysis show that only a few encyclopedias contain games and gamification elements (15%) and that quizzes are the game type which occurs most often on encyclopedia websites (ten encyclopedia websites). There are also unique educational games with a story that can help users in learning geography, facts about animals, etc. There are also games like The Wikipedia Adventure that help the users learn how to work with Wikipedia. The research was conducted within the project Croatian Web Dictionary – Mrežnik to create a conceptual framework for gamifying a web dictionary. The methodology of that conceptual framework can be used to create a conceptual framework for gamifying encyclopedias.

This paper presents the development of a guide for the design of websites of Higher Education Institutions (HEI) based on the WCAG 2.1 standard applied to visual disabilities. To this end, proposals were identified that guide the design of accessible websites of HEIs, based on the findings and the WCAG 2.1 standard, a guide was specified to facilitate the design of HEI websites applied to visual disabilities, then the level of conformity obtained by the UNIVIDA website when applying the proposed guide. The online tool TAW was used as an evaluation method. The results show that in the analyzed proposals they focus on evaluating the accessibility of websites, however, none of them are specifically oriented to webmasters, developers and web designers, nor do they focus on the design of IES websites for people with disabilities. visual disability. It was also evidenced that when applying the guide on the selected website, of a total of 433 errors in the first analysis, it was reduced to 14 in a second analysis for the A, AA and AAA compliance levels. This work allows to conclude that there is a growing interest in researchers and higher education institutions to design inclusive institutional websites and virtual learning platforms, which not only consider the information needs and the attractive impact of their design but also a focus on the population. with disabilities. Este trabajo presenta el desarrollo de una guía para el diseño de sitios web de Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) basada en el estándar WCAG 2.1 aplicado a discapacidades visuales. Para ello se identificaron propuestas que orientan el diseño de sitios web accesibles de IES. A partir de los hallazgos y del estándar WCAG 2.1 se especificó una guía que facilite el diseño de sitios web de IES aplicada a discapacidades visuales, después se evaluó el nivel de conformidad obtenido por el sitio web de Univida al aplicar la guía propuesta. Como método de evaluación, se utilizó la herramienta en línea TAW. Los resultados muestran que en las propuestas analizadas se enfocan en evaluar la accesibilidad de los sitios web; sin embargo, ninguna de ellas se orienta específicamente a webmasters, desarrolladores y diseñadores web, ni se enfocan en el diseño de sitios web de ies para personas con discapacidad visual. También se evidenció que, al aplicar la guía en el sitio web seleccionado, de un total de 433 errores en el primer análisis se logró disminuir a 14 en un segundo análisis para los niveles de conformidad A, AA y AAA. Este trabajo permite concluir que existe un creciente interés en investigadores e instituciones de educación superior de diseñar sitios web institucionales y plataformas virtuales de aprendizaje inclusivos, que no solo consideren las necesidades de información y el impacto atractivo de su diseño, sino también un enfoque hacia la población con discapacidad. Este artigo apresenta o desenvolvimento de um guia para a concepção de sites de Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) com base na norma WCAG 2.1 aplicada à deficiência visual. Para tanto, foram identificadas propostas que orientam o desenho de websites acessíveis de IES, com base nos achados e na norma WCAG 2.1, foi especificado um guia para facilitar a concepção de websites de IES aplicadas à deficiência visual, seguido do nível de conformidade obtido por no site da UNIVIDA ao aplicar o guia proposto. A ferramenta online TAW foi utilizada como método de avaliação. Os resultados mostram que nas propostas analisadas se concentram na avaliação da acessibilidade de sites, porém, nenhuma de las é especificamente voltada para webmasters, desenvolvedores e web designers, nem se concentra no design de sites de IES para pessoas com deficiência. Evidenciou-se também que, na aplicação do guia no site selecionado, de um total de 433 erros na primeira análise, foi reduzido para 14 em uma segunda análise para os níveis de conformidade A, AA e AAA. Este trabalho permite concluir que existe um interesse crescente de investigadores e instituições de ensino superior em conceber sites institucionais inclusivos e plataformas virtuais de aprendizagem, que considerem não só as necessidades de informação e o impacto atractivo da sua conceção, mas também o enfoque na população. deficiências.

The development of efficient search engine queries for biomedical images, especially in case of query-mismatch is still defined as an ill-posed problem. Vector-space model is found to be useful for handling the query-mismatch issue. However, vector-space model does not consider the relational details among the keywords and biomedical image search space is not evaluated. Therefore, in this paper, we have proposed a deep learning based fusion vector-space based model. The proposed model enhances the biomedical image query similarity matching approach by fusing the vector space model and convolutional neural networks. Deep learning model is defined by converting the vector-space model to a classification model. Finally, deep learning model is trained to implement the search engine for biomedical images. Extensive experiments reveal that the proposed model achieves significant improvement over the existing models.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to develop a useful, effective and comprehensive approach to facilitate the evaluation of hotel websites.Design/methodology/approachThe paper examines the literature evaluating e-commerce sites, particularly that is focused on hotel, tourism and travel. Moreover, 5 criteria and 19 sub-criteria are identified, and a two-step method is proposed for the assessment of hotel websites whereby the global weights of the proposed criteria are determined by the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, and hotel websites are ranked through the fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal situation.FindingsThe results show that the leading criteria to effectively evaluate hotel websites are trust and information quality and that the most important sub-criteria are special discounts, assurance and reservation information.Practical implicationsThis research offers practical advice to increase understanding of the determinants of an effective hotel website so that appropriate strategies can be developed to convert a website visitor into a customer.Originality/valueThe study aims to contribute to businesses operating in the tourism sector which seeks to increase the effectiveness of their websites by identifying criteria and proposing a methodology for hotel website evaluation.

Background The objective of the study described in this article was to examine whether, and to what extent, Australian public hospitals use knowledge terminology, i.e. a body of knowledge-related terms, on their websites. The paper also discusses the difference in the level of such communication between large and small hospitals, the factors affecting the use of the knowledge-related terms in the communication and the similarities/differences between the use of knowledge terms in Australian public hospitals and large/small companies in Australia. Methods 151 Australian public hospitals were included in the research sample: 51 large and 100 small hospitals. Using the method of content analysis, websites mentioning knowledge creation, knowledge sharing, knowledge implementation, and knowledge retention were identified, along with the number of these mentions. Descriptive statistics and chi square test of independence were used to provide answers to four research questions. Results Of the 151 hospitals included in the sample, 30 had no website and 62 (50 small and 12 large) had a single page website. The study found that there are differences between Australian public hospitals regarding the level of their knowledge communication on their websites, both between small and large hospitals and between the individual hospitals within the large and small hospital groups. Conclusions A well-known saying goes “For the mouth speaks what the heart is full of”. Effective communication of knowledge-related terminologies to both internal and external stakeholders, i.e. the parties who access the websites, is therefore an indication of a knowledge focus in the public hospitals. Large hospitals are generally more active in communicating knowledge terms, although there are some exceptions. Some of the small hospitals can lead by example, but most of them do not include knowledge terminology in their communication on websites.

Svrha diplomskog rada je predstaviti i prikazati digitalni marketing kao vrlo snažan alat poslovanja poduzeća u svim vidovima djelatnosti a između ostalog i u turizma. Prvi dio rada se odnosi na teorijski temelj razrade teme s prikazom postojećih i dostupnih statističkih podataka o rezervacijama usluga u turističkoj djelatnosti. Drugi dio rada donosi primjer korištenja digitalnog marketinga u poslovanju poduzeća Connecto transfer koji se bavi uslugama prijevoza u Hrvatskoj. Connecto vrlo vješto koristi web stranice za promociju i privlačenje korisnika njihovih usluga. Osim web stranica Connecto je aktivan na društvenim mrežama gdje ažurno i transparentno objavljuje usluge. The purpose of this thesis is to introduce and present digital marketing as a very powerful business enterprise tool in all aspects of business and, among other things, tourism. The first part of the paper refers to the theoretical basis of elaborating the themes with the presentation of existing and available statistical data on tourism services reservations. The second part of the paper provides an example of using digital marketing in the Connecto transfer business that deals with transport services in Croatia. Connecto is very skillfully using the website to promote and attract the users of their services. Apart from the Connecto website, it is active on social networks where it publishes services in a timely and transparent manner.

The aim of the paper is to analyze the level of acceptance of social responsibility practices in Italy and in particular to evaluate the degree of social responsibility arising from the websites of Italian listed companies. CSR communication contributes to a corporation’s corporate social disclosure, whose main purpose is to enhance a corporate image in order to promote customer and community relations and indirectly promote products to customers. To reach this goal, transparency is crucial. However transparency in the field of CSR is a difficult matter for two reasons: there is not uniformity in social reporting and the preparation of this document is not mandatory. The research is divided into two sections and the approach used is mainly descriptive: in the first part the concept of social balance as a means to interact with all the stakeholders of a firm is exposed. In the second part the paper analyses the web sites of a panel of selected listed Italian companies. The data are able to demonstrate that the size of the company still represent a barrier to CSR reporting and communication since require efforts and investment in term of time and resources. The research also shows that those company identified as “best practice” in the selected panel have a common strength: they attach an importan role to CSR in their corporate websites as a way to improve their image from the perspective of the multiple stakeholders.

This work describes a software tool developed for ESA within the project BIBLOS-2 (BuIlding BLOcks for earth observation mission performance simulator) to model typical conical scanning microwave radiometers in a generic Earth Observation mission. It consists of functional modules: Geometry, Scene Generator, Instrument, and Level 1 data generation modules. This structure follows the architecture for generic Earth Observation mission simulator study, ARCHEO-E2E (ARCHitecture of Earth Observation). The improvement in the BIBLOS-2 Passive Microwave is developing the Radio Frequency Interferences (RFI) generation and mitigation functionality. The developed simulation modules will be provided soon via the BIBLOS web page (https://gmv-biblos.gmv.com/). In this paper, the functions of the BIBLOS-2 passive microwave are described module by module, including the RFI generation/mitigation examples. This work describes a software tool developed for ESA within the project BIBLOS-2 (BuIlding BLOcks for earth observation mission performance simulator) to model typical conical scanning microwave radiometers in a generic Earth Observation mission. It consists of functional modules: Geometry, Scene Generator, Instrument, and Level 1 data generation modules. This structure follows the architecture for generic Earth Observation mission simulator study, ARCHEO-E2E (ARCHitecture of Earth Observation). The improvement in the BIBLOS-2 Passive Microwave is developing the Radio Frequency Interferences (RFI) generation and mitigation functionality. The developed simulation modules will be provided soon via the BIBLOS web page (https://gmv-biblos.gmv.com/). In this paper, the functions of the BIBLOS-2 passive microwave are described module by module, including the RFI generation/mitigation examples. © 2018 IEEE.

Os colaboradores exercem um papel fulcral no sucesso da marca dos hotéis. Existe um número incontável de marcas de hotéis, cada uma com as suas características únicas, o que requer diferentes colaboradores para darem vida às suas promessas. Estes devem estar em sintonia com os valores e requisitos da marca do hotel de modo a poderem representá-la adequadamente durante a interação com os hóspedes. Os gestores devem comunicar corretamente as suas employer brands de modo a atrair os colaboradores desejados. As empresas enviam sinais sobre o seu posicionamento enquanto empregadoras sempre que utilizam um meio de comunicação online. Estas devem apresentar aos potencias candidatos informações claras e precisas de modo a permitir-lhes avaliar a sua afinidade com a empresa mesmo antes de se candidatarem. Assim, a hipótese de ocorrer um emparelhamento entre os colaboradores e os seus empregadores aumenta. Os gestores devem tomar especial atenção à forma como comunicam o seu posicionamento enquanto empregadores de modo a potencializar ativamente este emparelhamento. Neste estudo, explorou-se como dez das maiores redes hoteleiras do mundo utilizam os seus websites de recrutamento para apresentar o seu posicionamento enquanto empregadoras. Paralelamente, analisou-se como estas redes comunicam aos seus potenciais colaboradores, através de anúncios de trabalho, os valores da empresa e os benefícios que estas oferecem. Para tal, seguiu-se um design qualitativo e adotou-se uma abordagem abdutiva. O presente estudo demonstrou, por meio de uma template analysis, que as redes hoteleiras avaliadas gerem explicitamente as suas estratégias de employer branding com o intuito de atraírem apenas colaboradores que partilham os seus valores e objetivos. Também revelou que os hotéis que promovem um ambiente de trabalho socialmente diverso são potencialmente mais atrativos enquanto empregadores. Finalmente, apresentam-se recomendações sobre como os gestores de hotéis podem melhorar a comunicação das suas employer brands através dos meios digitais. A significant part of a hotel's brand success relies on its employees. There are many hotel brands, each with their unique characteristics, demanding employees who give life to their brand promises. To assure employees know how to represent it while interacting with guests, they must aline with company values and requirements. Managers must know how to communicate their employer brands to attract the right employees. Companies send signals about their employer positioning whenever they use online communication. Employers must offer potential candidates clear and precise information, allowing them to judge their fit within the company, even before applying for the job. By doing so, employers and employees increase their chance for a match. To actively enhance this match, managers should pay attention to how they communicate their employer positioning. This study explored how ten of the world’s largest hotel chains use their recruiting websites to present their employer positioning and communicate their values and employee value proposition on their job advertisements. A qualitative design, adopting an abductive approach, was used. Through a template analysis, this study found that these companies, while intending to attract employees who share similar values and objectives, are explicitly managing their employer branding strategies. Further, this study revealed that promoting a socially diverse work environment is a relevant aspect that helps a company attract employees. Managerial recommendations associated with how managers might improve their employer branding online communications are discussed in this paper.

This paper describes the findings of a quantitative study of1,698 public library websites in Australia, Canada, and the United States over a period of three years using a spreadsheet protocol. The purpose of the research was to evaluate public library websites, available online sources, and whether library staff were available to respond to users’ questions and concerns regarding the website. Descriptive statistics are used to report the results. The study provides public library website information regarding which protocol criteria each country’s libraries attained. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

The paper describes a model for transferring data from dictionary structure into games. The model is developed on the example of Croatian Web Dictionary – Mrežnik. Mrežnik has a complex structure with fields and subfields for entering data created in TLex. Dictionary data organized in a fixed structure can be selected from the dictionary, exported, and used for automatic or semi-automatic creation of educational games like spelling games, accentuation, splitting words into syllables, idioms, and word relations (e.g. synonyms, antonyms). Dictionary data can be processed by a game algorithm that creates game assignments and corrects answers based on data structure. Game types based on structured dictionary data are quizzes, fill-in-the-blank games, drag-and-drop games, typing games, and crossword puzzles. The development process will be analyzed based on these initial steps: understanding dictionary structure, conceptualizing games based on structured dictionary data, choosing game data, exporting data, processing data, and gamifying dictionary data. After explaining each of the steps, the authors propose modifications to the steps and analyze how they can be used for other e-lexicographic works., Ovaj rad prikazuje model prebacivanja strukturiranih podataka iz rječnika u igre. Model je osmišljen i oprimjeren na primjeru Hrvatskoga mrežnog rječnika – Mrežnika, u čijoj su izradi sudjelovali autori rada. Mrežnik ima razrađenu strukturu obrade natuknica unutar koje su određeni podatci koji se unose u određena polja. Ta polja sadržavaju podatke iz kojih se mogu napraviti igre poput definicija riječi, rastavljanja na slogove, naglašavanja riječi, sinonima, antonima, frazema, mocijskih parnjaka, vidskih parnjaka, tvorenica itd. Također riječi koje sadržavaju glasove ili skupove koji su povezani s pravopisnim problemima i za izvorne govornike hrvatskoga jezika (ije/je, č/ć, đ/dž) mogu se vježbati s pomoću pravopisnih igara. Podatci se iz tih polja u određenim natuknicama mogu izvesti iz rječničke baze te se ti podatci mogu iskoristiti za poluautomatsko stvaranje i ispravljanje zadataka. Primjerice, izvozom sinonima iz rječnika dobivaju se parovi riječi, pa se može računalno obraditi tekst kako bi se oblikovali zadatci i odredili točni odgovori. Na temelju izvezenih rječničkih podataka izrađeni su idući tipovi igara: igre popunjavanja praznina, kvizovi, igre dovlačenja, daktilografske igra i križaljka. Neke su igre trenutačno dostupne na portalu za igre https://rjecnik.hr/igre/. Prvotno izrađen model izrade obrazovnih igara na temelju strukturiranih rječničkih podataka objasnit će se iscrpno u koracima koji uključuju razumijevanje strukture rječnika, osmišljavanje igara, odabir podataka, izvoz podataka, računalnu obradu podataka te igrifikaciju podataka. Nakon što je svaki korak objašnjen, koraci modela malo su izmijenjeni na temelju novih zaključaka istraživanja te se analizira kako bi se novoosmišljeni model mogao upotrijebiti u drugim e-leksikografskim izdanjima.

The widespread use of encryption and anonymization technologies - -e.g., HTTPS, VPNs, Tor, and iCloud Private Relay - -makes network attackers likely to resort to traffic analysis to learn of client activity. For web traffic, such analysis of encrypted traffic is referred to as Website Fingerprinting (WF). WF attacks have improved greatly in large parts thanks to advancements in Deep Learning (DL). In 2019, a new category of defenses was proposed: traffic splitting, where traffic from the client is split over two or more network paths with the assumption that some paths are unobservable by the attacker. In this paper, we take a look at three recently proposed defenses based on traffic splitting: HyWF, CoMPS, and TrafficSliver BWR5. We analyze real-world and simulated datasets for all three defenses to better understand their splitting strategies and effectiveness as defenses. Using our improved DL attack Maturesc on real-world datasets, we improve the classification accuracy wrt. state-of-the-art from 49.2% to 66.7% for HyWF, the F1 score from 32.9% to 72.4% for CoMPS, and the accuracy from 8.07% to 53.8% for TrafficSliver BWR5. We find that a majority of wrongly classified traces contain less than a couple hundred of packets/cells: e.g., in every dataset 25% of traces contain less than 155 packets. What cannot be observed cannot be classified. Our results show that the proposed traffic splitting defenses on average provide less protection against WF attacks than simply randomly selecting one path and sending all traffic over that path.

The paper describes a model for transferring data from dictionary structure into games. The model is developed on the example of Croatian Web Dictionary – Mrežnik. Mrežnik has a complex structure with fields and subfields for entering data created in TLex. Dictionary data organized in a fixed structure can be selected from the dictionary, exported, and used for automatic or semi-automatic creation of educational games like spelling games, accentuation, splitting words into syllables, idioms, and word relations (e.g. synonyms, antonyms). Dictionary data can be processed by a game algorithm that creates game assignments and corrects answers based on data structure. Game types based on structured dictionary data are quizzes, fill-in-the-blank games, drag-and-drop games, typing games, and crossword puzzles. The development process will be analyzed based on these initial steps: understanding dictionary structure, conceptualizing games based on structured dictionary data, choosing game data, exporting data, processing data, and gamifying dictionary data. After explaining each of the steps, the authors propose modifications to the steps and analyze how they can be used for other e- lexicographic works.

This paper presents an analysis of the results obtained with an efficient and powerful tool developed to recognize the exploitable vulnerabilities of websites on the internet implemented with a web-content management system (WCMS). The key feature of this ethical tool is a dynamic, automated, and fast vulnerability scan of WCMS sites and the attached plug-ins for the live internet by obeying ethical requests. The collected scan results are impressive, and the presented analysis of these results provides an insight into the internet web system’s health and the factors that influence the vulnerability levels of websites.

This paper focuses on the results of a longitudinal study examining the English-language content of Francophone minority school boards’ websites throughout Canada, mindful of the changing profile of the boards’ parental population. A document analysis research approach was used to analyse how the content destined for a non-French-speaking audience has evolved, enabling the audience to have access to new and pertinent information. It was observed that the majority of boards in Western Canada and Ontario have increased the presence of English on their websites. Atlantic Canada (with the exception of New Brunswick) has followed this trend. It is worth noting that other languages and content areas have shown up on the web sites, confirming the changing demographics of Francophone minority communities in Canada., Ce texte présente les résultats d’une étude longitudinale portant sur le contenu anglais des sites Web des conseils scolaires de langue française en milieux minoritaires partout au Canada, reconnaissant l’évolution du profil langagier de la situation familiale des conseils. Une approche de recherche documentaire a été utilisée pour analyser l’évolution du contenu destiné à un public non francophone, permettant à ce public d’avoir accès à de nouvelles informations pertinentes en anglais. Il a été observé que la majorité des conseils scolaires de l’Ouest canadien et de l’Ontario ont accru la présence de l’anglais sur leurs sites Web. Le Canada atlantique (à l'exception du Nouveau-Brunswick) a suivi cette tendance. Il est à noter que d'autres langues et contenus variés sont apparus sur les sites Web, confirmant ainsi l'évolution démographique des communautés francophones en situation minoritaire au Canada.

Official city websites are the basic source of information about the city. Web technologies are a resource for improving the activities of municipal authorities in the field of urban planning. This resource allows receiving and processing huge amounts of information, interacting with the city community and creating a more effective management system. Improvement of the management system in urban development activities increases the quality of life of citizens as well as investment attractiveness. The study is devoted to the development of a methodology for evaluating the websites of the authorities responsible for urban planning. The proposed method was tested when evaluating the current state of websites in the field of urban management based on the analysis of several dozen of major cities in Russia. According to the methodology the levels of effectiveness of the sites of the city planning authorities were determined. Recommendations for the improvement and development of web technologies as a resource in the field of urban planning were proposed in the paper.

Summary Earlier preparing accessible websites was not as important as it is today. Due to the increase in the accessibility issues and compliance of accessibility norms, there is an increasing research on the accessibility. In this paper we have tried to analyze the accessibility of the top educational institutions of different countries. Our main contributions of this paper are (1) Studying the present scenario of web accessibility compliance in the countries across the globe, with special focus on India. (2) Analyzing selected websites of top universities and educational institutions of different countries. (3) Based on the analysis, results have been generated to indicate the web accessibility of the websites. (4) Suggestions on improvement of the web page design of the educational institutions have been given thereafter.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the level of acceptance of social responsibility practices in Italy and in particular to evaluate the degree of social responsibility arising from the websites of Italian listed companies. CSR communication contributes to a corporation's corporate social disclosure, whose main purpose is to enhance a corporate image in order to promote customer and community relations and indirectly promote products to customers. To reach this goal, transparency is crucial. However, transparency in the field of CSR is a difficult matter for two reasons: there is not uniformity in social reporting and the preparation of this document is not mandatory ( except that large company forced by the UE Directive 2014/95/UE to prepare a non-financial statement). The research is divided into two sections and the approach used is mainly descriptive: in the first part, the concept of social balance as a means to interact with all the stakeholders of a firm is exposed. In the second part the paper analyses the web sites of a panel of selected listed Italian companies. The data are able to demonstrate that we can still identify a CSR divide among the country according to 2 different points of view: 1. The size of the company, it still represents a barrier to CSR reporting and communication since require efforts and investment in term of time and resources, and 2. the geographical localization of the selected companies, the concentration of corporates identifying CSR as part of their strategy is still centralized in specific region of the country, mainly due to historical reasons of the country, the openness of those company to the international market and the managerial approach of the company. The research is also able to demonstrate that those companies identified as "best practice" in the selected panel have a common strength, besides financial reporting, social and environmental responsibility is becoming more and more relevant and considered. The higher the level of CSR acceptance of the company, the best is the image from the perspective of the multiple stakeholders.

Strip je jednakovrijedna, ali još uvijek marginalizirana umjetnost kojoj treba više vremena, prostora i stručnjaka za njegovo predstavljanje javnosti. Knjižničari ga dugo nisu držali na policama, danas je strip sastavni dio knjižničnog fonda. Ne koristi samo za zabavu već i za učenje kako kroz školu tako i cjeloživotno učenje. Ovaj rad se bavi stripom u hrvatskim narodnim knjižnicama. Počelo se s definicijom stripa, njegovim razvojem kroz povijest, s posebnim naglaskom na hrvatski strip i njegove autore, te elemente i vrstu stripa. U nastavku rada je istaknuta uloga narodne knjižnice pri odabiru građe u knjižnični fond i preporukama za izgradnju zbirke stripova. Naposljetku je objašnjen položaj stripa u hrvatskim narodnim knjižnicama i radnjama koje se poduzimaju u njegovoj promociji. U posljednjem djelu rada pretraživale su se web stranice i katalozi izabranih županijskih knjižnica kako bi se dobio uvid u približan broj stripova, zastupljenost hrvatskog stripa, najveće izdavače kao i radnje koje knjižnice poduzimaju u vidljivosti stripa. Comics are a valuable yet still very depreciated commercial art, which needs more time and experts involved for its promotion. Although, librarians kept them somewhat hidden for a long time, nowadays comics are part of the general offer in the library. It is used both for entertainment and for educational purposes. This paper’s main topic is revolving around Croatian comics within Croatian public libraries. The topics discussed are the definition of comic and development through history with specific highlights on Croatian comics, their authors, elements of comics and types of comics. Furthermore, the discussion leads towards the importance of public libraries and their choice of comics in general librarian offers, and their efforts in comics promotion. Finally, catalogue and website research were conducted in 10 regional libraries. The research purpose was to find out about approximate number of comics, both global and Croatian, its biggest publishers and actions performed to keep the comics visible and in the spotlight.