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Purpose: The purpose of this article is to explain the key reasons for the existence of statistics in doctoral-level research, why and when statistical techniques are to be used, how to statistically describe the units of analysis/samples, how to statistically describe the data collected from units of analysis/samples; how to statistically discover the relationship between variables of the research question; a step-by-step process of statistical significance/hypothesis test, tricks for selecting an appropriate statistical significance test, and most importantly which is the most user-friendly and free software for carrying out statistical analyses. In turn, guiding Ph.D. scholars to choose appropriate statistical techniques across various stages of the doctoral-level research process to ensure a high-quality research output. Design/Methodology/Approach: Postmodernism philosophical paradigm; Inductive research approach; Observation data collection method; Longitudinal data collection time frame; Qualitative data analysis. Findings/Result: As long as the Ph.D. scholars can understand i) they need NOT be an expert in Mathematics/Statistics and it is easy to learn statistics during Ph.D.; ii) the difference between measures of central tendency and dispersion; iii) the difference between association, correlation, and causation; iv) difference between null and research/alternate hypotheses; v) difference between Type I and Type II errors; vi) key drivers for choosing a statistical significance test; vi) which is the best software for carrying out statistical analyses. Scholars will be able to (on their own) choose appropriate statistical techniques across various steps of the doctoral-level research process and comfortably claim their research findings. Originality/Value: There is a vast literature about statistics, probability theory, measures of central tendency and dispersion, formulas for finding the relationship between variables, and statistical significance tests. However, only a few have explained them together comprehensively which is conceivable to Ph.D. scholars. In this article, we have attempted to explain the reasons for the existence, objectives, purposes, and essence of ‘Statistics’ briefly and comprehensively with simple examples and tricks that would eradicate fear among Ph.D. scholars about ‘Statistics’. Paper Type: Conceptual.

Der Beitrag gibt eine Übersicht und Einführung zur wissenschaftlichen Datenanalyse mit Python. Im Fokus stehen Datenvisualisierung, sowie deskriptive und inferenzstatistische Verfahren anhand verschiedender Python-Module. Zusätzlich stehen begleitende Lernmaterialien (Jupyter Notebooks) zur selbständigen Vertiefung zur Verfügung. Es werden keine Vorkenntnisse von Programmierung oder Statistik benötigt, besonders Anfänger*innen sind willkommen. Hinweis: Zur Verfügung gestellt werden hier die Präsentation des Vortrags sowie begleitende Jupyter Notebooks, die gerne zur eigenständigen Vertiefung genutzt werden können. Die dreitägige HeFDI Data Week ermöglicht es Forschenden, Lehrenden und allen weiteren Interessierten, Themen und Angebote des Forschungsdatenmanagements kennenzulernen und zu erproben. Darüber hinaus werden den Teilnehmenden Daten- und Coding-Kompetenzen vermittelt sowie Dienste und Angebote verschiedener hessischer Infrastruktur-Einrichtungen und Zentren vorgestellt., Die HeFDI Data Week ist ein Angebot der Landesinitiative HeFDI - Hessische Forschungsdateninfrastrukturen, welche vom Hessischen Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kunst (HMWK) finanziert wird.

The purpose of the study is to examine whether there is an influence of reading interest and the role of supervisors partially or simultaneously on the success of writing the final assignment. The research was conducted at AMIK Tunas Bangsa Pematangsiantar by taking a sample of 78 people from 369 population populations using calculations using Slovin formula. The method used is the survey method and data collection carried out through observation, interviews, and distributing questionnaires using a Likert scale as a measuring device. The sampling technique using purposive sampling is a sampling technique of data sources with certain considerations, the analytical technique used is multiple lenier analysis techniques. In analyzing the data used several descriptive analysis techniques to determine the distribution of respondents' answers to the overall concept being measured, quantitative analysis using numbers and calculations with statistical methods. The results of the analysis show that partial reading interest has a positive and significant effect on the success of the final assignment, tcount> t table (3.167> 1.991), the role of partial supervisor is positive and significant effect on the success of the final assignment, tcount> t table (2.915> 1.991), reading interest and the role of supervisors simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on the success of the final assignment where the value of Fcount> Ftable is (20,094> 3,12).

This study aims to determine the effect of productive zakat, age, education, length of business and business location on the performance of micro-enterprises in Palembang City. The data used in this study are primary data with a sample of 30 micro enterprises. Determination of the sample in this study using the random sampling method. The analytical method used is descriptive analysis and multiple linear analysis or Ordinary Least Square (OLS). The results of the analysis show that the productive zakat, age, education, length of business and business location variables simultaneously affect the performance of micro-businesses in Palembang City. The productive zakat variable has a positive and significant effect, the age and education variable has a negative and insignificant effect, the length of business variable has a positive but insignificant effect, and the business location variable has a negative and significant effect on the performance of micro-businesses in Palembang City.

COVID-19 has significantly influenced tourism, including tourists’ and residents’ attitudes toward tourism. At the same time, attitudes and consumer confidence are important for economic recovery in the tourism sector. This study explores the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people’s attitudes toward tourism by analyzing time-series data on the number of COVID-19 positive cases, vaccinations, news sentiment, a total number of daily mentions of tourism, and the share of voice for positive and negative sentiment toward tourism. The applied data analysis techniques include descriptive analysis, visual representation of data, data decomposition into trend and cycle components, unit root tests, Granger causality test, and multiple time series regression. The results demonstrate that the COVID-19 statistics and media coverage have significant effects on interest in tourism in general, as well as the positive and negative sentiment toward tourism. The results contribute to knowledge and practice by describing the effects of the disease statistics on attitudes toward tourism, introducing social media sentiment analysis as an opportunity to measure positive and negative sentiment toward tourism, and providing recommendations for government authorities, destination management organizations, and tourism providers.

Background Statistic scripts are often made by mathematicians and cryptic for clinicians or non-mathematician scientists. Nevertheless, almost all research projects necessitate the application of some statistical tests or at least an understanding thereof. The present review aims on giving an overview of the most common statistical terms and concepts. It further ensures good statistical practice by providing a five-step approach guiding the reader to the correct statistical test. Methods and results First, different types of variables and measurements to describe a data set with means of descriptive statistics are introduced. The basic thoughts and tools of interferential statistics are presented, and different types of bias are discussed. Then in the final paragraph, the most commonly used statistical tests are described. A smartphone app accessible via QR code finally guides the reader in five steps to the correct statistical test, depending on the data used in order to avoid commonly performed mistakes. Conclusions The five-step approach sets a new minimal standard for good statistical practice.

The medico-legal identification is based on a set of discriminatory characteristics between individuals in their biological, social, cultural, religious, legal and economic framework. The purpose of this study was to characterize the biological variation, regarding gender and age, in a Portuguese population. A three-dimensional (3D) analysis of 215 mandibles (7–20 years old) from the database of the Laboratory of Forensic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (CE-112/2019) was performed. A total of 13 cephalometric points defined 10 linear variables and 7 angular variables, on 3D reconstructions from ConeBeam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images. Intra and inter-observer errors were analyzed by Technical Measurement Error test. A descriptive statistics was performed. To verify the influence of gender and age on the variables and to determine its predictive value, ANOVA and Logistic Regression Analysis were performed. Gender and age influence most of the linear variables, however, the same is not true for angular variables. In the analysis of all variables, the model has a reasonable level of sensitivity (67.8%) according to gender. For the age prediction, with all variables, the model presented a reasonable level of sensitivity, classifying 79.4% of the individuals. The results supported, with a high level of statistical significance, an adequate recognition of individuals highlighting the identification and criminal imputability of Portuguese individuals.

This study answers two questions: what equivalence rules of terms are dominantly found in the absorption words during the Covid-19 pandemic, and how acceptable these terms are in the Indonesian-speaking community. The data were collected by using documentation or observation method, supported by the use of a questionnaire. The data were analyzed by using intralingual equivalence and descriptive analysis methods. The results show that 33 foreign terms were matched using translation techniques, ten words with absorption techniques, and two words with combined translation and absorption techniques. Furthermore, the acceptability of absorption terms during the Corona virus pandemic is 39%, while 61% indicates the unacceptability of absorption terms during the Corona virus pandemic.

This study aims to determine the effect of the CAR and Firm Size variables on bank liquidity as measured by ROA and determine the effect of FDR on the financial performance of Islamic banks as measured by ROA in Islamic banking in Indonesia for the 2015-2019 period. In this study, the data sample used was selected through a purposive sampling method with data taken from secondary data, namely the annual report of Islamic banks for the 2015-2019 period and the sample in this study used 11 Islamic Commercial Banks. This study uses the method of Descriptive Analysis and Path Analysis using the Eviews 9 and WarpPLS 7.0 applications as analytical tools. The results of this study are CAR has no effect on FDR, Firm Size has a negative and significant effect on FDR and FDR has a positive and significant effect on ROA.

Objective We examined time-trends in Occupational Noise Standard violations by OSHA region and industry type over 48 years. Methods Along with descriptive analysis of original data, negative binomial regression and Poisson regression were applied to the analysis of 1972 to 2019 and 1972 to 2012 data, respectively. Results A small annual decrease in violation units over the periods was revealed. The three analyses produced differing time-trends. The manufacturing industry had more violations, and Region 4 had the most violations. Regarding numbers of units, the 10 regions and 2 industries were jointly significant. Some interaction between regions and industry types appeared in both regressions. Conclusions OSHA should specify how many regions report noise violations each year to ensure accurate identification of noise-related health risks to American workers. Further time-trend studies are needed for specific regions and industry types.

The purpose of this study was to analyze and evaluate the magnitude of the influence of Principal Leadership and Job Satisfaction on Teacher Performance.The research method used is a quantitative method through the distribution of questionnaires using a Likert scale as a data collection method. The population is 34 teachers and the method used in sampling is non-probability sampling. The data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis technique with simultaneous multiple regression test with regression equations to produce regression constants and coefficients for each independent variable.Based on the results of data analysis using simple and multiple linear regression analysis with the help of SPSS Version 19 for Windows, it shows that partially using the t test shows that the Principal's Leadership has a positive and significant effect of 66.6% on Teacher Performance. Partially, the results show that job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on teacher performance by 62.5%. The variables of Principal Leadership and Job Satisfaction are jointly tested with the F test proving to have a positive and significant effect on teacher performance and the magnitude of the effect is seen of the coefficient of determination (R2) is 71.8%, while the remaining 28.2% is influenced by other variables that are not included in this research model. Thus, teacher performance will increase if the principal's leadership and teacher job satisfaction are met properly.

In this paper, the neutrosophic trimmed average, neutrosophic trimmed standard deviation, and neutrosophic trimmed coefficient of variation (NTCV) are introduced. The application of the proposed neutrosophic trimmed descriptive statistics is given with the help of measurement data. The comparisons of the proposed NTCV are compared with the existing neutrosophic coefficient of variation (NCV). From the comparisons, it is concluded that the proposed NTCV is more efficient than NCV in terms of consistency and measures of indeterminacy. Based on the study, it is recommended to apply the proposed NTCV in the industry when there is a need to make decisions on the basis of measurement data.

The long-term contraceptive method is an effective method for preventing pregnancies. However, users of long-term contraceptive methods are considerably lower compared to those of non-long-term contraceptive methods in South Sulawesi. The research objective was to examine the determinants of choosing long-term contraceptive methods in South Sulawesi. This study used data from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey by analyzing 583 married women who were using contraception in South Sulawesi. A descriptive analysis was employed to estimate the prevalence of long-term contraceptive methods. Meanwhile, the Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to identify the determinants of choosing long-term contraceptive methods. The results from the descriptive analysis showed about 18.9% of the sampled married women were long-term contraception users, among those were implant users (10.2%). More married women with higher education and more parity chose to use it. The better the knowledge about the type of contraception, the greater the chance to use long-term contraceptive methods. Women who were told about side effects, sources of government services, and free fees were significantly influenced to use long-term contraception. Women who received staff visits and visited health facilities were less likely to choose the long-term methods. This implies that contact with field oMKJPlong-term contraceptive methodslong-term contraceptive methodsfficers has not been able to motivate prospective acceptors to use . Improved education and knowledge, especially about types of contraception and side effects, are needed to increase women’s long-term contraception use alongside. The quality of services at free/subsidized costs also needs to be improved, and training should be given for capacity building, especially in communication skills, to family planning field officers.

The nationwide lockdown of Phase-1 in India was started from March 25 to April 14, 2020 and Phase-2 from April 15 to May 3, 2020 with severe restrictions on public activities in India. Utilizing the particulate matter PM10 and PM2.5 data recorded during this adverse time, the present study is undertaken to assess the impact of phase 1 and 2 lockdown on the air quality of Perungudi, Chennai, India. The data obtained from the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board was assessed for lockdown phase. We compared particulate matter data for the unlock phase with a coinciding period in March 2020 to determine the changes in pollutant concentrations during the lockdown period of April 2020. The descriptive analysis of PM continuous data was performed to determine the mean, standard deviation, variance, skew and kurtosis to identify the nature of data. Correlogram analysis gives the information that the data under study has non-stationary behaviour and not random. Along with this linear regression analysis were performed to determine the relationship and trend for the data. The results revealed decreasing trend in the concentrations (PM10, PM2.5).

This study aims to analyze the psychomotor skills of Pharmacy students in using a microscope. This research is an observational study using a quantitative approach. The population in this study were all active students of Pharmacy of Imelda Medan University. Sampling was done by using simple random sampling technique. Data analysis was carried out by means of descriptive analysis, namely to get an overview of the distribution of research results for each variable categorically with descriptive percentages. The results showed that on average, UIM Pharmacy students were skilled in using a microscope. The highest percentage of the assessed aspects is in the aspect of turning on and off the microscope with a skilled presentation of 64.10%. While the lowest presentation is in the aspect of holding glass objects, with the percentage of unskilled at 25, 64% and less skilled at 28,21%.

El empleo de las herramientas estadísticas en investigaciones científicas y académicas es fundamental, porque sustenta las conclusiones con base en los resultados obtenidos. Con el objetivo de determinar la aplicación de técnicas estadísticas en investigaciones según la especie zootécnica estudiada, se efectuó un análisis exhaustivo considerando 845 tesis de grado con orientación en producción animal, en el periodo comprendido entre el 2010 y 2016 en la mayor universidad pública del Paraguay. En la mayoría de los trabajos (95,86%), se observó el empleo de al menos una herramienta estadística para el análisis de los datos. La especie zootécnica mayormente estudiada lo constituyeron los bovinos (61,18%). En lo concerniente al tipo de técnica estadística empleada, para las especies de aves, bovinos, conejos, ovinos, porcinos y multiespecies, destacó el análisis de varianza, para las demás se acentuó la estadística descriptiva.

This study aims to analyze the factors that affect the consumer satisfaction of Sakhi's Coffee Resto. The sample in this study were 100 people Sakhi's Coffee Resto consumers. The analytical technique used in this study is descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression test. The results of this study indicate that the product quality variable partially has a positive and significant effect on Sakhi' Coffee Resto consumer satisfaction, the service quality variable partially has a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction. Sakhi' Coffee Resto consumer satisfaction, the price variable partially has a positive and significant effect on Sakhi' Coffee Resto consumer satisfaction. The Adjusted R Square value obtained is 0.363 this figure shows that it is 36.3%. Consumer satisfaction (the dependent variable) can be explained by the variables of product quality, service quality and price. The remaining 63.7% is influenced by other factors not described in this study.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pengaruh Kualitas Audit dan Biaya Operasional Pendapatan Operasional (BOPO) terhadap profitabilitas yang diukur melalui Return on Asset (ROA). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif, dengan populasi penelitian adalah Bank Umum Syariah (BUS) yang ada di Indonesia dan telah terdaftar pada Bank Indonesia periode 2012-2018. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 6 Bank Umum Syariah dari total 14 Bank Umum Syariah, yang diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Sampel data diuji dengan menggunakan teknik analisis deskriptif, sedangkan untuk uji hipotesis diuji dengan menggunakan analisis regresi linear berganda. Hasil dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel Kualitas Audit berpengaruh negatif terhadap profitabilitas yang diukur melalui ROA dan variabel BOPO juga berpengaruh negatif terhadap profitabilitas yang diukur melalui ROA. Selain itu, variabel kualitas audit dan BOPO secara bersama-sama berpengaruh terhadap ROA. Kata Kunci: Kualitas Audit, BOPO, ROA, Bank Umum Syariah

Background: Desirable dietary pattern (DDP) is a variety of food nutrition intake that is calculated based on energy (calory) consumption. A DDP index close to 100 has a meaning that the food intake varies. Badan Ketahanan Pangan RI (BKP) and Nutrisurvey have developed a DDP index calculation software. As an alternative, ddp package of R software can be also calculated ddp index. Objectives: To apply the ddp package of Software R in calculating and analyzing DDP of individuals both descriptive and inferential analyses and to compare the ddp package with the application of PPH Susenas and Nutrisurvey Software. Methods: This research applied survey and simulation methods. The survey was conducted on the 3rd-semester students of the Food Technology Department, University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa via an online survey. They administered both closed questions about dietary patterns and opened questions of a list of their daily food intake. Calculation and analysis of the DDP applied in the valid data in the ddp package of software R. The DDP analyses were followed by both descriptive and inferential analyses including t-test and simple linear regression. Results: The ddp packaged required 7 minutes to input the menu data of each person per day. Compared to Nutrisurvey, it required only 5 minutes. There were different results between the ddp package and Nutrisurvey because a category of food could absent in the Nutrisurvey databases. The harmonization application of the DDP analysis Susenas, on the other hand, had similar results. Both descriptive and inferential analyses as a further analysis can be applied easily. The descriptive analysis showed that the majority of respondents had a low value of energy, protein, and carbohydrate, while the inferential statistic resulted in that the food expenditure more than 70% significantly affected the DDP score. Conclusions: The ddp package could calculate and analyzed the DDP very well and had an equal result with the harmonization application of the DDP analysis susenas. Although the application process of the ddp package required a longer time than that of Nutrisurvey, the databases of the ddp package were more precise and suitable for the DDP calculation and analysis in Indonesia.

The purpose of this study was to determine the profile of the physical condition of athletes in the city of Tangerang in preparation for the sports week of Banten province in 2022. The research method used quantitative descriptive, the population and sample in this study were 40 athletes of Porprov Banten, and the sampling technique used purposive sampling by taking into account the characteristics gender, namely 20 sons and 20 daughters, while the data collection technique was through tests and anthropometric measurements and components of physical condition. Data analysis uses descriptive frequency analysis using the formula where P is the percentage sought, F = Frequency and N = Number of samples, overall descriptive analysis of frequency using Microsoft Excel 2019. The results of this study can be concluded that (i) anthropometry consisting of height and weight; and (ii) the physical condition component consists of leg muscle explosive power, abdominal muscle strength, endurance, agility, and speed. This study only involves physical and anthropometric components, for further research by considering social, family, psychological and related environmental factors in improving the achievements of Banten Province athletes

This research aimed to understand the effect of stress during the pandemic on marital quality in Bali. This research used a quantitative approach. Subjects involved in this research were 242 people who had been married for at least five years, with intact family conditions, and lived in Denpasar City, Bali. The instruments in this research were the COVID Stress Scale from Taylor (2020) and the Marital Quality scale arranged by Nurhayati (2017). The validity of this research used content validity by expert judgment. Reliability in the scale of this research used the Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient. The COVID stress variable has a reliability of 0.934, while the variable of marital quality has a reliability of 0.889. As for the data analysis, descriptive analysis and simple linear regression analysis were used. Based on the data analysis, the regression coefficient was 0.028 and sig. 0.307, with the value of R square = 0.004. The results showed that COVID stress does not affect the marital quality in Bali.

This research aims to analyze influence the performance of JNE employees is seen from human relations and rewards in Pekanbaru. The research was conducted by means of descriptive analysis method and the sample used was all employees of JNE Pekanbaru, totaling 60 respondents using the census method or saturated sample. The analysis technique used by researchers is multiple linear regression analysis carried out with technology, namely using SPSS, 20. The results of the study state that the human relation variable partially has a positive and significant influence on the performance of JNE Pekanbaru employees, namely the t-count is greater than the t-table, while the reward partially also has a positive and significant effect on the performance results of JNE Pekanbaru employees t- calculate the size of the t-Table. Then after testing simultaneously it was found that human relations and rewards have a positive and significant effect on the performance of JNE Pekanbaru employees, namely 53.4% and 46.6% influenced by other variables not examined.

The GuLF Long-term Follow-up Study (GuLF STUDY) is investigating potential adverse health effects of workers involved in the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill response and cleanup (OSRC). Over 93% of the 160 000 personal air measurements taken on OSRC workers were below the limit of detection (LOD), as reported by the analytic labs. At this high level of censoring, our ability to develop exposure estimates was limited. The primary objective here was to reduce the number of measurements below the labs’ reported LODs to reflect the analytic methods’ true LODs, thereby facilitating the use of a relatively unbiased and precise Bayesian method to develop exposure estimates for study exposure groups (EGs). The estimates informed a job-exposure matrix to characterize exposure of study participants. A second objective was to develop descriptive statistics for relevant EGs that did not meet the Bayesian criteria of sample size ≥5 and censoring ≤80% to achieve the aforementioned level of bias and precision. One of the analytic labs recalculated the measurements using the analytic method’s LOD; the second lab provided raw analytical data, allowing us to recalculate the data values that fell between the originally reported LOD and the analytical method’s LOD. We developed rules for developing Bayesian estimates for EGs with >80% censoring. The remaining EGs were 100% censored. An order-based statistical method (OBSM) was developed to estimate exposures that considered the number of measurements, geometric standard deviation, and average LOD of the censored samples for N ≥ 20. For N < 20, substitution of ½ of the LOD was assigned. Recalculation of the measurements lowered overall censoring from 93.2 to 60.5% and of the THC measurements, from 83.1 to 11.2%. A total of 71% of the EGs met the ≤15% relative bias and 80% but enough non-censored measurements to apply Bayesian methods. We used the OBSM for 3% of the estimates and the simple substitution method for 11%. The methods presented here substantially reduced the degree of censoring in the dataset and increased the number of EGs meeting our Bayesian method’s desired performance goal. The OBSM allowed for a systematic and consistent approach impacting only the lowest of the exposure estimates. This approach should be considered when dealing with highly censored datasets.

Poor air quality is widely considered as one of the major environmental hazards confronting several urban centres worldwide. This study examined regional trend in ambient air quality footprints in Calabar Metropolis. Data on emission level of CO, NO2, SO2, H2S, and SPM2.5 were collected using Crowcon Gasman, while point coordinates were collected using Garmin GPSMap 60CSx device. Interpolation algorithm in Geographic Information Systems infrastructure was used to generate the regional trend maps for the metropolis. Parametric analytical techniques such as Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were employed to test the hypotheses, while descriptive statistics including tables, maps and standard deviation were also used to present the data based on the objectives of the study. The results of the trend surface analysis for the five (5) measured parameters show that CO and SPM2.5 were not significant at P˃0.05 with F-ratio of 0.99 and 2.45 respectively. Thus, the null hypothesis which states that there is no significant change in the regional trend in air quality across Calabar Metropolis was therefore accepted. Analysis for NO2, SO2 and H2S, were significant at P < 0.05 with F-ratio of 3.47, 3.35 and 7.79 respectively, causing the null hypothesis to be rejected. It was therefore recommended that mitigatory measures should be employed for the purpose of ensuring a sustainable, clean and green urban environment.

This research was conducted with the aim of finding out if there is an influence of personal independence on entrepreneurial behavior in clothing traders Pasar PetisahMedan. The research method used is a descriptive analysis method, and uses a simple linear regression analysis method. The data used in this study are primary and secondary data. The population in this study amounted to 69 people with sampling techniques using the purposive random sampling method. Data is processed statistically using spss for windowsprogramtools. The results of this study show that personal independence has a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurial behavior.

Summary Background A prediction interval represents a clinical interpretation of heterogeneity. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of prediction interval reporting in orthodontic random effect meta-analyses. The corroboration between effect size estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and prediction intervals were also explored. Materials and methods Systematic reviews (SRs) published between 1 January 2010 and 31 January 2021 containing at least one random effects meta-analysis (minimum of three trials) were identified electronically. SR and meta-analyses characteristics were extracted and prediction intervals, where possible, were calculated. Descriptive statistics and the percentage of meta-analyses where the prediction interval changed the interpretation based on the 95% CI were calculated. Fisher’s exact test was used to examine associations between the study variables and reporting of prediction intervals. Results One hundred and twenty-one SRs were included. The median number of SR authors was 5 (interquartile range: 4–6). The reporting of prediction intervals was undertaken in only 19.0% (N = 23/121) of meta-analyses. Out of 95 meta-analyses, only in 6 (6.3%, N = 6/95) were the 95% CI corroborated by the prediction interval. In 60 meta-analyses (63.3%, N = 60/95) despite a 95% CI indicating a statistically significant result, this was not corroborated by the corresponding prediction interval. Conclusions Within the study timeframe, reporting of prediction intervals is not routinely undertaken in orthodontic meta-analyses possibly due to a lack of awareness. In future orthodontic random effects models containing a minimum of three trials, reporting of prediction intervals is advocated as this gives an indication of the range of the expected effect of treatment interventions.

Over the years, in order to assess the quality of education various measures including high stakes tests have been employed. The validity of these measures has always been a matter of discussion. Thus, the present study addresses the concerns deal with the validity issues of the most important Iranian high-stake test known as Konkur measuring English language proficiency of the participants. In the present study, by taking into account the scores of 5000 high school students who sat for Konkur examination, the dimensionality and factorial structure of the test was examined through running generalizability and IRT analyses; At the first stage, in order to check the data standards along with the descriptive statistics a generalizability analysis was run; it was found that the reliability of the data equals .92 and the generalizability coefficient is 0.9 showing a high dependability for the analysis. In the second stage, the item statistics and parameter measures were analyzed and the misfit items were investigated. Next, the data was checked in terms of dimensionality and three IRT models namely unidimensional, bifactor and testlet model were run and compared. Findings showed that in terms of fit indices (M2, AIC, BIC) testlet model has the best model fit, followed by bifactor and unidimensional respectively, in determining variance of the responses to test and functions well for assessing language proficiency of the EFL leaners. The findings also showed that the variance of the factor structure of language proficiency is best explained when it is assessed through examination of several language sub-skills(i.e. testlet) rather than being measured through a number of items directly (i.e. bifactor).

THE MELODY OF STATISTICS (Microsoft Excel Edition) is a pratical guide to help students learn how to conduct and interpret statistical tests using Microsoft Excel. It covers from descriptive statistics, to more advanced hypothesis testing and reliability tests. Also, the e-book is written in a light and accessible way, to allow a higher interest and better performance on what is often a challengingtopic for students. For example, chapters are named after songs and the entire playlist can be found on Spotify.&nbsp

U ovom projektnom zadatku obrađena je tema deskriptivne statističke analize u programskom paketu Matlab. Opisane su naredbe deskriptivne statističke analize, koje su podjeljene na mjere centralne tendencije (aritmetička sredina, medijan i mod), mjere rasapa (varijanca i standardna devijacija, raspon i interkvartivni raspon te relativne mjere rasapa) i izradu različitih grafičkih prikaza na temelju dobivenih rezultata (boxplot dijagram, stupčasti dijagram, histogram i kružni dijagram). Na praktičnim primjerima je prikazano kako se pomoću programskog paketa Matlab računaju pokazatelji deskriptivne statističke analize i crtaju različiti grafički prikazi., This project task deals with the topic of descriptive statistical analysis in the Matlab software package. The commands of descriptive statistical analysis which are described, are divided into measures of central tendency (arithmetic mean, median and mode), measures of disintegration (variance and standard deviation, range and interquartile range and relative measures of disintegration) and making different graphs based on the obtained results (boxplot diagram, bar chart, histogram and pie chart). Practical examples show how the Matlab software package calculates descriptive statistical analysis indicators and draws various graphical representations.

Background: a major problem in evaluating and reviewing the published findings of studies on the association between a quantitative explanatory variable and a quantitative dependent variable is that the results are analysed and reported in many different ways. To achieve an effective review of different studies, a consistent presentation of the results is necessary. This paper aims to exemplify the main topics related to summarising and pooling research findings from multivariable models with a quantitative response variable.Methods: we outline the complexities involved in synthesising associations. We describe a method by which it is possible to transform the findings into a common effect size index which is based on standardised regression coefficients. To describe the approach we searched original research articles published before January 2012 for findings of the relationship between polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and birth weight of new-borns. Studies with maternal PCB measurements and birth weight as a continuous variable were included.Results: the evaluation of 24 included articles reveled that there was variation in variable measurement methods, transformations, descriptive statistics and inference methods. Research syntheses were performed summarizing regression coefficients to estimate the effect of PCBs on birth weight. A birth weight decline related to increase in PCB level was found.Conclusions: the proposed method can be useful in quantitatively reviewing published studies when different exposure measurement methods are used or differential control of potential confounding factors is not an issue.

This research aims to prove the positive influence of the implementation of COSO internal control on increasing competitive advantage in health startups in the New Normal Era. This research is a quantitative study using primary data in the form of questionnaires and secondary data in the form of online interviews. The unit of research is a health start-up, namely the Halodoc Application. The population in this study were users of the Halodoc Application and then the research sample was taken using nonprobability sampling techniques. So that the number of samples processed for analysis is 100 samples. The data analysis technique used descriptive analysis and verification methods. The results showed that the implementation of COSO internal control implemented by the Halodoc Application had a positive effect in increasing competitive advantage.

The research objective was to determine and analyze the influence of the physical evidence of service quality, caring, responsiveness, reliability, and guaranteeing customer satisfaction at the PT. Pegadaian Watansoppeng branch. Research carried out explanatory research and survey methods. The study population is new clients served PT. Pegadaian Watansoppeng Branch Company. The samples were taken using purposive sampling and obtained 100 samples. This research's data analysis methods are descriptive analysis with Linear Regression calculation, where the independent variables consist of physical evidence, concern, responsibility, reliability, assurance, dependent variable satisfaction customer. The results of studies using multiple linear regression analysis showed that service quality dimensions significantly influence customer satisfaction. As for the t-test is known that a significant level for each variable that is physical evidence = 0.658, concern = 0.002, responsiveness = 0.338, reliability = 0.000, and assurance = 1.239. From these results, two variables can prove the second hypothesis suggesting that the physical evidence of service quality dimensions, concern, responsiveness, reliability, and guarantees the dominant influence on customer satisfaction at the PT. Pegadaian Watansoppeng branch of the variable of concern and reliability and three other variables that physical evidence, responsiveness, and assurance are support for this study hypothesis.

The research aims to analyze the contribution and effectiveness as well as influence of result of the segregated asset management as local own-source revenue. The method used was descriptive statistic with ratio analysis and simple linier regression analysis. The data used were secondary in the orm of regional income report of East Belitung Regency from 2015-2019.The result showed that the average contribution pf the segregated regional asset management is 3.34% that classified as very low. The average effectiveness ratio is 100.08% which classified as very effective. The simple linier regression test result showed that the contribution of the segregated regional asset management has a positive and significant effect on the local own-source revenue of East Belitung Regency.

The number of visitors to Kalibiru Nature Tourism Object in Kulon Progo Regency during weekends has exceeded its effective carrying capacity. Distributing the visitors on weekdays could become one of the solutions to prevent ecological damage. This research aimed at better understanding the relationship between visual landscape quality and the level of visitors’ experience in Kalibiru Nature Tourism Object, Kulon Progo Regency. Two independent surveys were conducted, one during the weekdays' dan another one during the weekends in which 100 respondents were randomly selected for each survey. This research employed descriptive analysis, t-test for independent samples, and simple linear regression. The results showed that there is no significant difference between the average score of landscape visual quality between weekdays (score 75.44) and weekends (score 78.01). Similarly, there is also no significant difference between the level of visitors’ experience during weekdays (score 78.09) and weekends (80.34). The simple linear regression analysis indicated that the landscape visual quality has a positive influence on the level of visitors’ experience in both categories.

The article discusses descriptive statistics of data measured in ordinal and quantitative scales, and criteria for determining the statistical significance of differences between samples when it is impossible to analyze using parametric methods. Special attention is paid to the problem of multiple comparisons of this type of data. For each method, examples of processing data obtained in pharmacological studies are given.

Introduction: iPosyandu application was initially developed to answer the problems of cadres in recording and reporting Posyandu who still use aid book, so there was often delay in reporting to the Puskesmas, with late reports, information was difficult to obtain. This study aims to find out the satisfaction of cadres in using the iPosyandu application. Methods: This research used descriptive cross-sectional approach, and was conducted from July to December 2020, followed by 251 posyandu cadres spread across in Indonesia. This sampling uses accidental sampling method that meets the research criteria. Data retrieval using online survey questionnaire satisfaction of iPosyandu application. Data analysis using univariate with descriptive statistics accompanied by Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) method. Results: This study showed the dimension that is the top priority for immediate improvement is the accuracy dimension with the data accuracy item of posyandu information system on iPosyandu application. Conclusion: Accurate data is useful as a source of information and accuracy in interpreting maternal and child health data in the region.

Aim Dietitians must be statistically literate to effectively interpret the scientific literature underpinning the discipline. Despite this, no study has been conducted that objectively identifies common statistical methods and packages specific to current nutrition and dietetics literature. This study aimed to identify statistical methods and software frequently used in nutrition and dietetics research. Methods A text mining approach using the bag‐of‐words method was applied to a random sample of articles obtained from all journals in the ‘Nutrition and Dietetics’ subject category within the SCImago Journal and Country Rank portal and published in 2018. A list of 229 statistical terms and 19 statistical software packages was developed to define the search terms to be mined. Statistical information from the methods section of included articles was extracted into Microsoft Excel (2016) for data cleaning. Statistical analyses were conducted in R (Version 3.6.0) and Microsoft Excel (2016). Results Seven hundred and fifty‐seven journal articles were included. Numerical descriptive statistics were the most common statistical method group, appearing in 83.2% of articles (n = 630). This was followed by specific hypothesis tests (68.8%, n = 521), general hypothesis concepts (58.4%, n = 442), regression (44.4%, n = 336), and ANOVA (30.8%, n = 233). IBM SPSS statistics was the most common statistical software package, reported in 41.7% of included articles. Conclusion These findings provide useful information for educators to evaluate current statistics curricula and develop short courses for continuing education. They may also act as a starting point for dietitians to educate themselves on typical statistical methods they may encounter.

The purpose of this study was to identify the servicescape that has been built by Yumaju Coffee and the level of customers’ loyalty, and also to reveal how big the role of servicescape is in increasing customers’ loyalty. The research method used is quantitative methods, the sampling technique uses non-probability sampling with a purposive sampling approach of 100 respondents. The data was collected through a questionnaire using a Likert scale. The data were processed using SPSS, and using descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, simple regression analysis, and analysis of the coefficient of determination, and hypothesis testing. The results of this study indicate that the servicescape built by Yumaju Coffee is categorized as good and the level of customers’ loyalty is also high, and servicescape has a significant role in increasing customer loyalty by 31.8%.

This study aims to profile the scientific retractions published in journals indexed in the Web of Science database from 2010 to 2019, from researchers at the top 20 World Class Universities according to the Times Higher Education global ranking of 2020. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and simple linear regression were used to analyze the data. Of the 330 analyzed retractions, Harvard University had the highest number of retractions and the main reason for retraction was data results. We conclude that the universities with a higher ranking tend to have a lower rate of retraction.

Threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) is a concept that has been around for decades in human health sciences. Ecotoxicology recently adopted a variant of this concept as eco-TTC. Adoption of the concept of TTC considerably reduces the amount of animal testing required for regulatory purposes. We provide an application of a universal TTC for the entirety of acute fish toxicity data (i.e., establishment of an exposure level below which there would be minimal probability of acute fish toxicity for any chemical, without consideration of mechanism of action). We calculated TTC values for a number of subgroups using various approaches. These approaches were evaluated using data from a cohort of 69 999 acute fish toxicological assays. This database was normalized/curated for units, exposure duration, quality assurance/control, and duplicates, which reduced it to 47 694 assays. Data were not normally but log-normally distributed, making geometric means the most appropriate statistical parameter. Thus, we developed descriptive statistics using geometric means with 95, 99, and 99.9% confidence intervals. Various assessment factors (akin to predicted-no-effect concentration derivation) were applied to the geometric means to derive TTCs. Other approaches employed were the calculation of y = 0 intercepts as well as development of 95 and 99.75% cutoffs of cumulative data as well as modular uncertainty scoring tool (MUST) analysis. All of the methodologies derived highly congruent TTCs ranging from to 2 to 8 μg/L except for the 99.75th percentile cutoff of 0.3 μg/L. The data would be most useful in making a binary testing/no testing required decision. For acute fish toxicity, a TTC value of 2 μg/L was most appropriate, based on the 95th percentile of data distribution without any assessment factor. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1740-1749. © 2021 SETAC.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh Teknologi Informasi dan Pemahaman Sistem Informasi terhadap Kinerja Pengelolaan Keuangan Pemerintah pada Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah yang ada di Pemerintahan Kota Makassar. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif yang melibatkan 75 responden dari 25 SKPD Pemerintahan Kota Makassar dengan jumlah populasi sebanyak 55 SKPD. Data dikumpulkan melalui hasil kuesioner yang dibagikan kepada responden. Data yang dikumpulkan akan diuji dengan uji instrument (uji validitas dan uji reabilitas), uji asumsi klasik (uji normalitas dan uji heteroskedastisitas), dan dianalisis menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif dan analisis inferensial. Terakhir, akan dilakukan uji hipotesis, yaitu uji parsial, uji statistik F, dan uji koefisien determinasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Teknologi Informasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Kinerja Pengelola Keuangan Pemerintah, Pemahaman Sistem Informasi Akuntansi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Kinerja Pengelola Keuangan Pemerintah, dan Teknologi Informasi dan Pemahaman Sistem Informasi Akuntansi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan secara simultan terhadap Kinerja Pengelola Keuangan Pemerintah.

Background The initial contact of consumers when choosing sunscreens is through the trademark, packaging, perfume, and tactile feeling of the product, outlining the popular practice of sensory science. Aims To describe the sensory and physical-mechanical profile of commercial sunscreens through sensory and instrumental analyses related to principal component analysis (PCA). Methods Seven commercial sunscreens available on the Brazilian market and with a solar protection factor (SPF) of 30 were evaluated. Physical-mechanical profiling (rheological and textural analyses) was conducted by a trained panel, followed by sensory profile characterization and descriptive analysis. The results were assessed using the Spearman correlation coefficient and PCA. Results The correlation or lack thereof of the instrumental parameters with most of the sensory aspects was demonstrated using the Spearman coefficient. PCA enabled us to identify the nature of the dissimilarities among the samples. Conclusions The obtained results highlight the importance of descriptive sensory analysis in the research and development of sunscreens, evidencing the significance of precisely informing the products' formulation in order to be chosen by the consumer.

We examine the mortality rates due to occupational accidents of the three states in the southern region of Brazil using the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), beta autoregressive moving average ( β ARMA), and Kumaraswamy autoregressive moving average (KARMA) models to fit the data sets, considering monthly observations from 2000 to 2017. We compare them to identify the best predictive model for the southern region of Brazil. We also provide descriptive analysis, revealing the victims’ vulnerability characteristics and comparing them between the states. A clear increase was seen in female participation in the labor market, but the number of deaths from occupational accidents did not increase by the same proportion. Moreover, the state of Parana stood out for having the highest mortality rate from work-related accidents. The fitted ARIMA and β ARMA models using a 6-month time frame presented similar accuracy measurements, while KARMA performed the worst.

This study aims to determine whether there is a difference in the prediction results between the Altman, Springate, and Zmijewski models and the most accurate prediction model for predicting the bankruptcy of retail companies in Indonesia and Singapore. This research is descriptive quantitative. The sampling method used was purposive sampling with 15 Indonesian retail companies and 15 Singapore retail companies. This study used descriptive analysis, normality test, and One Way ANOVA test using an SPSS program. The results showed that: 1) There are significant differences between the Altman model, Springate model, and Zmijewski model in Indonesian retail companies. 2) There is a significant difference between the Altman model, Springate model, and Zmijewski model in the Singapore retail companies. 3) The most accurate model in predicting the bankruptcy of Indonesian retail companies is the Zmijewski model. 4) The most accurate model in predicting the bankruptcy of Singapore retail companies is the Altman model.

This study aims to analyze personality, job satisfaction and the influence of personality on job satisfaction of employees of PT Surya Windu Pertiwi Serdang Bedagai. Respondents in this study were employees of PT Surya Windu Pertiwi Serdang Bedagai consisting of 43 respondents. The data analysis method used is descriptive statistics and simple regression. The results of the test show that the personality of openees to experience is a prominent personality of the employees of PT Surya Windu Pertiwi Serdang Bedagai with an average score of 3.8889. Meanwhile, the average value of descriptive statistics for the job satisfaction variable was 3.1457, indicating that the employees of PT Surya Windu Pertiwi Serdang Bedagai still did not have good job satisfaction. The results of the analysis show that personality does not have a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction of employees with a P-value of 0.382 greater than 0.05. The managerial implication that can be given is that companies need to consider the factors of employee personality, especially when recruiting employees. Companies also need to consider aspects of job satisfaction, especially in terms of good salaries

This research aimed to construct a statistical creative model in solving the problem of descriptive statistics. This type of research is a mixed methods research with a sequential mixed methods model using Exploratory sequential design. A descriptive qualitative method is used to build statistical creative models. Meanwhile, a quantitative method is used to test whether there are significant differences in students' statistical creative models based on gender. The research was conducted on 124 high school students with a distribution of 59 boys and 65 girls (15-18 years of age). The results of this research found that there are three levels of a statistical creative model in descriptive statistical activities, namely imitation, modification, and construction. A total of 25 subjects were at the imitation level, in solving problems the subjects imitated the appearance of data, graphics, or resolution strategies. 56 subjects at the modification level, modified the data or graphic display to solve the problem. 43 subjects at the construction level are shown by constructing new data or graphics to solve the problem. It was also found that there were no significant differences in the creative models of male and female subjects in descriptive statistical activities.

This research was conducted to analyze and describe the NPF and FDR ratio of Bank Muamalat Indonesia between before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. The method used in this research is quantitative with research data in the form of secondary data. The data were collected using the documentation method and analyzed using the descriptive statistic and independent sample t-test. The results of the study state that the NPF and FDR value of Bank Muamalat Indonesia was differ between before and during the Covid-19 pandemic, although not statistically significant. The difference in terms of NPF indicates that the financing risk faced by Bank Muamalat Indonesia during the pandemic period is greater. The difference in terms of FDR indicates the existence of prudence from banks in distributing financing to the public because the business situation is not conducive during the Covid-19 pandemic.

This research aims to determine how the implementation and the effect of scientific integration in learning toward the formation of students' morals. The method used in this research was descriptive using a quantitative approach, for data collection was obtained from questionnaires, interviews, and documentation studies. Meanwhile, the data analysis used the percentage technique for descriptive data and linear regression technique for quantitative data. The results obtained in this study explain that the application of scientific integration is included in the very good category with the acquisition of a percentage of 84%. Second, students' moral formation is in the very good category with a percentage gain of 80.5%. Third, the result of a linear regression calculation shows that the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted and hypothesis Null (H0) is rejected. Science integration contributes 20.1% to the moral formation of students.

Purpose – In this study, it is aimed to perform an empirical evaluation of the accounting values that Gray put forward theoretically, such as professionalism, uniformity, conservatism and confidentiality. It is thought that the study will contribute to the related article since there is no empirical evaluation of the Hofstede-Gray model in the Turkish literature. Design/methodology/approach – In the study, Certified Public Accountants (CPA) operating in Aksaray province were determined as the population and a questionnaire was applied to 108 professional accountants operating in Aksaray. In the analysis of the obtained data, descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed. Findings – The findings show that Gray's accounting values model is partially supported, but the conservative value was loaded on two separate factors as "conservative in terms of disclosure" and "conservative in terms of valuation / measurement". Discussion – Since the total variance value of the scale used in the study is 64.582%, it can be mentioned that there are other accounting values that have not been defined yet. In this context, it will be possible to define other undefined accounting values with the data collection technique prepared experimentally instead of the theoretical basis.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi,PAD dan DAU terhadap Belanja Daerah di Kabupaten Sidoarjo pada tahun 2009-2018. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain penelitian deskriptif dan Asosiatif.Data yang digunakan yaitu data time series PAD, dana perimbangan, dan belanja daerah pada website DJP Kemenkeu dan Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Kabupaten Sidoarjo tahun 2009-2018. Teknik pengumpulan data yaitu secara sekunder dengan mengumpulkan beberapa refrensi dari website DJP Kemenkeu dan BPS Sidoarjo.Teknik analisis data menggunakan statistika deskriptif, uji asumsi klasik, uji korelasi sederhana dan berganda, uji regresi dan uji hipotesis parsial (uji t) dan uji hipotesis simultan (uji F) dengan bantuan software SPSS.Hasil analisis menunjukkan secara uji (t) parsial Dana Alokasi Umum(DAU) berpengaruh signifikan terhadap belanja daerah,sedangkan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) tidak berpengarauh secara signifikan terhadap belanja daerah. Secara uji (f) simultan pertumbuhan ekonomi,pendapatan asli daerah (PAD) dan dana alokasi umum (DAU) berpengaruh signifikan terhadap belanja daerah.