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WOS: 000272293600027 PubMed: 21578788 The title compound, C(7)H(5)NO(4), is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation from the mean plane of 0.0116 (11) angstrom for the hydroxy O atom. The molecular and crystal structure are stabilized by intra-and intermolecular interactions. An intramolecular O-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bond generates a six-membered ring, producing an S(6) ring motif. The C-H center dot center dot center dot O interactions result in the formation of C(5) chains and R(2)(2)(8) rings forming an approximately planar network parallel to (101). These planes are interconnected through pi-pi interactions [centroid-centroid distance 3.582 (2) angstrom]. Research Center of Ondokuz Mayis University [F-476]; University Research Fund [F279] This study was supported financially by the Research Center of Ondokuz Mayis University (Project No. F-476). The authors acknowledge the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ondokuz Mayis University, Turkey, for the use of the Stoe IPDS II diffractometer (purchased under grant No. F279 of the University Research Fund).

The transesterification of vegetable oils (rapeseed and sunflower oils were used) by low molecular alcohol is the most used method of biodiesel production. A heterogeneous reaction mixture is formed by transesterification containing ester and glycerol phases. Biodiesel is gained by the sedimentation of this mixture. We have studied how separation conditions (independent variables: amount of added water, intensity and time of stirring, etc.) affect the quantity and the quality of both phases (dependent variables). The reaction mixture presents a multivariable system, therefore the statistic method Plackett - Burman was used in the planning of experiments. The multidimensional linear regression was used for the description of the relationship between independent and dependent variables. The mathematical model describing this relationship was created for both types of oil.

13 páginas, 2 figuras, Fish products are known to provide high levels of constituents important for the human diet. At the same time, wild and farmed fish species are highly perishable products, the quality and freshness of which rapidly declines post-mortem. Accordingly, efficient storage and processing technologies need to be employed to reduce postmortem quality losses until the product reaches the consumer. The present review covers recent efforts carried out on some new and advanced strategies related to chilled and frozen storage. In the first part, research concerning the use of binary systems (slurry ice) is reviewed, this focussed on the commercialisation of fresh fish products as such or to its employment as raw material for processing. Then, the application of exogenous antioxidants to ensure retention of high quality is addressed; in this part, special attention is accorded to the endogenous antioxidant content retention and to the antioxidant/pro-oxidant balance in fish foods

WOS: 000263040700072 PubMed: 21581808 The structural unit of the title compound, [Rb(C6H3N2O4)-(C6H4N2O4)(H2O)(2)](n), consists of one rubidium cation, one hydrogen pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylate anion, one pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid molecule and two water molecules. This formulation is repeated twice in the asymmetric unit as the rubidium cation lies on an inversion centre. Each anion or acid molecule is linked to two rubidium cations, while the rubidium cation has close contacts to four symmetry-equivalent organic ligands, with two different coordination modes towards this cation. In addition, each rubidium cation is coordinated by two water O atoms, raising the coordination number to eight. One of the carboxyl groups of the acid holds its H atom, which forms a hydrogen bond to a coordinated water molecule. The other carboxyl group is deprotonated in half of the ligands and protonated in the other half, taking part in a strong O-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bond disordered over an inversion centre. The stabilization of the crystal structure is further assisted by O-H center dot center dot center dot O and O-H center dot center dot center dot N hydrogen-bonding interactions involving the water molecules and carboxylate O atoms. Kirikkale University Scientific Research CentreKirikkale University The authors gratefully acknowledge Kirikkale University Scientific Research Centre for financial support of this work.

WOS: 000264796100074 PubMed: 21582104 The title compound, [(AuCl2)-Cl-III(C12H12N2)](2)[(AuCl4)-Cl-III][(AuCl2)-Cl-I], contains three distinct types of Au atom. In the cation, the Au-III atom is four-coordinated in a distorted square-planar arrangement by an N,N'-bidentate 5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine ligand and two terminal Cl atoms. In the [AuCl4](-) anion, the centrosymmetric Au-III atom has a square-planar coordination. The centrosymmetric [AuCl2](-) anion is linear. Intra- and intermolecular C-H center dot center dot center dot Cl hydrogen bonds help to establish the conformation and packing. University Research Fund [F.279]; Shahid Beheshti University The authors acknowledge the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ondokuz Mayis University, Turkey, for the use of the Stoe IPDS-2 diffractometer (purchased under grant F.279 of the University Research Fund). NS, VA and AA are grateful to Shahid Beheshti University for financial support.

WOS: 000263040700183, PubMed ID: 21581919, In the title compound, C(25)H(35)N(2)(+)center dot Cl(-)center dot H(2)O,the imidazolidine ring adopts a twisted conformation, with a pseudo-twofold axis passing through the N-C-N carbon and the opposite C-C bond. The N-C-N fragment of the imidazolidine ring shows some degree of both double- and single-bond character due to partial electron delocalization. One of the tert-butyl groups is disordered over two conformations with occupancies of 0.714 (8) and 0.286 (8). In the crystal, O-H center dot center dot center dot Cl and C-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds help to establish the packing., Technological and Scientific Research Council of Turkey TUBITAK-CNRSTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [TBAG-U/181 (106 T716)]; Inonu University Research Fund (BAP)Inonu University [2008-Gudumlu3], We thank the Technological and Scientific Research Council of Turkey TUBITAK-CNRS [TBAG-U/181 (106 T716)] and Inonu University Research Fund (BAP: 2008-Gudumlu3) for financial support.

11 páginas, 8 figuras, 1 tabla -- PAGS nros. 698-708, Background and purpose: Dendritic cells (DCs) are dedicated antigen-presenting cells able to initiate specific immune responses and their maturation is critical for the induction of antigen-specific T-lymphocyte responses. Here, we have investigated the effects of Inmunoferon-active principle (AM3), the active agent of a commercial immunomodulatory drug, on human monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs). Experimental approach: MDDCs derived from healthy and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients were stimulated with AM3. We analysed the expression of cell surface proteins by flow cytometry, that of cytokine production by ELISA, and the expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors by RNase protection assays. T-lymphocyte proliferation was assessed in mixed lymphocyte reactions, protein expression by western blot and luciferase-based reporter methods, and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-blocking antibodies were employed to analyse TLR activity. Key results: In MDDCs, AM3 induced or enhanced expression of CD54, CD83, CD86, HLA-DR, chemokines and chemokine receptors, interleukin (IL)-12p70 and IL-10. Furthermore, AM3 stimulated MDDCs to increase proliferation of allogenic T cells. AM3 triggered nuclear translocation of NF-κB and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. AM3 promoted NF-κB activation in a TLR-4-dependent manner, and blocking TLR-4 activity attenuated the enhanced expression of CD80, CD83 and CD86 induced by AM3. AM3 enhanced the expression of maturation-associated markers in MDDCs from HCV-infected patients and increased the proliferation of T lymphocytes induced by these MDDCs. Conclusions and implications: These results underline the effects of AM3 in promoting maturation of MDDCs and suggest that AM3 might be useful in regulating immune responses in pathophysiological situations requiring DC maturation, This work was supported in part by Grants from Industrial Farmacéutica Cantabria (IFC), from CIBER-EHD to Dr R Moreno and Dr M López-Cabrera, from the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia SAF2007-61201 to M L-C and from the Instituto Salud Carlos III CP 03/0020 and the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia SAF2007-60677 to Dr Pedro Majano

In the crystal structure of the title compound, [WCl(2)(NO)(C(6)H(16)P(2))(2)]Cl, the seven-coordinated tungsten(II) center displays a distorted penta-gonal-bipyramidal geometry with trans nitrosyl and chloride ligands. The NO and Cl ligands are disordered over two positions; the site occupancy factors are 0.6 and 0.4.

The carbazole unit of the title molecule, C13H13NO2, is not planar. The dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the pyrrole ring is 1.69 (6)°. The cyclohexene ring adopts an envelope conformation. Intermolecular C—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds are present in the crystal structure. A C—H...π interaction, involving the benzene ring, is also found in the crystal structure.

Yilmaz, Veysel/0000-0002-2849-3332; Kazak, Canan/0000-0003-2475-8775; Guney, Serkan/0000-0002-6270-5458 WOS: 000252049300055 PubMed: 21200630 In the centrosymmetric title complex, [Co(C7H4NO3S)(2)(C6H15N3)(2)], the Co-II ion is coordinated by two saccharinate (sac) anions and two neutral 2-piperazin-1-ylethanamine (ppzea) ligands, showing a distorted octahedral coordination. Sac is O-bonded via the carbonyl group, while ppzea acts as an N,N'-bidentate chelating ligand. The molecules are connected by N-H center dot center dot center dot N and N-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds, forming a linear chain running parallel to the crystallographic a axis. The compound is isostructural with the reported Ni, Zn, and Cd analogues.

The surfaces of pressure groundwood (PGW), thermomechanical pulp (TMP), and chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle measurement, and polyelectrolyte adsorption. The combination of these methods yielded a comprehensive picture of the chemistry, adhesive properties and morphology of the fiber surfaces and how they were affected by washing, peroxide bleaching, dithionite bleaching, and ozone treatment. Overall, the fiber surfaces were found to be very heterogeneous. Sulfite treatment in the production of CTMP pulp, peroxide bleaching under alkaline conditions, and ozone treatment modified especially the lignin and/or the pectins so that more acidic groups were introduced into the pulps. The adhesion between water and fibers increased when hydrophobic extractives (pitch) were removed by extraction with dichloromethane.

In the title compound, C26H27NO3, the piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation. The two methoxyphenyl groups attached to the piperidine ring at positions 2 and 6 have equatorial orientations and make a dihedral angle of 87.33 (8)°. The benzyl group at position 3 has an equatorial orientation. The phenyl ring of the benzyl group makes dihedral angles of 75.60 (9) and 73.69 (9)° with the two benzene rings. Molecules are linked by intermolecular N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds and by C—H...π interactions.

This study compares the removal of a mixture of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and all three xylene isomers (BTEX) in mesophilic and thermophilic (50°C) bioreactors. In the mesophilic reactor fungi became dominant after long-term operation, while bacteria dominated in the thermophilic unit. Microbial acclimation was achieved by exposing the biofilters to initial BTEX loads of 2–15 g m−3 h−1, at an empty bed residence time of 96 s. After adaptation, the elimination capacities ranged from 3 to 188 g m−3 h−1, depending on the inlet load, for the mesophilic biofilter with removal efficiencies reaching 96%. On the other hand, in the thermophilic reactor the average removal efficiency was 83% with a maximum elimination capacity of 218 g m−3 h−1. There was a clear positive relationship between temperature gradients as well as CO2 production and elimination capacities across the biofilters. The gas phase was sampled at different depths along the reactors observing that the percentage pollutant removal in each section was strongly dependant on the load applied. The fate of individual alkylbenzene compounds was checked, showing the unusually high biodegradation rate of benzene at high loads under thermophilic conditions (100%) compared to its very low removal in the mesophilic reactor at such load (

The quality of grated carrot (variety Nantes) was evaluated throughout 10days of storage in two different atmospheres: air and vacuum at 2 ◦ C. The parameters of quality were microbiological and physico-chemical. Sensory evaluation of vacuum-packed grated carrots was performed after the microbiology study. The objective was to study the use of a vacuum for preservation of this type of product. The use of a vacuum was sufficiently promising with respect to the capacity to extend the shelf life of grated carrot by reducing microbial load and by minimising physico-chemical changes. The shelf life of grated carrot under vacuum was extended to 8days at 2 ◦ C.  2006 Society of Chemical Industry

Aims: The suitability of genetic fingerprinting to study the microbiological basis of anaerobic bioreactor failure is investigated. Methods and Results: Two laboratory-scale anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed bioreactors, R1 and R2, were used for the mesophilic (37°C) treatment of high-strength [10 g chemical oxygen demand (COD) l−1] synthetic industrial-like wastewater over a 100-day trial period. A successful start up was achieved by both bioreactors with COD removal over 90%. Both reactors were operated under identical parameters; however, increased organic loading during the trial induced a reduction in the COD removal of R1, while R2 maintained satisfactory performance (COD removal >90%) throughout the experiment. Specific methanogenic activity measurements of biomass from both reactors indicated that the main route of methane production was hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis was applied to the characterization of microbial community dynamics within the system during the trial. The principal differences between the two consortia analysed included an increased abundance of Thiovulum- and Methanococcus-like organisms and uncultured Crenarchaeota in R1. Conclusions: The results indicated that there was a microbiological basis for the deviation, in terms of operational performance, of R1 and R2. Significance and Impact of the Study: High-throughput fingerprinting techniques, such as TRFLP, have been demonstrated as practically relevant for biomonitoring of anaerobic reactor communities.

7 pages, 8 figures, 1 table.-- Printed version published Apr 2003., Black liquors from a soda pulping mill were treated with the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor to detoxify and reduce colour, aromatic compounds and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The fungus was used in the form of pellets in aerated reactors (fluidized, stirred and air-pulsed reactors). Reductions in colour and aromatic compounds of 70-80% and in COD of 60% were achieved. During the different experiments, laccase activity was detected but neither lignin peroxidase (LiP) nor manganese peroxidase activities were detected, although T versicolor is able to produce these enzymes. Experiments also showed a LiP activity inhibitory effect produced by lignin. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between laccase production and toxicity reduction. This correlation responds to the equation Laccase production = 1.57 LN (toxicity reduction) -16.40. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry, Financial support from CICYT in the framework of Project AMB 94-0287 and CIRIT through the Unitat d'Enginyeria Bioquímica of the Centre de Referència en Biotecnología (Generalitat de Catalunya).

This paper studies how the size of the labour market affects workers' decisions to invest in human capital. We consider a model of mismatch where firms rank workers according to their level of skills. The matching process operating in the market has the property that the job finding probability of workers depends on market size, market tightness and their ranking. The model is consistent with several facts highlighted in empirical studies: in bigger markets the distribution of human capital is more unequal and the returns to skill are higher.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a noninvasive optical brain-imaging technique that detects changes in hemoglobin concentration in the cerebral cortex. fNIRS devices are safe, silent, portable, robust against motion artifacts, and have good temporal resolution. fNIRS is reliable and trustworthy, as well as an alternative and a complement to other brain-imaging modalities, such as electroencephalography or functional magnetic resonance imaging. Given these advantages, fNIRS has become a well-established tool for neuroscience research, used not only for healthy cortical activity but also as a biomarker during clinical assessment in individuals with schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disease, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and cancer screening. Owing to its wide applicability, studies on fNIRS have increased exponentially over the last two decades. In this study, scientific publications indexed in the Web of Science databases were collected and a bibliometric-type methodology was developed. For this purpose, a comprehensive science mapping analysis, including top-ranked authors, journals, institutions, countries, and co-occurring keywords network, was conducted. From a total of 2310 eligible documents, 6028 authors and 531 journals published fNIRS-related papers, Fallgatter published the highest number of articles and was the most cited author. University of Tübingen in Germany has produced the most trending papers since 2000. USA was the most prolific country with the most active institutions, followed by China, Japan, Germany, and South Korea. The results also revealed global trends in emerging areas of research, such as neurodevelopment, aging, and cognitive and emotional assessment.

1. Previous in vivo studies in men and experimental animal models have shown that hyperaldosteronemia is correlated with cardiac fibrosis due to increased total collagen synthesis. As yet, it is unclear whether aldosterone has direct pro-fibrogenic effect on cardiac fibroblasts, the fibrogenic effector cell in the myocardium, and if so which procollagens specifically are synthesized at higher rates. 2. The present study aims at establishing whether de novo collagen synthesis by cardiac fibroblasts is enhanced following exposure for 2x24 h to pharmacological (10(-7) - 10(-8) M), near-physiological (10(-9) M) or physiological (10(-10) - 10(-11) M) aldosterone concentrations. During the last 24 h, cells were metabolically labelled with [35S]-methionine/[35S]-cysteine. Labelled procollagens were immunoprecipitated quantitatively using antibodies against specific procollagens. Contrary to expectations, 10(-7) M aldosterone inhibited significantly de novo synthesis of procollagens type I and IV (-35% and -42%, respectively). For procollagen type III, only a tendency towards inhibition was observed. At lower concentrations of aldosterone (10(-8) - 10(-10) M), synthesis of procollagens type I, III or IV was unaffected. 3. Cellular DNA synthesis under influence of aldosterone was evaluated by measuring BrdU incorporation. Cells were treated with aldosterone, while BrdU was added during the last 16 h of treatment. Aldosterone had no demonstrable effect on cellular proliferation. 4. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT - PCR) clearly demonstrated the presence of mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA in cardiac fibroblasts. 5. In spite of the expression of the mineralocorticoid receptor by cultured cardiac fibroblasts, the pro-fibrogenic effect of aldosterone as observed in vivo, is not likely to be due to a direct effect of this hormone in cardiac fibroblasts.

Covid-19 has changed consumer behaviour, probably forever. Initial consumer stockpiling led to stockouts, threat and uncertainty for consumers. To overcome shortages, consumers expanded their use of channels and many consumers started buying online for the first time. In this paper, we aim to address important research gaps related to consumer behaviour during the pandemic and especially stockpiling. Our paper starts by presenting the findings of our pre-study, which used social media to elicit or confirm potential constructs for our quantitative models. These constructs complemented the protection motivations theory to explain stockpiling behaviour, forming the basis for study 1, the stockpiling preparation stage and study 2, the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic disruptor on customer service logistics and lockdown shopping channel preferences. For studies 1 and 2 we gathered data via a UK online panel-structured questionnaire survey (n = 603). Results confirm that consumer-driven changes to supply chains emanate largely from consumer uncertainty. Lockdown restrictions led to consumers feeling socially excluded, but enhanced consumers’ positive attitudes towards shopping online and increased consumers’ altruism. In response, consumers stockpiled by visiting physical stores and/or ordering online. Lockdown restrictions led to feelings of social exclusion but, importantly, stockpiling helped to minimize consumer anxiety and fear and even increase wellbeing.

Prolactin (PRL) is mitogenic for lymphocytes in vitro, but the responsiveness of lymphocytes depends on the in vivo hormonal status of the rats from which the cells were obtained. Lymphocytes from ovariectomized (OVX) rats, but not from rats in oestrus or from male rats, respond to prolactin; administration of oestradiol to OVX rats diminishes the response. In order to determine if a correlation exists between lymphocyte responsiveness to prolactin and levels of cell surface prolactin receptors (PRL‐R) expression, the percentage of splenocytes and each splenocyte subpopulation expressing surface PRL‐R from rats of various hormonal states (OVX, oestradiol‐injected OVX, oestrus and male) was analysed by single‐colour and dual‐colour flow cytometric analysis. We found that approximately 20% of splenocytes expressed surface PRL‐R regardless of hormonal states (n=16). The majority (85%) of PRL‐R positive splenocytes were B lymphocytes whereas 11.1% and 4.8% of splenocytes expressing the PRL‐R were CD4 positive T‐helper (T(H)) and CD8 positive T‐cytotoxic (T(C)) lymphocytes, respectively. B lymphocytes also stained more brightly than T lymphocytes. This distribution of PRL‐R expression did not show significant alterations on total splenocytes or T(H) and T(C) lymphocytes during various hormonal stages. However, the percentage of PRL‐R‐positive B lymphocytes increased markedly in OVX rats (twofold), compared to rats at oestrus. In summary, no correlation was found between the responsiveness to prolactin as a mitogen and levels of PRL‐R expression by lymphocytes from rats at different hormonal states. This result suggests that sex steroid hormones may control prolactin responsiveness of lymphocytes by affecting the signal transduction pathway through PRL‐R rather than by altering the level of the cell surface receptor expression.

Transitions away from fossil fuels need to be governed, financed, regulated and coordinated, patterns of production and innovation need to be steered and shaped by rulemaking bodies at all levels of authority. For this to happen across a highly uneven international system, global institutions have a vital role to play in supporting and implementing just transitions (JTs) that align with principles addressing the procedural, distributional, intergenerational and recognition-based aspects of justice and which help to address the temporal and spatial aspects of transitions. In this paper, we review the ways in which global institutions are involved in the governance of JTs. We illustrate the roles these institutions are playing through three key areas vital to JTs: the (i) governance of finance (ii) labour protection and (iii) mobilising alternatives. To make sense of the diverse and uneven nature of these engagements and their implications, we explore in turn four key gaps in the way global institutions are approaching the issue of JTs.

Part of the appeal of attachment language is that it feels near to our everyday experience, as terms like 'attachment', 'security' or 'disorganisation' feel readily recognisable. Yet, not one of these terms is used by academic attachment researchers in line with ordinary language. This has hindered the evidence-based use of attachment in practice, the feedback loop from practice to research and the dialogue between attachment researchers in developmental psychology and in social psychology. This paper pinpoints the difficulties arising from the existence of multiple versions of 'attachment theory' that use exactly the same terms, held by communities that assume that they are referring to the same thing and with little infrastructure to help them discover otherwise. When we talk past one another, the different communities with a stake in knowledge of attachment are obstructed from genuinely learning from one another, drawing on their respective strengths and pursuing collaborations. One factor contributing to this situation has been the use of attachment terminology with technical meanings, but often without setting out clear definitions. We here introduce a guide to attachment terminology used by the academic community, which has recently been published on the website of the Society for Emotion and Attachment Studies. The guide is meant for researchers, clinicians and everyone concerned with attachment to increase understanding of the technical meaning of important terminology used by researchers, and support the quality of discussions between researchers, and between researchers and clinicians and other publics. ispartof: JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY vol:64 issue:5 pages:839-843 ispartof: location:England status: published

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with cognitive dysfunctions and is an independent risk factor for dementia. A recent study has found the prevalence of PTSD in people with dementia is 4.7%-7.8%. However, little is known about the effectiveness of PTSD treatment for people with dementia. The primary aim of the current study is to review previous studies on the treatment of PTSD in people with dementia. A structured literature review was performed using a 'Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses' analysis in PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO and CINAHL. Two independent researchers screened titles and abstracts. The inclusion criteria were: PTSD symptoms present, diagnosis of dementia, PTSD treatment form described and effects of the treatment mentioned. Articles that matched these criteria were included and content and quality were analyzed. We included nine articles, all case reports, with a total of 11 cases. The discussed treatment options are eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) (n = 3), prolonged exposure (n = 1), cognitive behavioural therapy (n = 1) and pharmacological treatment (n = 4). All articles reported a positive effect of the intervention on several monitored symptoms. Evidence for positive effects and feasibility of EMDR were most reliable, and it was applied in two articles of sufficient quality published in 2018 and 2019. EMDR 'on-the-spot' was described with positive effect in one article in which three cases were discussed. The quality of included papers ranged from insufficient to sufficient. This review shows that people with PTSD and dementia can benefit from PTSD treatment. EMDR, prolonged exposure, acceptance and commitment therapy and pharmacological treatment are applicable in this population. EMDR treatment is most described in this population (n = 5) and shows positive results, and the studies are of sufficient quality (n = 3). Further research in the form of a randomised controlled trial is required to study the effectivity of different treatment interventions in this population.

Objective: We explore how information communication technologies (ICTs) enable doing kin work through communication and its impact on the well-being of Ghanaians at home and abroad. Background: Using ICTs has become a significant and rapid way to keep in touch with family relations as they are “scattered” across different geographic spaces within a country and globally. In this digital age, families can choose from a wide range of options that allows the combination of textual, verbal, and visual interactions. Method: This paper is based on observations, in-depth interviews, and life stories collected over a cumulative fieldwork period of 28 months. A total of 40 Ghanaians living in the Netherlands and 30 living in Ghana were recruited from 2017 to 2019 for this study. Results: Through smartphones or messenger apps, people share their life and provide care and support including financial, emotional, moral, personal, and communal attachment. Conclusion: Doing family online involves a complex, open, and hidden system of support, care, anxiety, and empathy. Doing family online is an example of a social matrix in which new patterns of social relationships, intimacies, care, and intergenerational solidarities emerge and develop. Implications: We propose that doing family online will remain an integral means of connecting with family members and other relations. It is therefore important that ICT is made affordable, reliable, and secure as a way to improve its use. This means that more innovation, development, and research would be required.

IT outsourcing (ITO) remains a popular business practice, but many buyers and suppliers of IT services are caught in a vicious relationship spiral of low trust, bad collaboration and mediocre performance. This paper describes a novel process understanding of how vicious cycles work and suggests a new method for how they can be reversed into virtuous cycles. Based on the action research and complementary system dynamics simulation, this paper demonstrates how an ineffective ITO relationship between a European Harbour Authority and its main IT supplier ITCo was formed and, later, transformed. The method, involving collaborative redesign of service workflows, applied in this action research triggered the reversal of an otherwise downward relationship spiral. Both the empirical facts from the action research data and the system dynamics simulation data are provided as evidence. We conclude the paper with conceptual and methodological contributions as well as scope for future research.

In this paper, we explore how supply chain theorists can engage with metaphorical imagination to develop supply chain theory. Our main purpose was to provide additional useful guidance on how scholars can approach the method of metaphoric transfer. To do this, we build on previous work on the metaphoric transfer method and develop the Metaphoric Transfer Pathways framework. The framework offers two novel approaches to working with metaphors that will help theorists to best leverage the theorizing potential of metaphors in their work. We also develop a set of evaluation criteria which can help scholars to choose which approach to metaphoric transfer to adopt and to maximize the productivity of metaphors used within their theorizing efforts. Our paper synthesizes the existing literature on metaphorical imagination in a novel way to provide accessible guidance for those looking to work with metaphor and to maximize their contribution toward developing novel supply chain theory.

Objective: To investigate the explicitness and variability of the definition of periodontal health in the current scientific literature. Material and methods: The authors conducted a systematic literature review using PubMed and CENTRAL (2013-01/2019-05) according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and the guidelines of the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) statement. Results: A total of 51 papers met the predefined inclusion criteria. Of these, 13 papers did not report any explicit definitions of periodontal health. Out of the 38 remaining articles, half of them used a reference to support their definition and half of them not. The studies published in periodontics-related journals or those that scored a low risk of bias for the methodical quality presented more explicit and valid definitions. Probing pocket depth was the most frequently used individual parameter for defining periodontal health. However, there were substantial variations in the methods of measurement and cut-off values. Conclusions: Given the diversity of periodontal health definitions, a cross-study comparison is difficult. The results of this review may be useful in making others aware of the significance of standardizing the definition of a healthy periodontium.

Over the last twenty years increasing attention has been paid to the ways in which diasporic communities can shape global development processes, thorough a variety of intersecting scales and spatialities. This promotion of diasporic-centred development has occurred in parallel to a narrowing of civic space and it is these juxtaposing narratives that this paper interrogates. This paper firstly considers diasporic-centred development before moving on to think about how the contemporary narrowing of civic space may be (re)shaping diasporic civic life and participation in global development processes. The paper concludes that the spaces for diasporic civic participation in development are vulnerable to being squeezed in multiple intersecting ways, including through the racialised marginalisation of diasporic communities in everyday life, restrictions on diasporic associational life, the delegitimising of diasporic organisations in the (formal) development sphere and the extra-territorial narrowing of diasporic civic space by state (and non-state) actors. It is imperative that we explore the intersections in the diasporic-civic space-development nexus, with further research needed to understand how diasporic communities are responding to these changes, how diasporic civic spaces are reconfiguring and reconstituting themselves in this context, and what this means for global development.

Prior studies suggest that knowledge about workers' psychological well-being is overly focused on materialism or biologically-based understanding, not taking into account the role of spirituality in one's well-being. Drawing on Ryff's (1989) psychological well-being framework and using an interdisciplinary approach, this paper offers a model of 'well-being in Islam' through theorizing this concept from an Islamic lens and contextually studying the implications of Islamic practices and spiritual facilities for employees' psychological well-being in workplaces. Drawing on qualitative data collected from 22 employees, our model (findings) shows that worshipping Allah, contemplative practices, and patience are key elements of one's well-being. This paper also points towards the important role of specific spiritual provisions (e.g., designated rooms for prayer, prayer time and ablution facilities) and contemplative practices (e.g., ritualistic-cyclic, creative process, generative, movement practices, stillness, activist, relational) for Ryff's six dimensions of employees' eudaimonic well-being. This study is unique as it integrates the notion of well-being in Islam into management and organization studies and offers a novel and contextual extension of Ryff's theory by integrating a spiritual notion of well-being. In the end, theoretical and practical implications are offered.

This study asserts that conceptualising sensory brand experience (SBE) as an independent construct is critical to expanding our understanding of experiences provided by brands. To achieve this goal, a rigorous examination of its foundational knowledge structure underpinning the construct is urgently required. Using co-citation analysis examining 151 SBE-related articles with 4,038 citations over more than two decades (1994–2019), six knowledge fields deemed to have constitutive influence on SBE literature have been identified - atmospherics, product evaluation, sensory marketing, service marketing, experiential marketing and brand experience. Combining the results of a hierarchical cluster analysis and a metric multidimensional scaling analysis, the authors located three fundamental premises: (1) brand settings are arbiters of brand meaning; (2) the intrinsic processing of SBE involves the entrainment of exteroceptive and interoceptive processes; and (3) SBE outcomes are non-representational. At the end of the paper, these findings are organised into an integrative framework, highlighting research concerns and research gaps at the antecedent, processing and outcome stages. In doing so, this paper contributes to the conceptual development of SBE by constructing a doctrinal schema for future research undertakings.

Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-NC 4.0, This article analyses the review, acceptance and publication dates of a sample of 21,890 articles from 326 Ibero-American scientific journals from all subject areas and countries included in the Latindex Catalogue 2.0 and published between 2018 and 2020 (freely available as an open access dataset). The aim is to discover evaluation and publication times. The evaluation process takes a median of 110 days, the publication process, a median of 82 days, and the whole process, a median of 224 days. Statistical differences are found according to periodicity, subject areas, countries, existence of a printed version and article type (Call for Papers or General articles). From the data we find that the delay in publication is longer than publishers themselves report to the DOAJ. STEM areas present the most similarity in publication patterns, having a higher number of evaluation days (Ed) than publication days (Pd); Arts and Humanities present the opposite pattern, with a higher Pd than Ed. In the case of Social Sciences, the times are similar. General articles and Call for Papers articles differ in terms of Ed, but not Pd, indicating that Call for Papers revisions are faster.

It remains unclear how effective COVID-19 vaccinations will be in patients with weakened immunity due to diseases, transplantation, and dialysis. We conducted a systematic review comparing the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with solid tumor, hematologic malignancy, autoimmune disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and patients who received transplantation or dialysis. A literature search was conducted twice using the Medline/PubMed database. As a result, 21 papers were included in the review, and seropositivity rate was summarized by specific type of disease, transplantation, and dialysis. When different papers studied the same type of patient group, a study with a higher number of participants was selected. Most of the solid tumor patients showed a seropositivity rate of more than 80% after the second inoculation, but a low seropositivity was found in certain tumors such as breast cancer. Research in patients with certain types of hematological malignancy and autoimmune diseases has also reported low seropositivity, and this may have been affected by the immunosuppressive treatment these patients receive. Research in patients receiving dialysis or transplantation has reported lower seropositivity rates than the general population, while all patients with inflammatory bowel disease have converted to be seropositive. Meta-analysis validating these results will be needed, and studies will also be needed on methods to protect patients with reduced immunity from COVID-19. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

This paper contributes to an emerging discussion about transformative enterprises, which are increasingly seen as change agents in sustainability transformations. Some schol-ars have hitherto described them as pioneering enterprises that strive for fundamental changes towards sustainability at different scales. Economic geography has, however, so far glossed over a micro-perspective on such enterprises. In this paper, we define transformative enterprises in detail by systematically identifying and elaborating their characteris-tics and actions. We ask: What operationalizable character-istics that refer to transformative enterprises are discussed in the literature? How can we define transformative enterprises?Starting from a comprehensive literature review, we iden-tify nine key dimensions of transformative enterprises that we specify with a set of indicators, and we then synthesize our finding with a definition. With this contribution, we further develop the concept of transformative enterprise in economic geography and show how it complements current conceptualizations of firm-level agency and system-level agency.

Freezing preservation of banana (Musa cavendishii, var. enana) was investigated. Microwave treatment of banana slices at 650 watts for 2 min or immersion of whole peeled fruits in boiling water for 11 min followed by freezing at -24°C inhibited color deterioration in the frozen product. Treatments showed different effectiveness depending on the enzymatic system studied [polyphenoloxidase (PPO) or peroxidase (POD)] and banana maturity level at the processing date. Blanching in boiling water yielded a good frozen product in which no darkening was observed. The proper stage of ripeness for processing of this banana cultivar was characterized by a firmness of 1.24 kg, a pulp/skin ratio of 1.30 and a green (70%)-yellow (30%) peel color.

The global health crisis due to the pandemic of the SARS‐CoV‐2 is associated with processes of urbanisation and globalisation. Globally well‐connected areas with high population densities are hence expected to be disproportionately affected by COVID‐19. This paper investigates the role of population density within the Netherlands, comparing hospitalisation and mortality related to COVID‐19 across municipalities. The paper finds that infections, hospitalisation and mortality related to COVID‐19 are not clearly correlated with the population density or urbanity of the municipality, also when controlling for age and public health factors. The paper concludes that while the public debate stresses the elevated risk of infections in cities, due to transgressive behaviour, the evidence in this paper suggests that the geography of the epidemic in the Netherlands is more complex. It speculates that the variation in urbanisation in most of the country might just be too small to expect significant differences., This paper investigate the role of population density within the Netherlands, comparing hospitalization and mortality related to COVID‐19 across municipalities. It concludes that while scientific evidence expects an elevated risk of infections in large global cities, and Dutch public debate strongly focuses on lack of compliance with social distancing measures in larger cities, this paper finds no evidence of population density being correlated with the incidence nor the mortality related to COVID‐19 It therefore suggests that, within the highly urbanized context of the Netherlands, the spatial patterns are more socially and politically than epidemiologically relevant.

Objectives: In adult participants, what is, following a single brushing exercise, the efficacy of a powered toothbrush (PTB) as compared to a manual toothbrush (MTB) on plaque removal?. Methods: MEDLINE-PubMed and Cochrane-CENTRAL were searched from inception to February 2019. The inclusion criteria were (randomized) controlled clinical trials conducted in human subjects ≥18 years of age, in good general health and without periodontitis, orthodontic treatment, implants and/or removable prosthesis. Papers evaluating a PTB compared with a MTB in a single brushing exercise were included. When plaque scores were assessed according to the Quigley-Hein plaque index (Q&HPI) or the Rustogi modified Navy plaque index (RMNPI). From the eligible studies, data were extracted. A meta-analysis and subanalysis for brands and mode of action being oscillating-rotating (OR) and side-to-side (SS) were performed when feasible. Results: Independent screening of 3450 unique papers resulted in 17 eligible publications presenting 36 comparisons. In total, 28 comparisons assessed toothbrushing efficacy according to the Q&HPI and eight comparisons used the RMNPI. Results showed a significant effect in favour of the PTB. The difference of Means (DiffM) was −0.14 (P

Objectives: To investigate whether chlorhexidine mouthwash (CHX-MW), with an anti-discoloration system(ADS), is effective in preventing extrinsic tooth surface discoloration. Additionally, this paper seeks to evaluate whether CHX combined with an ADS maintains its efficacy with respect to reducing plaque and gingivitis scores. Material and methods: MEDLINE-PubMed and Cochrane-Central were searched up to October 2018 to identify eligible studies. Papers evaluating the effect of CHX-MW+ADS compared to CHX without an ADS were included. A descriptive analysis and when feasible a meta-analysis was performed. Results: Screening resulted in 13 eligible publications, presenting 16 comparisons. Six of these evaluated the MW in a non-brushing model and ten as an adjunct to toothbrushing. A descriptive analysis demonstrated that the majority showed no differences in bleeding, gingivitis and plaque scores. This was confirmed by the meta-analysis. In non-brushing experiments, the difference-of-means (DiffM) for plaque scores was 0.10 (P = 0.45, 95%CI: [−0.15; 0.34]) and for the gingival index 0.04 (P = 0.15,95%CI: [−0.02; 0.11]). The DiffM in brushing studies for plaque scores was 0.01 (P = 0.29, 95%CI: [−0.01; 0.02]) and for the gingival index 0.00 (P = 0.87,95%CI: [−0.05; 0.06]). With respect to staining scores, the meta-analysis revealed that in non-brushing studies, the standardized mean difference was 3.19 (P = 0.0005,95%CI: [−3.98; −1.41]) while in brushing studies, the DiffM was 0.12 (P = 0.95,95%CI: [−3.32; 3.55]). Conclusion: There is moderate quality evidence from non-brushing studies that the addition of an ADS to CHX-MW reduces tooth surface discoloration and does not appear to affect its properties with respect to gingival inflammation and plaque scores. In brushing studies, there is also moderate quality evidence that ADS does not affect the anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis efficacy of CHX. The majority of comparisons and the meta-analysis including these indicate no significant effect of ADS on tooth staining in situations where the mouthwash is used in addition to toothbrushing.

This article addresses the largely neglected issue of the decline of ethnic cleavages in plural societies as expressed in voting behaviour. It argues that theoretically, Creolization, a specific form of acculturation, accounts for the erosion of ethnic bonding but finds that the application of the concept is limited. Hence, the article combines the current concept of Creolization with that of political hegemony, while broadening Creolization to comprise the acculturation of several ethnic groups. However, the paper considers that actual voting patterns may be countervailed by party characteristics and election campaigns. Using multiple fieldwork methods, the erosion of ethnic voting loyalties is analysed in a case study of Suriname, a Caribbean society that is representative of a class of plural societies. The paper centres on the conceptual apparatus to analyse the erosion of ethnic voting loyalties rather than making comparisons. It claims that its argument is applicable to plural societies that are characterized by the erosion of voting loyalties and decline of ethnic cleavages, notably Trinidad and to a lesser degree in Mauritius and Fiji, and increasingly in Suriname and Guyana.

The main focus of this paper is on the tensile strength of wood at high temperatures. On analysing previous literature, it was observed that results by different researchers are different, even though a vast reduction of the tensile strength at elevated temperatures was clear in all of them. Thus, a need for further investigation into the matter became apparent. As a key part of this paper, steady-state tensile strength experiments below charring temperatures were carried out, and their results were analysed. The results were then used in analysing the tensile strength of a wooden beam subjected to a fire using the Fire Dynamics Simulator.

Aims\ud Nurse managers play key roles in creating and enforcing organisational hair policies and practices. This challenging paper will provoke discussion, debate and hopefully the dismantling of racist hair policies that disproportionately target black students and nurses.\ud \ud Background\ud Black people have suffered from centuries of hair racism that continues today. Unfortunately, many nurse leaders underestimate the significance of this issue, while perpetuating the injustice.\ud \ud Evaluation\ud This paper is based on research literature, media reports and authors’ lived experiences regarding hair racism experienced by black people and nurses in particular.\ud \ud Key Issues\ud Nurse managers often create and police organisational hair policies and dress codes. As health services pledge to eradicate racism ‘in principle’, ending discriminatory hair policies offers nurse managers a practical way to make this principle a reality.\ud \ud Conclusions\ud Hair racism is real and damaging for many black nurses and has no place in a modern health service. Rather than designing and policing such structural racism, nurse managers can be instrumental in ending it.\ud \ud Implications for Nursing Management\ud Health service hair policies targeting black nurses especially are not ‘neutral’. Nurse managers can challenge this institutional discrimination, demonstrating health services’ commitment to ending racism in all of its guises.

While R&D activities are known for being unevenly distributed across space, how EU policy contributed to their regional dynamics is less explored. Since the 1980s, the EU Framework Programmes (FP) have promoted and supported transnational R&D projects through open and highly competitive calls for funding driven by ‘scientific excellence’ regardless of location. This paper aims to show the drivers of this spatial distribution and evolution of FP participations, arguing that this depends on cumulative effects of regional economic development and growth, while scientific specialization rarely is the best strategy to improve regional competitiveness in terms of FP participations., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The Brazilian Labour Force Survey publishes monthly national indicators based on 3-month rolling data. This paper presents state-space models to produce state-level single-month unemployment rate estimates. The models account for sampling errors and the increased dynamics in the labour force series due to the unforeseen SARS-COV-2 pandemic. Bivariate time series models with claimant count auxiliary data and multivariate models combining survey data of several states are investigated. The results demonstrated the benefits of the univariate state-space approach to produce unemployment official statistics for Brazil. Additionally, the regional multivariate model shows promising results but requires further investigation.

Populism is a powerful social force that has reshaped the political landscapes of many nations since the turn of the 21st century. Much of the success of populist movements is attributed to various social crises and a deep dissatisfaction with political systems. In the present issue, we sought to find papers that investigate what drives the demand for populist politics during crises on a psychological level and, correspondingly, how populist rhetoric influences the way individuals think about, and respond, to crises. In this editorial, we introduce a multidisciplinary issue and summarize the key themes stemming from the articles included. The contributions addressed various forms of crises; from identity issues to global transformations, and various aspects of populism; from the antiestablishment attitudes of the public, to the populist rhetoric of political actors. There was also a key theme centered on the role of emotions. We believe that these topics are of great interest to political psychologists of any mold. We hope that this special issue can play a part in increasing our understanding of how populism thrives during crises and in driving future research on this topic.

Objectives: The COVID-19 Psychological Research Consortium (C19PRC) Study aims to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the adult population in multiple countries. This paper describes the execution of the third wave of the UK survey (the ‘parent’ strand of the Consortium) during July-August 2020. Methods: Adults (N=2025) who previously participated in the baseline and/or the first follow-up surveys were reinvited to participate in this survey, which assessed: (1) COVID-19 related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours; (2) the occurrence of common mental health disorders; as well as the role of (3) psychological factors and (4) social and political attitudes, in influencing the public’s response to the pandemic. Weights were calculated using a survey raking algorithm to ensure that the cross-sectional sample is nationally representative in terms of gender, age, household income, household composition, and urbanicity. Results: 1166 adults (57.6% of baseline participants) were successfully recontacted and provided full interviews at Wave 3. As expected, the raking procedure successfully re-balanced the cross-sectional sample to within 1% of population estimates across the selected socio-demographic characteristics. Conclusion: This paper outlines the growing strength of the C19PRC Study data to facilitate and stimulate interdisciplinary research addressing important public health questions relating to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Song form, structure, function and ideology are culturally and genre specific. Boiled down to its most basic elements, a pop song is about emotional connection and engagement, whereas its musical theatre cousin is concerned with narrative progression; ‘pop songs are to adjectives what musical theatre songs are to verbs.’ (Lambert, 2015) Lambert articulates a binary perspective on genres, which are actually overlapping in unprecedented ways, in terms of authorship, style, means of distribution, and popularity. This paper explores, not the distinctions, but the points of contact between song forms, with a view to understanding the current creative moment, and, perhaps, anticipating future trends. In contemporary popular music, ‘There are no longer subjective gatekeepers controlling who gets let “in”, promoted and exposed. The choice is ours. Now, anyone can be famous.’ (Price, 2011). This is a transformation also evident in musical theatre, where an upsurge in ‘YouTube musical theatre composers’ (Pasek & Paul, 2015) and social media engagement challenges the dominance of the book musical. Opportunities for self-promotion on the internet are vast, and allow composers to reach a more diverse audience (or wider network), but in what ways do these emerging opportunities also influence the form of works produced. If humans on-line have an average attention span of 8 seconds (Riecke-Gonzales, 2015), for example, this paper considers how musical theatre is evolving to meet the requirements of millennials. The popularity of Dear Evan Hansen - arguably the first truly ‘digital age’ musical (Takiff, 2016)- and Be More Chill provide timely examples of the impact of ‘virtual Broadway’ (Pasek & Paul, 2015) on the musical theatre model. It is both possible and timely to debate the extent to which this hybrid has ‘democratized access to creation and distribution tools’ (Bhargava and Klat, 2017), allowing new voices and models to break through, or has actually limited the genre’s scope. As networks of influence diversify and democratise and the number of people engaging with digital Broadway rises this paper considers the next steps for musical theatre as it discovers the internet.

The broad differential diagnosis of neonatal erythroderma often poses a diagnostic challenge. Mortality of neonatal erythroderma is high due to complications of the erythroderma itself and the occasionally severe and life-threatening underlying disease. Early correct recognition of the underlying cause leads to better treatment and prognosis. Currently, neonatal erythroderma is approached on a case-by-case basis. The purpose of this scoping review was to develop a diagnostic approach in neonatal erythroderma. After a systematic literature search in Embase (January 1990 – May 2020, 74 cases of neonatal erythroderma were identified, and 50+ diagnoses could be extracted. Main causes were the ichthyoses (40%) and primary immunodeficiencies (35%). Congenital erythroderma was present in 64% (47/74) of the cases, predominantly with congenital ichthyosis (11/11; 100%), Netherton syndrome (12/14, 86%) and Omenn syndrome (11/23, 48%). Time until diagnosis ranged from 102 days to 116 days for cases of non-congenital erythroderma and congenital erythroderma respectively. Among the 74 identified cases a total of 17 patients (23%) died within a mean of 158 days and were related to Omenn syndrome (35%), graft-versus-host disease (67%) and Netherton syndrome (18%). Disease history and physical examination are summarized in this paper. Age of onset and a collodion membrane can help to narrow the differential diagnoses. Investigations of blood, histology, hair analysis, genetic analysis and clinical imaging are summarized and discussed. A standard blood investigation is proposed, and the need for skin biopsies with lympho-epithelial Kazal-type related Inhibitor staining is highlighted. Overall, this review shows that diagnostic procedures narrow the differential diagnosis in neonatal erythroderma. A 6-step flowchart for the diagnostic approach for neonatal erythroderma during the first month of life is proposed. The approach was made with the support of expert leaders from international multidisciplinary collaborations in the European Reference Network Skin-subthematic group Ichthyosis.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent disorder worldwide and often co-occurs in dementia. Both have a major impact on disease burden and quality of life. PTSD may be difficult to recognize in dementia and a structured diagnostic method is lacking. In order to get insight into the clinical diagnostics of PTSD in dementia, this systematic literature review evaluates the clinical presentation of PTSD and other relevant symptoms in people with dementia. PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, and CINAHL were searched for all publications through 30 December 2021. Articles were included which met the following criteria: (i) description of at least one case with a current diagnosis of dementia and co-morbid PTSD; (ii) clinical presentation of symptoms being adequately described; (iii) no difference being made between chronic PTSD, PTSD with re-activation, and delayed onset PTSD. Of the 947 identified abstracts, 13 papers met the inclusion criteria and were included (describing 30 cases). Based on our rating, only one case completely fulfilled the DSM-5 criteria of PTSD. Avoidance was only described in three cases. Most commonly described symptoms were irritability and anger (E1, 9%), persistent negative emotional state (D4, 9%), and sleep disturbances (E6, 8%). In 93% of the case reports, other symptoms were also described, i.e. memory problems (58%), screaming (33.3%), and wandering (22.2%). People with dementia who have experienced a traumatic event seem to present, based on our rating method, with insufficient symptoms to meet all criteria for a PTSD DSM-5 diagnosis. The DSM-5 core symptom of avoidance was absent in most of the cases. Clinical presentation consists mainly of symptoms of irritability, anger, persistent negative emotional state, and sleep disturbances, often accompanied by other symptoms. These findings suggest that older people with dementia may have other symptom presentations than people without dementia.

Since the beginning of the armed conflicts and public uprisings that accompanied and followed the ‘Arab Spring’ that started in 2010, cultural heritage sites have been hit hard, damaged and often destroyed by different perpetrators. The Syrian Civil War has resulted in unprecedented damage to cultural heritage sites, monuments, and facilities. This has provoked observers, politicians, and international and national non-government organizations to debate about the impacts of damaging Syria's ‘irreplaceable’ patrimony and how to safeguard its past from the ongoing destructive actions. This paper investigates the transformation of the terminology of heritage—and the uses of heritage—in Syria before and during the ongoing conflict, and how the internationally renowned term ‘heritage’ emerged to promote the destruction of Syria's cultural patrimony. This paper explores the semantics and impacts of the continuous destruction and the ongoing reconstruction plans on the cultural heritage of Syria. To conclude, I argue that those destructive actions started a process of ‘heritagizing’ the present which will eventually become a part of the Syrian collective memory.

Focus question: What is the efficacy of a chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash (MW) containing sodium fluoride (NaF) compared to a CHX − MW alone on the parameters of plaque, gingivitis and discoloration?. Material and Methods: MEDLINE-PubMed, Cochrane-CENTRAL, and EMBASE were searched for papers from inception to December 2017. The inclusion criteria were (randomized) controlled clinical trials conducted in human subjects with good general health and without removable prosthesis. Papers evaluating the effect of a MW containing CHX + NaF compared to a CHX alone were included. From the eligible studies, data were extracted, a descriptive analysis was performed and a meta-analysis when feasible. Results: Independent screening of 412 unique papers resulted in 9 eligible publications presenting 10 clinical trials comparing the effect of CHX + NaF to CHX − MW and provided 13 comparisons. Five evaluated the MW as an adjunct to brushing and 8 were non-brushing comparisons of which 4 used an experimental gingivitis model. No significant difference was observed for plaque score reduction in the brushing studies the end scores (diffM; −0.04, P =.36; 95%CI: [−0.13, 0.05]) nor the differences (diffM; 0.11, P =.33; 95%CI: [−0.12, 0.24]). In the descriptive analysis, none of the experiments demonstrated a statistical significant difference regarding Gingival Index (GI), Bleeding Score and Discoloration Scores. For the GI, a meta-analysis of the difference of Means was not significant when included experimental gingivitis model studies end scores (0.01, P =.78; 95%CI: [−0.08, 0.11]) and the difference (0.01, P =.81; 9 5%CI: [−0.08, 0.10]) either for the end scores of brushing studies (diffM; −0.01, P =.82; 95%CI: [−0.10, 0.08]). Conclusion: From this study, it can be concluded that NaF and CHX may be present in the same MW without reducing CHX efficacy with respect to plaque and gingivitis scores. Moreover, no difference in the development of tooth discoloration was observed.