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Treball acceptat per publicar al proper volum 65 de la revista "Onomázein : Revista de Lingüística, Filología y Traducción" al tercer trimestre de 2024. Desde la campaña de Reforma y apertura iniciada en China en 1978, se ha despertado en este país el interés por la poesía española y han sido publicadas numerosas antologías poéticas. Sin embargo, la poesía femenina, muy destacable en el conjunto de la producción poética española, no había sido recopilada de manera sistemática hasta la publicación en 2001 de Antología de la poesía femenina española del siglo XX, obra del traductor Zhao Zhenjiang. El presente artículo se centra en cinco poetas españolas de la Generación del 27 incluidas en dicha antología y analiza las normas y las técnicas aplicadas en el proceso traductor. Since China's economic reform in 1978, people's interest in Spanish poetry has begun to awake and a large number of anthologies of poems have been published. However, female poetry, which has attracted worldwide attention in Spanish poetry creation, was not systematically compiled until 2001 when the translator Zhao Zhenjiang's Anthology of Spanish Female Poetry in the 20th Century was published. This paper focuses on five Spanish poetesses of the 27 Generation included in this collection of poems, and analyzes the principles and techniques used in the process of translation

For centuries, the legal rate of interest in the Roman Empire was “one- hundredth”: 1 percent of the principal of the loan was added to it each month. Although Christian leaders and writers in the Greek and Latin west did not approve of this practice, Syriac-speaking Christian communities in the eastern Roman Empire incorporated the rate of “one-hundredth” into canon law, and some grounded it in a novel interpretation of the Syriac Bible. In this paper, I describe the incorporation of Roman lending norms into the framework of the Syriac church and discuss an early document that both reflects and modifies these norms: a “circular letter” of Symeon Stylites (d. 459), in which he commands that interest rates be lowered by 50 percent as a temporary act of piety. That letter is preserved in a manuscript of Symeon’s Syriac Life, found today in the British Library (Add. 14,484, fols. 130b–133b). I situate the letter within that Syriac tradition, and I offer the possibility that Justinian’s law of 528, which also lowered interest rates by 50 percent (CJ 4.32.26), might have been the result of contacts with this Syriac tradition, and specifically with Symeon’s regulation. I also examine the reception of the Roman rate of “one-hundredth” in early Christian normative sources (“lawbooks” and “canons”) from the Church of the East, in the Sasanian Empire. These Christians received the Roman norm of “one-hundredth” differently and did not incorporate Symeon’s pious reduction of the interest rate, or Justinian’s imperial legislation to the same effect.

Along with the developing technology, obesity and diabetes are increasing rapidly among people. Theidentification of diabetes diseases, modeling, predicting their behavior, conducting simulations, studying control andtreatment methods using mathematical methods has become of great importance. In this paper, we have obtainednumerical solutions by considering the glucose-insulin fractional model. This model consists of three compartments:the blood glucose concentration (𝐺), the blood insulin concentration (𝐼) and the ready-to-absorb glucose concentration(𝐷) in the small intestine. The fractional derivative is used in the sense of Caputo. By performing mathematicalanalyzes for the Glucose-Insulin fractional mathematical model, numerical results were obtained with the help of theEuler method and graphs were drawn.

This dissertation contains three distinct papers in health economics. Chapter one examines the heterogeneous effects of childhood bullying and chronic bullying on a wide range of outcomes using Ordinary Least Squares and Propensity Score Matching. We find that exposure to childhood bullying and chronic bullying negatively affects youths' physical and mental health. Victimized individuals are more likely to engage in risky behaviors. The adverse effects tend to increase with chronic bullying. We find no causal effects of childhood or chronic bullying on educational attainment. Childhood bullying is positively associated with social skills, whereas chronic bullying victimization is not related to cognitive or social skills. Individuals who were exposed to childhood or chronic bullying join the labor market at earlier ages than non-victims. Finally, chronic bullying victimization increases the likelihood of utilizing mental health services and experiencing life-disrupting emotional problems in adulthood. Being a victim of childhood bullying increases the likelihood of having emotional problems later in life; however, the effect is smaller than chronic victims.Chapter two focuses on measuring the direct and indirect effects of chronic bullying victimization on labor market outcomes. We find that chronic bullying victimization is directly associated with lower wages. The indirect wage penalty is driven by education, work experience, and occupational outcomes. Chronic bullying victimization is associated with fewer years of education and work experience. Victims of chronic bullying victimization work in occupations that require lower interpersonal, leadership, and independence skills. Our findings indicate that chronic bullying victimization may have a substantially larger total effect on wages due to the indirect effects than what previous studies document., Chapter three examines the relationship between a woman's mental health state and her fertility behavior. We use the discrete-time hazard model and Poisson regression to estimate the effect of mental health on the age at the first birth and the number of children. Our results show that better mental health is associated with an earlier transition into motherhood. We provide evidence that women with better mental health have fewer children. We discuss the potential implications of these results to post-pandemic fertility and future research.

In this paper, we provide an overview of the evolution of the definition of hyperglycemia during the past century and the alterations in glucose dynamics that cause fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia. We discuss how extensive mechanistic, physiological research into the factors and pathways that regulate the appearance of glucose in the circulation and its uptake and metabolism by tissues and organs has contributed knowledge that has advanced our understanding of different types of hyperglycemia, namely prediabetes and diabetes and their subtypes (impaired fasting plasma glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, combined impaired fasting plasma glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes mellitus), their relationships with medical complications, and how to prevent and treat hyperglycemia.

Ultrasound is a frequently overlooked feature of our environment as it is not audible tohumans and little is known of its health effects on humans. Presently, regulationsgoverning noise pollution in urban areas concern only human-audible sound, and there are few regulations governing technologies that emit ultrasound as a by-product of their operation or for many devices that emit it deliberately. Moreover, developing fields of research have highlighted the role of ultrasound in non-human speciescommunication and the deleterious consequences for some species of human-produced ultrasound. If urban spaces are to become more sustainable through urbangreening—capable of sustaining significant populations of non-human species—studies must be undertaken to begin investigating the presence of ultrasoundin such areas. In this paper, we present an exploratory study of urban ultrasoundscapes aimed at measuring the presence and levels of ultrasound in theDanish city of Aalborg. Our preliminary results show that there were significantincreases in ultrasound at periods throughout the day with more or less a lowerconstant presence at locations that were furthest from major streets. In the urbanrecordings as well as one rural recording, however, the highest percentages ofultrasound occurred during the night and the lowest percentages were found duringmidday. Finally, the spectral content of the ultrasound found at locations nearest togreen spaces were most similar and our location nearest to a hospital produced thehighest levels and most dissimilar ultrasound when compared to all other locations.

The aim of this paper is to better understand the dynamics of crystallogenic and starting activity in biological fluids of patients throughout surgery and the late postoperative phase in alveococcosis. Samples of saliva from 22 individuals with alveococcosis were included in the research. Biological fluid samples were taken at the time of admission and before the patient was discharged. Following that, slides were made utilizing the teziocrystalloscopy method, which incorporates the investigation of the crystal forming activity of mixed saliva with its starting characteristics using a 0.9 percent sodium chloride solution as the foundation ingredient. Using our own set of criteria, we evaluated the outcomes of crystalloscopic and tezigraphic experiments. Specrophotometric examination of tezigraphic and crystalloscopic facies was done using a PowerWave XS microplate spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 400, 350, and 300 nm to augment the results from ocular morphometry of dried saliva micro slides. Surgical therapy results in a partial normalization of physical and chemical parameters, as well as the composition of the patient's biological fluids after the patient is discharged from the hospital. Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender melhor a dinâmica da atividade cristalogênica e inicial nos fluidos biológicos dos pacientes durante a cirurgia e na fase pós-operatória tardia da alveococose. Amostras de saliva de 22 indivíduos com alveococose foram incluídas na pesquisa. Amostras de fluidos biológicos foram coletadas no momento da admissão e antes da alta do paciente. Em seguida, foram confeccionadas lâminas utilizando a técnica de teziocristaloscopia, que combina a investigação da atividade formadora de cristais da saliva mista com suas características iniciais, utilizando uma solução de cloreto de sódio a 0,9% como ingrediente-base. Usando nosso próprio conjunto de critérios, avaliamos os resultados de experimentos cristaloscópicos e tezigráficos. O exame espectrofotométrico da fácies tezigráfica e cristaloscópica foi feito usando um espectrofotômetro de microplaca PowerWave XS nos comprimentos de onda de 400, 350 e 300 nm para aumentar os resultados da morfometria ocular de microplacas de saliva seca. A terapia cirúrgica resulta na normalização parcial dos parâmetros físicos e químicos, bem como da composição dos fluidos biológicos do paciente, após a alta hospitalar.

There is a need for an instantly indicating, easy-to-read, and inexpensive ionizing radiation dosimeter for first responders and members of the general public. One commercially available option is the RADTriage50 TM colorimetric dosimeter. However, existing literature has not adequately addressed the accuracy of RADTriage50 dosimeters at low doses of ionizing radiation (50 mSv) or the need for methods to quantitatively read the RADTriage50 dosimeters after they are exposed. In this paper, we use digital scanning methods to read the RADTriage50 dosimeters. The performance of the dosimeters was evaluated by irradiation with a gamma irradiator traceable to national standards. Experiments covered a range of deep dose equivalents (50 mSv to 2,000 mSv) within the manufacturer's specified range (50 mSv to 4,000 mSv) and also below 50 mSv to determine if the digital scanning densitometry method allowed for a quantitative readout with a greater dynamic range. We also conducted tests using different gamma energies, 137 Cs (662 keV) and 60 Co (1.17 and 1.33 MeV), and different dose rates to evaluate the dependency of the RADTriage50 dosimeters on these parameters. Modeling of our measurements suggests that the dose-response of the RADTriage50 dosimeter is linear at low doses with strong non-linearity beginning at ~750 mSv and the dosimeter response appearing to plateau at ~2,000 mSv, although additional measurements at doses beyond 2,000 mSv are needed to confirm this finding. We also found that the RadTriage50 dosimeter response varied with gamma energy, but not with dose rate.

Selecting hyperparameters for unsupervised learning problems is challenging in general due to the lack of ground truth for validation. Despite the prevalence of this issue in statistics and machine learning, especially in clustering problems, there are not many methods for tuning these hyperparameters with theoretical guarantees. In this paper, we provide a framework with provable guarantees for selecting hyperparameters in a number of distinct models. We consider both the subgaussian mixture model and network models to serve as examples of i.i.d. and non-i.i.d. data. We demonstrate that the same framework can be used to choose the Lagrange multipliers of penalty terms in semi-definite programming (SDP) relaxations for community detection, and the bandwidth parameter for constructing kernel similarity matrices for spectral clustering. By incorporating a cross-validation procedure, we show the framework can also do consistent model selection for network models. Using a variety of simulated and real data examples, we show that our framework outperforms other widely used tuning procedures in a broad range of parameter settings.

Conflict in Israel and Palestine is typically characterized as a binary phenomenon. This paper interrogates this binarism. It recognizes instead that Ashkenazi hegemony operates as a major generative force of oppression and conflict in Israel and Palestine. It considers the multiplicity of populations, whether Israeli, Palestinian, migrant or refugee, and suggests how their common patterns of disenfranchisement and oppression might be leveraged in the cause of conflict resolution. We will explore a structure of dominance that affects multiple non-dominant groups in the region: Palestinians, Mizrahi Jews, migrants, and LGBTQ Israelis and Palestinians. Finally, this approach suggests a way forward: uniting a coalition of these currently disempowered groups, with the aim to transform the conflict by addressing the root cause: the persistent hegemony of one group, Ashkenazim, in political, civic, and social structures.

Abstract This paper studied the behavior of multidimensional and income poverty, as well as its determinants in Brazil, in addition to rural and urban areas, based on information from the 2019 National Continuous Household Sample Survey (PNADC). The Alkire-Foster methodology was used in the construction of a Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), in addition to the logit model to estimate the impacts of determinants related to household characteristics on poverty. The health and sanitation dimension was the one that contributed the most to the MPI, followed by the education and housing dimensions. Unidimensional poverty was greater than multidimensional and rural poverty was also greater. Among the determinants of poverty, being in households with non-white heads, younger, unmarried, unemployed, less educated and in the North and Northeast regions increased the chances of poverty. In addition, while female heads reduced the chances of multidimensional poverty, it increased the chances of the unidimensional one.

Despite the rapid development in artificial intelligence, machines are nowhere close to the cognitive capabilities of humans. What could we be missing? This paper explores the idea that consciousness is the key to intelligence and the missing ingredient to artificial general intelligence. Any intelligence as advanced as humans or more advanced will have to be conscious, even though their consciousness may look different from ours. That consciousness is necessary for intelligence, including artificial intelligence should not be taken to mean that there is a hard cap for how advanced artificial intelligence can be. While consciousness as a concept appears to be extremely elusive, particularly the subjective, phenomenal aspect of consciousness, I claim that consciousness, if it exists, simply is the physical process that enables non-reflexive behavior. I support an eliminativist approach to understanding consciousness in the hopes of demystifying the idea of building artificial consciousness.

Phosphorus (P) use efficiency is crucial for sorghum production. P acquisition efficiency is the most important component of P use efficiency. The early-stage evaluation of plant development is a useful tool for identifying P-efficient genotypes. This study aimed to identify sorghum hybrids that are efficient in P use efficiency and assess the genetic diversity among hybrids based on traits related to P acquisition efficiency. Thus, 38 sorghum hybrids and two inbred lines (checks) were evaluated under low and high P in a paper pouch system with nutrient solution. Biomass and root traits related to P efficiency were measured. There was no interaction between genotypes and P levels concerning all evaluated traits. The biomass and root traits, except root diameter, presented smaller means under low P than high P. Efficient and inefficient hybrids under each P level were identified. The genetic diversity assessment grouped these genotypes in different clusters. The hybrids AG1090, MSK326, AG1060, 1G100, AS 4639, DKB 540, and DKB 590 were superior under low-P and high-P. Hybrids SC121, 1236020 e 1167017 presented the lowest means than all other hybrids, under both conditions. The evaluated hybrids showed phenotypic diversity for traits related to P acquisition, such as root length and root surface area, which can be useful for establishing selection strategies for sorghum breeding programs and increasing P use efficiency. Resumo A eficiência do uso do fósforo (P) é fundamental para a produção de sorgo. A avaliação no estágio inicial do desenvolvimento da planta é uma ferramenta útil para a identificação de genótipos eficientes de P. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar híbridos de sorgo que sejam eficientes ao uso de P e avaliar a diversidade genética entre os híbridos com base em características relacionadas à eficiência de aquisição de P. Assim, 38 híbridos de sorgo e duas linhagens (testemunhas) foram avaliados sob baixo e alto P em sistema de pastas de papel com solução nutritiva. Características de biomassa e de raiz relacionadas à eficiência de P foram mensuradas. Não houve interação entre genótipos e níveis de P em todas as características avaliadas. As características de biomassa e raiz, exceto o diâmetro da raiz, apresentaram médias menores sob baixo P em comparação com alto P. Híbridos eficientes e ineficientes sob cada nível de P foram identificados e agrupados quanto à diversidade genética. Os híbridos AG1090, MSK326, AG1060, 1G100, AS 4639, DKB 540 e DKB 590 foram superiores sob baixo-P e alto-P. Os híbridos SC121, 1236020 e 1167017 apresentaram as menores médias que todos os outros híbridos, em ambas condições. Os híbridos avaliados apresentaram diversidade fenotípica para características relacionadas à aquisição de P, como comprimento e área superficial da raiz, o que pode ser útil para estabelecer estratégias de seleção para programas de melhoramento de sorgo e aumentar a eficiência de uso do P.

A potential free temperature measurement in gas insulated switchgear and lines (GIS/GIL) was investigated within an HVDC research project, because the temperature is of high importance during development and operation of HVDC equipment. Infrared spectrum measurement of the heated inner conductor by pyrometer sensors has emerged as the best technical solution for HVDC GIS/GIL. To optimize the infrared emission of the inner conductor, it was painted with black varnish. The sensor had to be adjusted to the infrared transmission of the pressurized insulating gas atmosphere. Experiences as well as methods to perform such a calibration are shown in the paper. A calibration by adjusting transmission and emission coefficients inside the sensor software did not succeeded, because the coefficients differed for variable sensor ambient temperatures. A successful calibration was possible by considering two major variables: the pyrometer output as well as the sensor ambient temperature. However, certain limits of the pyrometer measurement in GIS/GIL were observed as well. The EMC performance of the pyrometer was improved by an additional electronic unit, which protects the commercial electronics. Overall, the potential free temperature measurement could be performed during the long-term operation of the regarded HVDC GIL system. Typical temperature curves based on the calibrated pyrometer sensor are shown.

This paper projects and analyzes the regional impacts of climate change on the agricultural productivity of family farming and large-scale agriculture in Brazil between 2021 and 2050, using the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. The methodology adopted consists of a cross-sectional estimation of a production function in which agricultural productivity is determined by climatic, geographic, and productive factors. The study contributes to the literature by disaggregating agricultural production into family farming and large-scale agriculture, indicating the magnitude and direction of impacts by crops and regions in Brazil, a country with a great territorial dimension and relevant and heterogeneous agricultural production. The results indicate that the agricultural productivity of family farming is more sensitive and therefore this type of producer could be more vulnerable to the phenomenon. On average, the effects will be negative in the North/Northeast regions and for cassava, maize, beans, and soybeans, with possible impacts on deforestation and on food supply. Productivity gains are expected in the southern region and for the cultivation of sugar cane and soybeans. Deterioration of food security of the vulnerable farmers and regional disparities may increase in Brazil.

In observational data studies in economics trying to estimate causal effects (typically using instrumental variables, difference-in-differences, or regression discontinuity methods) it has become common to carry out so called placebo tests (e.g. Almond et al. 2015). In such placebo tests, the same test as in the main hypothesis test is carried out on a time period or situation where the estimated effect is expected to be zero (i.e. the null hypothesis is expected to be true). An example can be using an outcome where there should be no effect or applying a regression discontinuity test on another time period than that for the studied discontinuity. A failure to reject the null hypothesis in the placebo test is interpreted as supporting the validity of the research design to identify causal effects. In placebo tests researchers face different incentives than in regular hypothesis tests. In regular hypothesis tests researchers have an incentive to engage in “p-hacking” and selectively report statistically significant findings. In placebo tests, researchers have an incentive to report null results and thus have an incentive to engage in a form of “reverse p-hacking” (selectively only reporting placebo tests that cannot reject the null hypothesis). In this study we will test if statistically significant placebo tests are selectively underreported. If the null hypothesis is true in placebo tests, the false positive probability of these tests should equal the significance threshold used (i.e. if the tests are carried out at the 5% significance level, 5% of the placebo tests should report a statistically significant finding). This implies that 5% of published placebo tests should be significant at the 5% level if there is no selective reporting. If less than 5% of placebo tests in published papers have a two-sided p-value below 0.05, this provides evidence that placebo tests are selectively reported. As placebo tests that yield a significant effect in the opposite direction of the main hypothesis test are often interpreted as supporting the validity of the research design (see e.g. Ananyev & Guriev 2019 and Bahar & Rapoport 2018); the incentives to underreport statistically significant placebo tests is strongest for placebo tests that yield a significant effect in the same direction as the main hypothesis test. In our primary hypothesis test below we therefore test if the fraction of significant placebo tests with an effect in the same direction as the main hypothesis differ from 2.5% (the expected fraction if true null hypotheses are tested). Note that it is possible that placebo tests are not valid (i.e. do not test true null hypotheses), in which case the fraction of published placebo tests that are significant at the 5% level should be larger than 5% if there is no selective reporting (and larger than 2.5% in our primary hypothesis test). This would bias the results against our hypothesis of selective reporting of placebo tests.

Project management essentially involves temporal work, in other words, the purposive effort to orient the temporal structures that guide action around given tasks. Yet, projects often involve participants or stakeholders holding different temporal orientations that may be more or less compatible with proposed temporal structures. In this paper we consider how different forms of temporal structuring influence project behavior (i.e., how participants engage with projects, and how projects play out to produce outcomes). Specifically, building on a review of the literature on projects and temporality, we explore how and why the socially constructed nature of project tasks (open-ended vs. closed-ended) interacts with efforts at temporal structuring (open vs. closed) to orient participants’ actions, with varying consequences for behaviors and outcomes. We conclude by proposing a series of future research directions aimed at better understanding the relations between temporal structuring and project behavior.

We assume a spatial blind source separation model in which the observed multivariate spatial data is a linear mixture of latent spatially uncorrelated random fields containing a number of pure white noise components. We propose a test on the number of white noise components and obtain the asymptotic distribution of its statistic for a general domain. We also demonstrate how computations can be facilitated in the case of gridded observation locations. Based on this test, we obtain a consistent estimator of the true dimension. Simulation studies and an environmental application in the Supplemental Material demonstrate that our test is at least comparable to and often outperforms bootstrap-based techniques, which are also introduced in this paper. peerReviewed

High-dimensional self-exciting point processes have been widely used in many application areas to model discrete event data in which past and current events affect the likelihood of future events. In this paper, we are concerned with detecting abrupt changes of the coefficient matrices in discrete-time high-dimensional self-exciting Poisson processes, which have yet to be studied in the existing literature due to both theoretical and computational challenges rooted in the non-stationary and high-dimensional nature of the underlying process. We propose a penalized dynamic programming approach which is supported by a theoretical rate analysis and numerical evidence.

Pre-analysis plans for the Facebook 2020 Election Research Project. The results from the studies outlined in this PAP will be published in two papers forthcoming in Science, July 28, 2023.

This thesis presents a critical examination of the rivalry between G. W. M. Reynolds and Charles Dickens between 1837 and 1870. Specifically, the thesis analyses three distinct phases of their rivalry. The first is its inception in 1837 following Reynolds���s publication of Pickwick Abroad, his ���sequel��� to Dickens���s Pickwick Papers (1836). The second phase concerns the 1840s, examining how Reynolds���s success and reputation directly impacted upon Dickens���s position in the literary market. The final phase addresses the most explicit and combative chapter of their rivalry as the two traded insults across their publications in the 1850s and Dickens looked to ���displace��� his more radical counterpart. Commonly cited as a peripheral figure in Dickens���s career, this thesis argues for Reynolds as a more significant presence. By analysing their publications in parallel, often viewing one through the lens of the other, this study offers a fresh perspective on two authors competing for readerships and commercial marketspace while grappling with authorial identities in the first age of mass culture. The thesis presents three principal arguments. Firstly, it seeks to contest the reductive perception of Reynolds as a cheap plagiariser of Dickens���s work by analysing the more nuanced and complex aspects of Reynolds���s early re-appropriations. Secondly, it argues that Reynolds���s precipitous rise to literary fame and political notoriety after 1844 had a significant bearing on the fiction Dickens produced thereafter. It is contended that Dickens���s abrupt shift from the political incendiarism of The Chimes in 1844 into a ���transitional period��� in 1845, after which his fiction became more domestically, or family-oriented, can be understood as a response, or reaction to Reynolds���s concurrent literary successes and his growing reputation as a radical and political subversive. Finally, it is reasoned that the bitter exchange of insults between Dickens and Reynolds in the 1850s and the seemingly mutable tone of their rivalry up until Dickens���s death in 1870 illustrates a relationship not entirely the product of natural antipathy, but one cultivated for commercial and political purposes. It is argued that both Dickens and Reynolds constructed an image of the other in order to mask their similarities and natural affinities and to bolster and better define their own position in the literary marketplace.

The new identifiable case appeared in \cite{AGMO}, together with the analysis on simultaneous identifiability of pairs of ternary forms recently developed in \cite{BG}, suggested the following conjecture towards a complete classification of all simultaneous Waring identifiable cases: for any $ d \geq 2 $, the general polynomial vectors consisting of $ d-1 $ ternary forms of degree $ d $ and a ternary form of degree $ d+1 $, with rank $ \frac{d^2+d+2}{2} $, are identifiable over $ \mathbf{C} $. In this paper, by means of a computer-aided procedure inspired to the one described in \cite{AGMO}, we obtain that the case $ d = 4 $ contradicts the previous conjecture, admitting at least $ 36 $ complex simultaneous Waring decompositions (of length $ 11 $) instead of $ 1 $., Comment: 10 pages, accepted for publication on Journal of Symbolic Computation

Recently, thinning an antenna has resulted in attractive antenna radiation characteristics enhancement. This performance enhancement using a thin antenna array is achieved because the inter-coupling effects of the array elements are reduced. Though the thinning both reduces the weight of the antenna and enhances the radiation characteristics, iterative algorithms can further enhance the performance and hence, in this research, an optimizer algorithm and inter-coupling reducing mechanisms are applied. The excitation weights of the individual array elements are thinned by turning some of the elements off while some of the elements are turned on. The purpose of the thinning is to enhance the antenna performances like reduced SLL, high directivity, reduced power consumption and flexible radiation pattern. The SLL attenuation mechanism is applied to reduce the SLL in addition to the SLL reduction using the thinning and beamforming. Hence, in this paper, the three techniques (thinning, beamforming and SLL attenuation) are proposed to be integrated to enhance the antenna radiation characteristics. In general, the proposed combined method has resulted in much better SLL reduction, directivity improvement, and power wastage reduction.