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Orientador: Ricardo Abid Castillo Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências Resumo: No período da globalização, é notável a relevância das tecnologias da informação como componentes essenciais das atividades produtivas, alterando significativamente as dinâmicas do espaço geográfico, da economia, da sociedade e da política. No Brasil, têm crescido especialmente os incentivos estatais à indústria de 'software', denotando a banalização de seu uso nas mais variadas esferas produtivas. Diante disso, procuramos compreender os mecanismos explicativos de aglomerações produtivas de 'software' e TI e de sua distribuição no território brasileiro, a partir da elaboração de uma tipologia e da análise da topologia de tais aglomerados. Para isso, foi imprescindível analisar as atuais políticas públicas voltadas para o desenvolvimento de 'softwares'. Investigamos, em especial, os objetivos e ações do Programa Estratégico de Software e Serviços de Tecnologia da Informação, ou Programa TI Maior, desenvolvido no âmbito do Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, bem como os nexos entre Estado, mercado e entidades representativas de classe, discutindo o circuito espacial produtivo de 'software' e os círculos de cooperação estabelecidos. Consideramos que algumas dessas políticas apontam para a criação de incentivos à competitividade das empresas do setor de TI, bem como de outros setores que cada vez mais dependem da existência de fluxos informacionais intensos para o desenvolvimento de suas atividades, dada a relevância das novas tecnologias como bases geográficas da globalização e reafirmadoras do atual paradigma produtivo Abstract: In the globalization era, the importance of informational technologies as essential components of productive activities is remarkable, significantly altering the dynamics of the geographical space, economy, society, and politics. In Brazil, state incentives for the software industry have especially grown, denoting the banalization of its use in various productive spheres. Therefore, we seek to understand the mechanisms of the productive agglomerations of software and IT and their distribution in the Brazilian territory, based on the development of a typology and on the analysis of the topology of such clusters. To do so, it was essential to analyze the current public policies aiming the development of software. We investigate in particular the objectives and strategies of the Strategic Program for Software and Information Technology Services, or TI Maior Program, developed under the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, as well as the links between state, market, and class-representing organizations, discussing the productive spatial circuit of software and the established cooperation circles. We believe that some of these policies aim to create incentives for competitiveness of companies from the IT sector, as well as from other sectors that increasingly depend on the existence of intense information flows to develop its activities, given the importance of new technologies as geographical bases of globalization that reassert the current production paradigm Mestrado Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial Mestra em Geografia FAPESP 2013/05040-0

Purpose – This paper aims to provide guidance for managers so that they may develop advanced supply chain management (SCM) capabilities in the context of asymmetric alliances. These alliances, generally characterised by large dissimilarities between the partners, often facilitate value-creating opportunities. Design/methodology/approach – Using case studies, the paper analyses similarities and differences in SCM between symmetric and asymmetric alliances within supply networks. It focusses on the key dimensions of complementarity, value distribution, relational management and specialisation. Findings – It was found that the question of complementarity, although important, should not be equated to the need for symmetry but to the ability of the firms in the supply network to learn to work together. For small firms who seek co-creation with large partners, this means collaboration, specialisation through relation-specific investments, flexibility and understanding the overall value system in which their business relationships compete is important. Practical implications – Small firms seeking to develop advanced SCM capabilities have to accept responsibility for selecting a reduced number of key partners and managing relationships. Firms should proactively use the contractual process to learn about partners' expectations and goals and to identify committed champions. These factors play an important role in developing communications and trust, as small firms do not have easy access to senior managers in large corporations. Originality/value – This paper discovered a novel concept – dual value appropriation – where partners do not divide the total value generated as frequently proposed in the literature, but that it is fully appropriated, as it represents a different value proposition for each of them.

Scholars have emphasized the role of the state, acting in partnership with private industry, for late industrialization in the twentieth century (late-late industrialization). While the state provides subsidies to build comparative advantage, industry must learn to deploy borrowed technology efficiently in production and compete internationally. The state must also curtail consumption to build physical and educational infrastructure. However, current theories of late-late industrialization, which mostly draw from the East Asian manufacturing experience, demand reexamination thanks to the characteristics of information and communication technologies, especially software. These characteristics include rapid technological change, which can preclude learning from borrowed technology, and the need to encourage consumption, since information and communication technologies are general purpose technologies that can potentially enhance aggregate productivity. Further, as the marginal cost of production of software...

Since the 1980s, the changing character of the Indian state has allowed it to move away from a highly regulated, autarkic development model to pursue lighter regulation and closer integration with the global economy. This move created the incentives for India‚s emergence as a leading software exporter. Within India, Bangalore emerged as the leading software–producing region and the large number of domestic and foreign firms there has led to popular references to it as India‚s Silicon Valley. This essay, however, argues that referring to Bangalore as Silicon Valley‚s India is more appropriate, as it struggles to transform itself from a region that develops software for global markets to one that defines new products and technologies. Driving the growth of the Indian software industry is the export of labour–intensive services, while the relatively small and slow–growing domestic market has limited the nurturing of original ideas. The essay explains the limitations in terms of social constraints on the state despite its changed character. The analysis of how changing state–society relations have shaped the software industry in Bangalore provides a means of addressing debates on the importance of social embeddedness in agglomeration and late industrialization in newly industrializing countries. Depuis les annees 1980 et le changement de nature de l'Etat indien, ce dernier s'eloigne d'un modele de developpement autarcique tres reglemente, allant vers un contro le allege et une integration plus etroite a l'economie mondiale. Cette evolution a suscite des mesures d'incitation favorisant l'emergence de l'Inde comme premier exportateur de logiciels. Dans le pays, c'est la region de Bangalore qui est en tete de la production de logiciels, et la concentration d'entreprises nationales et etrangeres y est connue sous le nom de `Silicon Valley indienne'. Pourtant, `l'Inde de la Silicon Valley' conviendrait mieux, puisque la region s'efforce de passer du developpement de logiciels destines a des marches mondiaux a la definition de nouveaux produits et technologies. La dynamique du secteur indien des logiciels tient a` l'exportation de services demandeurs de main-d'uvre, tandis que le marche interieur, relativement restreint et a croissance lente, a limite les sources d'idees originales. L'article explique les limitations en termes de contraintes sociales sur l'Etat malgre sa nouvelle nature. Analyser comment les relations Etat-societe et leur evolution ont modele l'industrie des logiciels a Bangalore permet ainsi d'aborder le debat sur l'importance de l'integration sociale dans une agglomeration et une industrialisation tardive propres aux pays d'industrie recente.

This paper presents a stylized theory of the geography of the computer software industry. It is timely because countries around the world, and at different stages of development, have targeted that industry for attention because of its growth and stability, and the quality of the jobs it provides. I demonstrate that the software industry is decentralizing away from the centers that were first established in the 1970s, but there is no process of de-concentration underway. Old clusters are losing their share of national employment, but they are being replaced by new clusters, and not by a generalized dispersal of the industry. I explain this pattern in terms of a spatial division of labor emerging in the software industry. This division is not based on a low-skill/high-skill labor dichotomy, as in high tech manufacturing, but on a distinction within high-skilled labor between those working on general-purpose technology and those developing applications for specific uses. I call the new clusters where specialized applications are developed “application districts.”

In the thirteen years following the introduction of IBM's first personal computer in 1982, Microsoft rose from being a small concern to become the colossus of the PC software industry. However, Microsoft was not the only software company to profit from the PC-software boom: firms like AutoDesk, Lotus Development, WordPerfect Corp., Ashton-Tate, Novell, Borland, Adobe Systems, Aldus, Symantec, and the Santa Cruz Operation all had their time in the sun. Whereas some of these firms lost their markets to Microsoft or stumbled through strategic errors, others remained hugely successful, and their relative obscurity is largely due to the contemporary obsession with Microsoft and its billionaire founder.

The development of the US computer software industry has been powerfully influenced by federal government policy during the postwar period. Its importance for the demands of Cold War defense, especially strategic air defense during the 1950s, meant that the software industry received considerable support from federal RD but by the late 1960s, these industrial innovations drew on research and manpower that had been generously supported by federal government funds. Our discussion of the federal role in the US software industry begins with a description of the earliest years of federal involvement in the U.S. computer industry, a period during which software scarcely existed as a distinguishable technology and focus of development effort. We then examine the federal role in supporting the emergence of computer science as an academic discipline, a discussion that spans 1955–1990. The concluding section summarizes our argument and suggests some points of contrast with the experience of other industrial economies.

This paper set out to investigate the entry-mode selection activities of small- and medium-sized service firms. Based on Dunning's eclectic theory (1988, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 1–31; 1993, Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy, AddisondashWesley) and previous entry-mode research, the entry-mode selection activities of US computer software firms were examined. The findings tend to indicate that ownership and locational advantages influence the entry-mode choice of small- and medium-sized firms in a manner similar to that of larger firms. Additionally, this study confirms the applicability of the eclectic theory of foreign direct investment to a second sector of the services industry.

This paper studies the effect of diversification into different product categories within competitive high-tech industries. Empirical results obtained using the prepackaged computer software industry as the sample show that: (1) diversified firms appear to be more profitable (have higher returns on equity), attain a larger market share, enjoy higher excess market returns, and have a higher market-to-book ratio; (2) from the investors’ perspective, diversification per se does not increase firm value. Realized higher values do not appear to come from more efficient use of assets. Rather, they stem from the higher innovation efficiency (higher sales revenue per employee) and higher levels of R&D spending for firms that have diversified into different product categories than for firms that confine development to a single product category.&nbsp

The literature on the new international division of labour (NIDL) highlights the rapid growth of the electronics industry in East and Southeast Asia. By contrast, the Indian electronics industry has received less attention because of its traditional emphasis upon import substitution and relatively weak articulation with the prevailing global division of labour. Moreover, the application of the microchip technology in India is still in its early stages, though government interest and support for it suggest a promising future. Nevertheless, in computer software India is emerging as a competitive location for software development and exports.

Introduction Computer software is the stored, machine-readable code that instructs a computer to carry out specific tasks. There are three broad classes of software: (1) operating systems, which control the internal operations of a computer, including network controllers and compilers (also known as “system-level” software); (2) applications tools, which support the development of applications in such areas as computer-aided software engineering and databases; and (3) applications solutions, which enable a computer to perform specific tasks needed by the end-user (as opposed to tasks that manage the computer's internal operations), such as accounting and word processing. All three of these types of software can be provided in either “standard” or “custom” form. This chapter examines the development of the software industries of the United States, Japan, and Western Europe. I focus on “traded software,” i.e., software produced for sale (often by specialized, independent vendors), in contrast to software produced by computer users, or “embedded” software that is incorporated in other products, such as measurement instruments or automobile fuel control systems. Although U.S. firms have dominated the traded software industry from its beginnings, there has been considerable turnover among the leading U.S. software firms – in other words, this industry historically has been characterized by competitive strength at the level of the nation, rather than the firm (in the language of the Introduction, “comparative” advantage appears to be more enduring than “competitive” advantage).

National science and technology (S&T) systems are often mentioned as a condition for competitiveness of high technology sectors. Therefore, public S&T policies should actively support the development of national S&T systems. In particular in Eastern Europe an active S&T policy is often demanded to support the development of the supposed domestic "high technology potential". This paper shows that this hypothesis is ill-founded in the case of the software sector. With an industrial economic analysis of the software sector it is shown, that a S&T policy is widely not able to fulfil this expectation. The analysis of the different market segments: standard and individual software, shows that the competition is carried out on axes which can widely not be influenced by a S&T policy. The links between software enterprises and the S&T systems are very weak, which is the result of the conditions of software development and the competition axes used in the software industry. Therefore, only few, and very general, starting points remain for an active S&T policy. Main starting points are: the improvement of the education in modern software technology, improvement of patent protecting laws and their enforcement, and introduction of standardisation procedures and quality standards.

National science and technology (S&T) systems are often mentioned as a condition for competitiveness of high technology sectors. Therefore, public S&T policies should actively support the development of national S&T systems. In particular in Eastern Europe an active S&T policy is often demanded to support the development of the supposed domestic high technology potential. This paper shows that this hypothesis is ill-founded in the case of the software sector. With an industrial economic analysis of the software sector it is shown, that a S&T policy is widely not able to fulfil this expectation. The analysis of the different market segments: standard and individual software, shows that the competition is carried out on axes which can widely not be influenced by a S&T policy. The links between software enterprises and the S&T systems are very weak, which is the result of the conditions of software development and the competition axes used in the software industry. Therefore, only few, and very general, starting points remain for an active S&T policy. Main starting points are: the improvement of the education in modern software technology, improvement of patent protecting laws and their enforcement, and introduction of standardisation procedures and quality standards. Nationale Innovationssysteme werden häufig als Voraussetzung für die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von Hochtechnologiebranchen angesehen. Für Regierungen besitzt eine aktive Innovationspolitik einen hohen Stellenwert. Besonders in Osteuropa wird oft eine aktive Innovationspolitik gefordert, um die Entwicklung des vermuteten Hochtechnologiepotentials zu unterstützen. Dieses Papier zeigt, daß diese Hypothese für die Softwarebranche nicht gehalten werden kann. Mit Hilfe einer industrieökonomischen Analyse der Softwarebranche wird gezeigt, daß eine Innovationspolitik die in sie gesetzten Erwartungen weitestgehend nicht erfüllen kann. Die Analyse der Marktsegmente Standard- und Individualsoftware zeigt, daß der Wettbewerb auf Achsen stattfindet, die von einer Innovationspolitik weitestgehend nicht beeinflußt werden können. Als Ergebnis der Art und Weise wie Software entwickelt wird und der verwendeten Wettbewerbsachsen sind die Verbindungen zwischen den Softwareunternehmen und dem Innovationssystem schwach. Für eine aktive Innovationspolitik verbleiben daher nur wenige Ansatzpunkte. Als Hauptansatzpunkte werden eine Verbesserung der Ausbildung mit moderner Softwaretechnologie, eine Verbesserung des Patentschutzrechtes und seiner Durchsetzung sowie die Einführung von Stadardisierungsprozeduren und Qualitätsstandards identifiziert.

Purpose This paper aims to investigate how knowledge sharing influences technological innovation capability (TIC) of the software small- and medium-sized enterprises (SSMEs). Design/methodology/approach Based on the theories regarding knowledge management, TIC, software engineering and open innovation, this paper constructed a research model comprising factors affecting knowledge sharing, knowledge sharing and TIC, and then tested the model quantitatively. The study focuses on SSMEs in China collecting 457 online questionnaires and uses a structural equation model to test the hypotheses. Findings The knowledge sharing culture, organizational structure, middle-level leadership and management system have significantly positive effects on tacit knowledge sharing; management system and IT support have significantly positive effects on explicit knowledge sharing; both explicit and tacit knowledge sharing have significantly positive effects on TIC. Research limitations/implications The study enriches the research on knowledge sharing and TIC. However, it does not consider factors affecting knowledge sharing at the non-organizational level or the interaction between explicit and tacit knowledge sharing. Practical implications The study offers several recommendations/suggestions for helping SSMEs to promote and implement explicit or tacit knowledge sharing and TIC. Originality/value This paper examines the impact of knowledge sharing on TIC from the perspective of knowledge management deconstructing knowledge sharing from the epistemological dimension and the TIC of software companies on the basis of software engineering theory. It provided a new theoretical perspective for the research of knowledge management and technological innovation management in SSMEs.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR) Muitas pesquisas vêm sendo apresentadas para mitigar problemas de produtividade, qualidade e complexidade crescente da indústria de software. Uma dessas pesquisas propõe uma nova abordagem de computação denominada Paradigma Orientado a Notificações (PON). O PON surgiu visando melhorar o desempenho e facilitar o desenvolvimento de software. No que diz respeito ao projeto de software PON, a primeira iniciativa do grupo de pesquisa foi o método chamado Desenvolvimento Orientado a Notificações (DON), baseado nas práticas atuais de ES com uso da UML e Redes de Petri. Porém, o DON aplica uma abordagem convencional de modelagem orientada a objetos, o que não favorece a modelagem de software PON. Este trabalho complementa os anteriores pois empregou esforços para estabelecer uma metodologia iterativa e incremental, denominada Metodologia de Projeto de Software Orientado a Notificações (NOM), focada no paradigma PON, ou seja, orientada a concepção de regras, fatos e notificações. A NOM define um conjunto abrangente de atividades para apoiar o projetista na modelagem de software PON a partir de requisitos de software. Adota-se um novo processo de modelagem, denominado Modelagem de Fluxo Holônico (MFH), que se fundamenta nos Sistemas Holônicos e em sua hierarquia de hólons (holarquias), na qual um hólon pode ser decomposto em um subconjunto de hólons que detalham o hólon do nível superior. As principais primitivas de modelagem referem-se a elementos decisionais, factuais, execucionais e de relação desses elementos no PON. Na MFH essas primitivas são chamadas de hólons e relacionam-se para criar o fluxo lógico do software. A versão preliminar da NOM foi avaliada positivamente em um grupo focal com especialistas no PON. A metodologia foi melhorada a partir das sugestões dos especialistas. A NOM foi aplicada em um caso de estudo para demonstrar a sua viabilidade e efetividade e, por fim, foi avaliada em relação aos requisitos e recomendações de qualidade para linguagens de modelagem. Assim, a partir destas avaliações e das propostas apresentadas nesta tese, constatou-se que os esforços empreendidos contribuíram para amadurecer aspectos de modelagem de software para o PON. Many studies have been proposed to mitigate problems of productivity, quality and increasing complexity in the software industry. One of these studies proposes a new computing approach called Notification Oriented Paradigm (NOP). NOP aims to improve software performance and to facilitate its development. Regarding NOP software design, the first initiative of the research group was a method called Notification Oriented Design (NOD). NOD is based on the current practices of Software Engineering making use of UML and Petri Nets. However, NOD applies a conventional approach of object-oriented modeling, which does not favor the modeling of NOP software. This research complements the previous ones because it used efforts to establish an iterative and incremental methodology, called Notification Oriented Software Design Methodology (NOM), focused on the NOP, that is, oriented to the design of rules, facts and notifications. The NOM defines a comprehensive set of activities to support designers in NOP software modeling from software requirements. A new modeling process is adopted, called Holonic Flow Modeling (HLM), which is based on Holonic Systems and its holon hierarchy concepts (holarchies), whose approach predicts that a holon can be decomposed into a subset of holons that detail the holon of the upper level. The main modeling primitives refer to decisional, factual, and executional elements and about its relations in the NOP. In HLM these primitives are called holons and they relate to each other creating the software logical flow. The preliminary NOM version was evaluated positively in a focus group with experts in NOP. The focus group allowed an increase on the methodology, based on the experts’ suggestions. The NOM was applied on a case study to demonstrate its feasibility and effectiveness and, finally, it was evaluated in relation to the quality requirements and recommendations for modeling languages. Thus, from these evaluations and from the proposals presented in this research, it was evidenced the efforts undertaken contributed to mature aspects of NOP software modeling.

Freelance, part-time, work-at-home, and other flexible jobs are changing the concept of workplace, and bringing information and content exchange problems to companies. Geographically spread corporations may use remote distribution of software and data to attend employees' demands, by exploiting emerging delivery technologies. In this context, cost-efficient software distribution is crucial to allow business evolution and make IT infrastructures more agile. On the other hand, container based virtualization technology is shaping the new trends of software deployment and infrastructure design. We envision current and future enterprise IT management trends evolving towards container based software delivery over Hybrid CDNs. This paper presents a novel cost-efficient QoS aware analytical model and a Hybrid CDN-P2P architecture for enterprise software distribution. The model would allow delivery cost minimization for a wide range of companies, from big multinationals to SMEs, using CDN-P2P distribution under various industrial hypothetical scenarios. Model constraints guarantee acceptable deployment times and keep interchanged content amounts below the bandwidth and storage network limits in our scenarios. Indeed, key model parameters account for network bandwidth, storage limits and rental prices, which are empirically determined from their offered values by the commercial delivery networks KeyCDN, MaxCDN, CDN77 and BunnyCDN. This preliminary study indicates that MaxCDN offers the best cost-QoS trade-off. The model is implemented in the network simulation tool PeerSim, and then applied to diverse testing scenarios by varying company types, number and profile (either, technical or administrative) of employees and the number and size of content requests. Hybrid simulation results show overall economic savings between 5\% and 20\%, compared to just hiring resources from a commercial CDN, while guaranteeing satisfactory QoS levels in terms of deployment times and number of served requests. This work was partially supported by Generalitat de Catalunya under the SGR Program (2017-SGR-962) and the RIS3CAT DRAC Project (001-P-001723). We have also received funding from Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain) under the project EQC2019-005653-P.

Fog Computing ó La computación de niebla ha despertado gran interés en la academia, debido a la separación de procesos que se realizan en Cloud Computing (la computación en la nube) permitiendo esto el ahorro de costos en las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones. Sin embargo, la tendencia del Cloud Computing ha ido creciendo en el procesamiento y el almacenamiento por consiguiente los precios también. Por ello se diseña una arquitectura en el cual logra realizar un procesamiento local que ayude a disminuir el consumo de la nube. Con base en lo anterior, se realizó́ una investigación utilizando la arquitectura de Fog Computing que consiste en realizar la implementación de este con hardware y software libre, identificando los diferentes módulos que se utilizan para comunicarse e integrar módulos de software. Es por esto, que se realiza un estado del arte de la arquitectura y un proceso de implementación con metas académicas esto con el fin de entender el comportamiento, su operación y la separación entre las nuevas tendencias de arquitectura como Internet of Things (internet de las cosas) y Dew Computing (computación de lagrima), dentro de una documentación de la nueva arquitectura tecnológica. INTRODUCCIÓN 1. PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACIÓN, PROPÓSITO Y ENFOQUES 14 2. OBJETIVOS DEL PROYECTO 16 2.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL 16 2.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS 16 3. MARCO REFERENCIAL 17 3.1 MARCO CONCEPTUAL 17 3.1.1 CLOUD COMPUTING. 17 3.1.2 FOG COMPUTING. 18 3.1.3 DEW COMPUTING. 18 3.1.4 INTERNET OF THINGS. 19 3.2 MARCO TEORICO 19 3.3 MARCO CONTEXTUAL 21 3.4 MARCO LEGAL 22 3.5 ESTADO DEL ARTE 22 3.5.1 REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA DE LA LITERATURA. 23 3.5.2 ANÁLISIS ESTADO DEL ARTE. 28 4. PROCESO INVESTIGATIVO 31 4.1 DESCRIPCIÓN DEL PROCESO INVESTIGATIVO 31 7 4.2 PLANTEAMIENTO DE LA PLATAFORMA 32 4.2.1 ESPECIFICACIÓN DEL ACTOR. 32 4.2.2 DESCRIPCIÓN DE CASOS DE USO. 32 4.2.3 DIAGRAMA DE CASOS DE USO. 33 4.2.4 ARQUITECTURA GENERAL DE LA PLATAFORMA PROPUESTA. 34 4.2.5 DINÁMICA DE PETICIONES. 34 5. RESULTADOS 38 5.1 ESTADO DEL ARTE REFERENTE A FOG COMPUTING 38 5.2 HERRAMIENTAS DE HARDWARE Y SOFTWARE LIBRE 48 5.2.1 HARDWARE. 48 5.2.2 SOFTWARE. 52 5.3 CONFIGURACIÓN DE LOS COMPONENTES 55 5.3.1 CONFIGURACIÓN DEL HARDWARE Y SOFTWARE. 55 5.4 MEDICIONES PERTINENTES. 72 5.4.1 FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LA ARQUITECTURA FOG COMPUTING. 72 5.4.2 ESCENARIOS PROPUESTOS. 73 5.5 APLICACIONES DE FOG COMPUTING 80 5.5.1 FOG COMPUTING EN DOMÓTICA. 80 5.5.2 FOG COMPUTING EN LA INDUSTRIA. 82 5.5.3 FOG COMPUTING EN LAS CIUDADES INTELIGENTES. 83 5.5.4 FOG COMPUTING EN MEDICINA. 85 6. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES 86 7. REFERENCIAS 88 Maestría Fog Computing or Fog computing has aroused great interest in the academy, due to the separation of processes that are carried out in Cloud Computing (cloud computing), allowing this to save costs in information and communication technologies. However, the trend of Cloud Computing has been growing in processing and storage consequently prices as well. Therefore, an architecture is designed in which it manages to perform local processing that helps reduce cloud consumption. Based on the above, an investigation was carried out using the Fog Computing architecture, which consists of implementing it with hardware and free software, identifying the different modules that are used to communicate and integrate software modules. This is why a state of the art of architecture and an implementation process with academic goals is carried out in order to understand the behavior, its operation and the separation between new trends in architecture such as the Internet of Things (internet of things). things) and Dew Computing (tear computing), within a documentation of the new technological architecture.

Traditionally, Japanese users have defined their own systems, but reliance on software houses is increasing.

Agile Software Development (ASD) has been widely accepted in the software industry as a means to increase customer value, despite the few empirical studies related to the subject. A recent systematic review study, based on academic works and industry experiences, mapped a set of strategies to increase customer value in the ASD. However, the factors that drive the adoption of these strategies were not mentioned. Based on a survey of 378 software professionals from 123 software-intensive companies in Brazil, we examined the associations of these strategies mapped to six drivers, including the team context (product type, product owner type and customer type) and the context of the organization (size of unit, level of agile adoption and agile experience). The results showed that the organizational context's driving factors are associated with the adoption of a more significant number of strategies than the factors related to the team context, focusing mainly on large companies, with 100% of the teams using agile methods and with having used ASD for more than five years Fechado

Fil: Calvano, Fernando. Universidad de San Andrés. Escuela de Administración y Negocios; Argentina.

Thesis (PhD(Electrical and Information Engineering))--University of South Australia, 2018. Includes bibliographical references (pages 139-144) This thesis presents a new approach and a modelling tool to address challenging problems dealing with System Integration Technical Risk (SITR) assessment modelling at early stages of system development life cycle from a system’s engineering perspective. The proposed approach and developed modelling tool are applicable in the risk management domain providing system integration quantitative risk assessment under uncertainty at the phase of software intensive systems design. The core contribution of this dissertation is the development of a risk assessment practical modelling tool and the methodology for its use, that fills a gap in a critical area of systems engineering.

Fil: Ormeño Guzmán, Gabriela Elizabeth. Universidad de San Andrés. Escuela de Negocios; Argentina. El incesante desarrollo tecnológico impulsa de manera ininterrumpida el crecimiento de la industria del software. En este marco las Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas (Pymes) deben afrontar el desafío de llevar adelante su negocio compitiendo con grandes firmas del sector. Debiendo, para ello, potenciar del capital humano, dado que es esta su fuente de ventaja competitiva: son los talentos quienes generan el valor agregado y la innovación tan necesaria en este mercado. Por este motivo en el presente estudio se analiza la gestión del talento humano en cuatro importantes Pymes de la CABA dedicadas al desarrollo de servicios tecnológicos. La investigación asume la problemática que atraviesan este tipo de organizaciones relacionada con las dificultades para atraer, seleccionar y retener a los colaboradores, en un contexto donde, por otra parte, las nuevas generaciones de clientes internos poseen necesidades y expectativas laborales que no resultan fáciles de satisfacer. Desde el punto de vista metodológico se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo de alcance descriptivo. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante la técnica de entrevista en profundidad a los responsables de RRHH de las empresas seleccionadas. Se encontró que tales organizaciones sostienen exigentes prácticas de gestión del talento, atentas de modo permanente a las necesidades de los talentos clave. Se pudo apreciar asimismo que se encuentran en un proceso de transición que implica abandonar o al menos adaptar los procedimientos y políticas tradicionales de gestión del personal, lo que incluye la promoción de un buen clima organizacional, flexibilidad laboral y home office. En ellas, el área de RRHH constituye un pilar de gran importancia, por cuyo intermedio se canalizan las políticas de desarrollo profesional, compensaciones y fidelización del cliente interno. Prueba de esta eficacia en la gestión es el bajo índice de rotación. Con todo, es necesario perfeccionar las estrategias para lograr una mayor atracción, así como el reforzamiento en el relacionamiento y la comunicación con sus empleados. En este sentido, el reto a superar será el sostener la cultura y visión de cada compañía en un sector con gran demanda de trabajo virtual y mayor flexibilización de la jornada en aras de lograr una superior calidad de vida personal y profesional.

La internacionalización de las pymes antioqueñas es un proceso que se ha realizado a lo largo del tiempo con poca estructuración y resultados que no van acorde a las metas gubernamentales en comercio exterior -- Durante este trabajo se analizan las diferentes variables que intervienen en el proceso de internacionalización de la compañía Tekus S.A.S., logrando, a través de 5 fases, crear estrategias y un plan de acción a 3 años para lograr los objetivos internacionales de la compañía, The internationalization of SMEs in Antioquia is a process that has been carried out over time with little structure and results that do not go according to the government's goals in foreign trade -- During this work we analyze the different variables involved in the Tekus’s internationalization process, achieving, through 5 phases, to create strategies and a 3 years action plan to achieve the international objectives of the company

Fil: Mietta, Raúl A.. Universidad de San Andrés. Escuela de Administración y Negocios; Argentina.

Fil: Sajnin, Pablo. Universidad de San Andrés. Escuela de Administración y Negocios; Argentina. STARTHELPER es un software dirigido a emprendedores que facilita la creación de su empresa. Brinda una amplia gama de funcionalidades destinadas a asistirlo en tareas tales como completar toda la documentación legal y administrativa requerida, el armado de una carpeta para solicitud de financiamiento en entidades bancarias, realización de proyecciones financieras y obtención de ratios y el armado del plan de negocios. El software será web, comercializado en modalidad SaaS (Software as a Service), y contará con una aplicación para dispositivos móviles. Nuestra ventaja competitiva es ser el único producto del mercado que resuelve diversas necesidades del emprendedor simultáneamente, a un precio accesible con un producto en la web comercializado en modalidad SaaS. El producto tendrá alto foco en la usabilidad, performance y calidad. Inicialmente, el mercado objetivo serán los emprendedores de la Argentina. En los últimos años se han creado un promedio anual de 59.000 nuevas empresas, con un saldo positivo entre aperturas y cierres de 11.400 empresas (Observatorio de Empleo y Dinámica Empresaria, Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social 2013). Se estima llegar en 3 años a una cuota de mercado del 3% del total de empresas creadas, considerando el índice de aperturas y cierres, y el hecho de que no todas las empresas creadas aportan el mismo valor. Según datos del GEM, el 67,8% de los emprendedores lo hacen motivados por una oportunidad. En la CABA, este número asciende al 81,89%. Se considera que estos emprendedores son quienes suelen aportar mayor valor y pueden requerir el producto ofrecido. El software se comercializará a un precio de entre USD 15 y USD 30 mensuales, de acuerdo a la funcionalidad contratada. La inversión requerida es de USD 110000 para el desarrollo del producto y financiar el flujo inicial de las operaciones, y se espera un recupero de la inversión en 2 años. El valor presente del proyecto es de USD 724446, proyectado a 5 años.

Para la elaboración de este trabajo de grado, se consideró como problema de la investigación, - Evaluar el uso y los efectos de la orientación estratégica al mercado sobre las PYMES del software en la ciudad de Medellín, departamento de Antioquia: caso Intersoftware – Se analizan los conceptos propuestas por (Narver & Slater, 1990) y por (Jaworski & Kohli,1993), se adopta la escala de medida de orientación al mercado MKTOR, de (Narver & Slater, 1990) – Se construyó una encuesta estructurada, autoadministrada, que constaba de 7 bloques de preguntas con diferentes temas, de las cuales, 47 eran cerradas -- El propósito era conocer el proceso de la toma de decisiones, la información del mercado, el comportamiento basado en la cultura organizacional, el marketing estratégico, y orientación al cliente -- El centro de estas perspectivas es el énfasis en los clientes y su información

Fil: Juan Pablo, Grassi. Universidad de San Andrés. Escuela de Administración y Negocios; Argentina.

Purpose: A growing number of commercial open source software, based on community open source, appears in many segments of the software market. The purpose of this study is to investigate how commercial open source software affects the pricing (market share or profit) of proprietary software producer, consumer surplus and social welfare. Design/methodology: To analyze the impact of commercial open source software on proprietary software producer, this study constructs two vertical-differentiation models: the basic model considers proprietary software only competing with community open source software, and its extended one considers proprietary software competing with both community and commercial open source software. Findings: This study mainly finds that the presence of commercial open source software can lead to the decrease of the software price and profit for proprietary software producer, while the consumer surplus and social welfare will be increased. However, it does not necessarily cause the decline in the market share for proprietary software producer. Originality/value: The main contribution of this study is to examine the effect of commercial open source software on the competitive strategies of proprietary software producer, consumer surplus and social welfare

El campo de la investigación es un pilar vital para la generación de conocimiento y por lo tanto para la evolución humana -- Un proceso de tales características se convierte en un aspecto necesariamente innovador -- Para quien lo realiza, implica asumir responsablemente una revisión exhaustiva de documentación que sirva de soporte y guía en la construcción de su propósito -- En esta dispendiosa tarea, un investigador invierte una valiosa cantidad de esfuerzo en la lectura y conformación de una fuente de información garantizada que soporte la consolidación de su proceso investigativo -- Para el desarrollo del presente trabajo y la realización del sistema de información SIRIN, fueron determinantes aspectos como big data, sociedad red, elementos relacionados con arquitectura de software, buscadores web, realización de consultas en Internet, programación informática, manipulación de la base de datos especializada Scopus y el programa liderado por el Ministerio de las TIC Colombiano denominado gobierno en línea -- Se culmina con el desarrollo y puesta en marcha de un sistema de información cuyo propósito es ubicar a nivel internacional la red de autores y afiliaciones que se conforma alrededor del desarrollo de productos científicos relacionados con el área tecnológica que un investigador se encuentre desarrollando -- Se parte desde una consulta realizada en la base de datos especializada Scopus y se finaliza con información de autores y afiliaciones arrojada por SIRIN -- Se tomó como ejemplo para demostrar el funcionamiento del aplicativo la producción mundial de contenidos digitales destinados al aprendizaje

Bibliografia: p. 372 Após quase 15 anos de apoio estruturado ao setor de software e serviços de tecnologia e inovação (TI), o BNDES alcançou um nível de conhecimento que permite uma avaliação crítica de sua atuação. O presente artigo se presta a esse objetivo, dedicando especial atenção ao Programa BNDES Prosoft. Com base em uma avaliação retrospectiva da ação do Banco e em uma breve análise das tendências e perspectivas da indústria, o trabalho aponta os desafios e sugere as diretrizes para o apoio futuro ao setor.

Fil: Sivila, Leandro Ezequiel. Universidad de San Andrés. Escuela de Administración y Negocios; Argentina. El presente trabajo de tesis pretenderá relevar, describir y analizar el impacto que estarían teniendo determinadas variables económicas sobre las empresas dedicadas a la exportación de software y servicios informáticos (SSI) en la Argentina. El análisis se centrará en entender cómo las principales variables económicas, particularmente, inflación, salarios y tipo de cambio, estarían afectando negativamente el atractivo del país para el desarrollo de empresas dedicadas al Offshoring, particularmente en el área de exportación de SSI. Se tomará como trabajo de referencia, el estudio realizado por Duke sobre las oportunidades existentes en Latinoamérica para el desarrollo de empresas de Offshoring, a fin de entender si los factores de atracción allí estudiados, siguen aun teniendo vigencia para nuestro país, teniendo en cuenta el impacto que las variables analizadas han tenido durante los últimos años. Finalmente se intentará realizar un conjunto de recomendación de acciones y estrategias posibles a seguir con el fin de minimizar este impacto.

CAPES Essa dissertação investiga qual a percepção de atores envolvidos com o setor de software sobre a formação e condução das políticas de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação e das políticas Industriais para esse setor a partir dos anos 2000. Trata-se de identificar a percepção dos entrevistados em relação às diretrizes das políticas de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação e das Políticas Industriais. Ao investigar o setor selecionado observa-se que existe uma série de leis e instrumentos das políticas que o amparam e o beneficiam, principalmente, na dimensão do financiamento e incentivo à exportação. Além disso, é um setor intensivo em mão de obra de maior nível de conhecimento, tem características ambientais modernas e exige investimentos iniciais relativamente baixos. As atividades de software encontram-se dispersas nos diversos setores econômicos e têm o potencial de melhorar a produtividade e competitividade desses setores na medida em que modernizam e facilitam os processos organizacionais e produtivos por meio de seus produtos e serviços. Para buscar compreender a percepção dos atores sobre as diretrizes das políticas esse estudo adotou como método a pesquisa bibliográfica de caráter qualitativo e realizou entrevistas por meio de questionários semiestruturados com o objetivo de investigar a percepção dos entrevistados sobre o processo de formulação e condução das políticas para o setor de software no Brasil, a partir dos anos 2000. Foram realizadas nove entrevistas, com amostra intencional pela representação da instituição para o setor e para a dinâmica da política no setor. A fim de classificar a percepção dos atores foi realizada uma categorização qualitativa da percepção dos atores sobre as políticas, no sentido de analisar se os planos têm contribuído para o crescimento do setor e se tem mostrado evolução em sua condução ao longo do tempo, foi construído, a partir da interpretação dos relatos das entrevistas, um plano de análise composto pelos eixos: crescimento do setor de software e relevância das políticas. Como resultados essa pesquisa mostra que os atores entrevistados, de maneira geral, participam das formulações das políticas, tem bom conhecimento dos planos, e que todos os entrevistados consideram que houve evolução na dinâmica do setor, mas atribuem essa evolução mais ao desenvolvimento econômico nacional do que a atuação das políticas no setor. This dissertation investigates what the selected actors’ perception on the formation and management of science, technology and innovation policies and industrial policies for the software industry from the 2000s. This is to identify the respondents' perception in relation to the guidelines of Science, Technology and Innovation Policies and Industrial Policies. While investigating the selected sector it is observed that there are a number of laws and policy instruments that support and benefit it, mainly, in the dimension of financing and incentive to the export, moreover, is an intensive sector in labor of higher level of knowledge, has modern environmental characteristics and requires relatively low initial investments. The software activities have been found scattered in the various economic sectors and have the potential to improve the productivity and competitiveness of these sectors in that they modernize and facilitate the organizational and productive processes by means of its products and services. To seek to understand the actors’ perception on the policy guidelines this study adopted as method the bibliographical research of qualitative character and interviews that were performed through semi-structured questionnaires in order to investigate the respondents’ perception on the process of formulation and conduct of the policies for the software industry in Brazil, from the 2000s. For this, nine interviews were conducted, with a convenience sample representation by the institution for the sector and the political dynamics in the sector In order to classify the actors’ perception it was performed a qualitative categorization of actors ' perception on the policies, in order to analyze whether the plans have shown to be positive or negative for the development of the chain and if have shown advances in its conduction over time, for this it was elaborated, from the interpretation of reports of the interviews, a plan of analysis composed of the axes: evolution of the policy plans and evolution of the chain software dynamics. As a result, this research shows that the interviewed actors generally participate in formulation of policies, has good knowledge of the plans, and that all respondents consider that there have been advances in the dynamics of the sector, but attributed this progress more to the national economic development than the performance of policies in the sector.

Este trabajo de maestría consiste en una experiencia de mejora del proceso software enfocado en el proceso de requisitos dentro de una Organización de servicios -- Este documento contiene la estructura del marco de trabajo del programa de mejora, junto con la experiencia obtenida en la ejecución del programa de mejora, lo cual facilita la comprensión de los objetivos, preguntas de investigación y resultados obtenidos -- El objetivo principal fue mejorar el proceso de requisitos haciendo uso de un modelo de referencia, de evaluación y de mejora; donde el modelo de evaluación fue propuesto por el autor del presente trabajo, el cual evalúa el proceso de requisitos establecido por la Organización desde dos perspectivas: primero, desde la perspectiva de los usuarios, se evalúa y analiza el nivel de conocimiento y conciencia que se tiene sobre el proceso requisitos, y segundo, desde la perspectiva del Equipo de desarrollo, donde se evalúa y analiza el nivel de adopción de buenas prácticas recomendadas por el CMMI-DEV 1.3 para el desarrollo y gestión de requisitos -- Para recopilar la información se diseñó y aplicó un instrumento de evaluación para cada perspectiva -- Además, para alcanzar los objetivos del programa de mejora del proceso de requisitos, fue necesario integrar el modelo IDEAL con casos de mejora e Investigación - Acción, con el propósito de generar resultados tangibles y a corto plazo; y lograr que el modelo de mejora este alineado a las necesidades de la Organización -- Asimismo, se comparte el análisis de resultados, financiero, de impacto y de adopción una vez finalizado el programa de mejora, donde se establece el ROI, los factores de éxito, los nuevos niveles de adopción de las prácticas recomendadas por CMMI y los índices de satisfacción de los usuarios

Este trabajo de maestra consiste en un estudio experimental enfocado en analizar el estado actual de las practicas de estimación de software de las Pymes colombianas, que realizaron un primer ciclo de mejora utilizando CMMI-DEV v1.2 [13] como modelo referente. Parte de este documento contiene el protocolo del estudio experimental, junto con las características de este estudio, lo cual facilita la comprensión de los objetivos, preguntas de investigación y resultados encontrados al final del estudio., ix, 78 p., Contenido parcial: Conceptos y Trabajos Relacionados -- Definición del estudio experimental en estimación de software -- Análisis de los datos recolectados.

El m-learning es una extensión del e-learning, su adelanto esta soportado por las tendencias de la computación móvil y los sistemas Web, que han llevado a la consolidación mundial de la industria de información. Asimismo en los países como Colombia y en los más desarrollados económicamente, se perciben proyectos de instalación y expansión de infraestructura pública de telecomunicaciones, programas especiales para masificación de Internet, políticas para facilitar inversiones extranjeras de empresas especializadas en comunicaciones y legislaciones para la promoción y control de los servicios de comunicación. Una característica fundamental en los inicios del siglo XXI es la presencia de la sociedad informacional, definido como el conjunto de estructuras y formas de interacción social, basadas en los procesos de elaboración, procesamiento y comunicación de la información a través de tecnologías computacionales (Feltrero, 2007). El desarrollo de Internet ha posibilitado la presencia y poder de la sociedad informacional. Debido a las características del protocolo TCP/IP, Internet se presenta como una red con estructura distribuida, aunque su estructura física determinada por nodos centrales, servidores y equipos de usuarios finales, la hacen como una red jerárquica. La posibilidad de que número ilimitado de servidores puedan alojar recursos como páginas Web, portales, bases de datos, contenidos, sistemas de comunicación, comunidades sociales, también en cantidades sin límites, hacen de esta red un medio de comunicación horizontal. De esta forma, los múltiples canales de comunicación vía Web, permiten que todas las personas con posibilidades de acceso sean a su vez consumidoras y productoras de información. Universitat Oberta de Catalunya UOC 1 Antecedentes 5 1.1 Tendencias tecnologías para la información y la comunicación 5 1.2 Tecnologías para el e-learning y m-learning 6 1.3 El software libre como industria 8 2 Planteamiento del problema y justificación 9 3 Objetivos 11 3.1 General 11 3.2 Específicos 11 4. Estado del arte 12 4.1. Del e-learning al m-learning 12 4.2. Proyectos de m-learning 17 4.3. Software libre para e-learning y m-learning 21 4.4. Las escalas de Likert 25 5. Marco Teórico 29 5.1. El aprendizaje electrónico : e-learning 29 5.2. Aprendizaje móvil : Mobile learning 30 5.2.1.Ventajas funcionales del m-learning 31 5.2.2.Ventajas pedagógicas del m-learning 31 5.2.3.Desventajas del m-Learning 32 5.2.4.Tecnologías empleadas en el m-learning 33 5.3. Sistemas adaptativos y colaborativos con dispositivos móviles 33 5.3.1.Adaptación y colaboración con dispositivos móviles 34 5.3.2.Sistemas de recomendación con dispositivo móviles 35 5.3.3.Mecanismos de recomendación 36 5.4. Conexión de dispositivos móviles con servicios Web 37 5.5. El protocolo WAP 38 5.6. Escala de Likert y evaluación aplicando TIC 40 6. Tecnología para dispositivos móviles 48 6.1. Características físicas de los dispositivos móviles 49 6.2. Tipología 50 6.2.1.Paginadores 50 6.2.2.Comunicadores de bolsillo 50 6.2.3.Teléfonos con pantalla para Internet 51 6.2.4.Teléfonos inteligentes 52 6.2.5.Sistemas de navegación de automóviles 53 6.2.6.Sistemas de entretenimiento portátil 54 6.2.7.Teléfonos móviles 55 6.2.8.BlackBerry: Sinónimo de comunicación 55 6.3. La Web móvil 56 6.4. Dispositivos de comunicación inalámbricos 57 6.5. Redes inalámbricas 59 6.6. Arquitectura y desarrollo de aplicaciones WAP 61 6.7. Redes WIFI 63 6.8. Arquitectura y desarrollo de aplicaciones móviles con J2ME 64 Anexo No 1: Manual técnico 70 Anexo No 2: Manual de usuario 104 Bibliografía 117 Maestría M-learning is an extension of e-learning, its advancement is supported by trends in mobile computing and Web systems, which have led to the worldwide consolidation of the information industry. Likewise, in countries such as Colombia and in the most economically developed, there are projects for the installation and expansion of public telecommunications infrastructure, special programs for the massification of the Internet, policies to facilitate foreign investment by companies specialized in communications, and legislation for the promotion and control of communication services. A fundamental characteristic at the beginning of the 21st century is the presence of the informational society, defined as the set of structures and forms of social interaction, based on the processes of elaboration, processing and communication of information through computational technologies (Feltrero, 2007). The development of the Internet has enabled the presence and power of the informational society. Due to the characteristics of the TCP / IP protocol, the Internet appears as a network with a distributed structure, although its physical structure, determined by central nodes, servers and end-user equipment, make it a hierarchical network. The possibility that an unlimited number of servers can host resources such as Web pages, portals, databases, content, communication systems, social communities, also in unlimited quantities, make this network a horizontal communication medium. In this way, the multiple communication channels via the Web, allow all people with access possibilities to be consumers and producers of information.

There is a need to understand cycles associated with software upgrades as they effect people, organizations and the software industry. This thesis intends to explore the moderating factors of these three distinct and disjointed cycles and propose courses of action towards mitigating various issues and problems inherent in the software upgrade process. This thesis will acknowledge that three related but disjointed cycles are common in many software upgrade ventures in today's organizations: a. End-user characteristics in adapting to new software b. Organizational ability to adopt new software c. The software industry's motivation and processes in introducing new software Realizing the importance of these related cycles involves developing an understanding of several aspects we research in this study. First, awareness in understanding why users adopt new software and the demographic factors involved, such as gender, age and experience are considered. Second, we present how organizations integrate new software by exploring factors such as cost, time, reliability and benefit analysis. Last, we provide evidence supporting motivating forces and factors behind software introduction rates within the software industry. These important aspects together culminate in cyclical phenomenon managers and executives need to be aware of, as implementing new software upgrades have become an inevitable undertaking in most of today's organizations. http://archive.org/details/annalysisofrelat109454105 US Army (USA) author. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

El Soporte en las organizaciones de software se refiere a las actividades relacionadas con el apoyo y gestión de las necesidades que un cliente o usuario en un momento determinado pueda tener como consecuencia de un problema en la lógica del negocio, un error de parametrización y/o un error dentro del sistema -- La organización, dentro de sus políticas de calidad, debe estar disponible para atender cualquier inconveniente que surja, y se ha convertido casi en una necesidad que la atención sea la mejor posible -- La idea central de este proyecto radica en crear un modelo que permita, acorde con parámetros de decisión, identificar y tratar con base en su complejidad, dificultad y características del requisito, los recursos necesarios para efectuar las actividades de Soporte requeridas para su solución