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In this work, electrodes based on laser-scribed reduced graphene oxide were fabricated using filter paper as the substrate. To fabricate the electrodes, a water suspension of graphene oxide was filtered to produce a continuous and uniform film of graphene oxide on the filter paper surface. Subsequently, a CO2 laser was used to "write" the working, counter and reference eelctroes by reducing graphene oxide in specific areas to define complete sensors. Referecnce electrodes were then coated with a commercial Ag/AgCl conductive paste to produce a quasi Ag/AgCl reference. As fabricated devices were employed as electrochemical sensors for detection of phosphate ions in water by employing the molybdenum blue method. This method exploits the reaction between molybdate and phosphate ions in acidic media leading to a Keggin-type complex (PMo12O3 40) which, being electrochemically active, enables the indiret detection of phosphate ions. Sensors exhibited high selectivity and sensitive detection of phosphate ions in a wide linear range, from 1 to 20 & mu;M; with a limit of detection of 0.4 & mu;M. To demonstrate that sensors could be utilized for in-situ phosphate ion detection, paper substrate was first pre-loaded with sul-phuric acid and molybdate ions. During analysis, these chemicals were then desorbed directly into the test sample eliminating the need for any kind of external manipulation or reagent addition. Thus, this paper presents the fabrication of a portable, easy-to-use, biodegradable and fast phosphate ions sensor for in situ and real-time monitoring of water quality.

Cellulose-based materials represent a renewable, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly alternative to plastic from fossil resources. Nanopaper is a strong and lightweight material formed from cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). Paper and nanopaper have been considered as excellent alternatives to plastics for use in agriculture and for packaging applications. However, common for both paper and nanopaper is their hydrophilic character, and consequently, poor water-resistance properties. ORMOCER®s are a class of inorganic–organic polymers with excellent barrier and protective properties used for a range of coating applications. Here we present ORMOCER®-coated paper and nanopaper. The coated papers and nanopapers are characterized, both in terms of their morphology, hydrophobicity, and mechanical properties. We demonstrate that the pressure used during the pressing and drying of paper and nanopaper influence their tear and tensile—properties, and that the morphology of the coated nanopaper differs significantly from that of the coated paper. While the ORMOCER® was impregnated within the porous network of the paper, a well-defined two-layered morphology was obtained with the coated nanopaper. Further, the biodegradability of the nanopaper with and without coating was assessed. The degradation study demonstrated that both the pressure used during the pressing and drying of the nanopaper, and the composition of the ORMOCER®, influenced the rate of degradation. Taken together, ORMOCER®-coated paper and nanopaper are promising for the preparation of materials that are both water-resistant, renewable, and biodegradable.

Background Huntington’s disease is a complex neurodegenerative hereditary disease with symptoms in all domains of a person’s functioning. It begins after a healthy start in life and leads through the relentless progression over many years to complete care dependency and finally death. To date, the disease is incurable. The long progressive complex nature of the disease demands multiple disciplines for treatment and care of patient and family. These health care providers need inter- and multidisciplinary collaboration to persevere and be efficacious in this devastating disease trajectory. Discussion The position paper outlines current knowledge and experience alongside the experience and consensus of a recognised group of HD multidisciplinary experts. Additionally the patient’s voice is clear and calls for health care providers with a holistic view on patient and family. Building long-term trust is a cornerstone of the network around the patient. This paper describes a managed care network comprising all the needed professionals and services. In the health care system, the role of a central coordinator or case manager is of key importance but lacks an appropriate guideline. Other disciplines currently without guidelines are general practitioners, nurses, psychologists, and social workers. Guidelines for neurologists, psychiatrists, geneticists, occupational therapists, speech and language therapists, physiotherapists, dieticians, and dentists are being discussed. Apart from all these profession-specific guidelines, distinctive inter- and multidisciplinary collaboration requirements must be met. Conclusions and recommendations The complex nature of Huntington's disease demands multidisciplinary treatment and care endorsed by international regulations and the lay association. Available guidelines as reviewed in this paper should be used, made available by a central body, and updated every 3–5 years. Time needs to be invested in developing missing guidelines but the lack of this ‘proof’ should not prevent the ‘doing’ of good care.

This is a proposal for publishing resource papers as registered reports in the Northern European Journal of Language Technology. The idea is that authors write a data collection plan with a full data statement, to the extent that it can be written before data collection starts. Once the proposal is approved, publication of the final resource paper is guaranteed, as long as the data collection plan is followed (modulo reasonable changes due to unforeseen circumstances). This proposal changes the reviewing process from an antagonistic to a collaborative enterprise, and hopefully encourages NLP resources to develop and publish more high-quality datasets. The key advantage of this proposal is that it helps to promote responsible resource development (through constructive peer review) and to avoid research waste.

Spatially resolved fluid-flow modulation and its corresponding integration becomes a crucial aspect to consider when designing high-performing paper-based analytical devices. As such, high demand exists for cost-effective techniques able to selectively control flow in patternable regions of the device. In this regard, a solution composed of potassium alum and animal glue; sizing materials used in the fabrication of calligraphy Xuan paper, is successfully adapted for the first time in a revolutionary approach to efficiently modulate the capillary flow in paper microfluidic channels. Flow delays are achieved by coating the substrate systematically through the variation of parameters such as the ratio of alum to glue, the concentration of alum-glue in the solution, and the number of subsequent coating layers of alum-glue. Moreover, digitized patterning with alum-glue is developed to achieve programmable wicking profiles of accelerating, decelerating, and quasi-linear flow displacement by alternating coated and uncoated zones in the channel. Additionally, the influence of alum-glue when performing biometric assays is investigated by performing a horseradish peroxidase activity colorimetric assay and found to have negligible effects on reading, where a negligible difference of 5.2% was observed in an assay performed in a coated paper substrate, compared to an uncoated one.

In the paper by Inna Ganschow, the camp experience in the Soviet Union as a result of forced conscription will be treated, specifically in its artistic processing: secretly written diaries and letters by Luxembourg Wehrmacht soldiers. Contemporary historical research today calls them ego documents – private, handwritten texts of a personal nature. The range of texts to be examined in the lecture ranges from the smuggled out notes and letters that their released comrades took with them to Luxembourg, through diaries, speeches and self-made dictionaries to poems, short stories and drawings, some of which were in the camp and some immediately after the return from Tambov and other camps in the Soviet Union. The focus is on the question of dealing with the thesis of the Auschwitz concentration camp survivor Viktor Frankl, psychiatrist and neurologist from Vienna, that the meaning of camp life - logotherapy - can have a self-healing effect and increase the self-healing powers, which increases the chances of survival.

We propose a unique form of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), paper DSSCs based on carbon-nanotube (CNT) composite papers, and the use of a gel electrolyte for the paper DSSC. In our previous study, we succeeded in developing the paper DSSC. However, its performance and lifetime were not sufficient. We considered that the problem was the use of liquid-type electrolyte. To improve the performance of the paper DSSC, a gel electrolyte was introduced to increase safety and durability. Here, a polymer gel electrolyte was synthesized using a copolymer of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a matrix, mixed with iodine and potassium iodide. The resulting paper DSSC had a fill factor (FF, a performance indicator) of 0.248 and a conversion efficiency of 2.43 × 10−5% with an extended working time (lifetime) of more than 110 min. Further modifications were made to the metallic CNT composite paper and the gel electrolyte, resulting in an increased conversion efficiency of 2.02 × 10−3%. This study suggests the potential of gel electrolytes in enhancing the performance of paper DSSCs, providing new insights for their future applications.

The aim of this study is to propose a test method for the determination of the quality of transformer paper insulation. For this purpose, the oil/cellulose insulation systems were exposed to various accelerated aging tests. The results of the aging experiments of normal Kraft and thermally upgraded papers, two different types of transformer oil (mineral and natural ester), and copper are shown. Aging was carried out in various experiments at 150 °C, 160 °C, 170 °C, and 180 °C with dry (initial values ≤ 0.5%) and moistened cellulose insulation (initial values 3–3.5%). Following insulating oil and paper, degradation markers were measured: the degree of polymerization, tensile strength, furan derivates, methanol/ethanol, acidity, interfacial tension, and dissipation factor. It was found that the aging of cellulose insulation in cycles was 1.5–1.6 times faster in comparison to continuous aging, due to the more pronounced effect of hydrolytic mechanism in cyclic aging owing to the produced and absorbed water. Furthermore, it was observed that the high initial water content in cellulose increases the aging rate two to three times more than in the dry experimental setup. The proposed aging test in cycles can be used to achieve faster aging and to compare the quality of different insulating papers.

In the European Union (EU), Regulation (EC) 1935/2004 provides a harmonized legal EU framework and sets out the general principles for safety and inertness for all Food Contact Materials (FCMs) and Food Contact Articles. From a food safety point of view, however, specific EU legislation for paper and cardboard FCMs is lacking, while at Member State level, national legislation differs among countries. More than 11,000 chemicals have been identified in all types of FCMs, most of them without any information on toxicity or migration potential from FCM to food. The present review shows a wide variability of protocols, approaches, and conditions used in scientific studies, which are difficult to compare. In this regard, procedures and conditions laid down in EU legislation for plastics and European Standards (EN protocols) may serve as a good basis for the future sample preparation procedures in the framework of paper and cardboard FCMs safety assessment. Challenges on sample preparation procedures are presented involving the interlinked steps of sample preparation, conditions used and their impact in chemical analysis and in vitro bioassay testing. Currently, there is no general consensus on the criteria for structuring, evaluating, and tuning sample preparation procedures for paper and cardboard FCMs. For this purpose, a set of modified criteria and a decision tree are proposed based on the literature. Along this, mass transfer processes occurring in paper and cardboard FCMs and parameters affecting chemical migration need to be accounted for prior to reaching general consensus on criteria for sample preparation procedures.

In the European Union (EU), Regulation (EC) 1935/2004 provides a harmonized legal EU framework and sets out the general principles for safety and inertness for all Food Contact Materials (FCMs) and Food Contact Articles. From a food safety point of view, however, specific EU legislation for paper and cardboard FCMs is lacking, while at Member State level, national legislation differs among countries. More than 11,000 chemicals have been identified in all types of FCMs, most of them without any information on toxicity or migration potential from FCM to food. The present review shows a wide variability of protocols, approaches, and conditions used in scientific studies, which are difficult to compare. In this regard, procedures and conditions laid down in EU legislation for plastics and European Standards (EN protocols) may serve as a good basis for the future sample preparation procedures in the framework of paper and cardboard FCMs safety assessment. Challenges on sample preparation procedures are presented involving the interlinked steps of sample preparation, conditions used and their impact in chemical analysis and in vitro bioassay testing. Currently, there is no general consensus on the criteria for structuring, evaluating, and tuning sample preparation procedures for paper and cardboard FCMs. For this purpose, a set of modified criteria and a decision tree are proposed based on the literature. Along this, mass transfer processes occurring in paper and cardboard FCMs and parameters affecting chemical migration need to be accounted for prior to reaching general consensus on criteria for sample preparation procedures.

Compared to students in other countries, Japanese university students tend to sleep less. Because there are many individual differences in sleep habits, a specific intervention is not necessarily appropriate. In this study, the sleep habits of university students were investigated using a sleep diary during a semester. Participants were 13 undergraduates who completed sleep diaries for one consecutive week on three separate occasions during the semester. The results showed that university students' sleep habits could be divided into three groups. While one group had no subjective sleep disorders, the other two groups reported poor sleep quality and went to bed late: one of the group tended to wake up early and sleep shorter, and the rest woke up later. Changes in bedtime were observed throughout the semester. University students may try to cope with events during the semester by changing their bedtimes. This study revealed that time management that keeps bedtime ahead of schedule without shifting the wake-up time through the semester is important for students with sleep difficulty. (150 – 200 words)

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), due to its inherent nanometric scale and strength properties, can be considered as a good candidate to be used in papermaking. This work explored the possibility of using it in the production of fine paper as a wet-end component and for the paper coating. Filler-containing handsheet production was performed with and without the presence of common additives typically used in the furnish of office papers. It was found that, under optimized conditions, BNC mechanically treated by high-pressure homogenization could improve all the evaluated paper properties (mechanical, optical and structural) without impairing the filler retention. However, paper strength was improved only to a small extent (increase in the tensile index of 8% for a filler content of ca. 27.5%). On the other hand, when used at the paper surface, remarkable improvements in the gamut area of >25% in comparison to the base paper and of >40% in comparison to only-starch coated papers were achieved for a formulation having 50% BNC and 50% of carboxymethylcellulose. Overall, the present results highlight the possibility of using BNC as a paper component, particularly when applied at the paper substrate as a coating agent aiming at improving printing quality., Fundacão para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal is acknowledged by SFRH/BDE/108095/2015 grant and Strategic Research Centre Project (UIDB/00102/2020). This work was also carried out under the Project Inpactus - innovative products and technologies from eucalyptus, Project N.º 21874 funded by Portugal 2020 through European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) in the frame of COMPETE 2020 nº246/AXIS II/2017, info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Developing a convenient detection method for dopamine holds a significant incentive due to its high clinical significance. Herein, we synthesize crystalline MnOOH nanowires (MNWs) via a simple solvothermal treatment of KMnO4 and demonstrate that they possess excellent oxidase-like activity owing to the presence of pure Mn3+ sites on the MNWs. Particularly, MNWs catalyze the rapid oxidation of dopamine into aminochromes, which show a vivid brown color. The dopamine oxidase-like activity of MNWs follows the typical Michaelis–Mentenkinetics with excellent storage stability. Based on the affirmative catalytic features, a paper dipstick incorporating MNWs in the detection zone is constructed for the one-step colorimetric detection of target dopamine. By immersing the dipstick into the sample solution for 30 min, the sample spontaneously moves to the detection zone due to capillary force, yielding a brown color proportional to the amount of dopamine, which is quantified from an image acquired using a smartphone. With the MNW-containing solution-based assay and MNW-incorporated paper dipstick, dopamine is successfully determined with high selectivity, sensitivity, and detection precision when using spiked human serum and pharmaceutical dopamine injection samples, respectively. Successful analytical values such as the dynamic linear ranges of 3–60 μM and 0.05–7 mM are achieved with the solution-based assay and paper dipstick, respectively, along with excellent detection accuracy (95–99%) and precision (1.0–3.1%). Hence, we developed a simple and efficient nanozyme-based paper dipstick biosensor for dopamine that can be used in point-of-care testing environments.

In the last two decades computer-based assessment has become an important part in support of teaching and learning. It is seen as a solution to implement assessment for learning in school and provide immediate feedback on students’ performance in real-time. Research literature on computer-based assessment suggests that every measurement instrument developer before implementation of a test has to provide evidence that computer-based and paper-based versions are equivalent and provide consistent measures. There is a risk that properties of computer-based assessment including unfamiliarity with the system and proficiency level of digital skills can seriously affect students’ performance. This paper focuses on computer-based diagnostic assessment system designed to support numeracy and literacy teaching and learning. The aim of this study is to confirm that literacy and numeracy learning measurement instruments elaborated in diagnostic assessment system provide consistent results as paper-based versions of both instruments. Data were collected administering four tests. Two of the assessments were computer-based literacy and numeracy diagnostic assessments and two were paper-based versions. By analyzing both versions of assessments using various statistical techniques we explore differences in students’ performance. Our results showed that at this development phase of the computer-based diagnostic assessment system the students who completed computer-based test versions showed similar or better performance than their counterparts who completed paper-based versions.

This paper reports on the levels of fatty acids and selected sterols in effluents and nearby water bodies at Mufindi Paper Mill (MPM), southern Tanzania. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) was used for sample extraction, and analysis was performed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). Fatty acids ranging from C11:0 to C25:0 were detected, with saturated fatty acids (SFA) being more abundant than unsaturated fatty acids (USFA). As for selected sterols, β-sitosterol and stigmastanol were more abundant than campesterol. The mean levels of SFA, USFA, β-sitosterol, stigmastanol, and campesterol (µg/L) were 538.28, 125.94, 1065.44, 1178.01, and 66.76, respectively, for untreated effluents, and 338.10, 139.03, 933.40, 153.92 and 57.82, respectively, for treated effluents. It was further established that the mean levels of SFA, USFA, β-sitosterol, stigmastanol, and campesterol (µg/L) were 321.29, 57.35, 58.37, 50.76, and 49.08, respectively, for effluents at the discharge point and 20.58, 17.72, 8.25, 10.55, and 6.05, respectively, at receiving water. Water bodies are therefore contaminated with lipophilic wood extractives since the mean concentration levels of USFA and sterols were above the lowest concentrations suspected to adversely affect fish (toxic limits (µg/L): USFA (2-8) and sterols (³10)).

In this short paper, we use a mix of scientometrics and DH methods to investigate a novel corpus of term papers from German students of the humanities, hoping to shed some light on undergrad citation practices.

Oil-impregnated paper condenser transformer bushings are an important part of transformer equipment, and partial discharge (PD) occurred when defects exist on the condenser aluminum foil layers. Firstly, to study the PD process of the oil-paper insulated capacitance graded bushing with the defect of broken aluminum foil, a defective oil-paper bushing discharge sample is constructed to study the PD parameters and capacitance, and to discharge carbonization traces at different voltage levels. Then, in order to verify the process of condenser aluminum foil layer discharge and the space charge variation in the oil-paper insulation system of a sample model, the surface flashovers of a needle-plane discharge model based on the bipolar charge transport model and the hydrodynamic model was built. The simulation, by Transport of Diluted Species physics of COMSOL Multiphysics software, points out the discharge process of aluminum foil electrode caused by space charge action and electric field distortion under an electric field at different voltages. The results of simulation and sample bushing experiments showed that the PD process of the defective condenser foil layer is mainly divided into three stages: tip corona discharge, streamer in oil, and surface flashovers. The voltage amplitude is larger the more electrical branches are discharged and the shorter the discharge time is. The findings of the article have important implications for the discharge of the foil layer inside the oil-paper bushing.

Transformers play a crucial role in power systems. In this respect, fault diagnosis and aging state assessment have garnered significant attention from researchers. Herein, accelerated thermal aging and Raman scattering experiments are conducted on oil–paper insulation samples to accurately detect aging states. The samples are categorized into different aging stages based on the polymerization degree of the insulating paper. Principal component analysis (PCA), multi-dimensional scale change method (MDS), and isometric mapping algorithm (Isomap) are employed to extract features from the Raman spectra. Subsequently, the XGBoost strong classifier, optimized through Bayesian hyperparameter optimization (BO-XGBoost), is utilized to distinguish between four and ten states among 175 groups of samples after feature extraction. The subsequent classification results of the three feature-extraction methods are compared. The results indicate that Isoamp, which pertains to the manifold dimension transformation, achieves the highest average discriminative accuracy after feature extraction. The discriminative accuracies for aging states four and ten are 97.0% and 95.1% respectively, demonstrating that Raman spectroscopy manifold dimension transformation enhances the distinctiveness between samples of different aging states in the feature-extraction process. The diagnostic model constructed with Isomap and BO-XGBoost enables accurate discrimination of the aging states of oil–paper insulation.

With the growing concern for environmental protection and personal health, utilizing bio-based impregnated resin has become a sustainable approach for producing aldehyde-free decorative paper and in-house decorations. Our current work focuses on the preparation of an aldehyde-free resin (AFR) by formulating quaternized cellulose nanofibrils (QCNFs, Ave. width 10 ± 3 nm, Ave. length of and >500 nm) with aqueous acrylate emulsion. We analyzed the synthesized QCNFs, acrylate emulsion, and AFR by using various methods, including FTIR, XPS, XRD, TGA/DTG, and rheometer, to evaluate their applicability for impregnated paper processing. At a low coating weight of 4.0 g/m2, a 30.8% increase and 4.9-times increase in tensile strength and contact angle were detected, respectively. Meanwhile, the free aldehyde emission from the AFR-coated paper was found to be 0.1 mg/L even at a high coating weight of 18.8 g/m2, which is far below the E0 level requirement in the JAS 234:2003 criteria. Therefore, the surface coating of the decorative base paper was found to be competitive in covering the porous structure of the paper, reinforcing its mechanical strength, and providing high water resistance. Moreover, the lower free aldehyde emission from the AFR-coated paper ensures its safety and potential application in house decoration products.

Printable biosensors have gained numerous exciting advancements towards downstream applications in fundamental biomedical research, healthcare, food safety, environmental monitoring and governance, and to name a few. Particularly, paper-based printable biosensors have gained rising popularity in providing affordable platforms due to their merits, such as cost-effective, accurate, simple, and efficient detection of diseases for clinical diagnosis. In addition to advantages and opportunities in point-of-care detection, printable biosensors are also facing challenges. Herein, this review aims to provide a systematic summary of the development of printable biosensors, with a special focus on paper-based printable biosensors. Different types of substrates for printable biosensors are highlighted first. Then we mainly focus on paper substrates with superior properties like low-cost, simple, flexible, lightweight, recyclable, etc. In addition, current printing technologies to fabricate paper-based sensors, including wax printing, photolithography, screen printing, inkjet printing, and laser printing summarize, are discussed, together with strategies for biomolecular fabrication on substrates and transducers. Finally, we also discuss the challenges and possible future perspectives, hoping to provide researchers and clinicians with informative insights into paper-based printable biosensors for a smart and effective point-of-care purpose.

To extend the application of cost-effective high-yield pulps in packaging, strength and barrier properties are improved by advanced-strength additives or by hot-pressing. The aim of this study is to assess the synergic effects between the two approaches by using nanocellulose as a bulk additive, and by hot-pressing technology. Due to the synergic effect, dry strength increases by 118% while individual improvements are 31% by nanocellulose and 92% by hot-pressing. This effect is higher for mechanical fibrillated cellulose. After hot-pressing, all papers retain more than 22% of their dry strength. Hot-pressing greatly increases the paper’s ability to withstand compressive forces applied in short periods of time by 84%, with a further 30% increase due to the synergic effect of the fibrillated nanocellulose. Hot-pressing and the fibrillated cellulose greatly decrease air permeability (80% and 68%, respectively) for refining pretreated samples, due to the increased fiber flexibility, which increase up to 90% using the combined effect. The tear index increases with the addition of nanocellulose, but this effect is lost after hot-pressing. In general, fibrillation degree has a small effect which means that low- cost nanocellulose could be used in hot-pressed papers, providing products with a good strength and barrier capacity.

Internationally, teachers use oral reading fluency (ORF) measurements to monitor learning progress in reading and adapt instruction to the individual needs of students. In ORF measures, the child reads aloud single syllables, words, or short passages, and the teacher rates in parallel at which items the child makes a mistake. Since administering paper-based ORF requires increased effort on the part of teachers, computer-based test administration is available. However, there are still concerns about the comparability of paper-based and computer-based test modes. In our study, we examine mode effects between paper-based and computer-based test scores for both reading speed and reading accuracy using a German-language ORF assessment for progress monitoring. 2nd- and 3rd-year-students (N = 359) with and without special education needs participated in the study. Results show comparable and high reliability (r > 0.76) and no differential item functioning for both test modes. Furthermore, students showed significantly higher reading speed on the paper-based test, while no differences were found in reading accuracy. In the absence of differential item functioning, we discuss how mean differences can be accounted for, how teachers can be trained to use the different test modes, and how computer-based tests can be safeguarded in practice.

Paper-based friction material is a typical paper-based composite that is usually cured via hot-pressing. This curing method does not account for the effect of pressure on the matrix resin, resulting in uneven distribution of resin in the material and reducing the mechanical properties of friction materials. To overcome the above shortcomings, a pre-curing method was introduced before hot-pressing, and the effects of different pre-curing degrees on the surface morphology and mechanical properties of paper-based friction materials were studied. The pre-curing degree significantly affected the resin distribution and interfacial bonding strength of the paper-based friction material. When the material was cured at 160 °C for 10 min, the pre-curing degree reached 60%. At this point, most of the resin was in a gel state, which could retain abundant pore structures on the material surface without causing mechanical damage to the fiber and resin matrix during hot-pressing. Ultimately, the paper-based friction material exhibited improved static mechanical properties, decreased permanent deformation, and reasonable dynamic mechanical properties.

Packaging is defined as the enclosement and protection of products for their distribution, storage, sale, consumption, and use [1], with the preferred material being paper and cardboard-based packages. Taking this into consideration, by 2021 the global paper industry reported a market value of 372.34 billion USD [2] and a production volume of approximately 417.3 million metric tonnes [3]. Therefore, when assessing global waste composition trends, it is not surprising to find that the most prominent stream after organic waste corresponds to paper and cardboard with a 17% representation [4]. Considering the above as well as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) tackling sustainable consumption and production patterns (Goal 12), the necessity to take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts (Goal 13), and sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss (Goal 15), the following research had as its main objective to measure the impact of commonly used inks, coatings, varnishes, and decorations in paper and cardboard packaging repulpability according to the American Fibre Box Association (FBA) repulpability standard. Ten (10) samples employing digital printing – 2 samples – Offset printing in cardboard packages – 5 samples – and Offset printing in paper labels – 3 samples – were sourced from Kaunas University of Technology Publishing House and packaging manufacturer Trustpack, Lithuania. Results show that 3 out of the 10 samples produced more than 15% of rejects, and therefore cannot be considered repulpable. Additionally, the 3 samples show the inclusion on foil paints or metallized engravings, which supports the conclusion that the addition of such materials to the packaging significantly reduce the amount of recoverable material., Pakuotė apibrėžiama kaip produktų uždengimas ir apsauga, skirta jų platinimui, laikymui, pardavimui, vartojimui ir naudojimui [1], o populiariausia medžiaga yra popierinės ir kartoninės pakuotės. Atsižvelgiant į tai, iki 2021 m. pasaulinės popieriaus pramonės rinkos vertė siekė 372.34 mlrd. dolerių [2], o gamybos apimtis - apie 417,3 mln. metrinių tonų [3]. Todėl, vertinant pasaulines atliekų sudėties tendencijas, nenuostabu, kad po organinių atliekų svarbiausią srautą atitinka popierius ir kartonas, kurių dalis sudaro 17 % [4]. Atsižvelgiant į tai, kas išdėstyta pirmiau, taip pat į Darnaus vystymosi tikslus (DVT), kuriuose sprendžiamas tvaraus vartojimo ir gamybos modelių klausimas (12 tikslas), būtinybę imtis skubių veiksmų kovojant su klimato kaita ir jos poveikiu (13 tikslas), tvariai tvarkyti miškus, kovoti su dykumėjimu, sustabdyti ir pakeisti žemės degradaciją ir sustabdyti biologinės įvairovės nykimą (15 tikslas), šio tyrimo pagrindinis tikslas buvo įvertinti dažniausiai naudojamų rašalų, dangų, lakų ir dekoracijų poveikį popieriaus ir kartono pakuočių atstūmimui pagal Amerikos pluošto dėžučių asociacijos (FBA) atstūmimo standartą. Dešimt (10) pavyzdžių, kuriuose naudota skaitmeninė spauda - 2 pavyzdžiai, ofsetinė spauda kartoninėse pakuotėse - 5 pavyzdžiai ir ofsetinė spauda popierinėse etiketėse - 3 pavyzdžiai, buvo gauti iš Kauno technologijos universiteto leidyklos ir pakuočių gamintojo Trustpack, Lietuva. Rezultatai rodo, kad 3 iš 10 pavyzdžių buvo gauta daugiau kaip 15 % broko, todėl jų negalima laikyti atpažįstamais. Be to, šiuose 3 mėginiuose matyti, kad į pakuotę įtraukta ant folijos dažų arba metalizuotų graviūrų, o tai patvirtina išvadą, kad tokių medžiagų įtraukimas į pakuotę gerokai sumažina atgautinos medžiagos kiekį.

Paper has gained popularity as a packaging material due to its reduced environmental impact compared with non-degradable alternatives. However, its flammability poses safety risks, prompting research on enhancing its flame retardancy. This work introduces a diffusion-driven self-assembly strategy (DDSAS) to create a functional graphene oxide (GO) coating on various packaging papers. DDSAS involves infiltrating the paper’s cellulose microfiber network with branched polyethyleneimine (b-PEI), which binds firmly to cellulose microfibers. Electrostatic interactions between GO and b-PEI then drive GO assembly into a densely stacked, layered structure on the paper surface. This GO structure provides a physical barrier against flames and generates incombustible gases (CO2, H2O, NO2, and NO) when heated, diluting the surrounding oxygen concentration and acting as a heat insulation layer. These factors increase the flame retardancy of treated papers ten-fold. Additionally, the gradual reduction of GO upon heating forms reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on the paper, significantly increasing its electrical conductivity. As a result, the flame-retardant papers not only prevent the fire from spreading but can also act as fire sensors by triggering an alarm signal at the early stages of contact with fire. In summary, this work offers a rational strategy for designing and manufacturing flame-retardant paper packaging materials.

This article presents results on the use of a new material as a solidifying agent and/or color-fixing agent. A special polysaccharide material extracted from the prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus indica) was tested on historical materials and modern papers. An old book from the 18th century was chosen as historical material. From the mentioned book 42 pages were taken, on which a conservation and restoration pretreatment was performed before applying the polysaccharide material: sampling, fiber analysis, dry cleaning, ink solubility, pH test, thickness measurement and wet cleaning. The paper sheets provided for the test were divided into 4 groups, 3 of which were treated with gel and one left untreated as a reference. The division into groups is not only due to the different method of application, but also due to the process of gel extraction. The effect of the treatment was analyzed using FTIR-ATR. To test the mucilage as color-fixing agent 2 samples were prepared using watercolor papers colored with 6 different watercolors applied to 2.5 cm2 samples for each color in two rows of different intensity. One of the 2 samples was treated with gel, but both were immersed for 3 times in a water-ethanol solution for approximately 20 min as is standard practice in conservation and restoration. After washing, both specimens were subjected to colorimetric analysis to assess their differences. The results provided satisfactory evidence for the protection of paints sensitive to aqueous treatments and suggest the use of mucilage as a new material in cleaning method for water-soluble media.

Crowdsourcing in cultural heritage is rich in opportunities for collaborative, interdisciplinary research and practice. This presentation celebrates and calls for input and expansion of a White Paper that sets out current challenges and opportunities, and provides recommendations for the future of crowdsourcing in cultural heritage and the digital humanities.

This paper presents an evaluation and comparison of three state-of-the-art models for text summarization, and proposes a new digital reading interface designed for neophyte users to exploit these models, as well as automatic keyword extraction, with little or no programming experience.

W. H. Auden was among the most influential twentieth-century poets. New digital-edition projects aim to contribute to investigating his life and work in Austria. While the model of 'assertive edition' helps to address both philologically- and historically/biographically-oriented research interests, this paper will focus on formally representing uncertainty and editorial interpretation.

Carbon fiber paper (CFP) is one of the most important units of gas diffusion layer (GDL) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The binder used in the wet-laid technique has a significant effect on the properties of CFP. In this work, the polyvinyl butyral/phenol-formaldehyde resin (PVB/PF) composite fibers firstly prepared by a dry spinning method were applied for CFP fabrication to replace traditional binders during the papermaking process and remove the PF impregnation process. In the composite fibers with a mass ratio of 5:5, PF phase with a size of about 2~3 μm evenly distributed in PVB matrix. PVB and PF were miscible to some degree, which was beneficial for their binding effect during hot-press. These composite fibers can successfully bind carbon fibers (CFs) during the papermaking process, and their residual carbon efficiently welded the CFs after heat treatment. The content and length of composite fibers in the mat affected the binding structure among CFs, which influenced the properties of CFP, increased the composite fibers’ content and reduced their length, significantly improving the strength of CFP. Therefore, the application of this solid fiber binder could enhance the comprehensive properties of CFP by adjusting the fibers’ parameters in the mat and also make the fabrication of CFP more environmentally friendly and low-cost.

This work presents the most important elements that affect the writing of scientific articles, but also those that determine the success for their acceptance and publication in impact journals. It also deals with aspects such as how to respond to peer review evaluations and how to disseminate the article once it has been published. The intended audience is trainee researchers and especially doctoral students who have chosen to carry out a thesis by compendium of publications. However, any researcher, junior or senior, will surely find several elements of interest in this work. It is also appropriate to add that the main academic background is that of social sciences in general and communication studies. This work is part of the development of methodologies within the project "Parameters and strategies to increase the relevance of media and digital communication in society: curation, visualization and visibility (CUVICOM)". PID2021-123579OB-I00 (MICINN), Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain). Activity financed by the European Union- NextGenerationEU , Ministry of Universities and Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan, through a call from Pompeu Fabra University (Barcelona).

Programa de doctorat: Doctorat en Enginyeria Tèxtil i Paperera The different researching lines in the field of Preservation and Conservation of Cultural Heritage on Paper tend to evolve and join other scientific fields in order to comprehend and embrace all the problematics caused by the aging of paper and its nature. Almost every decision made to stabilize the biochemical deterioration of cellulose is strongly conditioned by factors related to the papermaking process of that specific paper. These factors may include the fiber’s origin, the beating, the cooking and bleaching treatments, the technology used in the papermaking, the additives included in the fiber’s solution and posterior surface treatments such as the sizing or the coating among others. The field of Paper Engineering is focused on the development of papermaking technologies through new products and treatments. Those, in addition to the many testing methods used in this field –measurement of paper physical and optical properties, such as tensile strength or brightness ISO-, may be extrapolated to the field of Paper Conservation, adding new criteria and information about how any treatment affects the treated heritage, opening a window for new products and treatments, more bio-compatible with the cellulose nature, allowing to reduce the using of strong chemics and other procedures that are harmful for the environment.

With the overarching aim for the development of sustainable, nontoxic wet strength agents for paper, a novel polymer gel system based on oxidized hydroxypropyl cellulose (keto-HPC) cross-linked with polyamines was investigated in detail to gain a deeper insight into the wet strength mechanism. When applied to paper, this wet strength system significantly increases the relative wet strength by using only low amounts of polymer, and it is therefore comparable with established wet strength agents based on fossil resources, such as polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin resins. With the help of ultrasonic treatment, keto-HPC was degraded with respect to its molecular weight and further cross-linked in paper using polymeric amine-reactive counterparts. The resulting polymer-cross-linked paper mechanical properties were analyzed with respect to the dry and wet tensile strength, respectively. In addition, we analyzed the polymer distribution using fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). If high-molecular-weight samples are being used for cross-linking, we do find accumulation of the polymer mainly on the surface of the fibers and at fiber crossing points, accompanied with enhancing strong effects on paper’s wet tensile strength. In contrast, if low-molecular-weight (i.e., degraded) keto-HPC is being applied, the macromolecules are capable of entering the inner porous structure of the paper fibers, and almost no accumulation at the fiber crossing points is observed, which also results in a lowered wet paper tensile strength, respectively. This insight into wet strength mechanisms of the keto-HPC/polyamine system can thus lead to new opportunities for the development of alternative biobased wet strength agents where molecular weight dependence of the wet tensile properties allows for a fine tuning of mechanical properties in the wet state.

In this work, we propose a new design for paper based analytical devices (PADs) that eliminate the need to use a micropipette for sample introduction. With this design, a PAD is equipped with a distance-based detection channel that is connected to a storage channel that indicates the volume of a sample introduced into the PAD. The analyte in the sample solution reacts with a colorimetric reagent deposited into the distance-based detection channel as the sample solution flows into the storage channel where the volume is measured. The ratio of the lengths of the detection channel and that of the storage channel (D/S ratio) are constant for a sample containing a certain concentration, which is independent of the introduced volume. Therefore, the PADs permit volume-independent quantification using a dropper instead of a micropipette because the length of the storage channel plays the role of a volume gauge to estimate the introduced sample volume. In this study, the D/S ratios obtained with a dropper were comparable to those obtained with a micropipette, which confirmed that precise volume control is unnecessary for this PAD system. The proposed PADs were applied to the determinations of iron and bovine serum albumin using bathophenanthroline and tetrabromophenol blue as colorimetric reagents, respectively. The calibration curves showed good linear relationships with coefficients of 0.989 for iron and 0.994 for bovine serum albumin, respectively.

Patients with multimorbidity increasingly impact healthcare systems, both in primary care and in hospitals. This is particularly true in Internal Medicine. This population associates with higher mortality rates, polypharmacy, hospital readmissions, post-discharge syndrome, anxiety, depression, accelerated age-related functional decline, and development of geriatric syndromes, amongst others. Internists and Hospitalists, in one of their roles as Generalists, are increasingly asked to attend to these patients, both in their own Departments as well as in surgical areas. The management of polypathology and multimorbidity, however, is often complex, and requires specific clinical skills and corresponding experience. In addition, patients' needs, health-care environment, and routines have changed, so emerging and re-emerging specific competences and approaches are required to offer the best coordinated, continuous, and comprehensive integrated care to these populations, to achieve optimal health outcomes and satisfaction of patients, their relatives, and staff. This position paper proposes a set of emerging and re-emerging competences for internal medicine specialists, which are needed to optimally address multimorbidity now and in the future.

In this paper, the behavior of the Bi-Material Cantilever (B-MaC) response deflection upon fluidic loading was experimentally studied and modeled for bilayer strips. A B-MaC consists of a strip of paper adhered to a strip of tape. When fluid is introduced, the paper expands while the tape does not, which causes the structure to bend due to strain mismatch, similar to the thermal loading of bi-metal thermostats. The main novelty of the paper-based bilayer cantilevers is the mechanical properties of two different types of material layers, a top layer of sensing paper and a bottom layer of actuating tape, to create a structure that can respond to moisture changes. When the sensing layer absorbs moisture, it causes the bilayer cantilever to bend or curl due to the differential swelling between the two layers. The portion of the paper strip that gets wet forms an arc, and as the fluid advances and fully wets the B-MaC, the entire B-MaC assumes the shape of the initial arc. This study showed that paper with higher hygroscopic expansion forms an arc with a smaller radius of curvature, whereas thicker tape with a higher Young’s modulus forms an arc with a larger radius of curvature. The results showed that the theoretical modeling could accurately predict the behavior of the bilayer strips. The significance of paper-based bilayer cantilevers lies in their potential applications in various fields, such as biomedicine, and environmental monitoring. In summary, the novelty and significance of paper-based bilayer cantilevers lie in their unique combination of sensing and actuating capabilities using a low-cost and environmentally friendly material.

Acknowledgements for the Sixth Volume of Papers on Postsecondary Learning and Teaching...iv Moving Forward in a Good Way: Nurturing the Spirit of Learning in Postsecondary Education ...i-iii Natoonikew Aansaamb...17-27 Not So “Mainstream”: The Need for Models of Indigenous Mentorship...1-8 Knowing Community through Story: It's Where We Come Together...9-16 Indigeneity, Positionality, and Ethical Space...36-48 Looking Back to Find a Way Forward...49-55 Integrating Indigenous Perspectives into Teacher Education in Alberta...28-35

BAR - Brazilian Administration Review Call for papers: Special issue on Digital Technologies for Entrepreneurship and Social Change Main Topic: Digital technologies enable entrepreneurs to create innovations that can cross traditional industry boundaries, integrating digital and non-digital assets and scaling new ventures with new products, services, and business models (Nambisan, 2017; Nambisan et al., 2021). The ecosystem support for digital entrepreneurship can help to promote socioeconomic development, solve unemployment problems, generate innovative products and services, create a competitive environment, and increase local prosperity and well-being (Beliaeva et al., 2020). This special issue aims to diffuse research that focuses on the use of generative and emerging digital technologies, such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, IoT, and digital platforms (also known as Industry 4.0 technologies – Schwab & Davis, 2018) for digital entrepreneurship, especially when it aims to generate social impact. Research approaching the use of digital technologies as a driver for social change (for instance: new services for financial inclusion, employment opportunities, the promotion of diversity and environmental sustainability) are also targeted by this special issue. Important Dates: Submission of Full Paper: until October 31, 2023. Initial decision sent to authors: until March 31, 2024 Deadline for revised papers: July 31, 2024 Notification of acceptance: until September 31, 2024 Deadline for final versions: October 31, 2024 Special Issue publication (expected): December 2024 Guest Editors: Dr. Amarolinda Zanela Klein - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Business and Management School, Brazil (aczanela@unisinos.br) Dr. Cristiane Pedron - Universidade Nove de Julho, Brazil (cdpedron@uni9.pro.br) Dr. Silvia Elaluf-Calderwood - Florida International University, USA (selalufc@fiu.edu) Dr. Winnie Ng Picoto - Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Superior Economia e Gestão, Portugal (w.picoto@iseg.ulisboa.pt) BAR Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Ivan Lapuente Garrido - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Business and Management School, Brazil (bar-eic@anpad.org.br) &nbsp

In the game of rock-paper-scissors with three players, this paper identifies conditions for a correlated equilibrium that differs from the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium and is evolutionarily stable. For this to occur, the correlation device attaches more probability to three-way ties and solo-winner outcomes than would result from the Nash equilibrium. The correlated equilibrium is evolutionarily stable because any mutant fares worse than a signal-following player when facing two players who follow their own correlated signals. The critical quality of the correlation device is to make this true both for potential mutants who would disobey their signal and instead choose the action which would beat the action signaled to the player, as well as for potential mutants who would deviate to the action that would be beaten by what the device signals to the player. These findings reveal how a strict correlated equilibrium can produce evolutionarily stable strategies for rock-paper-scissors with three players.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the factors of Social Media on Consumer Perception and Purchase Intention towards Brand Loyalty. Theoretical framework: A recent trend of Social media has affected customers in various way. This was a conceptual paper to explore that there is relationship of consumer perception and purchase intention as mediating variable towards brand loyally. A comprehensive literature survey was carried out to evaluate various factors relating to Social media and its effectiveness to Brand Loyalty mediating effect with consumer perception and purchase intention. Method: There were 102 research papers were analysis critically to find out the connection of factors of social media on consumer perception and purchase intention towards brand loyalty Results and Conclusion: entertainment, interaction, trust, e-word of mouth and online engagement as important factors influence mostly towards brand loyalty. Search implications: The study has made contribution to the marketing and promotion and offered useful research gap for their further research on the field. Originality/value: There was a positive effect of Trust, interaction, e-word of mouth, trendiness, entertainment and online customer engagement as factors of Social media marketing influence on Brand Loyalty mediating with consumer perception and purchase intention.

The 2023 release provides avaluable insights on some of the most pressing issues European Media Markets face today, including the impact COVID-19, TikTok, new business models, SVoD, Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, and technological developments, such as Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain. Each of the 10 White Papers is written by our graduate students of the European Media Market course of the international Master Programme in Communication Studies at the VUB. The papers are based on thorough research and analysis, making this series a resource for anyone interested in staying up-to-date on the latest developments in European Media Markets from students and academics to practitioners.

Міжнародний науковий журнал «Грааль науки» № 27 (травень, 2023) : за матеріалами V Міжнародної науково-практичної конференції «Science of post-industrial society: globalization and transformation processes», що проводилася 12 травня 2023 року ГО «Європейська наукова платформа» (Вінниця, Україна) та ТОВ «International Centre Corporative Management» (Відень, Австрія). У цій статті обговорюються питання, пов’язані з використанням паперової, біорозкладної та пластикової упаковки в харчовій промисловості. Представлено переваги та недоліки кожного пакувального матеріалу та проведено порівняльний аналіз. Обгооворювалися питання як екологічності, так і зручності використання в різних ситуаціях і сферах, пов'язаних з харчовою промисловістю. This paper discusses the issues related to the use of paper, biodegradable and plastic packaging in the food industry. The advantages and disadvantages of each packaging material were presented and a comparative analysis was developed. Both environmental friendliness and ease of use in different situations and areas related to the food industry were touched upon.

Paper is one of the oldest commodities used by mankind, having helped record its history throughout the ages. However, to talk about paper today, is to talk about something that goes beyond the simple matrix of cellulose fibers used as a support for printing and writing. Due to its biodegradability, recyclability, renewable character, and properties in general, paper is currently exploited in a wide range of applications, such as sensors or diagnostic papers. Yet, one of its most important applications is as a packaging material. To do this, papers are usually coated with a polymer in order to improve their water and air barrier properties. Most coating formulations are still based on polymers obtained from non-renewable sources, such as poly(ethylene-vinyl alcohol) (PEVOH) and polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC). In addition, these formulations rely on the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as organic solvents (e.g. chloroform). With advances made in biomass refining, new biologically sourced and biodegradable polymers, such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs), have been used to replace traditional polymers. However, despite their "greener" characteristics, even these polymers rely on application techniques that require the use of VOCs as solvents. An expedient way to functionalize paper, and of easy industrialization, is the application of photopolymerizable coatings. This type of coatings can be formulated without the use of traditional organic solvents, and the curing process is initiated by the incidence of light (usually UV), which can occur in a few seconds. Many of the monomers and other components used in the formulation of this type of coatings can come from renewable sources, also helping to reduce the current dependence on non-renewable sources. Therefore, the goal of this PhD was the functionalization of paper through the application of photopolymerizable coatings that would give this substrate new functionalities such as hydrophobicity and cholesteric properties. In this context, this work focused on the development of solvent-free formulations, giving priority to the use of renewable raw materials. The study started with the development of a solvent-free photopolymerizable coating based on a copolymer of two acrylic monomers, namely 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and isobornyl methacrylate in a molar ratio of 0.64/0.36, in order to obtain a paper with hydrophobic properties. Two formulations consisting of 50 and 60 wt% copolymer, a mixture of the monomers (in the same molar proportion as the copolymer), and the photoinitiator (PI) darocur 1173 were studied. The application of these formulations resulted in a significant increase in the hydrophobicity of the paper (water contact angle values greater than 120°, and a decrease in water adsorption with Cobb values of 11 g/m2), while maintaining (if not improving) the other properties of the paper, namely the mechanical and air barrier properties. In the same vein, a second solvent-free formulation was developed with the aim of also improving the hydrophobicity of the paper. The formulation was based on tung oil (a highly unsaturated vegetable oil) and Darocur 1173 (PI). The coated papers had their hydrophobicity significantly improved, evidenced by an increase in the water contact angle values from about 71 ° (uncoated paper) to 127 ° and a significant decrease in water absorption, as determined by the Cobb test, from 108 to 17 g/m2 after a curing time of only 15 s. Moreover, with this short curing time, the paper's optical properties (namely whiteness, gloss and opacity) were maintained, and its mechanical properties (namely tensile and burst strength) improved. The last formulation developed is part of a preliminary study, in which the cholesteric properties of aqueous hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) mixtures were combined with a photopolymerizable system consisting of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA, monomer) and benzophenone (PI). The aim of these formulations was to develop paper-based moisture sensors capable of changing their color when exposed to atmospheric moisture. The concentration of HPC (65, 68, and 68 wt%) and the HEMA:water ratio (1:2, 1.4:1, 1:1, 1:1.4, 1:2), were adjusted to produce cholesteric papers capable of exhibiting homogeneous color and appropriate moisture response. Preliminary test of exposure of said papers to atmospheres of high relative humidity (95 %) revealed that the color change (ΔE) increased with exposure time, being the color change clearly perceptible (ΔE between 13 and 16). However, further studies are needed in order to better adjust the moisture response of the developed sensors. In summary, the work developed throughout this thesis highlights the possibility of using conventional solvent-free photopolymerizable coatings to manufacture paper-based products with new functionalities. Not only can the formulations developed be easily applied to paper, but the possibility of using renewable materials and short irradiation times allows paper functionalization in an efficient, scalable and environmentally friendly way. This is undoubtedly a promising strategy for developing new paper products with innovative properties. O papel é uma das mais antigas comodidades utilizadas pela humanidade, tendo ajudado a registar a sua História ao longo dos tempos. Contudo, falar de papel hoje em dia, é falar de algo que vai além da simples matriz de fibras de celulose utilizada como suporte para impressão e escrita. Devido à sua biodegradabilidade, reciclabilidade, caráter renovável e propriedades em geral, o papel é atualmente explorado numa vasta gama de aplicações, como por exemplo, em sensores ou papéis de diagnóstico. No entanto, uma da sua aplicação mais importante é como material de embalagem. Para tal, os papéis são normalmente revestidos com um polímero de modo a melhorar as suas propriedades de barreira à água e ao ar. A maioria das formulações de revestimento baseia-se ainda em polímeros obtidos de fontes não renováveis, tais como o poli(álcool etileno vinílico) (PEVOH) e o poli(cloreto de vinilideno) (PVDC). Além disso, estas formulações dependem da utilização de compostos orgânicos voláteis (COV) como solventes orgânicos (ex. clorofórmio). Com os avanços alcançados na refinação da biomassa, novos polímeros de origem biológica e biodegradáveis, como o poli(ácido láctico) (PLA) e os poli(hidroxialcanoatos) (PHAs), têm vindo a ser utilizados para substituir os polímeros tradicionais. No entanto, apesar das suas características "mais verdes", mesmo estes polímeros dependem de técnicas de aplicação que requerem a utilização de COVs como solventes. Uma forma expedita de funcionalização do papel, e de fácil industrialização, é a aplicação de revestimentos fotopolimerizáveis. Este tipo de revestimentos pode ser formulado sem o uso dos solventes orgânicos tradicionais, sendo o processo de cura iniciado pela incidência de luz (por norma UV), que pode ocorrer em poucos segundos. Muitos dos monómeros e demais componentes usados na formulação deste tipo de revestimentos podem provir de fontes renováveis, ajudando também a reduzir a atual dependência em fontes não-renováveis. Portanto, o objetivo deste doutoramento foi a funcionalização do papel através da aplicação de revestimentos fotopolimerizáveis que conferissem a este substrato novas funcionalidades como hidrofobicidade e propriedades colestéricas. Nesse contexto, este trabalho centrou-se no desenvolvimento de formulações sem solventes, dando prioridade à utilização de matérias-primas renováveis. O estudo começou com o desenvolvimento de um revestimento fotopolimerizável sem solventes baseado num copolímero de dois monómeros acrílicos, nomeadamente o acrilato de 2-etilhexilo e o metacrilato de isobornilo numa proporção molar de 0,64/0,36, no sentido de obter um papel com propriedades hidrofóbicas. Foram estudadas duas formulações que consistiam em 50 e 60 wt% de copolímero, uma mistura dos monómeros (na mesma proporção molar que o copolímero), e o fotoiniciador (PI) darocur 1173. A aplicação destas formulações resultou num aumento significativo da hidrofobicidade do papel (valores de ângulo de contacto com a água superiores a 120 °, e um decréscimo da adsorção de água com valores de Cobb de 11 g/m2), mantendo (se não melhorando) as outras propriedades do papel, nomeadamente as propriedades mecânicas e de barreira ao ar. Na mesma linha, foi desenvolvida uma segunda formulação sem solventes com o objetivo de melhorar também a hidrofobicidade do papel. A formulação foi baseada em óleo de tungue (um óleo vegetal altamente insaturado) e Darocur 1173 (PI). Os papéis revestidos tiveram a sua hidrofobicidade significativamente melhorada, evidenciada pelo aumento dos valores do ângulo de contacto com água de cerca de 71 ° (papel não revestido) para 127 ° e pela diminuição significativa da absorção de água, determinada pelo teste Cobb, de 108 para 17 g/m2, após um tempo de cura de apenas 15 s. Além disso, com este curto tempo de cura, as propriedades óticas do papel (nomeadamente brancura, brilho e opacidade) foram mantidas e as suas propriedades mecânicas (nomeadamente resistência à tração e à rutura) melhoradas. A última formulação desenvolvida faz parte de um estudo preliminar, em que as propriedades colestéricas de misturas aquosas de hidroxipropilcelulose (HPC) foram combinadas com um sistema fotopolimerizável constituído por 2-hidroxietil metacrilato (HEMA, monómero) e benzofenona (PI). O objetivo destas formulações visou o desenvolvimento de sensores de humidade baseados em papel capazes de alterar a sua cor quando expostos à humidade atmosférica. A concentração de HPC (65, 68, e 68 % em massa) e o rácio HEMA:água (1:2, 1.4:1, 1:1, 1:1.4, 1:2), foram ajustados para produzir papéis colestéricos capazes de exibir uma cor homogénea e uma resposta adequada à humidade. O teste preliminar de exposição dos referidos papéis a atmosferas de elevada humidade relativa (95 %) revelou que a mudança de cor (ΔE) aumentou com o tempo de exposição, sendo a mudança de cor claramente percetível (ΔE entre 13 e 16). Contudo, é necessário realizar mais estudos de forma a ajustar melhor a resposta à humidade dos sensores desenvolvidos. Em suma, o trabalho desenvolvido ao longo desta tese destaca a possibilidade de utilizar revestimentos fotopolimerizáveis sem solventes convencionais para fabricar produtos à base de papel com novas funcionalidades. Não só as formulações desenvolvidas podem ser facilmente aplicadas no papel, mas a possibilidade de utilizar materiais renováveis e tempos de irradiação curtos permite a funcionalização do papel de uma forma eficiente, escalável e amiga do ambiente. Esta é sem dúvida uma estratégia promissora para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos de papel com propriedades inovadoras. Programa Doutoral em Engenharia Química

Newspapers publishers must now generate, print, and distribute their contents differently as a result of new publishing technologies like electronic paper (e-paper). In addition to posing technical difficulties for publishers, e-paper will alter how news items are consumed. By assuming a starting point in potential new consumption, we approach the influence of this new channel from the outside-in in this essay. We explore the effects that the e-paper publication channel will have on distribution, systems of media house, such as editorial, advertising, and subscription, and workflows based on three empirically supported future consuming scenarios., {"references":["1.\tLiu, Z., & Stork, D. G. (2000). Is paperless really more?. Communications of the ACM, 43(11), 94-97.","2.\tArena Partners (2005). Available at: http://www.arenapartners.fi April 5, 2005.","3.\tDagens Nyheter (2005). Available at http://www.dn.se April 5, 2005.","4.\tE Ink (2005). Avaliable at: http://www.eink.com February 23, 2005.","5.\tGo, K., & Carroll, J. M. (2004). The blind men and the elephant: Views of scenario-based system design. interactions, 11(6), 44-53.","6.\tGyricon (2005). Avaliable at: http://www.gyricon.com.","7.\tHayes, R. A., & Feenstra, B. J. (2003). Video-speed electronic paper based on electrowetting. Nature, 425(6956), 383-385.","8.\tIhlström Eriksson, C., Åkesson, M., & Nordqvist, S. (2004). From Print to Web to e-paper-the challenge of designing the e-newspaper.Ihlström Eriksson, C., Åkesson, M., & Nordqvist, S. (2004). From Print to Web to e-paper-the challenge of designing the e-newspaper.","9.\tJonsson, A., Hedin, B., & Sabelström Möller, K. (2002). A topic based approach to multiple channel news publishing. In The 29th International IARIGAI Research Conference, EMPA/UGRA, St. Gallen, 2002 (pp. 55-63).","10.\tLyytinen, K., & Yoo, Y. (2002). Research commentary: the next wave of nomadic computing. Information systems research, 13(4), 377-388."]}

Disposal of waste sludges produced in large amounts in the paper industry could generate significant environmental and health issues. One strategy to address them involves revalorization of deinking paper sludge (DPS) by reusing it as fertilizer. However, the possible human health risks associated with the use of DPS are still not well explored. The main objective of this report was to estimate DPS impacts on human toxicity. To achieve this goal, heavy metals analysis of the DPS waste (Cadmium; Cd, Copper; Cu; Molybdenum; Mo, Manganese; Mn; Lead; Pb; Cobalt; Co) was conducted. The assessment of human toxicity was performed by applying the UNEP/SETAC toxicity modelUSEtox 2.0to establish indicators that reflect the potential health damage of these chemicals when released into the environment. Laboratory analysis, revealed a very low concentration of the DPS by the metallic contaminants (Cd, Cu, Mo, Mn, Pb, Co). According to the USEtox model results, these quantities will not lead to either carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic risks on human health even if there is a use of very high quantities of DPS. Indeed, the number of cases /t DPS emitted in agricultural soils didn’t exceed 950.10-7for the non-carcinogenic effect and 3.71.10-7for the carcinogenic effect for Pb. For Mn and Co, we noticed no toxic effects (0 cases /t DPS emitted). Furthermore, we observed that Mo and Cu had very weak non-carcinogenic effects and led respectively to 445.10-7and 56.10-7cases /t DPS emitted.Regarding the effect of Cd toxicity, in order to have one case of this metal toxicity from DPS waste in our study, we had to use a very important quantity of DPS (≈2 821 680t). All these dataemphasizedon the absence of heath human toxicity risk after DPS waste industrial disposal, by ingestion or inhalation.