Search

Ligno-cellulosic biomass from sustainable sources has been used to produce light weight and high specific surface area (SSA) activated carbons (AC) for a multitude of applications; such as components in energy storage devices such as batteries and supercapacitors. While direct conversion from biomass has been studied heavily, such AC with relatively high surface area can be more effectively produced when leveraged as a co-product from a biorefinery. In this paper, we discuss the production of high specific surface area activated carbons from residual fiber (fiber remaining after extraction of C5-sugars) generated as part of a biorefinery. Our work showed that the AC produced from the residual fiber delivered an order of magnitude higher surface area than the one directly from corn pericarp fiber and soy hulls. These AC were evaluated as electrodes in electrical double layer capacitors for energy storage. These results, along with the benefits of using the residual fiber to produce AC, are highlighted in this paper.

Research in the field of Telecommunication is dynamic and continuously working towards the social community of the people. Among that predicting the customer’s who likes to switch from the current network provider is the most important part of telecom industry. However, there are a lot of research has done on this topic, but still more improvements and advancements are expected. In this position paper, we put forward the comparison model of different churn mining methods that intends to help in predicting the customer churn rate in a better way. This paper provides a benchmark of various mining algorithms and its methods for prediction of customer churn rate, which makes the telecommunication industry to setup the retention policies with the increase of their profit.

The presence of heavy metal in wastewater is a major concern due to their toxicity towards living organism and also human. There are different methods in removing heavy metals and one of it is biosorption. The aim of this study is to investigate the ability of mangosteen rind as biosorbent in removal of zinc in wastewater, a typical Malaysian agricultural waste. The mangosteen rind are washed, dried, cut and grounded into powder form. Then it is rinsed with 0.1 mol nitric acid, filtered using filter paper, and neutralized by washing with distilled water. Batch adsorption study was carried out to determine the optimum pH condition for zinc removal. Therefore, experiment was conducted with different pH condition for wastewater by addition of acid or base. By referring to Beer’s Law calibration graph from spectrophotometer, the final concentration of zinc in the wastewater was determined. In order to ensure the consistency of data, three trials were carried out and the results are found to be consistent. The optimum pH for zinc removal is 5.5, with an average removal of 91.5 %, equivalent to 4.55 mg/g removal out of 5.00 mg/g of zinc solution. The condition is compared with past research that uses lemon and banana peels as biosorbent, and mangosteen rind is found to be the best agriculture waste among the three.

Due the environmental problem and limited resources of petroleum has increase, the concern to produce biodiesel has increase too. This paper studies the physical properties of trans esterification from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) to be biodiesel. POME is a liquid waste from palm oil production. Trans esterification of POME has been done by using methanol and catalyst from natural zeolite which are heat at 60 °C in 4 hours. The physical properties analyses of POME trans esterification are density, kinematic viscosity, flash point and pour point. The result is compared with Biodiesel Standard (KDJMGB No. 13483 K/DJM/2006).Due the environmental problem and limited resources of petroleum has increase, the concern to produce biodiesel has increase too. This paper studies the physical properties of trans esterification from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) to be biodiesel. POME is a liquid waste from palm oil production. Trans esterification of POME has been done by using methanol and catalyst from natural zeolite which are heat at 60 °C in 4 hours. The physical properties analyses of POME trans esterification are density, kinematic viscosity, flash point and pour point. The result is compared with Biodiesel Standard (KDJMGB No. 13483 K/DJM/2006).

The beverage industry wastewater contains high COD, TSS, and color. The development of efficient process treatment is needed to reduce the pollutant concentration from beverage industry wastewater. In this paper, the application of electrocoagulation and adsorption using activated carbon were investigated. The optimum conditions for electrocoagulation process were inter-electrode distance 2 cm, 12 voltage and monopolar arrangement which reduced color, COD, and TSS for 51.3, 56.3, and 70.2%, respectively. The further step was adsorption process with 10 g/L dose of powder activated carbon. It reduced color, COD, and TSS for 98.66, 92.15, and 90.12%, respectively. The results showed that electrocoagulation and adsorption could treat beverage industry wastewater into fulfilled the established quality standards.The beverage industry wastewater contains high COD, TSS, and color. The development of efficient process treatment is needed to reduce the pollutant concentration from beverage industry wastewater. In this paper, the application of electrocoagulation and adsorption using activated carbon were investigated. The optimum conditions for electrocoagulation process were inter-electrode distance 2 cm, 12 voltage and monopolar arrangement which reduced color, COD, and TSS for 51.3, 56.3, and 70.2%, respectively. The further step was adsorption process with 10 g/L dose of powder activated carbon. It reduced color, COD, and TSS for 98.66, 92.15, and 90.12%, respectively. The results showed that electrocoagulation and adsorption could treat beverage industry wastewater into fulfilled the established quality standards.

Biomass from palm oil plant waste in the form of palm fronds that are abundant but underutilized. Considering the large and consistent supply, oil palm fronds (OPF) could be a promising source of biomass energy through gasification. This Paper presents an experimental evaluation the quality of the producer gas in a two-stage gasifier, for different operating conditions. Varying the equivalent ratio (ER) to the gasifier and the distribution of gasification air between each gasification stages (ARpir-oks). The gas composition and its lower heating value (LHV) were also determined. Experimental tests were performed varying the operating conditions of the gasifier: the air flow between 17,3 kg/h, 23,1 kg/h, and 28,9 kg/h (the proximate equivalence ratio from 0,3, 0,4 and 0.5) and the air flow ratio in the two stages (ARpir-oks) between 0%, 70%, 80%, and 90%, evaluating the effects of these parameters over the quality of the gas. The results show that a highest CO content (22.1% v) was achieved for airflow 23.1 kg / s (ER 0.4) at AR 90% along with decreasing CH4 (0.97% v) while H2 (16, 27% v) highest achieved at AR 80%. LHV gas shows maximum value at 4542.5 Kj/kg achieved at Air Ratio (AR) 90% with air flow 23.1 kg / s (ER 0.4). Gasification of two-stageair supply increase gas composition and allowed to reduce the tar content in the producer gas. This result can be explained by increasing temperature in pyrolysis and combustion zone. Good stability and performance of pyrolysis and combustion zones, H2O and CO2 formed in this zone and their interaction with charcoal is excellent in endothermicwater-gas reaction and boudouard reaction.Biomass from palm oil plant waste in the form of palm fronds that are abundant but underutilized. Considering the large and consistent supply, oil palm fronds (OPF) could be a promising source of biomass energy through gasification. This Paper presents an experimental evaluation the quality of the producer gas in a two-stage gasifier, for different operating conditions. Varying the equivalent ratio (ER) to the gasifier and the distribution of gasification air between each gasification stages (ARpir-oks). The gas composition and its lower heating value (LHV) were also determined. Experimental tests were performed varying the operating conditions of the gasifier: the air flow between 17,3 kg/h, 23,1 kg/h, and 28,9 kg/h (the proximate equivalence ratio from 0,3, 0,4 and 0.5) and the air flow ratio in the two stages (ARpir-oks) between 0%, 70%, 80%, and 90%, evaluating the effects of these parameters over the quality of the gas. The results show that a highest CO content (22.1% v) was achieved for airflow 23....

Nowadays, the high amount of waste generated by the world population represents a major environmental problem. Landfills still represent one of the main endpoints of the solid wastes disposal in most of the countries. The major problem associated with this is the landfill leachate production. Leachate treatment using microalgae has been reported in numerous studies and it is a very promising method. A key challenge is the sensitivity of microalgae to high contaminants in landfill leachate. This paper underlines the landfill leachate treatment using Chlorella vulgaris sp. with pre-treated landfill leachate by physico-chemical treatment. Current research is to explore a dual purpose method to treat the leachate by incorporating Chlorella vulgaris sp. culturing in 100% pre-treated landfill leachate. During pre-treatment, the leachate samples were undergone coagulation process by using aluminium ammonium sulphate 12-hydrate followed by modified filtration system. The chemical analysis such as Total Solids (TS), turbidity, pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Organic Carbon (TOC), and heavy metal contents were analysed for landfill leachate samples before the treatment, after physico-chemical treatment, and after the combined physico-chemical-biological treatment using Chlorella vulgaris. The combined coagulation, filtration and microalgae treatments achieved removal efficiencies of more than 94% on turbidity, COD, BOD, TOC, and heavy metals. Effective contaminants removal efficiencies have been attained through the pre-treatment by coagulation and filtration. Microalgae managed to polish the pre-treated leachate to achieve the standard discharge limit according to DOE of Malaysia government. The lipids with broad carbon range of (C-21 to C-36) were identified in Chlorella vulgaris. The paper proves that the deteriorative impact of landfill leachate can be reduced successfully with combined treatment approaches.Nowadays, the high amount of waste generated by the world population represents a major environmental problem. Landfills still represent one of the main endpoints of the solid wastes disposal in most of the countries. The major problem associated with this is the landfill leachate production. Leachate treatment using microalgae has been reported in numerous studies and it is a very promising method. A key challenge is the sensitivity of microalgae to high contaminants in landfill leachate. This paper underlines the landfill leachate treatment using Chlorella vulgaris sp. with pre-treated landfill leachate by physico-chemical treatment. Current research is to explore a dual purpose method to treat the leachate by incorporating Chlorella vulgaris sp. culturing in 100% pre-treated landfill leachate. During pre-treatment, the leachate samples were undergone coagulation process by using aluminium ammonium sulphate 12-hydrate followed by modified filtration system. The chemical analysis such as Total Solids (TS...

Bio-energy is renewable energy made from plant. Biomass-based energy sources are potentially CO2 neutral and recycle the same carbon atoms. In order to reduce pollution caused by fossil fuel combustion either for mechanical or electrical energy generation, the performance characteristic of purified palm oil blends are analyzed at various ratios. Bio-energy, Pure Plant Oil, represent a sustainable solution.A generator has been modified due to adapt the viscosity ofblended fuel, PPO - diesel, by pre-heating. Several PPO - diesel composition and injection timing were tested in order to investigate the characteristic of mixed fuel with and without pre-heating. The term biofuel refers to liquid or gaseous fuels for the internal combustion engines that are predominantly produced fro m biomass. Surprising result showed that BSFC of blended PPO - diesel was more efficient when injection timing set more than 15° BTDC. The mixed fuel produced power with less mixed fuel even though the calorie content of diesel is higher than PPO. The most efficient was 20% PPO in diesel with BSFC 296 gr fuel / kwh rather than 100% diesel with BSFC 309 gr fuel / kwh at the same injection timing 18° BTDC with pre-heating. The improvement of BSFC is caused by heating up of mixed fuel which it added calorie in the mixed fuel. Therefore, the heating up of blended PPO - diesel is not only to adapt the viscosity but also improving the efficiency of fuel usage representing by lower BSFC. In addition, torque of the 20% PPO was also as smooth as 100% diesel representing by almost the same torqueat injection timing 15° BTDC. The AIP Proceedings article template has many predefined paragraph styles for you to use/apply as you write your paper. To format your abstract, use the Microsoft Word template style: Abstract. Each paper must include an abstract. Begin the abstract with the word “Abstract” followed by a period in bold font, and then continue with a normal 9 point font.

Polybenzimidazole (PBI) was prepared as thin coatings on aluminium substrates at different final curing temperatures. Their tribological properties were tested at room temperature in comparison to coatings made of polyamideimide (PAI), using various test methods. The adhesion to the substrates was best for PBI processed at a final curing temperature of 280°C. This was also reflected in a better scratch resistance, whereby in all cases PBI was superior to PAI. The same was true for sliding wear of the coatings against smooth steel counterparts. Under abrasive wear against sand paper, the friction and wear values were lower for smaller abrasive grains, but no remarkable differences were visible between PBI and PAI, regardless of the curing temperature.Polybenzimidazole (PBI) was prepared as thin coatings on aluminium substrates at different final curing temperatures. Their tribological properties were tested at room temperature in comparison to coatings made of polyamideimide (PAI), using various test methods. The adhesion to the substrates was best for PBI processed at a final curing temperature of 280°C. This was also reflected in a better scratch resistance, whereby in all cases PBI was superior to PAI. The same was true for sliding wear of the coatings against smooth steel counterparts. Under abrasive wear against sand paper, the friction and wear values were lower for smaller abrasive grains, but no remarkable differences were visible between PBI and PAI, regardless of the curing temperature.

We extracted natural Eucommia ulmoides gum and studied its application in natural rubber tire compounds in this paper. The result showed that addition of Eucommia ulmoides gum could improve the properties of Natural rubber tire compounds greatly.We extracted natural Eucommia ulmoides gum and studied its application in natural rubber tire compounds in this paper. The result showed that addition of Eucommia ulmoides gum could improve the properties of Natural rubber tire compounds greatly.

Chitosan is natural polymer that has non-toxic properties, biodegradable and biocompatibility material. This study aimed to investigate the effect of chitosan as antitermite in papermaking. The effectiveness of chitosan as antitermite was determined by measuring weight loss of cellulose paper. The concentration of chitosan used in this study was varied from 1% to 5%. Chitosan was dissolved in 1% acetic acid and then applied it to paper sample with soaking treatment. They were exposed to subterranean termite for two weeks. The effectiveness of chitosan were evaluated by determining the weight loss of paper. The results showed that concentration of chitosan solution affected the weight loss of paper. As concentration of chitosan increased, the percentage of weight loss decreased. This study indicated 3% of chitosan as optimum concentration and chitosan was effective as biotermicide in papermaking. Chitosan has potential to be used as antitermite in paper making.

Latex is a yellowish colloidal liquid from rubber trees that can be used for natural rubber production. The latex processing creates quite large volume of wastewater that has very strong odor and high organic content which is suitable for biogas production in providing renewable energy resources. The purpose of this research is to study and optimize the biogas production from latex wastewater using 40 L packed bed anaerobic reactors with support media of bio-balls or called anaerobic filter reactor. Some key parameters of sCOD, pH, and methane gas composition have been observed. The reactor was operated batch for 36 days with or without packing media (bio-balls). The optimum results of sCOD removal was 81,73% and methane gas content of 55.089% using reactor with packing. The anaerobic filter column was used in continuous mode with 2L/day influent that can reach a steady condition within about 20 days and produce up to 95% COD removal.

The rapid dewatering process of wastewater sludge was studied. The effects of two different thickening methods on subsequent conditioning and pressing were compared: gravity thickening and mechanical concentration. The study also investigated the optimal type and the concentration of flocculant added by sludge concentration, which was 0.2%. In terms of mechanical concentration method, under the same formulation of conditioner, the addition of Polyacrylamide(PAM) could significantly promote the dewatering process. Compared with the gravitational sedimentation and the sludge without chemical concentration, the filtration rate and dry-base treatment efficiency of the sludge during pressing were obviously improved, and the moisture content of the sludge cake was reduced.

Biodiesel is one kind of alternative fuel that is renewable, biodegradable, oxygenated, and less polluting. High viscosity, density and lower calorific value are the major drawbacks of biodiesel. To overcome drawbacks of biodiesel, many researches were carried out all over the world by blending biodiesel in different ways with fossil fuel and short chain alcohols as oxygenated additives. Recently, researchers concentrated on long-chain alcohol due to its high cetane number, heating value and oxygen content. From outcomes of many previous studies, the use of long chain alcohols with biodiesel is not covered and concluded completely overall. Because of complete data scarcity, more investigations should be carried out on the use of long chain alcohols. This work investigates the combustion characteristics, performances and emissions of a four-stroke single cylinder direct injection diesel engine fuelled with 2-ethyl 1-hexanol (2-EH) at 5%, 10% and 20% with POME fuel blends as a replacement for fossil fuel. The fuel blends were used and compared with diesel fuel. Fuel blends are experimentally tested at a maximum load of 28 N.m and different engine speeds. Results show that HE5 had lower peak pressure than DF by 1.77% and overall lower CO and NOx emissions than DF by 8.5% and 4.1%.

Corn husks, cobs, and stalks are Indonesian agricultural waste products which are present in abundance. The reusability of these wastes is still limited to traditional applications, such as the base for animal feed, organic fertilizer, or handicrafts. On the other hand, corn - which is belong to the Family Poaceae - is a rich and economic source of naturally occurring silicon dioxide minerals, with size ranging from micrometer to nanometer. Silicon dioxide and its reduced product silicon, recovered from corn waste possess potential application in various fields, ranging from semiconductor, pharmaceutical, catalysis, gas adsorption, to lithium-ion batteries technology. The application depends on its physical, chemical, and electrochemical characteristics. In this work, corn husks, cobs, and stalks are processed through leaching at various HCl concentration, followed by atmospheric decomposition at moderate temperature to obtain silicon dioxide for further suitable application. Morphological characteristic is analyzed by SEM images, crystallinity of silica is investigated by XRD, while possible organic contaminants are detected by FTIR. The result shows that corn husks provide the highest silicon dioxide yield at 2.543 wt.% compared to cobs and stalks obtained from the same condition, which are 0.457 wt.% and 2.030 wt.%, respectively. Powders obtained from corn husks also indicate a higher purity with insignificant metallic or organometallic contaminants, showing closest crystal structure to the mixture of quartz and amorphous silicon dioxide.Corn husks, cobs, and stalks are Indonesian agricultural waste products which are present in abundance. The reusability of these wastes is still limited to traditional applications, such as the base for animal feed, organic fertilizer, or handicrafts. On the other hand, corn - which is belong to the Family Poaceae - is a rich and economic source of naturally occurring silicon dioxide minerals, with size ranging from micrometer to nanometer. Silicon dioxide and its reduced product silicon, recovered from corn waste possess potential application in various fields, ranging from semiconductor, pharmaceutical, catalysis, gas adsorption, to lithium-ion batteries technology. The application depends on its physical, chemical, and electrochemical characteristics. In this work, corn husks, cobs, and stalks are processed through leaching at various HCl concentration, followed by atmospheric decomposition at moderate temperature to obtain silicon dioxide for further suitable application. Morphological characteristic ...

The production of bioethanol from date molasses is one of the effective discoveries in the field of Sustainable development represented in positive exploiting of renewable energies mainly biomass energy. The paucity of ethanol gas at the Sirte University was the stimulator for considering this research. The study was conducted in the chemistry labs at the Sirte University in 2018 to investigate the possibility of producing bioethanol from date molasses determining the effect of different temperature, PH, yeast quantity and fermentation time in molasses on the amount of ethanol produced. Three samples of molasses were taken in different sizes. Bioethanol was indirectly extracted through alcoholic fermentation of date molasses in anaerobic conditions. Because of the lack of a low-pressure distillation device, a normal distillation device was used. The best amount of bioethanol (25ml) was extracted at the largest quantity of yeast (2g), the longest fermentation time (236h), the highest fermentation’s temperature and PH 4.8. Ethanol specifications were examined via qualitative tests.

Emulsions are dispersion systems, where one phase is dispersed in another phase in the presence of an emulsifying agent (surfactant). Emulsion fuel can reduce cylinder peak pressure from the combustion chamber compared to using neat diesel fuel. This research use a single-cylinder diesel engine, operates using water diesel emulsion with water percentage of 30% and 35% by volume and diesel fuel as a comparison. Diesel operates with a speed of 1500 rpm and engine load 1000-4000 watts at 500-watt intervals. The results of research at high load showed that fuel consumption of E30 and E35 increased by 15.5% and 16.6%, thermal efficiency increased by 21% and 35.8% (respectively). Whereas HC and CO emissions increase along with the increase in water percentage.Emulsions are dispersion systems, where one phase is dispersed in another phase in the presence of an emulsifying agent (surfactant). Emulsion fuel can reduce cylinder peak pressure from the combustion chamber compared to using neat diesel fuel. This research use a single-cylinder diesel engine, operates using water diesel emulsion with water percentage of 30% and 35% by volume and diesel fuel as a comparison. Diesel operates with a speed of 1500 rpm and engine load 1000-4000 watts at 500-watt intervals. The results of research at high load showed that fuel consumption of E30 and E35 increased by 15.5% and 16.6%, thermal efficiency increased by 21% and 35.8% (respectively). Whereas HC and CO emissions increase along with the increase in water percentage.

A combined electrocoagulation and mixing process was utilized to treat river water contaminated by textile waste. The electrocoagulation process was carried out in a cylindrical reactor equipped with an impeller and baffles for mixing purposes. Two types of impellers were used, i.e. three-blade propeller and Rushton turbine, to study the influence of the impeller types on the quality of effluent. Three pairs of aluminum (Al) plate electrodes were attached to the reactor as baffles to create turbulence and facilitate proper mixing. The influence of an applied electrical current was also investigated. The experimental results showed that TSS, TDS, BOD, and COD were effectively reduced when using a propeller with an applied current of 15 A. The reduction percentages were 98%, 74%, 57% and 49%, respectively. During 60 minutes of electrocoagulation process, the average mass of the Al electrodes is reduced by 1.7 grams at the operating current of 10 A and 0.6 grams at a current of 15 A. In addition, the pH of effluent was between 7 - 8, which meets the quality standard of effluent wastewater.

Biosurfactants produced by particular bacteria can be applied in petroleum industries to enhance petroleum recovery by lowering the interfacial tension (IFT) between water and oil layers in the res...

Pyrolysis is one of thermolysis technology used to obtain some alternative sources of hydrocarbon energy. It is almost similar with combustion technology, however, without involving oxygen in the combustion process. In addition to renewable resources, the pyrolysis products are substances that are environmentally friendly and have many benefits. The pyrolysis products are such as tar, char and gas. Fuel source of the pyrolysis is derived from renewable resources such as biomass or plant. A macroalgae gracilaria is one of biomass can be used as raw material in the pyrolysis process. It is due to Indonesia has vast waters that have a wide range of aquatic products, so it is appropriate if the macroalgae is used to be a biomass feedstock of pyrolysis. In addition, the ability of macroalgae to breed is very high, so that it makes the macroalgae feedstock will be abundant. The macroalgae chemical composition consists mainly of crude fiber (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) of 32.15% hemicellulose, 17.04% cellulose, and 3.05% lignin. The aim of study was to investigate the thermal decomposition of macroalgae expected to produce some substances that can be used as an alternative fuel. In the experiment, the macroalgae samples were dried to reduce the moisture content. Afterwards, it was weighed 400 grams and put in a pyrolizer. The sample was pyrolyzed with variations in temperature of 250°C to 800°C for 3 hours. The results showed that the higher pyrolysis temperature, the less mass and volume char products, and the smaller the char heating values that differ from another biomass research. Meanwhile, an increasing of pyrolysis temperature also causes an increasing of mass and volume tar. The heating values of tar also incline. For the generated gas production, an increasing pyrolysis temperature result an enhancement of gas flow rate.

The Microbial Desalination Cell (MDC) is one of the energy efficient methods to desalinate sea water developed from the Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) employing the metabolism of microorganisms. In this study, we utilized microorganisms from Universitas Indonesia (UI) lake water as substrate and coconut shell charcoal as bio electrode instead of conventional electrodes. Coconut shell charcoal is known to have good performance capability in MDC system, low price and environmentally friendly. We used sodium percarbonate (NP) that has excellent buffering capability as a catholyte and UI lake water as an anolyte in our MDC system. With this, we could reduce the cost of sea water desalination process and at the same time we could manage to overcome pH imbalance which commonly occur in MDC system. The optimum result of the seawater model desalination after 50 hours was obtained from the MDC system employing NP concentration of 0.15M. The salt removal (SR) was 15.14% with desalination rate (DR) of 0.1876 mmol/hour.

Due to population rapid growth, fertilizer industries have to increase the production to ensure food security causing faster non-renewable resource depletion. However, organic wastewater (cow urine) commonly contains high amount in NH4+ and PO43- is still underutilized and causing eutrophication and unpleasant odour problem. Struvite precipitation, a common technique using for nitrogen and phosphorus recovery from wastewater,is proposed to recover the organic and renewable nutrients sources. Struvite precipitation process for nutrients recovery/removal from waste sources is beneficial not only providing slow-releasing and high-quality fertilizer but also reducing soil and water pollution from rich-nutrients wastewater. This research aimed to utilize the cow urine wastes as the raw material for the struvite precipitation, to determine the influence of the PO43-: Mg2+ concentration, and input flowrate on a continuous reactor to the struvite formation. Struvite was made using continuous method with variation of the PO43-: Mg2+ concentrations ratio of 1:1; 1:2 and 1:4 and the inlet flowrate of 8.2 mL/s and 15.8 mL/s. The results of this study show that the increase of MgCl2 addition and the higher flow rate could increase the P removal efficiency of struvite in reactors. The optimum phosphate removal efficiency at the flow rate of 8.2 mL/s is obtained at 80 mins with the percentage of 54%, while at the flow rate of 15.8 mL/s, 43% of P removal is obtained at 70 mins. The results from the kinetic study in the input flowrate was found that the higher the concentration ratio of PO43- and Mg2+, the greater the value of the reaction rate constant. However, for molar ratio 1:1 of PO43-: Mg2+, the greater the input flow rate, the smaller value of the reaction rate constant was obtained. From this study, it is revealed that the molar ratio of PO43-: Mg2+ and aeration rate affect significantly the struvite precipitation.

Coal is the cheapest and reliable source for power generation, which has the potential to reduce the dependency on natural gas, particularly for Bangladesh, where the natural gas reserve is very limited. Despite numerous studies on gasification from different parts of the world, there has not been a research study on gasification characteristics of Bangladeshi Barapukurian coal (BBC) under state of the art entrained flow condition. Thus, this study aims to investigate the gasification characteristics of Barapukurian bituminous coal using a high-temperature electrically heated entrained flow gasifier under atmospheric pressure.The effect of the partial pressure of the gasification reagent (CO2) on carbon conversion and gas yield was tested by varying the volume percentage of CO2 in N2 between the temperatures of 1000-1400°C. Furthermore, the influence of particle size on carbon conversion and product gases was also examined using industrially relevant particle sizes: 90-106 µm and 250-300 µm. The results show that increasing the temperature and feed CO2 concentrations increase the carbon conversion, though the temperature is found to be the dominant factor. A maximum carbon conversion of 92 % was achieved using ultimate operating conditions of 1400°C and 40% CO2 for particles size: 90-106 µm, while the conversion was only 65% for particle size: 250-300 µm under identical operating conditions. Overall, the yield of CO was increased while the yield of H2 was decreased with increasing temperatures and CO2 concentrations. The maximum yield of CO and H2 was determined to be 0.93 and 0.14 L/g coal respectively using particle size: 90-106 µm, which is 0.88 and 0.12 L/g coal using particle size: 250-300 µm at a temperature of 1200°C under 10% CO2. The main pollutants measured were HCN, NH3 and H2S in the ppm range. The results of this study will provide a baseline data for the industrial scale entrained flow gasification of BBC under CO2 atmosphere.Coal is the cheapest and reliable source for power generation, which has the potential to reduce the dependency on natural gas, particularly for Bangladesh, where the natural gas reserve is very limited. Despite numerous studies on gasification from different parts of the world, there has not been a research study on gasification characteristics of Bangladeshi Barapukurian coal (BBC) under state of the art entrained flow condition. Thus, this study aims to investigate the gasification characteristics of Barapukurian bituminous coal using a high-temperature electrically heated entrained flow gasifier under atmospheric pressure.The effect of the partial pressure of the gasification reagent (CO2) on carbon conversion and gas yield was tested by varying the volume percentage of CO2 in N2 between the temperatures of 1000-1400°C. Furthermore, the influence of particle size on carbon conversion and product gases was also examined using industrially relevant particle sizes: 90-106 µm and 250-300 µm. The results s...

Banana (Musa Paradisiaca) peels are usually considered as wastes and discarded during the processing, which contribute to polluting the environment. Hence this study is evaluating the potential of waste banana peel as powders and applies in the polymer matrix as alternative for future used. Banana peel is used widely because of its nutritional values and its healthy. In past, there are studies that show banana plant parts, and their fruits can be used to treat the human diseases. Banana peel is a part of banana fruit that also has the antibacterial activity against microorganisms and can be apply in coatings or dental applications. The varieties of ripening of banana peel effects the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of its peel. Several methods are proposed for powder size of cellulose preparation include, hammer mill, grinding and ball milling method. A modification needed for the uniform dispersability of the cellulose powder in polymer matrix which the method will modify the hydrophobicity of hydrogen bonding in cellulose to hydrophilic. They are several of application of cellulose powder in polymer matrix for further used in plastic packaging, as dye removal or dental application used.Banana (Musa Paradisiaca) peels are usually considered as wastes and discarded during the processing, which contribute to polluting the environment. Hence this study is evaluating the potential of waste banana peel as powders and applies in the polymer matrix as alternative for future used. Banana peel is used widely because of its nutritional values and its healthy. In past, there are studies that show banana plant parts, and their fruits can be used to treat the human diseases. Banana peel is a part of banana fruit that also has the antibacterial activity against microorganisms and can be apply in coatings or dental applications. The varieties of ripening of banana peel effects the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of its peel. Several methods are proposed for powder size of cellulose preparation include, hammer mill, grinding and ball milling method. A modification needed for the uniform dispersability of the cellulose powder in polymer matrix which the method will modify the hydrophobicity ...

Replacement of diesel fuel with emulsion fuel is one way to overcome exhaust emissions from combustion, especially smoke emissions and increases combustion efficiency. This study used an emulsion with a mixture of 35% water and 65% diesel. The study used a Diamond DI 800 diesel engine by varying injection times by 13°BTDC - 19°BTDC intervals of 2°BTDC with loads of 1000 W (low load), 2500W (med load), and 4000 W (high load). The engine rotation was kept constant 1500 rpm. The results showed that despite a decrease in exhaust emissions and an increase in combustion efficiency, the value of thermal efficiency increased to 55.3% compared to standard diesel fuel at 17°BTDC. Smoke emissions decreased by 2.53%. it was accompanied by an increase in fuel consumption, under standard conditions fuel consumption increased by 15%, but by advancing injection time, fuel consumption decreased to 5,47%, low engine torque and power decreased by 3.17% with max output 3,056 HP.Replacement of diesel fuel with emulsion fuel is one way to overcome exhaust emissions from combustion, especially smoke emissions and increases combustion efficiency. This study used an emulsion with a mixture of 35% water and 65% diesel. The study used a Diamond DI 800 diesel engine by varying injection times by 13°BTDC - 19°BTDC intervals of 2°BTDC with loads of 1000 W (low load), 2500W (med load), and 4000 W (high load). The engine rotation was kept constant 1500 rpm. The results showed that despite a decrease in exhaust emissions and an increase in combustion efficiency, the value of thermal efficiency increased to 55.3% compared to standard diesel fuel at 17°BTDC. Smoke emissions decreased by 2.53%. it was accompanied by an increase in fuel consumption, under standard conditions fuel consumption increased by 15%, but by advancing injection time, fuel consumption decreased to 5,47%, low engine torque and power decreased by 3.17% with max output 3,056 HP.

Biodegradable plastic or bioplastic as eco-friendly polymers are used for replacement of commercial plastics in the market due to its biodegradability and non-pollutant properties. Bioplastics give many advantages for food packaging and medical purposes. Bioplastics can be manufactured from natural fiber as the main source. One of the main potentials of natural fibers in Indonesia is rice straw. The aims of this research were to manufacture bioplastics and to study their physical and mechanical characteristics. Bioplastics were made by mixing rice straw pulp as main cellulose source with plasticizer and chitosan as additives. Glycerol as a plasticizer was added with the variation of glycerol concentrations of 25%, 30%, and 35%. The test done on the bioplastics were molecular structure analysis using Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), water swelling test, oil swelling test, tensile strength test using Universal Testing Machine, and soil-based biodegradation test. Results showed that best bioplastics (bioplastic with 35% glycerol) in this study contains functional groups of N-H (3393.9 cm−1), O-H (3391cm−1), C-H (2938.68 cm−1), C-O (1111.05 cm−1), C-N (1230.64 cm−1). It resulted 86.866% in water swelling test, 29.109% in oil swelling test, 6 MPa in tensile strength test, and it broke at 65% elongation. During biodegradation test for 15 days under dry soil and wet soil, the weight of the bioplastic reduced 18.496% and 21.317%, respectively.

Most batik industries dispose of wastewater into the environment without being processed first. Biological wastewater treatment effectively can reduce color parameters. Optimization was carried out to determine the optimum condition of growth. The aim of this study were to obtain the optimum concentration of inoculum, pH, incubation time and culture condition in the decolorization of Indigosol blue batik wastewater by Aspergillus sp. 3 strain G-LnsP isolate. The isolate was isolated from batik wastewater. Variations of inoculum concentration were 100, 150, 200, 250 spores / ml, pH was 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, the incubation time was 24, 48 and 72 hours, and the culture conditions were agitated. The parameters observed in the optimization were the percentage of decolorization analyzed by the spectrophotometer method. The optimization results showed that the best inoculum concentration was 100 spores / ml with decolorization 94.8%. The optimum pH was 3 with decolorization of 96.6%. The optimum incubation time was 24 hours with decolorization degradation 95.32%. Decolorization of culture conditions were found to be higher in agitated conditions than static conditions

In the last decade, the concern of fossil-based oil or petroleum crisis has driven the acceleration of biorefinery application. This method refers to the utilization of biomass as substituent for petroleum to meet the community needs. One of prospective biorefinery products is levulinic acid. Sugarcane bagasses (SCB) has attracted a lot of attention as a biomass source for producing levulinic acid. In this study, levulinic acid (LA) was synthesized from Indonesian sugarcane bagasse (SCB) using two-step acid catalyzed treatment method, optimizing product yield. These experiments were conducted in a batch stirred reactor with stirring rate of 50 rpm for 30 min. The effect of HCl concentration (0.5 and 1.0 M) and solid mass-liquid volume ratio (1:10, 1:12.5, 1:15, 1:17.5 and 1:20) at temperature of 160°C were investigated. The highest levulinic yield was 43.42%, obtained at 1.0 M of hydrochloric acid concentration and 1:17.5 of solid mass-liquid volume ratio.

Bioethanol is a natural product and manufactured by the fermentation of plants containing sugar and starch. Characteristic physical and chemical of bioethanol near to gasoline. As a biofuel, bioethanol can be used as a fuel substitution for gasoline with hopefully can decreasing emission and renewable energy for security energy. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of bioethanol-gasoline blended fuels on the performance SI Engine compared with varying gasoline at the market. The experimental test was using gasoline with octane number 88, 92, 98, with 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% bioethanol blends. The effect of the bioethanol-gasoline blend on performance SI engine 150 CC is increased research octane number, and to decrease heating value with increasing blending bioethanol can decreasing power and increasing fuel consumption. The one important things in this research had differences of each kind of gasoline toward performance and emission of SI engine.

Open air solar drying is one of the most popular methods for drying food products holds many drawbacks resulting in contamination of food products. This project is to transform the traditional method to an innovative, clean and cost-effective method to dry chilly and ginger, two being the top export commodity of India. Here a solar dryer is made which comprised of flat plate air heater, a chamber for drying and an air blower which induces forced convection. This system enhances the drying process even at low-intensity sunlight by assimilating heat storage materials. The equipment was tested in the meteorologicalcondition of the faculty of engineering, Christ (Deemed to be University) (latitude of 12.86°N, a longitude of 77.43°E) Bangalore, Karnataka. The process has reduced the moisture content from around 72.69% to 28.24% in the case of chilly and from 68.88% to 14.31% in the case of ginger within a period of 10 hours for a mass flow rate of 0.051kg/s. Average drier efficiency was estimated to be about 22%. The specific moisture extraction rate was estimated to be about 0.76 kg/kWh. This process resulted in a better moisture extraction rate, eliminating the defects caused by open sun drying. This process resulted in a better moisture extraction rate, eliminating the defects caused by open sun drying.

In this study, the sludge of three municipal sewage treatment plants in Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China, was dewatered and recycled. The experimental results shown that after deep dewatering with different chemical conditioning reagents, the moisture content of municipal sewage sludge was decreased greatly, from about 97% to about 55%. After dewatering, the organic matter content of sludge was maintained at a high level which is beneficial to the composting treatment of the sludge. The organic matter content of sludge in Foshan No. 1 Sewage Treatment Plant and No. 2 Sewage Treatment Plant was more than 30%, while it was between 15% and 20% in Foshan No. 3 Sewage Treatment Plant. Sludge from all three sewage treatment plants neeed to add a small amount of nutrients to compost. After 14 days of the aerobic composting, the moisture content of the sewage sludge could be reduced to less than 50%, and all the index met the requirements of the agricultural standard.

Energy is the main need of humans to carry out activities with better levels of life. At present, energy for daily life is provided from the processing of crude oil. The availability of crude oil in Indonesia is increasingly limited and the price tends to be expensive. This condition requires alternative energy for fuel availability for households. One alternative energy comes from biomass because biomass is a renewable energy and Indonesia has a very large amount of biomass. Utilization of biomass as an alternative energy source has some limitation due to the non-uniform biomass quality and scattered biomass sources. Due to the lack of biomass quality, biomass needs to be pre-treatment before being used for combustion or gasification process. One of biomass pre-treatment to improve the quality of biomass is torrefaction. Torrefaction is a mild pyrolysis at a temperature between 200-300°C to eliminate water content and a small amount of volatile matter from biomass. The torrefaction biomass will have high energy density and hydrophobic properties. Rice husk is one type of biomass produced from rice processing as waste. Indonesia has large amounts of rice husk waste with an energy potential equal to 7000 MW and is located in a rice mill. In this experiment, the energy content of the torrefaction rice husk was analyzed by observing the effect torrefaction temperature (200, 250 and 300°C) and duration of torrefaction (30, 45 and 60 minutes). At the high temperature of torrefaction (300°C), the rice husk has a darker color with high energy content (3465 kkal/kg) but almost 50 % of initial mass loss by torrefaction.

This experiment study the effect of nanoparticles blended in biodiesel on combustion characteristic of single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine. Biodiesel used in this experiment was palm oil methyl ester (POME) and nanoparticles used was aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and silicon dioxide (SiO2). Both nanoparticles was dispersed in POME by using an ultrasonicator with the dosage of 50 ppm. The fuel was labelled as PS50 for POME + SiO2 fuel blend and PA50 for POME+Al2O3 fuel blend. These fuel was tested with a YANMAR TF120M model diesel engine with load variation from zero engine load until 28 N.m engine load with constant engine speed at 1500 rpm. Results shows that peak pressure of PS50 fuel was higher than PA50 fuel at all engine loads operations and the significant difference was at zero load engine operations, where the difference was 2.89%. In addition, exhaust gas temperature of PS50 blend recorded also shows that it was lower than PA50 blend at all engine load operations by 2.71 %, 2.42 %, 3.47 %, 5.65 % and 4.12 %.

Seawater ice slurry can be produced with cooling process in evaporator by utilizing salt content in the seawater as freezing point depressing additive. Ice slurry technology can play an important role in the process of storing fish in the open sea because the quality of the fish that cooled with ice slurry is much better than ice cubes. Evaporator with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coating blade and a certain clearance distance, around five milimeters, can reduce electric power and time consumption in ice slurry generation. PTFE, more commonly known as Teflon, is suitable for a wide range of applications in industries as diverse as aerospace, the food and drink industry, pharmaceuticals and telecoms. The present study used variation of magnetic chemical pump RPM, scraper RPM, and salinity of seawater. The results show that the higher salinity results in the lower temperature of ice slurry generation and decreases ice slurry generation. The experimental condition with higher scraper RPM result in slower ice slurry generation. There is an optimum pump RPM to decreasing the temperature faster. Seawater with lower salinity was changed into ice slurry faster, increased the production of ice slurry, and consumed less electric power than that of higher salinity.

Plastic usage has increased nowadays. Instant noodle plastic package is one of the examples. The consumption of instant noodle is increases because it could be a choice for a convenient food. In this case instant noodle plastic package will be plastic waste. Instant noodle plastic package is made of polypropylene that has high heat va lue with 46,4 MJ/Kg. This research was conducted to convert instant noodle plastic package waste into fuel oil using pyrolysis process and mount Merapi ash as the catalyst. Mount Merapi ash is chosen to become an alternative catalyst because it contains with a lot of silica from volcanic ash when Mount Merapi erupts. The volcanic ash has no purification process. However, the volcanic ash has activation process with Ca(OH)2. The purpose of this research is to see the influence of alternative catalyst weight variation. A total of 100 grams of instant noodle plastic wrap waste were cut in a batch pyrolysis reactor at temperature of 500°C until the yield stopped with catalyst variation 10; 20; 30 (% weight). In general, the use of volcanic ash catalyst decreased the wrap value of density, viscosity, and flash point but it increased the value of caloric value. The best yield quality of calorific value and viscosity was obtained at 30% of catalyst. The product result of 30% catalyst obtained is calorific value 9307,2 cal/gram and absolute viscosity value 8,3. On the other hand, the best yield quality of density and flash point was obtained without catalyst. The product result without catalyst obtained is density 0,7454 gram/cm3 and flash point 121°C. The analysis result shows that the best yield of the product is close to biodiesel Indonesian national standard.

Biogas is an attractive renewable fuel because it can be produced from abundant organic wastes via anaerobic digestion. This study reports the recent progress of the biogas produced from the waste of natural Indigofera wastes co- digested with cow dungs. The substrate flow rate of 50 kg/day and 100 kg/day was digested in the digestion reactor 1 and reactor 2 of 3000 L and 1000 L, respectively. The biogas production was measured daily and used as fuel in an internal combustion engine for electricity generation. The results show that the higher the flow rate of the substrate, the higher the biogas was produced. The average biogas production from reactor one and two were 313.8 and 1503.9 L/day. Meanwhile, the engine efficiency is up to 30% at 350 W load and 25% at 700 W load when using biogas digested from reactor 1 and 2, respectively. It is interesting to further improve the anaerobic digestion reactor to obtain higher biogas production and to produce a higher power generation.

India is facing water crisis and there is a need to critically look at alternative approaches like 3R formula to ensure sustainable water management. The grey water from houses can be captured, treatedwith agricultural waste like corn waste and reused for garden washing and flushing purposes. In this study we have come up with a solution to build a vertical reactorpacked with corn cobs for treatment of domestic grey water by taking advantage of the corn cob’s porous structure, high free-surface volume, sorption characteristics for a wide range of solutes. Based on different trail the packed bed vertical reactor is able to attain an initial reduction efficiency of 40% of BOD, 70% of COD, 40% ofTDS, 40% of SS and 35% of Surfactants with a detention period of 10 minutes. If the detention period is increased and maintained as 1-2 hours the efficiency of the treatment can be improved.

This study presents the development of enzyme-assisted and enzyme-mediated methods as an alternative and eco-friendly approach to minimize the use of chemicals that will reduce the environmental impact in the manufacturing of leathers. Two types of protease namely alkaline protease 50a and keratinase were used in the enzymatic application in dehairing. Four sets of experiments of cow hides were performed. The sets included the use of chemicals which are 5% calcium oxide (CaO) and 2% sodium sulfide (Na2S), the use of 2.5% enzymes with 5% CaO, the use of two types of enzymes and the use of the single enzyme. The hides which undergo treatment with enzymes eliminated 85% of hair after 26 hours under shaking condition at 37 °C while the treatment with enzyme together with 5% calcium oxide eliminated 100% of hair under the same conditions. The treatment of Na2S along with CaO also eliminated 100% of hair faster than the other two treatments. As revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the surface of the hides that were treated with enzymes was smoother and silkier than hides that were treated by chemicals. Hence, these results revealed that the enzymes-assisted method could be implemented in commercial leather manufacturing to reduce the use of severe Na2S. The application of enzyme-assisted technique can help in the minimization of pollutions in the environment and can be a good alternative for the production of good quality of leather.

In rustic regions, areca leaves are more often than hacked and then discarded at the base of the areca plants, or used as momentary material for temporary overhead. Here, in this work as to explore the significance of areca leaf as an alternative for fuel, areca leaf briquettes have been prepared using different dimension leaves adding sawdust and wheat flour as additive and binder correspondingly. In order to assess the presence of moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon components in the prepared areca leaf briquettes, proximate analysis was performed. It was conducted as per standard IS1350-1 so as to estimate the percentage of sulphur, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. In this experiment, the gross calorific value of the areca leaves was found as per IS1448-7 standard. From analysis, areca leaf briquettes of 850μ size have the highest GCV of 14.57MJ/kg, compared with briquettes of 1700μ and above, 600μ, and 425μ. Even the results of proximate and ultimate analysis are satisfactory. The physical-chemical characteristics of the briquette depicted low moisture content (8.08%) and low ash content (1.47%). The briquettes are also eco-friendly because of low sulphur (0.65%) and nitrogen (0.61%) content. Thus, making briquettes using areca leaves of 850μ size by means of sawdust as additive can make a high-quality biomass fuel used for households and industries.

Natural dyes are very interesting to study lately, especially to produce them in powder form and see the stability of color and the energy needed. This study discusses the energy consumption of the spray dryer machine for producing natural coloring powders from Caesalpinia Sappan Linn wood. The parameters investigated were the flow rate of the liquid, the brix, the amount for powder produced, and the energy consumption required. The extraction was done at an immersion time for 2.5 hours and a temperature of 80°C. The results show that at the solution flow rate of 0.75 L/h, the amount of powder produced reached 2.5 g/h with the energy consumption varied between 4 to 14 kWh. The effect of brix on the production rate of powders followed the linear trend; y=2.314x – 2.0062. The stability of the red dyes is still low when applied the washing cycles 48 times. It is challenging to increase the stability and to reduce the energy consumption for real application.

Indonesia has high potential for biodiversity of flora as a natural dye. Noja leaf (Peristrophe bivalvis) has potential as a red natural dye. The major component of the extract of its leaf is phenoxazine. The influence of mordant type, mordant concentration, and dyeing process temperature on the performance of the dyeing process was studied. The dyeing performances of the dyeing process were appreciated by measuring the colour strength parameter (K/S). Optimization of the dyeing process was done with Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Colour fastness to sunlight, washing, and rubbing was performed. Dyeing with noja leaf extract was done on a water bath with variation of mordant type used was alum (potassium aluminium sulphate), ferrous sulphate and calcium oxide with variation concentration 5%, 10%, and 15 % of the weight of the fabric at temperature variations of 50, 60 and 70°C. The optimum condition of fabric dyed with noja leaf extract is achieved at 61°C using ferrous sulphate as mordant with 10.96% concentration yielding colour strength value (K/S) of 0.597. The results of the sunlight, washing, and rubbing fastness test indicate that the natural dye from the leaves of the leaves is quite good as a natural textile dye.

Microbiological Influenced Corrosion (MIC) is corrosion exacerbated by the activity of microorganisms. One environment that contains microorganisms is crude oil where there is anaerobic bacterium of Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) [1]. To study the effect of SRB on corrosion, a study was conducted on JIS G3101 low carbon steel with grade SS400 on crude oil under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In a mixture of 50 mL crude oil and 10 mL SRB (one solution), and 30 mL of crude oil was added 30 mL SRB (other solution) was immersed specimen with the dimension of 20 x 20 x 4 mm. The bacterium used is SRB of Desulvofibrio desulfuricans genus with conditioning time for 60 days. In every 15 days periodically, there was done an observation of the corrosion phenomena occurring on the specimen, the test of corrosion product compounds on the metal surface layer, and the calculation of bacterial counts. The results of this research indicate that the activity of SRB metabolism in crude oil caused damage to the metal shown by the color change on the specimen surface with the occurrence of pitting corrosion. The more SRB is in crude oil, the more bacteria grow on the specimen surface so that the damage on the specimen surface is getting worse. It caused a more and deeper pitting corrosion. In addition, the anaerobic condition exacerbated the corrosion occurred.

Ethanol-Diesel blended fuel is usually known as ‘E-Diesel’, ‘Diesohol’ or ‘Oxygenated Diesel’ that has been performed on the unmodified compression ignition engine. Three different proportions of 5%, 7.5% and 10% ethanol (by volume) are blended with diesel that being used as fuel. Biodiesel was added at the range of 5-10% into the blended fuels as emulsifier and balancing the overall fuel properties. Based on the properties test, it was found that the blended fuels have lower heating value, kinematic viscosity and density as the percentage of ethanol was increased. For the engine performance characteristics, no significant reduction in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) due to slight difference in heating values between diesel and blended fuels. The percentage deviation of brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for blended fuels from diesel were less than 4% showing the engine converted the chemical energy in fuels into mechanical energy almost the same efficiency. Whilst for emissions, the blended fuels reduced in oxides of nitrogen (NOX) at the range of 24.1-43.1% compared to diesel. As conclusion, the best blended fuel is E5 which contained 5% ethanol, 7.5% biodiesel and 87.5% diesel (D87.5B7.5E5) that contributed lower NOX emitted and performed better in term of BSFC and BTE.

Cellulose is one of the most abundantly available biopolymer in nature. This semi crystalline cellulose cannot be melted directly to form fiber, as it degrades before melting. Hence processing of cellulosic fiber requires dissolution process. There are many solvents available for direct dissolution of cellulose to form polymer, N-Methyl Morpholine Oxide (NMMO) is one of the solvents, which has commercial feasibility to dissolve the cellulose to form spinnable polymer matrix. The process of direct dissolution of cellulose using NMMO is conventionally termed as Lyocell process. It is a multiple step process that involves swelling and dissolution of cellulose in N-Methyl Morpholine Oxide (NMMO) solvent and spinning of solvated cellulose solution to produce fiber by dry jet wet spinning. The conventional process of lyocell manufacturing consists of single stage of slurry (cellulose suspension in NMMO) preparation in which solvent gets penetrated in cellulose fibers (Swelling). It is necessary at slurry stage to have optimum pulp swelling and higher NMMO to cellulose ratio to achieve better uniformity of slurry for fast dissolution and homogeneous solvated cellulose polymer formation. To achieve this, pulp sheets are shredded to an optimum size before addition to aqueous solution of NMMO. The shredding of pulp sheet requires intensive energy and raises safety concerns due to the static charge generation which can lead to dust explosion. This makes conventional processes of dissolved cellulose preparation commercially and operationally unviable. In the present work a new method is developed to overcome the safety concern. In this new method, slurry preparation is carried out in two stages. In first stage dilute solvent is used to prepare slurry with low (4-6%) solid, slurry is later pressed to upto 45-50% solid percentage, the pressed solvent removes metal ion impurities and short chain hemicellulose by 10-20% from pulp. The pressed cake of cellulose is again mixed with high concentration of NMMO to form the slurry mixture for further processing. The dissolution of cellulose starts when monohydrate state of NMMO is reached by removing excess water from cellulose NMMO slurry to get Lyocell dope at 90-100 °C. This polymer solution is then spun through spinnerets by jet-wet spinning to get the Lyocell fiber. This method of cellulose-NMMO slurry preparation for the manufacturing lyocell fiber has shown reduction in undissolved particles of cellulose and metal ions impurities in polymer matrix of cellulose with no change in the fiber properties compared to the conventional process. The advantage of this process over conventional process is that high impurity pulp can be easily blended with good quality pulp in first stage of slurry-making, while the excess impurity is removed before second stage to get better quality of solvated cellulosic polymer network.

Cob corn is one of solid waste farm which contents pentosan, and has economic value to be produced as furfural products. Furfural making process use semibatch process by generating hydrolysis main reaction with sulfuric acid catalyst. Reactor in use is stirred batch reactor under 2 bar pressure and 128°C for 70 minutes. Furfural purification use azeotropic distillation and dehydration column to gain furfural with 99% purity. Suprayield Technology is chosen due its better economic value to be compared with conventional technology. According to SuperPro Designer® simulation, to produce 183 kg/batch furfurals based on 2008’s market demands expectation, needs 900 kg/batch (4.9 kg/batch furfural) raw materials in form of cob corn, 36% sulfic acid or in amount of 84 kg/batch (0.45 Kg/Kg furfural). For production capacity of 362 tons per year, to build a furfural fabric in Indonesia demand US$ 2.855.773,00 total investment, with manufacturing cost about US$ 189.865,00. The proper parameter of furfural fabric with 362 tons per annum is within NPV US$ 2.873.820,29, IRR 15%, PBP 4 years and 9 months.

This study focus on the adsorption of malachite green (MG) dye using sugarcane bagasse biochar as adsorbent. Agricultural waste of sugarcane bagasse turned into low cost and eco-friendly biochar adsorbent was studied. Batch adsorption studies were carried out to analyse the effect of operating conditions which include contact time (10 to 45 minutes), adsorbent dosage (0.01 to 0.05 g) and initial concentration (10 to 40 mg/L) on the percentage of MG removal. Optimisation studies were conducted using response surface methodology (RSM) by employing central composite design (CCD). The correlation coefficient, R2 for MG removal was found to be at 0.9878. Three dimensional (3D) surface graph and contour plot were used to analyse the interaction effect between parameters. The optimum conditions for MG removal which predicted by RSM were found to be at contact time of 42.26 minutes, adsorbent dosage of 0.05 g and initial concentration of 39 mg/L which resulted in MG removal of 99.47% at desirability of 1.000.