Search

Cybersecurity is a critical concern for all organisations in today’s digital landscape, butespecially for small to medium sized enterprises (SMEs). This thesis investigates the maincyber threats currently relevant for small to medium sized companies as well as whatchallenges these types of companies face in implementing effective cybersecurity measures.Another aim was to identify strategies to help SMEs overcome these challenges and enhancetheir protection against cyberthreats.The data collection method chosen for this thesis was semi-structured interviews based on acomprehensive literature review and with a total of six knowledgeable people in the field. Theresults showed that social engineering and phishing, web-based attacks, malware, maliciousinsiders as well as denial-of-service attacks were the most common cyberthreats faced bySMEs in the last few years. Challenges SMEs face was related to a tendency to underestimatethe risk by management and personnel as well as a general lack of knowledge and awarenessat the companies. Other challenges were resource and technological issues. To protect theirbusiness, most interview participants recommended following a standard like the ones fromthe ISO/IEC 27000 family or an alternative like the SSF 1101. Inventory and risk assessment isrecommended as the first step to take along with hiring employees specifically qualified incybersecurity or taking help from consultants.

Cybersecurity is a critical concern for all organisations in today’s digital landscape, butespecially for small to medium sized enterprises (SMEs). This thesis investigates the maincyber threats currently relevant for small to medium sized companies as well as whatchallenges these types of companies face in implementing effective cybersecurity measures.Another aim was to identify strategies to help SMEs overcome these challenges and enhancetheir protection against cyberthreats.The data collection method chosen for this thesis was semi-structured interviews based on acomprehensive literature review and with a total of six knowledgeable people in the field. Theresults showed that social engineering and phishing, web-based attacks, malware, maliciousinsiders as well as denial-of-service attacks were the most common cyberthreats faced bySMEs in the last few years. Challenges SMEs face was related to a tendency to underestimatethe risk by management and personnel as well as a general lack of knowledge and awarenessat the companies. Other challenges were resource and technological issues. To protect theirbusiness, most interview participants recommended following a standard like the ones fromthe ISO/IEC 27000 family or an alternative like the SSF 1101. Inventory and risk assessment isrecommended as the first step to take along with hiring employees specifically qualified incybersecurity or taking help from consultants.

SMB es un protocolo para compartir recursos ampliamente extendido en redes locales y corporativas, presente de manera nativa en Windows y a través de Samba en otros sistemas. Es precisamente a consecuencia de esta presencia y de famosas vulnerabilidades descubiertas (aunque parcheadas), que se ha convertido en un objetivo prioritario de múltiples ataques informáticos. Para realizar un pentesting de SMB adecuado, se hace necesario disponer de toda la información posible. Es por ello que la enumeración de SMB es un habilidad fundamental para todo pentester. En este artículo, se hará una recopilación de algunas herramientas Open Source que permitirán al auditor recopilar información precisa. Es importante tener en cuenta que las herramientas aquí expuestas están pensadas para una auditoría de caja negra, en la que sólo tenemos acceso de red a las máquinas objetivo, pero no hemos accedido aún a ellas para una enumeración post-explotación.

SMB es un protocolo para compartir recursos ampliamente extendido en redes locales y corporativas, presente de manera nativa en Windows y a través de Samba en otros sistemas. Es precisamente a consecuencia de esta presencia y de famosas vulnerabilidades descubiertas (aunque parcheadas), que se ha convertido en un objetivo prioritario de múltiples ataques informáticos. Para realizar un pentesting de SMB adecuado, se hace necesario disponer de toda la información posible. Es por ello que la enumeración de SMB es un habilidad fundamental para todo pentester. En este artículo, se hará una recopilación de algunas herramientas Open Source que permitirán al auditor recopilar información precisa. Es importante tener en cuenta que las herramientas aquí expuestas están pensadas para una auditoría de caja negra, en la que sólo tenemos acceso de red a las máquinas objetivo, pero no hemos accedido aún a ellas para una enumeración post-explotación.

SMB es un protocolo para compartir recursos ampliamente extendido en redes locales y corporativas, presente de manera nativa en Windows y a través de Samba en otros sistemas. Es precisamente a consecuencia de esta presencia y de famosas vulnerabilidades descubiertas (aunque parcheadas), que se ha convertido en un objetivo prioritario de múltiples ataques informáticos. Para realizar un pentesting de SMB adecuado, se hace necesario disponer de toda la información posible. Es por ello que la enumeración de SMB es un habilidad fundamental para todo pentester. En este artículo, se hará una recopilación de algunas herramientas Open Source que permitirán al auditor recopilar información precisa. Es importante tener en cuenta que las herramientas aquí expuestas están pensadas para una auditoría de caja negra, en la que sólo tenemos acceso de red a las máquinas objetivo, pero no hemos accedido aún a ellas para una enumeración post-explotación.

Monitoring and logging is fundamental in systems. Today, these techniques are widely used to detect functionality issues as well as malicious event. This thesis compares and evaluates two techniques commonly used for this purpose: the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) and the Syslog protocol. The protocols are evaluated with regard to their vulnerability to traffic pattern analysis, impact on network load and performance of the system, and the attack surface of the technique. Each protocol’s applicability is investigated on a modelled system, containing a data diode, using experiments and analysis of their individual features. We observe only small differences in traffic load and performance of the two techniques. The findings suggest that each of the two techniques can successfully be applied on the modelled system, and the decision on which technique should be used at each instance can therefore be left to the customer of each specific system implementation instance.

Att slå marknaden har varit ett kontroversiellt ämne inom akademin under en väldigt lång tid.Enligt EMH, en grundläggande finansteori, är det inte möjligt att “slå marknaden” under enlång tid utan att ta högre risk. Hedgefond-förvaltaren Joel Greenblatt publicerade år 2006 enformel som ska kunna prestera över marknaden till lägre risk, även långsiktigt, The MagicFormula. Denna studie utvärderar en Magic Formula-portfölj på den svenska marknaden i syfteatt undersöka om den kan generera en abnormal avkastning i perioden år 2000-2020. Dettagenomförs genom en kvantitativ analys. Resultaten visar att Magic Formula-portföljensintercept är signifikant skiljt från 0 i Fama & Frenchs trefaktormodell som inkluderar enmarknads-, storleks- och värdefaktor. Eftersom de riskpremier som testats för inte förklararavkastningen dras slutsatsen att antingen är trefaktormodellen bristfällig, eller så existerar enanomali kopplat till strategin.

Monitoring and logging is fundamental in systems. Today, these techniques are widely used to detect functionality issues as well as malicious event. This thesis compares and evaluates two techniques commonly used for this purpose: the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) and the Syslog protocol. The protocols are evaluated with regard to their vulnerability to traffic pattern analysis, impact on network load and performance of the system, and the attack surface of the technique. Each protocol’s applicability is investigated on a modelled system, containing a data diode, using experiments and analysis of their individual features. We observe only small differences in traffic load and performance of the two techniques. The findings suggest that each of the two techniques can successfully be applied on the modelled system, and the decision on which technique should be used at each instance can therefore be left to the customer of each specific system implementation instance.

Att slå marknaden har varit ett kontroversiellt ämne inom akademin under en väldigt lång tid.Enligt EMH, en grundläggande finansteori, är det inte möjligt att “slå marknaden” under enlång tid utan att ta högre risk. Hedgefond-förvaltaren Joel Greenblatt publicerade år 2006 enformel som ska kunna prestera över marknaden till lägre risk, även långsiktigt, The MagicFormula. Denna studie utvärderar en Magic Formula-portfölj på den svenska marknaden i syfteatt undersöka om den kan generera en abnormal avkastning i perioden år 2000-2020. Dettagenomförs genom en kvantitativ analys. Resultaten visar att Magic Formula-portföljensintercept är signifikant skiljt från 0 i Fama & Frenchs trefaktormodell som inkluderar enmarknads-, storleks- och värdefaktor. Eftersom de riskpremier som testats för inte förklararavkastningen dras slutsatsen att antingen är trefaktormodellen bristfällig, eller så existerar enanomali kopplat till strategin.

Much of the research to understand the ice mass changes of Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) has focused on detecting linear rates and accelerations at decadal or longer periods. The transient (short-term, non-secular) mass changes show large variability, and if not properly accounted for, can introduce significant biases into estimates of long-term ice mass loss rates and accelerations. Despite the growing number of geodetic observations, in terms of spatial coverage, types of observables, and the extent of the time series, studies of the transient mass changes over GrIS are lacking. To address this limitation, we apply multi-channel singular spectral analysis to the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mass concentrations (mascon), surface mass balance (SMB) model output, and ice discharge data, to determine the transient mass changes over Greenland over the decade (2007 to 2017). The goal of this analysis is to elucidate the spatio-temporal variability of the ice mass change. For the entire GrIS, both the mascon and SMB transient mass changes are characterized by a sustained mass gain from late 2007 to early 2010, a sustained mass loss from early 2010 to early 2013, and a mass gain from early 2013 to mid-2015. Global Positioning System sites deployed along the coast of Greenland showed uplift from early 2010 to early 2013 and subsidence from early 2013 to 2015, consistent with the corresponding ice mass loss and gain of the entire GrIS. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the transient mass change was estimated to be −294 ± 27 Gt from GRACE mascons and -252 ± 16 Gt from the SMB where the latter value includes the effect of ice discharge. The transient mass change due to ice discharge accounted for less than 10% of the total transient mass change. Our regional assessment reveals that the central-west, southwest, northeast, and southeast regions display similar time-varying patterns as we found for the entire GrIS, but the north and northwest regions show different p

From early 2003 to mid-2013, the total mass of ice in Greenland declined at a progressively increasing rate. In mid-2013, an abrupt reversal occurred, and very little net ice loss occurred in the next 12-18 months. Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and global positioning system (GPS) observations reveal that the spatial patterns of the sustained acceleration and the abrupt deceleration in mass loss are similar. The strongest accelerations tracked the phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The negative phase of the NAO enhances summertime warming and insolation while reducing snowfall, especially in west Greenland, driving surface mass balance (SMB) more negative, as illustrated using the regional climate model MAR. The spatial pattern of accelerating mass changes reflects the geography of NAO-driven shifts in atmospheric forcing and the ice sheet's sensitivity to that forcing. We infer that southwest Greenland will become a major future contributor to sea level rise.

The Canadian Arctic Archipelago comprises multiple small glaciers and ice caps, mostly concentrated on Ellesmere and Baffin Islands in the northern (NCAA, Northern Canadian Arctic Archipelago) and southern parts (SCAA, Southern Canadian Arctic Archipelago) of the archipelago, respectively. Because these glaciers are small and show complex geometries, current regional climate models, using 5- to 20-km horizontal resolution, do not properly resolve surface mass balance patterns. Here we present a 58-year (1958–2015) reconstruction of daily surface mass balance of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, statistically downscaled to 1 km from the output of the regional climate model RACMO2.3 at 11 km. By correcting for biases in elevation and ice albedo, the downscaling method significantly improves runoff estimates over narrow outlet glaciers and isolated ice fields. Since the last two decades, NCAA and SCAA glaciers have experienced warmer conditions (+1.1°C) resulting in continued mass loss of 28.2 ± 11.5 and 22.0 ± 4.5 Gt/year, respectively, more than doubling (11.9 Gt/year) and doubling (11.9 Gt/year) the pre-1996 average. While the interior of NCAA ice caps can still buffer most of the additional melt, the lack of a perennial firn area over low-lying SCAA glaciers has caused uninterrupted mass loss since the 1980s. In the absence of significant refreezing capacity, this indicates inevitable disappearance of these highly sensitive glaciers.

Climate changes have a large impact on precipitation patterns and precipitation variability change. With this in mind, precipitation over Greenland is studied. This is done for present day precipitation model data from 1991-2010 compared to future model simulations of precipitation for 2081-2100. Furthermore, precipitation drives Surface Mass Balance (SMB), which is the sum of accumulation and the loss of mass by melting of the ice sheet, meaning it decides the evolution of glaciers. In order to find more information about future changes of precipitation distribution between the seasons of the year and possible changes, precipitation variability is investigated. Also, the aim includes an examination of the difference in mean annual precipitation between the time periods. Model simulations with EC-Earth downscaled through HIRHAM5 is mainly used for this study. Also the global atmospheric re-analysis ERA-Interim is used and a new model with modified ice sheet topography called GT2. There will be an increase in mean annual precipitation over Greenland for 2081-2100 compared to 1991-2010, a conclusion made according to the results obtained using RCP8.5, a scenario with high rates of combustion. The SMB mass term will with this scenario, become more negative in the future compared to present day, meaning there will be a greater mass loss of the Greenland ice sheet. In the final analysis, the precipitation variability as well as the seasonality will change for Greenland in the future according to the RCP8.5 scenario., How will climate changes affect the Greenland ice sheet? An increase in the greenhouse effect and the average temperature of the Earth will be the result of climate change. Higher temperatures cause a sea level rise, as glaciers melt. This threatens vulnerable land masses, which can possibly be covered with water in the near future. Climate impact occur in many ways, one of them is by the emission of greenhouse gases from combustion of fossil fuels. Moreover, an increase in extreme weather events can be expected in the future. This will affect the life of human, sea cities and ecosystems. Also, a higher mean temperature of the earth will result in more shifting weather and more extreme precipitation events, as well as increasing droughts. Not to mention, it is predicted that if the global warming continues at the same rate as today, the average surface temperature will rise with several degrees Celsius when we reach the end of the century. The ice sheet in Greenland melts more and more. What can possibly balance this trend is precipitation, as it can give a positive mass balance. As an illustration, Surface Mass Balance (SMB) is a measure of the growth or the decrease of mass of an ice sheet. Due to this, it is interesting to know how the precipitation will look in the future for Greenland, compared to present day, as it will affect the evolution of the glacier. This project investigates precipitation patterns for Greenland, the SMB and also precipitation variability. This is done with the help of climate models and a future scenario based on certain amounts of emissions. Furthermore, how the amount of precipitation will vary over the seasons is defined as precipitation variability, and it is of interest to find out if this will change in the future, as it would affect the seasonality. The conclusion of this study is that, overall, there will be more precipitation throughout Greenland in the future, compared to present day, The results indicate that for coastal climates th

Climate changes have a large impact on precipitation patterns and precipitation variability change. With this in mind, precipitation over Greenland is studied. This is done for present day precipitation model data from 1991-2010 compared to future model simulations of precipitation for 2081-2100. Furthermore, precipitation drives Surface Mass Balance (SMB), which is the sum of accumulation and the loss of mass by melting of the ice sheet, meaning it decides the evolution of glaciers. In order to find more information about future changes of precipitation distribution between the seasons of the year and possible changes, precipitation variability is investigated. Also, the aim includes an examination of the difference in mean annual precipitation between the time periods. Model simulations with EC-Earth downscaled through HIRHAM5 is mainly used for this study. Also the global atmospheric re-analysis ERA-Interim is used and a new model with modified ice sheet topography called GT2. There will be an increase in mean annual precipitation over Greenland for 2081-2100 compared to 1991-2010, a conclusion made according to the results obtained using RCP8.5, a scenario with high rates of combustion. The SMB mass term will with this scenario, become more negative in the future compared to present day, meaning there will be a greater mass loss of the Greenland ice sheet. In the final analysis, the precipitation variability as well as the seasonality will change for Greenland in the future according to the RCP8.5 scenario., How will climate changes affect the Greenland ice sheet? An increase in the greenhouse effect and the average temperature of the Earth will be the result of climate change. Higher temperatures cause a sea level rise, as glaciers melt. This threatens vulnerable land masses, which can possibly be covered with water in the near future. Climate impact occur in many ways, one of them is by the emission of greenhouse gases from combustion of fossil fuels. Moreover, an increase in extreme weather events can be expected in the future. This will affect the life of human, sea cities and ecosystems. Also, a higher mean temperature of the earth will result in more shifting weather and more extreme precipitation events, as well as increasing droughts. Not to mention, it is predicted that if the global warming continues at the same rate as today, the average surface temperature will rise with several degrees Celsius when we reach the end of the century. The ice sheet in Greenland melts more and more. What can possibly balance this trend is precipitation, as it can give a positive mass balance. As an illustration, Surface Mass Balance (SMB) is a measure of the growth or the decrease of mass of an ice sheet. Due to this, it is interesting to know how the precipitation will look in the future for Greenland, compared to present day, as it will affect the evolution of the glacier. This project investigates precipitation patterns for Greenland, the SMB and also precipitation variability. This is done with the help of climate models and a future scenario based on certain amounts of emissions. Furthermore, how the amount of precipitation will vary over the seasons is defined as precipitation variability, and it is of interest to find out if this will change in the future, as it would affect the seasonality. The conclusion of this study is that, overall, there will be more precipitation throughout Greenland in the future, compared to present day, The results indicate that for coastal climates th

Det är sedan länge känt att det finns en positiv korrelation mellan risk och avkastning. Investerare och bolag kan välja mellan flera olika prissättningsmodeller för att förutspå priset på en aktie. Forskare har, med den kända enfaktormodellen CAPM som utgångspunkt, utvecklat en modell som tar hänsyn till mer än bara marknadsfaktorn. Detta resulterade i framtagandet av Fama & French-trefaktormodellen (FF3) som även inkluderar storleksfaktorn SMB samt värdefaktorn HML. Syftet med studien är att utvärdera två prissättningsmodeller, CAPM och FF3, för att kunna bedöma deras prestanda vid värdering av förväntad avkastning. Tidigare forskning, inom området för nämnda modeller, berör ofta internationella marknader samt modellernas prestanda för portföljer. Vår studie utförs på utvalda enskilda svenska aktier inkluderade på Stockholmsbörsens Large Cap för januari år 2011 till december år 2015, genom att replikera tidigare forskning gjord av Bartholdy & Peare (2005). Utvalda bolag analyseras efter regressioner för modellerna för att kunna utvärdera dessa var för sig, samt för att se om FF3 har en högre justerad förklaringsgrad än CAPM för enskilda svenska aktier. Resultatet av studien visar att både CAPM och FF3 är applicerbara för utvalda enskilda svenska aktier. Ställs FF3 i förhållande till CAPM föreligger skillnad i justerad förklaringsgrad, dock är den ytterst marginell. Sammanfattningsvis bidrar studien med kunskapen om att CAPM och FF3 går att applicera på enskilda svenska aktier, men att det inte föreligger någon större skillnad i val av dessa två modeller., Investors and companies can choose between multiple pricing models to predict the price of shares. With the known one factor model CAPM, researchers have developed a model that consider more than just the market factor. This resulted in the creation of the Fama & French three factor model (FF3), which also includes the size factor SMB and the value factor HML. The purpose of the study is to evaluate two pricing models, CAPM and FF3, to assess their performance when evaluating expected returns. Previous research often deal with international markets and model performance of portfolios. We study selected individual Swedish shares for January 2011 to December 2015 by replicating previous research by Bartholdy & Peare (2005). Selected companies are analysed by regressions for the models to be able to evaluate these separately, and to see if FF3 has a higher degree of explanation than CAPM for individual Swedish shares. The result of the study shows that both CAPM and FF3 are applicable for selected individual Swedish shares. There is a difference in the adjusted degree of explanation between the models but it is marginal. In conclusion, the study contributes with the knowledge that CAPM and FF3 can be applied to individual Swedish shares, but there is no major difference in the choice of these two models.

The aim of this thesis is to develop, test and evaluate a penalized basis spline as a method for representing the Standard Model background in dijet searches from proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider. Current representations of the Standard Model background are complex and dependent on current assumptions of the Standard Model. Using a P-spline is interesting because of its simplicity and independence from assumptions of the data. Its performance will be tested by fitting $p+p\rightarrow j+j$ generated events from MadGraph and ATLAS data with different penalization parameters of the spline. The test is evaluated using a $\chi^2$ goodness-of-fit test. The distribution of $\chi^2$ for 100 simulated dijet events peaked at 1, showing that the spline has no problem representing the Standard Model background. The spline can also perform a good fit on ATLAS data. This thesis concludes that the P-spline can represent the Standard Model background and perform a good fit on ATLAS data. To conclude that the P-spline can be used as a tool to aid particle searches, further research needs to be done where the P-spline is tested with signal injection., Test av ny metod för att hitta mörk materia partikeln Under mänsklighetens historia har vår förståelse av vad som är universums fundamentala byggstenar förändrats. Vi vet att nuvarande teori, standardmodellen, är inkomplett eftersom att den inte inkluderar gravitation, mörk materia med flera. Mörk materia kan inkluderas om dess partikel observeras. För att observera en ny partikel så subtraherar vi nuvarande teorier från våra observationer. Min forskning undersöker ifall interpoleringsmetoden ”p-spline” är bra på att representera nuvarande teori och ifall den har en potential att användas i framtida försök att hitta nya partiklar. I tusentals år trodde mänskligheten att universums fundamentala byggstenar var fyra element: jord, luft, vatten och eld. Det var först efter upptäckten av fosfor, år 1680, som denna modell rubbades och sedan dess har vår bild av vad som är fundamentalt förändrats genom åren. I dag förlitar vi oss på den så kallade standardmodellen som föreslogs 1970. Standardmodellen föreslår 12 materia partiklar, fyra kraftbärare och en Higgs partikel. Vi vet dock att modellen inte beskriver observationer såsom gravitation, mörk materia och mörk energi. Det är därför viktigt att inse att det finns oerhört mycket kvar att upptäcka bland universums fundamentala byggstenar, elementarpartiklarna. För att utveckla standardmodellen måste vi hitta förklaringar till fenomen så som mörk materia. Många forskare tror att detta kan göras genom att hitta partikeln som mörk materia består av. Oavsett ämnesområde så är en upptäckt något som skiljer sig från vad man tidigare trott. Likaså är en upptäckt i partikelfysik observationer/data som skiljer sig från tidigare teorier. Det är därför relativt enkelt att göra en upptäckt: samla in data, subtrahera vad nuvarande teorier förutsäger och se ifall det finns någon skillnad mellan de två. I partikelfysik kallas nuvarande teori för bakgrund, det är allt brus i mätningen och allt som vi redan vet. Min forskning har utvärdera

I den här uppsatsen testas Fama-Frenchs trefaktormodell och ”Capital Asset Pricing Model” för att jämföra vilken av modellerna som bäst förklarar avkastningen på OMX-Stockholmsbörsen. Aktiedata från ett urval av Large cap och Small cap aktier analyseras under åren 2010-2015. Hur väl modellerna fungerar avgörs med en regressionsanalys, där riskpremierna RMRF, SMB och HML studeras. RMRF blev genomgående positivt signifikant medan varken SMB eller HML var särskilt relevanta för att förklara avkastningen. Resultatet tyder på att trefaktormodellen förklarar avkastningen i lika hög utsträckning som CAPM men eftersom trefaktormodellen använder ytterligare två variabler skulle modellen kunna betraktas som överflödig. Slutsatsen blir att en passiv investeringsstrategi, likt CAPM, är att föredra framför en aktiv investeringsstrategi som utgår ifrån Fama-Frenchs trefaktormodell.

The Greenland ice sheet develops throughout the year with the changing weather condi- tions. Precipitation contributes by increasing the mass, whilst warmth induces melting, which makes the ice sheet diminish. The term Surface Mass Balance (SMB) is used for the isolated gain (accumulation) and melting (ablation) of the surface of the ice sheet and is therefore important for understanding future rates of sea level rise. This study compares the modelled precipitation from Regional Climate Model (RCM) HIRHAM5 and the Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model HIRLAM 7.3 to assess the chal- lenges for RCMs and NWP models to accurately simulate accumulation rates on a local scale and the consequent impact on SMB uncertainty. It is concluded that HIRLAM 7.3 is an overall wetter model than HIRHAM5 for the studied region. One noticeable bias come from the different physiographic fields of orography, mountain like terrain, in the two models. It is also suggested that future studies should compare model output with observations to further assess model biases., En av klimatdebattens mest uppmärksammade effekter är höjningen av världshavens vattennivå. Det är svåra saker att beräkna, och framför allt glaciärers och inlandsisars avsmältning spelar en stor roll. Antarktis och Grönlands glaciärer och inlandsisar är dom största källorna till osäkerhet för framtida havsnivå höjningar. Isen på Grönland motsvarar ungefär 7.2 m havsnivå höjning globalt, om allt skulle smälta. En framtagen modell som beräknar ytans mass balans använder data från högupplösta modeller från det danska meteorologiska institutet (DMI) i Köpenhamn ihop med mätdata från automatiska väderstationer på Grönlands istäcke. Nederbörd bidrar med att tillföra massa medans stigande medeltemperaturer i Arktis inducerar smältning, som reducerar isen. I den här studien jämförs modellerad nederbörd mellan den numeriska väderprognosmod- ellen HIRLAM 7.3 och den högupplösta regionala klimatmodellen HIRHAM5, som båda används i uträkningarna av Grönlands istäckes mass balans. Detta för att identifiera skillnader och likheter som kan komma att spela en stor roll för utvecklingen av beräkningsmodeller av detta slag. Re- sultaten visar att HIRLAM 7.3 i genomsnitt är en våtare modell jämfört med klimatmodellen HIRHAM5, och simulerar både mer nederbörd och över större områden. Märkbara anledningar till den simulerade skillnaden i nederbörd mellan de två modellerna tros finnas i skillnader mellan deras parametrisering av strålningsscheman och topografin som används i modellerna. Framtida studier bör jämföra simulerad nederbörd från de båda modellerna med mätdata från Grönlands inlandsis.

The main goal of this thesis involves the development of a refined methodology to separate the mass change signals associated with glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) from those of surface ice/firn by exploiting the strengths of independent data sets, such as those from gravimetry, altimetry, climate data, and others. To achieve this, various research efforts were conducted addressing specific aspects of the methodology and subsequent data processing. This led to a number of new contributions to the topic, Physical and Space Geodesy

This study examines the long term relationship of risk premium and fundamental factors in emerging stock markets of China, India and Pakistan keeping in view leading contribution of Fama and French (1992) and Carhart (1997) models. Contrary to the macroeconomic multifactor models, this study incorporates firm-specific risk factors related to the market premium; size (SMB), value (HML), momentum (WML) and growth (UMD) as determinants of risk premium. The firm-specific growth factor is incorporated based on evidence from Ho, Strange, and Piesse (2008) by employing (UMD) which is based on assets to market equity of the firm. Sample of 1198 companies from the three emerging markets for the period of 2001-2013 depicts market risk premium as the leading factor affecting risk premium in Indian and the Pakistani markets. Results reveal market momentum being high enough to overestimate coefficients in the short run. However, the relationship is stabilized and adjusted in the long run. Chinese markets, where all the risk factors seem to play their role to determine risk premium, are relatively much stable and grown-up and clearly represent maturity of the Chinese markets. Distinction between the short run and long run might be useful for the investors of the three emerging economies. According to the principle of high risk associated with high returns, small value happens to deliver higher returns with higher volatility. The growth stocks outperform value stocks in these economies.

The Greenland ice sheet develops throughout the year with the changing weather condi- tions. Precipitation contributes by increasing the mass, whilst warmth induces melting, which makes the ice sheet diminish. The term Surface Mass Balance (SMB) is used for the isolated gain (accumulation) and melting (ablation) of the surface of the ice sheet and is therefore important for understanding future rates of sea level rise. This study compares the modelled precipitation from Regional Climate Model (RCM) HIRHAM5 and the Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model HIRLAM 7.3 to assess the chal- lenges for RCMs and NWP models to accurately simulate accumulation rates on a local scale and the consequent impact on SMB uncertainty. It is concluded that HIRLAM 7.3 is an overall wetter model than HIRHAM5 for the studied region. One noticeable bias come from the different physiographic fields of orography, mountain like terrain, in the two models. It is also suggested that future studies should compare model output with observations to further assess model biases., En av klimatdebattens mest uppmärksammade effekter är höjningen av världshavens vattennivå. Det är svåra saker att beräkna, och framför allt glaciärers och inlandsisars avsmältning spelar en stor roll. Antarktis och Grönlands glaciärer och inlandsisar är dom största källorna till osäkerhet för framtida havsnivå höjningar. Isen på Grönland motsvarar ungefär 7.2 m havsnivå höjning globalt, om allt skulle smälta. En framtagen modell som beräknar ytans mass balans använder data från högupplösta modeller från det danska meteorologiska institutet (DMI) i Köpenhamn ihop med mätdata från automatiska väderstationer på Grönlands istäcke. Nederbörd bidrar med att tillföra massa medans stigande medeltemperaturer i Arktis inducerar smältning, som reducerar isen. I den här studien jämförs modellerad nederbörd mellan den numeriska väderprognosmod- ellen HIRLAM 7.3 och den högupplösta regionala klimatmodellen HIRHAM5, som båda används i uträkningarna av Grönlands istäckes mass balans. Detta för att identifiera skillnader och likheter som kan komma att spela en stor roll för utvecklingen av beräkningsmodeller av detta slag. Re- sultaten visar att HIRLAM 7.3 i genomsnitt är en våtare modell jämfört med klimatmodellen HIRHAM5, och simulerar både mer nederbörd och över större områden. Märkbara anledningar till den simulerade skillnaden i nederbörd mellan de två modellerna tros finnas i skillnader mellan deras parametrisering av strålningsscheman och topografin som används i modellerna. Framtida studier bör jämföra simulerad nederbörd från de båda modellerna med mätdata från Grönlands inlandsis.

The aim of this thesis is to develop, test and evaluate a penalized basis spline as a method for representing the Standard Model background in dijet searches from proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider. Current representations of the Standard Model background are complex and dependent on current assumptions of the Standard Model. Using a P-spline is interesting because of its simplicity and independence from assumptions of the data. Its performance will be tested by fitting $p+p\rightarrow j+j$ generated events from MadGraph and ATLAS data with different penalization parameters of the spline. The test is evaluated using a $\chi^2$ goodness-of-fit test. The distribution of $\chi^2$ for 100 simulated dijet events peaked at 1, showing that the spline has no problem representing the Standard Model background. The spline can also perform a good fit on ATLAS data. This thesis concludes that the P-spline can represent the Standard Model background and perform a good fit on ATLAS data. To conclude that the P-spline can be used as a tool to aid particle searches, further research needs to be done where the P-spline is tested with signal injection., Test av ny metod för att hitta mörk materia partikeln Under mänsklighetens historia har vår förståelse av vad som är universums fundamentala byggstenar förändrats. Vi vet att nuvarande teori, standardmodellen, är inkomplett eftersom att den inte inkluderar gravitation, mörk materia med flera. Mörk materia kan inkluderas om dess partikel observeras. För att observera en ny partikel så subtraherar vi nuvarande teorier från våra observationer. Min forskning undersöker ifall interpoleringsmetoden ”p-spline” är bra på att representera nuvarande teori och ifall den har en potential att användas i framtida försök att hitta nya partiklar. I tusentals år trodde mänskligheten att universums fundamentala byggstenar var fyra element: jord, luft, vatten och eld. Det var först efter upptäckten av fosfor, år 1680, som denna modell rubbades och sedan dess har vår bild av vad som är fundamentalt förändrats genom åren. I dag förlitar vi oss på den så kallade standardmodellen som föreslogs 1970. Standardmodellen föreslår 12 materia partiklar, fyra kraftbärare och en Higgs partikel. Vi vet dock att modellen inte beskriver observationer såsom gravitation, mörk materia och mörk energi. Det är därför viktigt att inse att det finns oerhört mycket kvar att upptäcka bland universums fundamentala byggstenar, elementarpartiklarna. För att utveckla standardmodellen måste vi hitta förklaringar till fenomen så som mörk materia. Många forskare tror att detta kan göras genom att hitta partikeln som mörk materia består av. Oavsett ämnesområde så är en upptäckt något som skiljer sig från vad man tidigare trott. Likaså är en upptäckt i partikelfysik observationer/data som skiljer sig från tidigare teorier. Det är därför relativt enkelt att göra en upptäckt: samla in data, subtrahera vad nuvarande teorier förutsäger och se ifall det finns någon skillnad mellan de två. I partikelfysik kallas nuvarande teori för bakgrund, det är allt brus i mätningen och allt som vi redan vet. Min forskning har utvärdera

I den här uppsatsen testas Fama-Frenchs trefaktormodell och ”Capital Asset Pricing Model” för att jämföra vilken av modellerna som bäst förklarar avkastningen på OMX-Stockholmsbörsen. Aktiedata från ett urval av Large cap och Small cap aktier analyseras under åren 2010-2015. Hur väl modellerna fungerar avgörs med en regressionsanalys, där riskpremierna RMRF, SMB och HML studeras. RMRF blev genomgående positivt signifikant medan varken SMB eller HML var särskilt relevanta för att förklara avkastningen. Resultatet tyder på att trefaktormodellen förklarar avkastningen i lika hög utsträckning som CAPM men eftersom trefaktormodellen använder ytterligare två variabler skulle modellen kunna betraktas som överflödig. Slutsatsen blir att en passiv investeringsstrategi, likt CAPM, är att föredra framför en aktiv investeringsstrategi som utgår ifrån Fama-Frenchs trefaktormodell.

This study examines the long term relationship of risk premium and fundamental factors in emerging stock markets of China, India and Pakistan keeping in view leading contribution of Fama and French (1992) and Carhart (1997) models. Contrary to the macroeconomic multifactor models, this study incorporates firm-specific risk factors related to the market premium; size (SMB), value (HML), momentum (WML) and growth (UMD) as determinants of risk premium. The firm-specific growth factor is incorporated based on evidence from Ho, Strange, and Piesse (2008) by employing (UMD) which is based on assets to market equity of the firm. Sample of 1198 companies from the three emerging markets for the period of 2001-2013 depicts market risk premium as the leading factor affecting risk premium in Indian and the Pakistani markets. Results reveal market momentum being high enough to overestimate coefficients in the short run. However, the relationship is stabilized and adjusted in the long run. Chinese markets, where all the risk factors seem to play their role to determine risk premium, are relatively much stable and grown-up and clearly represent maturity of the Chinese markets. Distinction between the short run and long run might be useful for the investors of the three emerging economies. According to the principle of high risk associated with high returns, small value happens to deliver higher returns with higher volatility. The growth stocks outperform value stocks in these economies.

The main goal of this thesis involves the development of a refined methodology to separate the mass change signals associated with glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) from those of surface ice/firn by exploiting the strengths of independent data sets, such as those from gravimetry, altimetry, climate data, and others. To achieve this, various research efforts were conducted addressing specific aspects of the methodology and subsequent data processing. This led to a number of new contributions to the topic, Physical and Space Geodesy

Det är sedan länge känt att det finns en positiv korrelation mellan risk och avkastning. Investerare och bolag kan välja mellan flera olika prissättningsmodeller för att förutspå priset på en aktie. Forskare har, med den kända enfaktormodellen CAPM som utgångspunkt, utvecklat en modell som tar hänsyn till mer än bara marknadsfaktorn. Detta resulterade i framtagandet av Fama & French-trefaktormodellen (FF3) som även inkluderar storleksfaktorn SMB samt värdefaktorn HML. Syftet med studien är att utvärdera två prissättningsmodeller, CAPM och FF3, för att kunna bedöma deras prestanda vid värdering av förväntad avkastning. Tidigare forskning, inom området för nämnda modeller, berör ofta internationella marknader samt modellernas prestanda för portföljer. Vår studie utförs på utvalda enskilda svenska aktier inkluderade på Stockholmsbörsens Large Cap för januari år 2011 till december år 2015, genom att replikera tidigare forskning gjord av Bartholdy & Peare (2005). Utvalda bolag analyseras efter regressioner för modellerna för att kunna utvärdera dessa var för sig, samt för att se om FF3 har en högre justerad förklaringsgrad än CAPM för enskilda svenska aktier. Resultatet av studien visar att både CAPM och FF3 är applicerbara för utvalda enskilda svenska aktier. Ställs FF3 i förhållande till CAPM föreligger skillnad i justerad förklaringsgrad, dock är den ytterst marginell. Sammanfattningsvis bidrar studien med kunskapen om att CAPM och FF3 går att applicera på enskilda svenska aktier, men att det inte föreligger någon större skillnad i val av dessa två modeller., Investors and companies can choose between multiple pricing models to predict the price of shares. With the known one factor model CAPM, researchers have developed a model that consider more than just the market factor. This resulted in the creation of the Fama & French three factor model (FF3), which also includes the size factor SMB and the value factor HML. The purpose of the study is to evaluate two pricing models, CAPM and FF3, to assess their performance when evaluating expected returns. Previous research often deal with international markets and model performance of portfolios. We study selected individual Swedish shares for January 2011 to December 2015 by replicating previous research by Bartholdy & Peare (2005). Selected companies are analysed by regressions for the models to be able to evaluate these separately, and to see if FF3 has a higher degree of explanation than CAPM for individual Swedish shares. The result of the study shows that both CAPM and FF3 are applicable for selected individual Swedish shares. There is a difference in the adjusted degree of explanation between the models but it is marginal. In conclusion, the study contributes with the knowledge that CAPM and FF3 can be applied to individual Swedish shares, but there is no major difference in the choice of these two models.

This study examines the long term relationship of risk premium and fundamental factors in emerging stock markets of China, India and Pakistan keeping in view leading contribution of Fama and French (1992) and Carhart (1997) models. Contrary to the macroeconomic multifactor models, this study incorporates firm-specific risk factors related to the market premium; size (SMB), value (HML), momentum (WML) and growth (UMD) as determinants of risk premium. The firm-specific growth factor is incorporated based on evidence from Ho, Strange, and Piesse (2008) by employing (UMD) which is based on assets to market equity of the firm. Sample of 1198 companies from the three emerging markets for the period of 2001-2013 depicts market risk premium as the leading factor affecting risk premium in Indian and the Pakistani markets. Results reveal market momentum being high enough to overestimate coefficients in the short run. However, the relationship is stabilized and adjusted in the long run. Chinese markets, where all the risk factors seem to play their role to determine risk premium, are relatively much stable and grown-up and clearly represent maturity of the Chinese markets. Distinction between the short run and long run might be useful for the investors of the three emerging economies. According to the principle of high risk associated with high returns, small value happens to deliver higher returns with higher volatility. The growth stocks outperform value stocks in these economies.

In this thesis we have used a high-resolution regional atmospheric climate model (RACMO2.3) to simulate the present-day climate (1979-2014) of Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula. We have evaluated the model results with several observations, such as in situ surface energy balance (SEB) observations by automatic weather stations and stake measurements of surface mass balance (SMB). After a recent physics update within the model, we show that the model is now better capable of realistically simulating the complex climate of the Antarctic ice sheet than a previous version of the model. The most important update is the inclusion of a scheme that allows for super-saturation of ice clouds, leading to the transportation of more clouds into the interior of the continent. As a result, modelled snowfall rates and downwelling longwave radiation have increased, and the model better represents the SEB and the SMB in East Antarctica. We have specifically applied RACMO2.3 to the Antarctic Peninsula (AP). For this purpose, the model is for the first time used at a high spatial resolution of 5.5 km in order to accurately represent the complex AP topography. RACMO2.3 is coupled to a sophisticated firn densification model that calculates processes in the snowpack such as meltwater percolation, refreezing and runoff into the ocean. By a comparison with weather stations and weather balloons, we first show that the model is capable of simulating AP wind and temperature. Secondly, we present a high-resolution estimate of the climatological (1979-2014) SMB of the AP. We show that the model is capable of resolving the distinct differences in snowfall rates between the western AP (WAP) and the eastern AP. For instance, the WAP receives nearly 80% of all AP snowfall, including snowfall rates of up to 40 meter per year. When integrated over the AP including ice shelves (an area of 410000 km2), the model calculates an average SMB of 351 gigaton per year (with an interannual variab

[ES] Este trabajo presenta una solución de interconexión entre un sistema Windows, una aplicación Android y un dispositivo Chromecast. La aplicación desarrollada sirve de pasarela entre estos dos sistemas y responde a una limitación del desarrollo para Chromecast, sistema centrado en el navegador Chrome y Sistemas operativos móviles. La comunicación entre sistemas se realiza mediante el protocolo Server Message Block para Windows y utilizando el Kit de Desarrollo para Chromecast. Además de facilitar las conexiones entre sistemas, la aplicación actúa de reproductor y Galería multimedia dónde se pueden reproducir los contenidos o enviarlos al dispositivo Chromecast para su reproducción en un televisor con conexión HDMI., [EN] This issue presents a simple solution of interconnection between a Windows system, an Android App and a Chromecast device. The App works as a bridge between these two systems and responds a Chromecast development limitation, focused on Chrome Browser development and mobile systems. Communication between these two systems come true through Server Message Block protocol for Windows desktop systems and using Chromecast SDK provided by Google. In addition, the App can play all kind of multimedia elements such as video, music or images in its own players or create a session between the app and a Chromecast device in order to cast the elements through the home network into a Television.

[ES] Este trabajo presenta una solución de interconexión entre un sistema Windows, una aplicación Android y un dispositivo Chromecast. La aplicación desarrollada sirve de pasarela entre estos dos sistemas y responde a una limitación del desarrollo para Chromecast, sistema centrado en el navegador Chrome y Sistemas operativos móviles. La comunicación entre sistemas se realiza mediante el protocolo Server Message Block para Windows y utilizando el Kit de Desarrollo para Chromecast. Además de facilitar las conexiones entre sistemas, la aplicación actúa de reproductor y Galería multimedia dónde se pueden reproducir los contenidos o enviarlos al dispositivo Chromecast para su reproducción en un televisor con conexión HDMI., [EN] This issue presents a simple solution of interconnection between a Windows system, an Android App and a Chromecast device. The App works as a bridge between these two systems and responds a Chromecast development limitation, focused on Chrome Browser development and mobile systems. Communication between these two systems come true through Server Message Block protocol for Windows desktop systems and using Chromecast SDK provided by Google. In addition, the App can play all kind of multimedia elements such as video, music or images in its own players or create a session between the app and a Chromecast device in order to cast the elements through the home network into a Television.

Obsahem této práce je zmapování uplatnění nástrojů eGovernmentu v organizacích mimo veřejnou správu s důrazem na komunikaci malých a středních firem ve vztahu firma - eGovernment pomocí různých komunikačních nástrojů. Pro účely zmapování nástrojů eGovernmentu byly vytvořeny modely jednotlivých nástrojů a modely využití různých komunikačních kanálů s vazbou na konkrétní legislativou požadované agendy. Navržené modely a postupy byly verifikovány na konkrétním informačním systému., The content of this work is to map the eGovernment tools application in organizations out of public authority with emphasis on small and medium companies communication in relation to company - eGovernment using different communication tools. Models of particular tools and models of different communication channels usage linked to specific legislative of required agenda were created to map the eGovernment tools. The designed models and procedures were verified on particular information system., Fakulta ekonomicko-správní

Using an international Thomson Reuters Datastream database, where size coverage is unusually wide and data errors have been reduced to a low level, we show that some specification decisions, and especially those related to size, may have a significant impact on asset-pricing test results. We also show that, in data with wider coverage with respect to size, the Fama and French factor portfolios need to be adjusted and their number increased. Specifically, (i) standard asset-pricing models leave pricing errors for the 10% smallest stocks, and (ii) two additional risk factors (i.e. one micro-stock factor and one extreme book-to-market factor) are needed to capture this mispricing. This holds both in USA and international data. Further research is needed to measure the separate relevance of the possible economic interpretations and to identify more economic explanations for the additional risks associated with the smallest stocks., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Using an international Thomson Reuters Datastream database, where size coverage is unusually wide and data errors have been reduced to a low level, we show that some specification decisions, and especially those related to size, may have a significant impact on asset-pricing test results. We also show that, in data with wider coverage with respect to size, the Fama and French factor portfolios need to be adjusted and their number increased. Specifically, (i) standard asset-pricing models leave pricing errors for the 10% smallest stocks, and (ii) two additional risk factors (i.e. one micro-stock factor and one extreme book-to-market factor) are needed to capture this mispricing. This holds both in USA and international data. Further research is needed to measure the separate relevance of the possible economic interpretations and to identify more economic explanations for the additional risks associated with the smallest stocks., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Bakalářská práce se věnuje konfiguraci síťových protokolů. Cílem práce je provést instalaci a následně konfiguraci Linuxového serveru, který slouží pro sdílení dat klientům. Teoretická část se zabývá tématikou síťových protokolů, síťových disků. Dále pojednává o datovém úložišti na síti a vytváření velkých souborových systémů. Praktická část zahrnuje instalaci a konfiguraci NAS v Linuxovém (Unix) prostředí, dále konfiguraci protokolů NFS a SMB, implementaci podpory iSCSI a návrh zabezpečení. Závěrečná část řeší nejvhodnější alternativu power managementu., This Bachelor Thesis focuses on the configuration of network protocols. The target of the thesis is to execute the installation and configuration of Linux server that is used for clients? data sharing. The theoretical part deals with the theme of network protocols and network disks. Furthermore it concerns data network attached storage and creation of great file systems. The practical part includes the NAS installation and configuration in Linux environment, then NFS and SMB configuration, implementation of iSCSI support and the proposal of security. The final part solves the problem of power management., Ústav bezpečnostního inženýrství, obhájeno

Examensarbetet behandlar en jämförelse av Server Message Block 3.0 och föregångaren 2.1 i ett befintligt nätverk. Jämförelsen utfördes i fyra laborationsmiljöer bestående av fyra operativsystem: Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2012, Windows 7 ochWindows 8. Sammanlagt har fyra tester utförts: Förstudie, Test 1, Test 2 och Test 3. Förstudien utfördes för att testa nätverksprestanda mellan två datorer. De andra testerna satte SMB 2.1 och SMB 3.0 på prov. I Test 1 ansågs SMB 3.0 prestera sämre än SMB 2.1, för att bekräfta resultaten kontaktades Jose Barreto på Microsoft. Barreto påstod att programvarorna Windows Defender och Windows Firewall kunde ge upphov till störningar och prestandaminskningar. Test 2 och Test 3 utfördes därför med tidigare nämnda programvaror avaktiverade. Resultaten var som tidigare varierande men kan mycket väl bero på andra faktorer som exempelvis dåligt uppdaterade nätverkskortsdrivrutiner., The dissertation addresses the comparison of Server Message Block 3.0 and its predecessor SMB 2.1 on an existing network. The comparison was performed in four laboratory environments consisting of four operating systems: Windows Server 2008R2, Windows Server 2012, Windows 7 and Windows 8. A total of four tests were performed: Feasibility Study, Test 1, Test 2 and Test 3. The feasibility study was conducted to test the network performance between two computers while the other tests put SMB 2.1 and 3.0 to the test. In Test 1 SMB 3.0 was considered to underperform in difference to SMB 2.1, to confirm the results Jose Barreto at Microsoft were contacted. Barreto stated that the two software applications Windows Defender and Windows Firewall could cause interference and performance reductions. Test 2 and Test 3 was therefore performed with the previously mentioned software disabled. The results were as previously varied but may well be due to other factors such as poorly updated network card drivers.

Syfte: Att fastställa huruvida Market-to-Book och/eller storlek kan förklara överavkastningar hos aktier noterade på Nasdaq OMX Nordic Stockholm. Metod: Användning av t-test och regressionsanalys för att fastställa parametrarnas inverkan på överavkastningar. Slutsats: Överavkastningar kan förklaras med hjälp av både storlek och M/B men sambandet mellan M/B och överavkastningar är svagare., Purpose: To determine whether Market-to-Book and/or size can explain excess returns among stocks listed on Nasdaq OMX Nordic Stockholm. Method: Using t-test and regression analysis to determine the parameters’ contribution to excess returns. Conclusion: Excess returns can be explained with both size and M/B but the relation between M/B and excess returns is weaker.

Syfte: Att fastställa huruvida Market-to-Book och/eller storlek kan förklara överavkastningar hos aktier noterade på Nasdaq OMX Nordic Stockholm. Metod: Användning av t-test och regressionsanalys för att fastställa parametrarnas inverkan på överavkastningar. Slutsats: Överavkastningar kan förklaras med hjälp av både storlek och M/B men sambandet mellan M/B och överavkastningar är svagare., Purpose: To determine whether Market-to-Book and/or size can explain excess returns among stocks listed on Nasdaq OMX Nordic Stockholm. Method: Using t-test and regression analysis to determine the parameters’ contribution to excess returns. Conclusion: Excess returns can be explained with both size and M/B but the relation between M/B and excess returns is weaker.

Examensarbetet behandlar en jämförelse av Server Message Block 3.0 och föregångaren 2.1 i ett befintligt nätverk. Jämförelsen utfördes i fyra laborationsmiljöer bestående av fyra operativsystem: Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2012, Windows 7 ochWindows 8. Sammanlagt har fyra tester utförts: Förstudie, Test 1, Test 2 och Test 3. Förstudien utfördes för att testa nätverksprestanda mellan två datorer. De andra testerna satte SMB 2.1 och SMB 3.0 på prov. I Test 1 ansågs SMB 3.0 prestera sämre än SMB 2.1, för att bekräfta resultaten kontaktades Jose Barreto på Microsoft. Barreto påstod att programvarorna Windows Defender och Windows Firewall kunde ge upphov till störningar och prestandaminskningar. Test 2 och Test 3 utfördes därför med tidigare nämnda programvaror avaktiverade. Resultaten var som tidigare varierande men kan mycket väl bero på andra faktorer som exempelvis dåligt uppdaterade nätverkskortsdrivrutiner., The dissertation addresses the comparison of Server Message Block 3.0 and its predecessor SMB 2.1 on an existing network. The comparison was performed in four laboratory environments consisting of four operating systems: Windows Server 2008R2, Windows Server 2012, Windows 7 and Windows 8. A total of four tests were performed: Feasibility Study, Test 1, Test 2 and Test 3. The feasibility study was conducted to test the network performance between two computers while the other tests put SMB 2.1 and 3.0 to the test. In Test 1 SMB 3.0 was considered to underperform in difference to SMB 2.1, to confirm the results Jose Barreto at Microsoft were contacted. Barreto stated that the two software applications Windows Defender and Windows Firewall could cause interference and performance reductions. Test 2 and Test 3 was therefore performed with the previously mentioned software disabled. The results were as previously varied but may well be due to other factors such as poorly updated network card drivers.

The fund market has grown substantially during the past decades and the majority of Swedish citizens are invested in funds directly or through pension savings. There is mixed evidence on the performance of Swedish equity funds depending on the method employed and the time period studied. In this study, we set out to estimate abnormal performance using acknowledged methods during a time-period that is both longer and more recent than previous studies. Our sample is survivorship-free and consists of 150 mutual equity funds during January 1993 to December 2011. We use a four-factor model to estimate abnormal performance compared to an index and additional risk factors. We find that the average performance is neutral net of costs and that funds outperform with 1.7 percent before costs, the difference is approximately the average management fee. Over time, we find that the average abnormal performance and the share of funds that have significant outperformance have decreased while the share of significant underperformance has increased. Since the study of fund performance started in the 1960's the twin questions has been; does funds outperform the market and is this a result of pure chance or are managers skilled? Since we observe funds with significant positive and negative abnormal performance, we want to know if the results can attributed to luck or skill. We employ the latest technique, a bootstrap simulation, to test for skill or luck. This is the first study to employ the bootstrap to distinguish skill from luck in sample of Swedish funds. By ranking funds on performance after costs, we find that the performance of the majority of funds can be attributed to skill or "bad skill". The evidence is strongest in the top 95th percentile and above, and from the bottom 50th percentile and below.

The fund market has grown substantially during the past decades and the majority of Swedish citizens are invested in funds directly or through pension savings. There is mixed evidence on the performance of Swedish equity funds depending on the method employed and the time period studied. In this study, we set out to estimate abnormal performance using acknowledged methods during a time-period that is both longer and more recent than previous studies. Our sample is survivorship-free and consists of 150 mutual equity funds during January 1993 to December 2011. We use a four-factor model to estimate abnormal performance compared to an index and additional risk factors. We find that the average performance is neutral net of costs and that funds outperform with 1.7 percent before costs, the difference is approximately the average management fee. Over time, we find that the average abnormal performance and the share of funds that have significant outperformance have decreased while the share of significant underperformance has increased. Since the study of fund performance started in the 1960's the twin questions has been; does funds outperform the market and is this a result of pure chance or are managers skilled? Since we observe funds with significant positive and negative abnormal performance, we want to know if the results can attributed to luck or skill. We employ the latest technique, a bootstrap simulation, to test for skill or luck. This is the first study to employ the bootstrap to distinguish skill from luck in sample of Swedish funds. By ranking funds on performance after costs, we find that the performance of the majority of funds can be attributed to skill or "bad skill". The evidence is strongest in the top 95th percentile and above, and from the bottom 50th percentile and below.

The growth variable has been studied from various approaches for small businesses in the engineering sector, thus the growth in sales is a variable that can be predicted through arrangements of a statistical nature. The results expressed here are from a sample of 109 companies from different sectors and different size characteristics. The main statistical method used was Regression Analysis, and in order to carry this out, six variables were introduced to the factors of Competitiveness composed by technology information, innovation, commercial efforts, human resources, quality and technology (with sales as a dependent variable). The results showed that the variables of human resources and quality have a low specific weight, in addition that innovation is not more important than commercial efforts, instead the two variables produce synergy and is reflected in the sales concept., La variable crecimiento se ha estudiado desde diversos enfoques; para las PYMES de diferentes ramas económicas, el crecimiento en ventas es una variable que se puede predecir bajo mecanismos de naturaleza estadística. Los resultados aquí expresados provienen de una muestra de 109 empresas de diferentes sectores y características de tamaño diferente; el principal método estadístico utilizado fue el Análisis de Regresión, y para llevarlo a cabo se introdujeron seis variables compuestas para los factores de competitividad: tecnologías de información, innovación, esfuerzos comerciales, recursos humanos, calidad y tecnología, con la variable ventas como elemento dependiente. Lo anterior dio como resultado que las variables de Recursos Humanos y calidad tienen un peso específico reducido, además de que no resulta más importante la innovación que los esfuerzos comerciales, sino que en realidad los dos producen sinergia y se ve reflejado en el concepto de ventas.

The growth variable has been studied from various approaches for small businesses in the engineering sector, thus the growth in sales is a variable that can be predicted through arrangements of a statistical nature. The results expressed here are from a sample of 109 companies from different sectors and different size characteristics. The main statistical method used was Regression Analysis, and in order to carry this out, six variables were introduced to the factors of Competitiveness composed by technology information, innovation, commercial efforts, human resources, quality and technology (with sales as a dependent variable). The results showed that the variables of human resources and quality have a low specific weight, in addition that innovation is not more important than commercial efforts, instead the two variables produce synergy and is reflected in the sales concept., La variable crecimiento se ha estudiado desde diversos enfoques; para las PYMES de diferentes ramas económicas, el crecimiento en ventas es una variable que se puede predecir bajo mecanismos de naturaleza estadística. Los resultados aquí expresados provienen de una muestra de 109 empresas de diferentes sectores y características de tamaño diferente; el principal método estadístico utilizado fue el Análisis de Regresión, y para llevarlo a cabo se introdujeron seis variables compuestas para los factores de competitividad: tecnologías de información, innovación, esfuerzos comerciales, recursos humanos, calidad y tecnología, con la variable ventas como elemento dependiente. Lo anterior dio como resultado que las variables de Recursos Humanos y calidad tienen un peso específico reducido, además de que no resulta más importante la innovación que los esfuerzos comerciales, sino que en realidad los dos producen sinergia y se ve reflejado en el concepto de ventas.

Land use change constitutes a primary driving force in shaping social-ecological systems world wide, and its effects reach far beyond the directly impacted areas. Graph based landscape ecological tools have become established as a promising way to efficiently explore and analyze the complex, spatial systems dynamics of ecological networks in physical landscapes. However, little attention has been paid to making these approaches operational within ecological assessments, physical planning, and design. This thesis presents a network based, landscape-ecological tool that can be implemented for effective use by practitioners within physical planning and design, and ecological assessments related to these activities. The tool is based on an ecological profile system, a common generalized network model of the ecological infrastructure, graph theoretic metrics, and a spatially explicit, geographically defined representation, deployable in a GIS. Graph theoretic metrics and analysis techniques are able to capture the spatio-temporal dynamics of complex systems, and the generalized network model places the graph theoretic toolbox in a geographically defined landscape. This provides completely new insights for physical planning, and environmental assessment activities. The design of the model is based on the experience gained through seven real-world cases, commissioned by different governmental organizations within Stockholm County. A participatory approach was used in these case studies, involving stakeholders of different backgrounds, in which the tool proved to be flexible and effective in the communication and negotiation of indicators, targets, and impacts. In addition to successful impact predictions for alternative planning scenarios, the tool was able to highlight critical ecological structures within the landscape, both from a system-centric, and a site-centric perspective. In already being deployed and used in planning, assessments, inventories, and monitoring by s

Land use change constitutes a primary driving force in shaping social-ecological systems world wide, and its effects reach far beyond the directly impacted areas. Graph based landscape ecological tools have become established as a promising way to efficiently explore and analyze the complex, spatial systems dynamics of ecological networks in physical landscapes. However, little attention has been paid to making these approaches operational within ecological assessments, physical planning, and design. This thesis presents a network based, landscape-ecological tool that can be implemented for effective use by practitioners within physical planning and design, and ecological assessments related to these activities. The tool is based on an ecological profile system, a common generalized network model of the ecological infrastructure, graph theoretic metrics, and a spatially explicit, geographically defined representation, deployable in a GIS. Graph theoretic metrics and analysis techniques are able to capture the spatio-temporal dynamics of complex systems, and the generalized network model places the graph theoretic toolbox in a geographically defined landscape. This provides completely new insights for physical planning, and environmental assessment activities. The design of the model is based on the experience gained through seven real-world cases, commissioned by different governmental organizations within Stockholm County. A participatory approach was used in these case studies, involving stakeholders of different backgrounds, in which the tool proved to be flexible and effective in the communication and negotiation of indicators, targets, and impacts. In addition to successful impact predictions for alternative planning scenarios, the tool was able to highlight critical ecological structures within the landscape, both from a system-centric, and a site-centric perspective. In already being deployed and used in planning, assessments, inventories, and monitoring by s

Detta arbete handlar om nätverksfilsystemsprotokollen SMB/CIFS, SMB2 och NFSv3. Arbetet baseras på artikeln ”A New Network File System is Born: Comparison of SMB2, CIFS, and NFS” som skrivits av Steven M. French på IBM, Samba Team. I den artikeln saknas det prestandatester och därför känns det relevant att göra prestandatester för att få fram vilket protokoll som har högst hastighet med olika filstorlekar i Windowsmiljö. Dessa tester utfördes mellan två Dell PowerEdge 2900 servar där den första agerade som klient och den andra som filserver. Testerna utfördes en gång utan nätverksfördröjningar (även kallat latens/latency) och en gång med. Detta resulterade i att vi fick stora skillnader i hur snabba protokollen är med och utan nätverksfördröjningar., This essay is about the networkfilesystem protocols SMB/CIFS, SMB2 and NFSv3. The work is based on the article ”A New Network File System is Born: Comparison of SMB2, CIFS, and NFS” which is written by Steven M. French at IBM, Samba Team. In the article there are no performance tests, we found it relevant to do performance tests to see which networkfilesystem protocol was the fastest with different filesizes in a Windows client environment. These tests were performed between two Dell PowerEdge 2900 servers where one of them was acting client and the other one fileserver. The tests were done once without network latency and once with. This resulted in that we got differences in how fast the protocols were with and without network latency.

Detta arbete handlar om nätverksfilsystemsprotokollen SMB/CIFS, SMB2 och NFSv3. Arbetet baseras på artikeln ”A New Network File System is Born: Comparison of SMB2, CIFS, and NFS” som skrivits av Steven M. French på IBM, Samba Team. I den artikeln saknas det prestandatester och därför känns det relevant att göra prestandatester för att få fram vilket protokoll som har högst hastighet med olika filstorlekar i Windowsmiljö. Dessa tester utfördes mellan två Dell PowerEdge 2900 servar där den första agerade som klient och den andra som filserver. Testerna utfördes en gång utan nätverksfördröjningar (även kallat latens/latency) och en gång med. Detta resulterade i att vi fick stora skillnader i hur snabba protokollen är med och utan nätverksfördröjningar., This essay is about the networkfilesystem protocols SMB/CIFS, SMB2 and NFSv3. The work is based on the article ”A New Network File System is Born: Comparison of SMB2, CIFS, and NFS” which is written by Steven M. French at IBM, Samba Team. In the article there are no performance tests, we found it relevant to do performance tests to see which networkfilesystem protocol was the fastest with different filesizes in a Windows client environment. These tests were performed between two Dell PowerEdge 2900 servers where one of them was acting client and the other one fileserver. The tests were done once without network latency and once with. This resulted in that we got differences in how fast the protocols were with and without network latency.

Land use change constitutes a primary driving force in shaping social-ecological systems world wide, and its effects reach far beyond the directly impacted areas. Graph based landscape ecological tools have become established as a promising way to efficiently explore and analyze the complex, spatial systems dynamics of ecological networks in physical landscapes. However, little attention has been paid to making these approaches operational within ecological assessments, physical planning, and design. This thesis presents a network based, landscape-ecological tool that can be implemented for effective use by practitioners within physical planning and design, and ecological assessments related to these activities. The tool is based on an ecological profile system, a common generalized network model of the ecological infrastructure, graph theoretic metrics, and a spatially explicit, geographically defined representation, deployable in a GIS. Graph theoretic metrics and analysis techniques are able to capture the spatio-temporal dynamics of complex systems, and the generalized network model places the graph theoretic toolbox in a geographically defined landscape. This provides completely new insights for physical planning, and environmental assessment activities. The design of the model is based on the experience gained through seven real-world cases, commissioned by different governmental organizations within Stockholm County. A participatory approach was used in these case studies, involving stakeholders of different backgrounds, in which the tool proved to be flexible and effective in the communication and negotiation of indicators, targets, and impacts. In addition to successful impact predictions for alternative planning scenarios, the tool was able to highlight critical ecological structures within the landscape, both from a system-centric, and a site-centric perspective. In already being deployed and used in planning, assessments, inventories, and monitoring by s

Land use change constitutes a primary driving force in shaping social-ecological systems world wide, and its effects reach far beyond the directly impacted areas. Graph based landscape ecological tools have become established as a promising way to efficiently explore and analyze the complex, spatial systems dynamics of ecological networks in physical landscapes. However, little attention has been paid to making these approaches operational within ecological assessments, physical planning, and design. This thesis presents a network based, landscape-ecological tool that can be implemented for effective use by practitioners within physical planning and design, and ecological assessments related to these activities. The tool is based on an ecological profile system, a common generalized network model of the ecological infrastructure, graph theoretic metrics, and a spatially explicit, geographically defined representation, deployable in a GIS. Graph theoretic metrics and analysis techniques are able to capture the spatio-temporal dynamics of complex systems, and the generalized network model places the graph theoretic toolbox in a geographically defined landscape. This provides completely new insights for physical planning, and environmental assessment activities. The design of the model is based on the experience gained through seven real-world cases, commissioned by different governmental organizations within Stockholm County. A participatory approach was used in these case studies, involving stakeholders of different backgrounds, in which the tool proved to be flexible and effective in the communication and negotiation of indicators, targets, and impacts. In addition to successful impact predictions for alternative planning scenarios, the tool was able to highlight critical ecological structures within the landscape, both from a system-centric, and a site-centric perspective. In already being deployed and used in planning, assessments, inventories, and monitoring by s

Land use change constitutes a primary driving force in shaping social-ecological systems world wide, and its effects reach far beyond the directly impacted areas. Graph based landscape ecological tools have become established as a promising way to efficiently explore and analyze the complex, spatial systems dynamics of ecological networks in physical landscapes. However, little attention has been paid to making these approaches operational within ecological assessments, physical planning, and design. This thesis presents a network based, landscape-ecological tool that can be implemented for effective use by practitioners within physical planning and design, and ecological assessments related to these activities. The tool is based on an ecological profile system, a common generalized network model of the ecological infrastructure, graph theoretic metrics, and a spatially explicit, geographically defined representation, deployable in a GIS. Graph theoretic metrics and analysis techniques are able to capture the spatio-temporal dynamics of complex systems, and the generalized network model places the graph theoretic toolbox in a geographically defined landscape. This provides completely new insights for physical planning, and environmental assessment activities. The design of the model is based on the experience gained through seven real-world cases, commissioned by different governmental organizations within Stockholm County. A participatory approach was used in these case studies, involving stakeholders of different backgrounds, in which the tool proved to be flexible and effective in the communication and negotiation of indicators, targets, and impacts. In addition to successful impact predictions for alternative planning scenarios, the tool was able to highlight critical ecological structures within the landscape, both from a system-centric, and a site-centric perspective. In already being deployed and used in planning, assessments, inventories, and monitoring by s