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This study investigates the consequences of unsustainable groundwater extraction in the Kabodarahang plain, a region significantly impacted by geohazards, such as land subsidence and sinkhole formation due to excessive groundwater use for agricultural and industrial activities. Over 32 years (1990–2022), a dramatic decrease in groundwater levels by approximately ~41 m has been observed, leading to notable geohazards. Employing radar interferometry techniques with Sentinel-1 satellite radar imagery and the Sentinel Application Platform (SNAP) tool, complemented by field data, this research aims to quantify the rate of subsidence and evaluate the associated risks, particularly in urban and residential zones. Findings from 2017 to 2018 indicate a subsidence rate of 14.5 cm, predominantly in urban areas, thereby elevating the risk of this geohazard. The results underscore the critical need for sustainable groundwater management policies and practices. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of radar interferometry in monitoring subsidence in the Kabodarahang plain and suggests that integrating such techniques with field surveys and satellite data can enhance the detection and management of risks related to unsustainable groundwater usage. This research contributes to the understanding of the impacts of groundwater depletion on geohazards and supports the development of strategies for sustainable groundwater use to mitigate such risks.

The endorheic Konya Basin is a vast aggradational plain in Central Anatolia, Türkiye. It occupies a significant portion of Konya Province, covering approximately 50,000 km2. The basin is subjected to intense groundwater withdrawal and extensive agricultural activities with excessive irrigation. These activities have led to human-induced hazards, such as sinkholes and regional land subsidence. Although sinkhole occurrence mainly occurs in the Karapınar area, land subsidence is primarily observed in the central sector of Konya city, with 2 million inhabitants, as well as in various parts of the basin. This study focuses on determining the extent and rate of land subsidence throughout the basin, understanding sinkhole formation, and unraveling their relationship with anthropogenic activities. For this purpose, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) analysis of Sentinel-1 data from 2014 to 2022 was conducted to identify and assess land subsidence. We also used the land cover data and groundwater-level information to better understand the spatial and temporal patterns of land subsidence and sinkhole occurrence. Additionally, the land cover data were used to resolve spatial–temporal variations in the cultivated area and urbanization, which are the main factors governing groundwater exploitation in the region. Our study identified widespread subsidence zones with rates as high as 90 mm/y. Groundwater overexploitation to sustain extensive agricultural operations is the main cause of the high rate of land subsidence. Additionally, it was discovered that the number of sinkholes has substantially increased due to anthropogenic influences, currently amounting to as many as 660.

This paper proposes a novel multimodal deep weakly-supervised learning framework, SinkholeNet, to classify and localize sinkhole(s) in high-resolution RGB-slope aerial images. The SinkholeNet first employs a multimodal Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture that simultaneously extracts features from the input RGB image and ground slope map and then fuses the extracted features. It then uses an improved ShuffleNet architecture on the fused features to classify patches as sinkholes or non-sinkholes. Finally, the last extracted feature maps, belonging to the sinkhole class, are used as input of gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) to localize sinkhole(s) in a weakly-supervised setting. The proposed weakly-supervised framework intends to increase the available labeled data for training and decrease the cost of human annotation. We also introduce a novel publicly available weakly labeled sinkhole dataset comprising RGB-slope paired image patches to support reproducible research. The experimental results on the newly introduced dataset show that the SinkholeNet outperforms the other methods considered in this paper both for sinkhole classification and localization. © 2023 National Authority of Remote Sensing & Space Science

This paper proposes a novel multimodal deep weakly-supervised learning framework, SinkholeNet, to classify and localize sinkhole(s) in high-resolution RGB-slope aerial images. The SinkholeNet first employs a multimodal Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture that simultaneously extracts features from the input RGB image and ground slope map and then fuses the extracted features. It then uses an improved ShuffleNet architecture on the fused features to classify patches as sinkholes or non-sinkholes. Finally, the last extracted feature maps, belonging to the sinkhole class, are used as input of gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) to localize sinkhole(s) in a weakly-supervised setting. The proposed weakly-supervised framework intends to increase the available labeled data for training and decrease the cost of human annotation. We also introduce a novel publicly available weakly labeled sinkhole dataset comprising RGB-slope paired image patches to support reproducible research. The experimental results on the newly introduced dataset show that the SinkholeNet outperforms the other methods considered in this paper both for sinkhole classification and localization. © 2023 National Authority of Remote Sensing & Space Science

This paper proposes a novel multimodal deep weakly-supervised learning framework, SinkholeNet, to classify and localize sinkhole(s) in high-resolution RGB-slope aerial images. The SinkholeNet first employs a multimodal Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture that simultaneously extracts features from the input RGB image and ground slope map and then fuses the extracted features. It then uses an improved ShuffleNet architecture on the fused features to classify patches as sinkholes or non-sinkholes. Finally, the last extracted feature maps, belonging to the sinkhole class, are used as input of gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) to localize sinkhole(s) in a weakly-supervised setting. The proposed weakly-supervised framework intends to increase the available labeled data for training and decrease the cost of human annotation. We also introduce a novel publicly available weakly labeled sinkhole dataset comprising RGB-slope paired image patches to support reproducible research. The experimental results on the newly introduced dataset show that the SinkholeNet outperforms the other methods considered in this paper both for sinkhole classification and localization. © 2023 National Authority of Remote Sensing & Space Science

This paper proposes a novel multimodal deep weakly-supervised learning framework, SinkholeNet, to classify and localize sinkhole(s) in high-resolution RGB-slope aerial images. The SinkholeNet first employs a multimodal Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture that simultaneously extracts features from the input RGB image and ground slope map and then fuses the extracted features. It then uses an improved ShuffleNet architecture on the fused features to classify patches as sinkholes or non-sinkholes. Finally, the last extracted feature maps, belonging to the sinkhole class, are used as input of gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) to localize sinkhole(s) in a weakly-supervised setting. The proposed weakly-supervised framework intends to increase the available labeled data for training and decrease the cost of human annotation. We also introduce a novel publicly available weakly labeled sinkhole dataset comprising RGB-slope paired image patches to support reproducible research. The experimental results on the newly introduced dataset show that the SinkholeNet outperforms the other methods considered in this paper both for sinkhole classification and localization. © 2023 National Authority of Remote Sensing & Space Science

Objetivo: Evaluar y valorar sitios de interés geológico mediante el planteamiento de georrutas turísticas asociadas a geoformas kársticas (dolinas) para luego proponerlas en el proyecto Global Geosites de la Unión Internacional de Ciencias Geológicas (IUGS, por su sigla en inglés). Recomendar futuros estudios en la temática exokárstica, ya que la información es muy escasa, lo cual contribuiría a un mejor desarrollo turístico del departamento de Malargüe. Metodología: La metodología aquí aplicada se abordó a partir del estudio de las geoformas kársticas mediante un exhaustivo trabajo de interpretación de imágenes satelitales y posterior control de campaña. Además, se desarrolló una valoración sobre la base de trabajos previos (Panizza y Piacente 1993, Reynard, Fontana, Kozlik y Scapozza, 2007; Pereira, Pereira y Caetano-Alves, 2007; Zouros, 2007; Coratza, Galve, Soldati y Tonelli, 2012) y se basó en tres conjuntos de valores: valor científico, valor adicional y valor de uso. Resultados: La dolina N.° 6 (laguna de La Niña Encantada) fue la que obtuvo mayor puntuación total, siendo casi perfecta; con valoraciones máximas en casi todos los criterios. Conclusiones: Los datos obtenidos a partir de la valoración sugiere que la primer georruta propuesta, ubicada al norte del área de estudio, comprendida por las dolinas N.° 1 a N.° 7, es la más propicia para la determinación de geositios. La valoración más alta de esta georruta fue de 9 puntos, laguna de La Niña Encantada, un registro casi perfecto en todos los criterios de clasificación. Financiamiento: Departamento de Geología, Universidad Nacional de San Juan.

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology 36(7), (2021): e2020PA004184, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA004184., Meridional shifts of the North Atlantic Subtropical High (NASH) western edge create a dipole that drives hydroclimate variability in the southeastern United States and Caribbean region. Southwest displacements suppress rainfall in the southern Caribbean. Northwest displacements drive southeast United States and northern Caribbean drying. Projections for the 21st century suggest a more meridionally displaced NASH, which jeopardizes Caribbean island communities dependent on rain-fed aquifers. While recent work indicates that Atlantic and Pacific Ocean-atmosphere variability influenced the NASH during the instrumental period, little is known about NASH behavior and subsequent hydroclimate responses over longer timescales. To address this limitation, we developed a ∼6000-years long rainfall record through the analysis of calcite raft deposits archived within sediments from a coastal sinkhole in the northeast Bahamas (Abaco Island). Increased (decreased) calcite raft deposition provides evidence for increased (decreased) rainfall driven by NASH variability. We use simulations from the Community Earth System Model to support this interpretation. These simulations improve our understanding of NASH behavior on timescales congruous with the reconstruction and suggest an important role for the state of the Pacific Ocean. Furthermore, model simulations and a compilation of regional hydroclimate reconstructions reveal that the NASH-driven dipole dominates northern and southern Caribbean rainfall on centennial timescales. These results bring Holocene Caribbean hydroclimate variability into sharper focus while providing important context for present and future changes to regional climate. Additionally, this study highlights the need for improved future predictions of the state of the Pacific Ocean to best inform water scarcity mitigation strategies for at-risk Caribbean communities., This research was supported by the Texas A&M University CTE Montague Scholar Fund, the Geological Society of America Graduate Student Research Grant Program (EAR-1712071), and grants to Peter J. van Hengstum (OCE-1356509, EAR-1833117, EAR-1703087) and Jeffrey P. Donnelly (EAR-1702946) from the National Science Foundation., 2022-01-05

Meridional shifts of the North Atlantic Subtropical High (NASH) western edge create a dipole that drives hydroclimate variability in the southeastern United States and Caribbean region. Southwest displacements suppress rainfall in the southern Caribbean. Northwest displacements drive southeast United States and northern Caribbean drying. Projections for the 21st century suggest a more meridionally displaced NASH, which jeopardizes Caribbean island communities dependent on rain-fed aquifers. While recent work indicates that Atlantic and Pacific Ocean-atmosphere variability influenced the NASH during the instrumental period, little is known about NASH behavior and subsequent hydroclimate responses over longer timescales. To address this limitation, we developed a ∼6000-years long rainfall record through the analysis of calcite raft deposits archived within sediments from a coastal sinkhole in the northeast Bahamas (Abaco Island). Increased (decreased) calcite raft deposition provides evidence for increased (decreased) rainfall driven by NASH variability. We use simulations from the Community Earth System Model to support this interpretation. These simulations improve our understanding of NASH behavior on timescales congruous with the reconstruction and suggest an important role for the state of the Pacific Ocean. Furthermore, model simulations and a compilation of regional hydroclimate reconstructions reveal that the NASH-driven dipole dominates northern and southern Caribbean rainfall on centennial timescales. These results bring Holocene Caribbean hydroclimate variability into sharper focus while providing important context for present and future changes to regional climate. Additionally, this study highlights the need for improved future predictions of the state of the Pacific Ocean to best inform water scarcity mitigation strategies for at-risk Caribbean communities.

Objetivo: Evaluar y valorar sitios de interés geológico mediante el planteamiento de georrutas turísticas asociadas a geoformas kársticas (dolinas) para luego proponerlas en el proyecto Global Geosites de la Unión Internacional de Ciencias Geológicas (IUGS, por su sigla en inglés). Recomendar futuros estudios en la temática exokárstica, ya que la información es muy escasa, lo cual contribuiría a un mejor desarrollo turístico del departamento de Malargüe. Metodología: La metodología aquí aplicada se abordó a partir del estudio de las geoformas kársticas mediante un exhaustivo trabajo de interpretación de imágenes satelitales y posterior control de campaña. Además, se desarrolló una valoración sobre la base de trabajos previos (Panizza y Piacente 1993, Reynard, Fontana, Kozlik y Scapozza, 2007; Pereira, Pereira y Caetano-Alves, 2007; Zouros, 2007; Coratza, Galve, Soldati y Tonelli, 2012) y se basó en tres conjuntos de valores: valor científico, valor adicional y valor de uso. Resultados: La dolina N.° 6 (laguna de La Niña Encantada) fue la que obtuvo mayor puntuación total, siendo casi perfecta; con valoraciones máximas en casi todos los criterios. Conclusiones: Los datos obtenidos a partir de la valoración sugiere que la primer georruta propuesta, ubicada al norte del área de estudio, comprendida por las dolinas N.° 1 a N.° 7, es la más propicia para la determinación de geositios. La valoración más alta de esta georruta fue de 9 puntos, laguna de La Niña Encantada, un registro casi perfecto en todos los criterios de clasificación. Financiamiento: Departamento de Geología, Universidad Nacional de San Juan.

The present research focuses on the definition of a novel methodology for sinkhole risk assessment above shallow salt mines. The research were carried out on the area above the salt mine, a World Heritage site. The study of vertical stresses on the basis of a theoretical state of rock mass deformation in the area of test chambers was performed. Furthermore, the risk of chamber collapse due to ventricular stress exceeding the limit specified in the zone were calculated based on the arch pressure theory. The final stage of the research consists of spatial analysis that leading to the identification of chambers potentially influenced by other risk factors. The research shown in the article strongly suggests that combined spatial analysis with analysis may lead to reliable sinkhole risk assessment methodology.

The present research focuses on the definition of a novel methodology for sinkhole risk assessment above shallow salt mines. The research were carried out on the area above the salt mine, a World Heritage site. The study of vertical stresses on the basis of a theoretical state of rock mass deformation in the area of test chambers was performed. Furthermore, the risk of chamber collapse due to ventricular stress exceeding the limit specified in the zone were calculated based on the arch pressure theory. The final stage of the research consists of spatial analysis that leading to the identification of chambers potentially influenced by other risk factors. The research shown in the article strongly suggests that combined spatial analysis with analysis may lead to reliable sinkhole risk assessment methodology.

The present research focuses on the definition of a novel methodology for sinkhole risk assessment above shallow salt mines. The research were carried out on the area above the salt mine, a World Heritage site. The study of vertical stresses on the basis of a theoretical state of rock mass deformation in the area of test chambers was performed. Furthermore, the risk of chamber collapse due to ventricular stress exceeding the limit specified in the zone were calculated based on the arch pressure theory. The final stage of the research consists of spatial analysis that leading to the identification of chambers potentially influenced by other risk factors. The research shown in the article strongly suggests that combined spatial analysis with analysis may lead to reliable sinkhole risk assessment methodology.

The present research focuses on the definition of a novel methodology for sinkhole risk assessment above shallow salt mines. The research were carried out on the area above the salt mine, a World Heritage site. The study of vertical stresses on the basis of a theoretical state of rock mass deformation in the area of test chambers was performed. Furthermore, the risk of chamber collapse due to ventricular stress exceeding the limit specified in the zone were calculated based on the arch pressure theory. The final stage of the research consists of spatial analysis that leading to the identification of chambers potentially influenced by other risk factors. The research shown in the article strongly suggests that combined spatial analysis with analysis may lead to reliable sinkhole risk assessment methodology.

[EN] This Final Degree Project aims to study and analyze a geotechnical problem in the facilities of the ETAP La Presa in Manises (Valencia), in order to find and develop a solution that is able to protect the affected facilities from the negatie actions that the problem generates. To do this, the geology, hydrogeology and geotechnics of the affected area have been analyzed and studied in order to characterize the problem and after that, to choose the most appropriate solution. The geotechnical problem was formed in April 2012, after an episode of heavy rains appeared a sinkhole near the facilities electrical substation. The solution chosen and developed has been a wall of piles that serves as a containment in against the displacements of soil that are occurring. The calculations have been made with the CYPE program, for which the relevant verifications have been calculated. Finally, the works to be developed for the execution of the action have been planned and the economic cost of the works have been estimated., [CA] Aquest Treball Final de Grau té com a objectiu l'estudi i anàlisi d'una problemàtica geotècnica a les instal·lacions de l'ETAP La Presa a Manises (València), per tal de trobar i desenvolupar una solució que siga capaç de protegir les instal·lacions afectades de les accions negatives que genera la problemàtica. S'han analitzat i estudiat la geologia, hidrogeologia i geotècnia de la zona afectada per tal de caracteritzar el problema per després escollir la solució més adequada. El problema geotècnic es va originar a abril de 2012, després d'un episodi de grans pluges va aparèixer un esvoranc a prop de la subestació elèctrica de les instal·lacions. La solució escollida i desenvolupada ha sigut un mur pantalla de puntals que serveixa de contenció de cara als desplaçaments de sòl que estan ocurrint. Els càlculs s'han realitzat amb el programa CYPE, per als quals s'han calculat les comprovacions pertinents. Finalment, s'han planificat els treballs a desenvolupar per a l'execució de l'actuació i s'ha estimat el cost econòmic de l'obra., [ES] Este Trabajo Final de Grado tiene como objetivo el estudio y análisis de una problemática geotécnica en las instalaciones de la ETAP La Presa en Manises (Valencia), con el fin de encontrar y desarrollar una solución que sea capaz de proteger las instalaciones afectadas de las acciones negativas que genera la problemática. Para ello se ha analizado y estudiado la geología, hidrogeología y geotecnia de la zona afectada con el fin de caracterizar el problema para luego escoger la solución más adecuada. El problema geotécnico se formó en abril de 2012, tras un episodio de grandes lluvias apareció un socavón cerca de la subestación eléctrica de las instalaciones. La solución escogida y desarrollada ha sido un muro pantalla de pilotes que sirva de contención de cara a los desplazamientos de suelo que están ocurriendo. Los cálculos se han realizado con el programa CYPE, para los que se han calculado las comprobaciones pertinentes. Por último, se han planificado los trabajos a desarrollar para la ejecución de la actuación y se ha estimado el coste económico de la misma.

Das Verbundprojekt SIMULTAN erforscht die Früherkennung für Instabilität, Unruhe und Kollaps von Erdfällen. Der neuartige Forschungsansatz kombiniert strukturelle, geophysikalische, petrophysikalische und hydrologische Kartierungsmethoden, die von Sensorentwicklung und mulit-skaliger Überwachung flankiert werden, und umfasst eine Informationsplattform. Kollapsprozesse an Erdfällen finden generell in den obersten wenigen 100 Metern der Erdkruste statt. Individuelle Prozesskomponenten können einfach sein und verstanden werden. Aber es wechselwirken auch Prä-Kollapsprozesse und Vorläufer auf unterschiedlichen raum-zeitlichen Skalen und mit kleinen Variationen miteinander. Dies erfordert innovative, multi-skalige Beobachtungen, Analysen und integrierte Früherkennungskonzepte, besonders für urbane Bereiche, die bisher noch nicht vollständig entwickelt verfügbar sind und auch noch nicht als automatische operationelle Systeme arbeiten. Zur Identifizierung und Quantifizierung von Subrosionsbereichen zeigten sich bohrlochseismische Verfahren mit kombinierten P- und S-Wellen als zielführend. Als besonderer Indikator, der sich auch für Langzeitmonitoring eignet, hat sich dabei das ungewöhnliche Konversionsverhalten der Wellen in Subrosionszonen gezeigt. Neue Prozessingverfahren zur Detektion kleiner seismischer Ereignisse und für emergente Einsätze unterstützen den Ansatz von angepassten Arraymessungen. Geodätisch-gravimetrische Überwachungsnetze sind auch unter urbanen Bedingungen geeignet, durch Subrosion verursachte Oberflächendeformationen und Massenverlagerungen räumlich-zeitlich zu erfassen und zu überwachen. Nivellements liefern bezüglich der Oberflächendeformation höchste Genauigkeiten; zugleich sind sie vergleichsweise kostengünstig zu realisieren. Die Integration von GNSS hat in Verbindung mit dem Nivellement die räumliche Auflösung im Untersuchungsgebiet zusätzlich gestützt und hat das Potenzial, diese großräumig zu kontrollieren. Gravimetrische Messungen sind mit e

The present research focuses on the definition of a novel methodology for sinkhole risk assessment above shallow salt mines. The research were carried out on the area above the salt mine, a World Heritage site. The study of vertical stresses on the basis of a theoretical state of rock mass deformation in the area of test chambers was performed. Furthermore, the risk of chamber collapse due to ventricular stress exceeding the limit specified in the zone were calculated based on the arch pressure theory. The final stage of the research consists of spatial analysis that leading to the identification of chambers potentially influenced by other risk factors. The research shown in the article strongly suggests that combined spatial analysis with analysis may lead to reliable sinkhole risk assessment methodology.

The present research focuses on the definition of a novel methodology for sinkhole risk assessment above shallow salt mines. The research were carried out on the area above the salt mine, a World Heritage site. The study of vertical stresses on the basis of a theoretical state of rock mass deformation in the area of test chambers was performed. Furthermore, the risk of chamber collapse due to ventricular stress exceeding the limit specified in the zone were calculated based on the arch pressure theory. The final stage of the research consists of spatial analysis that leading to the identification of chambers potentially influenced by other risk factors. The research shown in the article strongly suggests that combined spatial analysis with analysis may lead to reliable sinkhole risk assessment methodology.

The present research focuses on the definition of a novel methodology for sinkhole risk assessment above shallow salt mines. The research were carried out on the area above the salt mine, a World Heritage site. The study of vertical stresses on the basis of a theoretical state of rock mass deformation in the area of test chambers was performed. Furthermore, the risk of chamber collapse due to ventricular stress exceeding the limit specified in the zone were calculated based on the arch pressure theory. The final stage of the research consists of spatial analysis that leading to the identification of chambers potentially influenced by other risk factors. The research shown in the article strongly suggests that combined spatial analysis with analysis may lead to reliable sinkhole risk assessment methodology.

[EN] This Final Degree Project aims to study and analyze a geotechnical problem in the facilities of the ETAP La Presa in Manises (Valencia), in order to find and develop a solution that is able to protect the affected facilities from the negatie actions that the problem generates. To do this, the geology, hydrogeology and geotechnics of the affected area have been analyzed and studied in order to characterize the problem and after that, to choose the most appropriate solution. The geotechnical problem was formed in April 2012, after an episode of heavy rains appeared a sinkhole near the facilities electrical substation. The solution chosen and developed has been a wall of piles that serves as a containment in against the displacements of soil that are occurring. The calculations have been made with the CYPE program, for which the relevant verifications have been calculated. Finally, the works to be developed for the execution of the action have been planned and the economic cost of the works have been estimated., [CA] Aquest Treball Final de Grau té com a objectiu l'estudi i anàlisi d'una problemàtica geotècnica a les instal·lacions de l'ETAP La Presa a Manises (València), per tal de trobar i desenvolupar una solució que siga capaç de protegir les instal·lacions afectades de les accions negatives que genera la problemàtica. S'han analitzat i estudiat la geologia, hidrogeologia i geotècnia de la zona afectada per tal de caracteritzar el problema per després escollir la solució més adequada. El problema geotècnic es va originar a abril de 2012, després d'un episodi de grans pluges va aparèixer un esvoranc a prop de la subestació elèctrica de les instal·lacions. La solució escollida i desenvolupada ha sigut un mur pantalla de puntals que serveixa de contenció de cara als desplaçaments de sòl que estan ocurrint. Els càlculs s'han realitzat amb el programa CYPE, per als quals s'han calculat les comprovacions pertinents. Finalment, s'han planificat els treballs a desenvolupar per a l'execució de l'actuació i s'ha estimat el cost econòmic de l'obra., [ES] Este Trabajo Final de Grado tiene como objetivo el estudio y análisis de una problemática geotécnica en las instalaciones de la ETAP La Presa en Manises (Valencia), con el fin de encontrar y desarrollar una solución que sea capaz de proteger las instalaciones afectadas de las acciones negativas que genera la problemática. Para ello se ha analizado y estudiado la geología, hidrogeología y geotecnia de la zona afectada con el fin de caracterizar el problema para luego escoger la solución más adecuada. El problema geotécnico se formó en abril de 2012, tras un episodio de grandes lluvias apareció un socavón cerca de la subestación eléctrica de las instalaciones. La solución escogida y desarrollada ha sido un muro pantalla de pilotes que sirva de contención de cara a los desplazamientos de suelo que están ocurriendo. Los cálculos se han realizado con el programa CYPE, para los que se han calculado las comprobaciones pertinentes. Por último, se han planificado los trabajos a desarrollar para la ejecución de la actuación y se ha estimado el coste económico de la misma.

[EN] This Final Degree Project aims to study and analyze a geotechnical problem in the facilities of the ETAP La Presa in Manises (Valencia), in order to find and develop a solution that is able to protect the affected facilities from the negatie actions that the problem generates. To do this, the geology, hydrogeology and geotechnics of the affected area have been analyzed and studied in order to characterize the problem and after that, to choose the most appropriate solution. The geotechnical problem was formed in April 2012, after an episode of heavy rains appeared a sinkhole near the facilities electrical substation. The solution chosen and developed has been a wall of piles that serves as a containment in against the displacements of soil that are occurring. The calculations have been made with the CYPE program, for which the relevant verifications have been calculated. Finally, the works to be developed for the execution of the action have been planned and the economic cost of the works have been estimated., [CA] Aquest Treball Final de Grau té com a objectiu l'estudi i anàlisi d'una problemàtica geotècnica a les instal·lacions de l'ETAP La Presa a Manises (València), per tal de trobar i desenvolupar una solució que siga capaç de protegir les instal·lacions afectades de les accions negatives que genera la problemàtica. S'han analitzat i estudiat la geologia, hidrogeologia i geotècnia de la zona afectada per tal de caracteritzar el problema per després escollir la solució més adequada. El problema geotècnic es va originar a abril de 2012, després d'un episodi de grans pluges va aparèixer un esvoranc a prop de la subestació elèctrica de les instal·lacions. La solució escollida i desenvolupada ha sigut un mur pantalla de puntals que serveixa de contenció de cara als desplaçaments de sòl que estan ocurrint. Els càlculs s'han realitzat amb el programa CYPE, per als quals s'han calculat les comprovacions pertinents. Finalment, s'han planificat els treballs a desenvolupar per a l'execució de l'actuació i s'ha estimat el cost econòmic de l'obra., [ES] Este Trabajo Final de Grado tiene como objetivo el estudio y análisis de una problemática geotécnica en las instalaciones de la ETAP La Presa en Manises (Valencia), con el fin de encontrar y desarrollar una solución que sea capaz de proteger las instalaciones afectadas de las acciones negativas que genera la problemática. Para ello se ha analizado y estudiado la geología, hidrogeología y geotecnia de la zona afectada con el fin de caracterizar el problema para luego escoger la solución más adecuada. El problema geotécnico se formó en abril de 2012, tras un episodio de grandes lluvias apareció un socavón cerca de la subestación eléctrica de las instalaciones. La solución escogida y desarrollada ha sido un muro pantalla de pilotes que sirva de contención de cara a los desplazamientos de suelo que están ocurriendo. Los cálculos se han realizado con el programa CYPE, para los que se han calculado las comprobaciones pertinentes. Por último, se han planificado los trabajos a desarrollar para la ejecución de la actuación y se ha estimado el coste económico de la misma.

[EN] This Final Degree Project aims to study and analyze a geotechnical problem in the facilities of the ETAP La Presa in Manises (Valencia), in order to find and develop a solution that is able to protect the affected facilities from the negatie actions that the problem generates. To do this, the geology, hydrogeology and geotechnics of the affected area have been analyzed and studied in order to characterize the problem and after that, to choose the most appropriate solution. The geotechnical problem was formed in April 2012, after an episode of heavy rains appeared a sinkhole near the facilities electrical substation. The solution chosen and developed has been a wall of piles that serves as a containment in against the displacements of soil that are occurring. The calculations have been made with the CYPE program, for which the relevant verifications have been calculated. Finally, the works to be developed for the execution of the action have been planned and the economic cost of the works have been estimated., [CA] Aquest Treball Final de Grau té com a objectiu l'estudi i anàlisi d'una problemàtica geotècnica a les instal·lacions de l'ETAP La Presa a Manises (València), per tal de trobar i desenvolupar una solució que siga capaç de protegir les instal·lacions afectades de les accions negatives que genera la problemàtica. S'han analitzat i estudiat la geologia, hidrogeologia i geotècnia de la zona afectada per tal de caracteritzar el problema per després escollir la solució més adequada. El problema geotècnic es va originar a abril de 2012, després d'un episodi de grans pluges va aparèixer un esvoranc a prop de la subestació elèctrica de les instal·lacions. La solució escollida i desenvolupada ha sigut un mur pantalla de puntals que serveixa de contenció de cara als desplaçaments de sòl que estan ocurrint. Els càlculs s'han realitzat amb el programa CYPE, per als quals s'han calculat les comprovacions pertinents. Finalment, s'han planificat els treballs a desenvolupar per a l'execució de l'actuació i s'ha estimat el cost econòmic de l'obra., [ES] Este Trabajo Final de Grado tiene como objetivo el estudio y análisis de una problemática geotécnica en las instalaciones de la ETAP La Presa en Manises (Valencia), con el fin de encontrar y desarrollar una solución que sea capaz de proteger las instalaciones afectadas de las acciones negativas que genera la problemática. Para ello se ha analizado y estudiado la geología, hidrogeología y geotecnia de la zona afectada con el fin de caracterizar el problema para luego escoger la solución más adecuada. El problema geotécnico se formó en abril de 2012, tras un episodio de grandes lluvias apareció un socavón cerca de la subestación eléctrica de las instalaciones. La solución escogida y desarrollada ha sido un muro pantalla de pilotes que sirva de contención de cara a los desplazamientos de suelo que están ocurriendo. Los cálculos se han realizado con el programa CYPE, para los que se han calculado las comprobaciones pertinentes. Por último, se han planificado los trabajos a desarrollar para la ejecución de la actuación y se ha estimado el coste económico de la misma.

The goal of this paper is to show how a recently developed advanced chemo-hydro-mechanical (CHM)-coupled constitutive and numerical model for soft rocks can be applied to predict the temporal evolution of settlement damage to buildings on cavities subject to weathering. In particular, a Building Damage Index (BDI) and its evolution with time is proposed. The definition of the BDI is inspired by the work of Boscardin and Cording (J Geotech Eng 115:1–21, 1989) and uses the surface differential settlements obtained by finite element (FE) analyses to assess how far a building is from a non-acceptable service condition. By modelling the reactive transport of chemical species in 3D and using a coupled CHM constitutive and numerical model, it is possible to simulate weathering scenarios and monitor the temporal evolution of surface settlements making the BDI time dependent. This approach is applied to evaluate the damage evolution of two buildings lying on two anthropic caves in a calcarenite deposit belonging to the Calcarenite di Gravina Formation. Standard and advanced experimental tests are performed on the in situ material, and the results are used to calibrate the constitutive model. The soundness of both constitutive relationship and reactive transport solver is subsequently tested by simulating two laboratory-scale boundary value experiments. The first is a model footing test on dry and wet calcarenite, while the second is a small-scale pillar that, after the saturation-induced short-term water weakening, fails due to a long-term dissolution weathering process. Finally, both 2D and 3D coupled FE analyses simulating different weathering scenarios and corresponding settlements affecting the buildings above the considered cavities are presented. Particular attention is placed on assessing the BDI and its temporal evolution.

Integrative geodetic-gravimetric approach for investigating the longterm stability in the sinkhole area of Hamburg-Flottbek.

Integrative geodetic-gravimetric approach for investigating the longterm stability in the sinkhole area of Hamburg-Flottbek.

The Jahani Salt Diapir (JSD), with an area of 54 km(2), is an active diapir in the Simply Folded Belt of the Zagros Orogeny, in the south of Iran. Most of the available studies on this diapir are focused on tectonics. The hydrogeology, schematic model of flow direction and hydrochemical effects of the JSD on the adjacent water resources are lacking, and thus, are the focus of this study. The morphology of the JSD was reevaluated by fieldwork and using available maps. The physicochemical characteristics of the springs and hydrometric stations were also measured. The vent of the diapir is located 250 m higher than the surrounding glaciers, and covered by small polygonal sinkholes (dolines). The glacier is covered by cap soils, sparse trees and pastures, and contains large sinkholes, numerous shafts, several caves, and 30 brine springs. Two main groups of caves were distinguished. Sub-horizontal or inclined stream passages following the surface valleys and vertical shafts (with short inlet caves) at the bottoms of nearly circular blind valleys. Salt exposure is limited to steep slopes. The controlling variables of flow route within salt diapirs are the negligible porosity of the salt rocks at depth more than about ten meters below the ground surface and the rapid halite saturation along the flow route. These mechanisms prevent deep cave development and enforce the emergence points of brine springs with low flow rates and small catchment area throughout the JSD and above the local base of erosion. Tectonics do not affect karst development, because the distributions of sinkholes and brine springs show no preferential directions. The type of spring water is sodium chloride, with a TDS of 320 g/l, and saturated with halite, gypsum, calcite and dolomite. The water balance budget of the JSD indicates that the total recharge water is 1.46 MCM (million cubic meter)/a, emerges from 30 brine springs, two springs from the adjacent karstic limestone, and flows into the Firoozabad

The Jahani Salt Diapir (JSD), with an area of 54 km(2), is an active diapir in the Simply Folded Belt of the Zagros Orogeny, in the south of Iran. Most of the available studies on this diapir are focused on tectonics. The hydrogeology, schematic model of flow direction and hydrochemical effects of the JSD on the adjacent water resources are lacking, and thus, are the focus of this study. The morphology of the JSD was reevaluated by fieldwork and using available maps. The physicochemical characteristics of the springs and hydrometric stations were also measured. The vent of the diapir is located 250 m higher than the surrounding glaciers, and covered by small polygonal sinkholes (dolines). The glacier is covered by cap soils, sparse trees and pastures, and contains large sinkholes, numerous shafts, several caves, and 30 brine springs. Two main groups of caves were distinguished. Sub-horizontal or inclined stream passages following the surface valleys and vertical shafts (with short inlet caves) at the bottoms of nearly circular blind valleys. Salt exposure is limited to steep slopes. The controlling variables of flow route within salt diapirs are the negligible porosity of the salt rocks at depth more than about ten meters below the ground surface and the rapid halite saturation along the flow route. These mechanisms prevent deep cave development and enforce the emergence points of brine springs with low flow rates and small catchment area throughout the JSD and above the local base of erosion. Tectonics do not affect karst development, because the distributions of sinkholes and brine springs show no preferential directions. The type of spring water is sodium chloride, with a TDS of 320 g/l, and saturated with halite, gypsum, calcite and dolomite. The water balance budget of the JSD indicates that the total recharge water is 1.46 MCM (million cubic meter)/a, emerges from 30 brine springs, two springs from the adjacent karstic limestone, and flows into the Firoozabad

The Jahani Salt Diapir (JSD), with an area of 54 km(2), is an active diapir in the Simply Folded Belt of the Zagros Orogeny, in the south of Iran. Most of the available studies on this diapir are focused on tectonics. The hydrogeology, schematic model of flow direction and hydrochemical effects of the JSD on the adjacent water resources are lacking, and thus, are the focus of this study. The morphology of the JSD was reevaluated by fieldwork and using available maps. The physicochemical characteristics of the springs and hydrometric stations were also measured. The vent of the diapir is located 250 m higher than the surrounding glaciers, and covered by small polygonal sinkholes (dolines). The glacier is covered by cap soils, sparse trees and pastures, and contains large sinkholes, numerous shafts, several caves, and 30 brine springs. Two main groups of caves were distinguished. Sub-horizontal or inclined stream passages following the surface valleys and vertical shafts (with short inlet caves) at the bottoms of nearly circular blind valleys. Salt exposure is limited to steep slopes. The controlling variables of flow route within salt diapirs are the negligible porosity of the salt rocks at depth more than about ten meters below the ground surface and the rapid halite saturation along the flow route. These mechanisms prevent deep cave development and enforce the emergence points of brine springs with low flow rates and small catchment area throughout the JSD and above the local base of erosion. Tectonics do not affect karst development, because the distributions of sinkholes and brine springs show no preferential directions. The type of spring water is sodium chloride, with a TDS of 320 g/l, and saturated with halite, gypsum, calcite and dolomite. The water balance budget of the JSD indicates that the total recharge water is 1.46 MCM (million cubic meter)/a, emerges from 30 brine springs, two springs from the adjacent karstic limestone, and flows into the Firoozabad

Using low energy devices to communicate over the air presents many challenges to reach security as resources in the world of Internet Of Things (IoT) are limited. Any extra overhead of computing or radio transmissions that extra security might add affects cost of both increased computing time and energy consumption which are all scarce resources in IoT. This thesis details the current state of security mechanisms built into the commercially available protocol stacks Zigbee, Z-wave, and Bluetooth Low Energy, and collects implemented and proposed solutions to common ways of attacking systems built on these protocol stacks. Attacks evaluated are denial of service/sleep, man-in-the-middle, replay, eavesdropping, and in mesh networks, sinkhole, black hole, selective forwarding, sybil, wormhole, and hello flood. An intrusion detection system is proposed to detect sinkhole, selective forwarding, and sybil attacks in the routing protocol present in the communication stack Rime implemented in the operating system Contiki. The Sinkhole and Selective forwarding mitigation works close to perfection in larger lossless networks but suffers an increase in false positives in lossy environments. The Sybil Detection is based on Received Signal Strength and strengthens the blacklist used in the sinkhole and selective forwarding detection, as a node changing its ID to avoid the blacklist will be detected as in the same geographical position as the blacklisted node.

Using low energy devices to communicate over the air presents many challenges to reach security as resources in the world of Internet Of Things (IoT) are limited. Any extra overhead of computing or radio transmissions that extra security might add affects cost of both increased computing time and energy consumption which are all scarce resources in IoT. This thesis details the current state of security mechanisms built into the commercially available protocol stacks Zigbee, Z-wave, and Bluetooth Low Energy, and collects implemented and proposed solutions to common ways of attacking systems built on these protocol stacks. Attacks evaluated are denial of service/sleep, man-in-the-middle, replay, eavesdropping, and in mesh networks, sinkhole, black hole, selective forwarding, sybil, wormhole, and hello flood. An intrusion detection system is proposed to detect sinkhole, selective forwarding, and sybil attacks in the routing protocol present in the communication stack Rime implemented in the operating system Contiki. The Sinkhole and Selective forwarding mitigation works close to perfection in larger lossless networks but suffers an increase in false positives in lossy environments. The Sybil Detection is based on Received Signal Strength and strengthens the blacklist used in the sinkhole and selective forwarding detection, as a node changing its ID to avoid the blacklist will be detected as in the same geographical position as the blacklisted node.

The Jahani Salt Diapir (JSD), with an area of 54 km(2), is an active diapir in the Simply Folded Belt of the Zagros Orogeny, in the south of Iran. Most of the available studies on this diapir are focused on tectonics. The hydrogeology, schematic model of flow direction and hydrochemical effects of the JSD on the adjacent water resources are lacking, and thus, are the focus of this study. The morphology of the JSD was reevaluated by fieldwork and using available maps. The physicochemical characteristics of the springs and hydrometric stations were also measured. The vent of the diapir is located 250 m higher than the surrounding glaciers, and covered by small polygonal sinkholes (dolines). The glacier is covered by cap soils, sparse trees and pastures, and contains large sinkholes, numerous shafts, several caves, and 30 brine springs. Two main groups of caves were distinguished. Sub-horizontal or inclined stream passages following the surface valleys and vertical shafts (with short inlet caves) at the bottoms of nearly circular blind valleys. Salt exposure is limited to steep slopes. The controlling variables of flow route within salt diapirs are the negligible porosity of the salt rocks at depth more than about ten meters below the ground surface and the rapid halite saturation along the flow route. These mechanisms prevent deep cave development and enforce the emergence points of brine springs with low flow rates and small catchment area throughout the JSD and above the local base of erosion. Tectonics do not affect karst development, because the distributions of sinkholes and brine springs show no preferential directions. The type of spring water is sodium chloride, with a TDS of 320 g/l, and saturated with halite, gypsum, calcite and dolomite. The water balance budget of the JSD indicates that the total recharge water is 1.46 MCM (million cubic meter)/a, emerges from 30 brine springs, two springs from the adjacent karstic limestone, and flows into the Firoozabad

Integrative geodetic-gravimetric approach for investigating the longterm stability in the sinkhole area of Hamburg-Flottbek.

Integrative geodetic-gravimetric approach for investigating the longterm stability in the sinkhole area of Hamburg-Flottbek.

The research project SIMULTAN applies an advanced combination of geophysical, geodetic, and modelling techniques to gain a better understanding of the evolution and characteristics of sinkholes. Sinkholes are inherently related to surface deformation and, thus, of increasing societal relevance, especially in dense populated urban areas. One work package of SIMULTAN investigates an integrated approach to monitor sinkhole-related mass translations and surface deformations induced by salt dissolution. Datasets from identical and adjacent points are used for a consistent combination of geodetic and geophysical techniques. Monitoring networks are established in Hamburg and Bad Frankenhausen (Thuringia). Levelling surveys indicate subsidence rates of about 4-5 mm per year in the main subsidence areas of Bad Frankenhausen with a local maximum of 10 mm per year around the leaning church tower. Here, the concept of combining geodetic and gravimetric techniques to monitor and characterise geological processes on and below the Earth's surface is exemplary discussed for the focus area Bad Frankenhausen. For the different methods (levelling, GNSS, relative/absolute gravimetry) stable network results at identical points are obtained by the first campaigns, i.e., the results are generally in agreement. © 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 2017.

The Jahani Salt Diapir (JSD), with an area of 54 km(2), is an active diapir in the Simply Folded Belt of the Zagros Orogeny, in the south of Iran. Most of the available studies on this diapir are focused on tectonics. The hydrogeology, schematic model of flow direction and hydrochemical effects of the JSD on the adjacent water resources are lacking, and thus, are the focus of this study. The morphology of the JSD was reevaluated by fieldwork and using available maps. The physicochemical characteristics of the springs and hydrometric stations were also measured. The vent of the diapir is located 250 m higher than the surrounding glaciers, and covered by small polygonal sinkholes (dolines). The glacier is covered by cap soils, sparse trees and pastures, and contains large sinkholes, numerous shafts, several caves, and 30 brine springs. Two main groups of caves were distinguished. Sub-horizontal or inclined stream passages following the surface valleys and vertical shafts (with short inlet caves) at the bottoms of nearly circular blind valleys. Salt exposure is limited to steep slopes. The controlling variables of flow route within salt diapirs are the negligible porosity of the salt rocks at depth more than about ten meters below the ground surface and the rapid halite saturation along the flow route. These mechanisms prevent deep cave development and enforce the emergence points of brine springs with low flow rates and small catchment area throughout the JSD and above the local base of erosion. Tectonics do not affect karst development, because the distributions of sinkholes and brine springs show no preferential directions. The type of spring water is sodium chloride, with a TDS of 320 g/l, and saturated with halite, gypsum, calcite and dolomite. The water balance budget of the JSD indicates that the total recharge water is 1.46 MCM (million cubic meter)/a, emerges from 30 brine springs, two springs from the adjacent karstic limestone, and flows into the Firoozabad

Integrative geodetic-gravimetric approach for investigating the longterm stability in the sinkhole area of Hamburg-Flottbek.

Integrative geodetic-gravimetric approach for investigating the longterm stability in the sinkhole area of Hamburg-Flottbek.

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2011. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Geology 287 (2011): 14-30, doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2011.07.001., A 4500-year record of hurricane-induced storm surges is developed from sediment cores collected from a coastal sinkhole near Apalachee Bay, Florida. Recent deposition of sand layers in the upper sediments of the pond was found to be contemporaneous with significant, historic storm surges at the site modeled using SLOSH and the Best Track, post-1851 A.D. dataset. Using the historic portion of the record for calibration, paleohurricane deposits were identified by sand content and dated using radiocarbon-based age models. Marine-indicative foraminifera, some originating at least 5 km offshore, were present in several modern and ancient storm deposits. The presence and long-term preservation of offshore foraminifera suggest that this site and others like it may yield promising microfossil-based paleohurricane reconstructions in the future. Due to the sub-decadal (~ 7 year) resolution of the record and the site’s high susceptibility to hurricane-generated storm surges, the average, local frequency of recorded events, approximately 3.9 storms per century, is greater than that of previously published paleohurricane records from the region. The high incidence of recorded events permitted a time series of local hurricane frequency during the last five millennia to be constructed. Variability in the frequency of the largest storm layers was found to be greater than what would likely occur by chance alone, with intervals of both anomalously high and low storm frequency identified. However, the rate at which smaller layers were deposited was relatively constant over the last five millennia. This may suggest that significant variability in hurricane frequency has occurred only in the highest magnitude events. The frequency of high magnitude events peaked near 6 storms per century between 2800 and 2300 years ago. High magnitude events were relatively rare with about 0-3 storms per century occurring between 1900 to 1600 years ago and between 400 to 150 years ago. A marked decline, Funding for this research was supported by the National Science Foundation and the Coastal Ocean Institute. the model. The Florida State University Marine Laboratory provided lodging during fieldwork. This research was completed during an American Meteorological Society Graduate Fellowship, National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship and Coastal Ocean Institute Fellowship. This work was further supported by National Science Foundation award #OCE-0903020.

A 4500-year record of hurricane-induced storm surges is developed from sediment cores collected from a coastal sinkhole near Apalachee Bay, Florida. Recent deposition of sand layers in the upper sediments of the pond was found to be contemporaneous with significant, historic storm surges at the site modeled using SLOSH and the Best Track, post-1851 A.D. dataset. Using the historic portion of the record for calibration, paleohurricane deposits were identified by sand content and dated using radiocarbon-based age models. Marine-indicative foraminifera, some originating at least 5 km offshore, were present in several modern and ancient storm deposits. The presence and long-term preservation of offshore foraminifera suggest that this site and others like it may yield promising microfossil-based paleohurricane reconstructions in the future. Due to the sub-decadal (~ 7 year) resolution of the record and the site’s high susceptibility to hurricane-generated storm surges, the average, local frequency of recorded events, approximately 3.9 storms per century, is greater than that of previously published paleohurricane records from the region. The high incidence of recorded events permitted a time series of local hurricane frequency during the last five millennia to be constructed. Variability in the frequency of the largest storm layers was found to be greater than what would likely occur by chance alone, with intervals of both anomalously high and low storm frequency identified. However, the rate at which smaller layers were deposited was relatively constant over the last five millennia. This may suggest that significant variability in hurricane frequency has occurred only in the highest magnitude events. The frequency of high magnitude events peaked near 6 storms per century between 2800 and 2300 years ago. High magnitude events were relatively rare with about 0-3 storms per century occurring between 1900 to 1600 years ago and between 400 to 150 years ago. A marked decline

[EN] This paper deals with the problems generated by karst in gypsum around Zaragoza, the development of alluvial sinkholes and the concomitant risks. Sinkhole geometry depends on the mechanical behaviour of the cover overlying the evaporitic bedrock: non-cohesive soils favour the development of basin and funnel shaped dolines, whereas cohesive covers lead to the development of well-shaped collapses. Surface survey in areas prone to develop dolines is based on aerial photographs, in situ features (such as topographic depressions, stepped ground, anomalous man-made fills, wet-ground vegetation), and location of building pathologies in urban areas. In some cases, the structure and geometry of dolines can be studied in section (road cuts, for instance), where the features of natural fills allow to characterize the evolutionary patterns and sedimentation- subsidence interactions. Through dating of such fills the rate of subsidence can be estimated, and linked to possible episodes of climate variations. Doline evolution through time, either by comparison of aerial photographs taken in different years or by instrumental survey, yields the scenario of a dynamic process with subsidence rates up to 12 cm/year, where cycles of steady subsidence periods and sudden collapse are identified. In the Zaragoza area, the consequences of karst subsidence are outstanding. They dramatically increased from the 70’s, when large portions of the territory, formerly of agricultural use, turned into urban, industrial and service uses. Prevention and hazard management of karstic risks on urban and peri-urban areas must include: 1) early detection of the problem, in surface as well as underground (by means of geophysical surveys), and 2) adaptation of land use to the degree of affection by karst and the potential susceptibility. Geology, geotechnics and engineering have specific roles on risk management strategies by diminishing either the exposition to karst hazard or the vulnerability of man, [ES] Este trabajo analiza, desde múltiples puntos de vista, la problemática del karst en yesos en el entorno de Zaragoza, el desarrollo de dolinas aluviales y los riesgos que éstas conllevan. La morfología de las dolinas depende del comportamiento mecánico de la cobertera situada sobre el sustrato yesífero: en coberteras sin cohesión aparecen morfologías en embudo y en cubeta, producidas por subsidencia continuada, mientras en coberteras con cohesión se producen dolinas en ventana provocadas por colapso brusco. El reconocimiento superficial de las dolinas se basa en la observación de fotografías aéreas, en el análisis visual del terreno (depresiones topográficas, escalones, áreas de vegetación o rellenos antrópicos anómalos) y en la observación y análisis de daños en áreas urbanizadas. También pueden estudiarse la geometría y la estructura interna de las dolinas en secciones del terreno donde éstas hayan quedado expuestas. Así, las características de sus rellenos naturales permiten conocer las pautas y tasas de evolución y las interacciones entre la subsidencia kárstica y los procesos sedimentarios. El estudio de la evolución temporal de las dolinas, a partir de la comparación de fotografías aéreas de distintos años o del seguimiento instrumental de las mismas, ha permitido reconocer que se trata de un proceso dinámico que llega a alcanzar velocidades de hundimiento de 12 cm/año. En dicha evolución es frecuente la ocurrencia cíclica de periodos de subsidencia lenta y eventos de hundimiento brusco. La afección causada por la subsidencia kárstica en Zaragoza es muy significativa. Ésta se incrementó a partir de los años 70 del siglo pasado, cuando buena parte del suelo agrícola que circundaba la ciudad fue destinado a uso urbano, industrial y grandes infraestructuras. La prevención y manejo del riesgo kárstico en áreas urbanas y peri-urbanas debe contemplar: (1) la detección precoz de los fenómenos tanto en superficie como en profundidad (a partir de estudios geofísico

Airborne LIDAR (Light Detecting and Ranging) is a relatively new technique that rapidly and accurately measures micro-topographic features. This study compares topography derived from LIDAR with subsurface karst structures mapped in 3-dimensions with ground penetrating radar (GPR). Over 500 km of LIDAR data were collected in 1995 by the NASA ATM instrument. The LIDAR data was processed and analyzed to identify closed depressions. A GPR survey was then conducted at a 200 by 600 m site to determine if the target features are associated with buried karst structures. The GPR survey resolved two major depressions in the top of a clay rich layer at ~10m depth. These features are interpreted as buried dolines and are associated spatially with subtle (< 1m) trough-like depressions in the topography resolved from the LIDAR data. This suggests that airborne LIDAR may be a useful tool for indirectly detecting subsurface features associated with sinkhole hazard.

Cílem této bakalářské práce je polohopisné a výškopisné zaměření a vyhotovení mapy okolí jeskyně Balcarky v Moravském krasu se zaměřením na krasové útvary a vstupy do jeskyní. Měření je připojeno do závazných referenčních systémů S-JTSK a Bpv. Výsledná mapa zájmové oblasti je vyhotovena v měřítku 1:500 ve 3. třídě přesnosti dle ČSN 01 3410 a se seznamem souřadnic specifických bodů CHKO budou předány správě CHKO Moravský kras., The aim of this work is topographic and altitudinal focus and make out maps Balcarka around the cave in the Moravian Karst focusing on karst formations and the entrances to the caves. Measurement is connected to a mandatory reference systems S-JTSK and Bpv. The resulting map area of interest is made at a scale of 1: 500 3rd accuracy class according to CSN 01 3410 and a list of coordinates of specific points of CHKO will be handed management Moravian Karst.

Práce pojednává o zaměření a vyhotovení účelové mapy lokality u Vilémovic ve zvoleném měřítku 1:1000. Celá lokalita spadá do CHKO Moravský kras. V mapě je dbáno na vykreslení krasových jevů v oblasti. Jedním z výstupů je seznam souřadnic krasových jevů pro CHKO. Při mapování byla dodržena 3. třída přesnosti dle ČSN 0134 10., The work is about measurement and creation of the purpose map of the location near Vilémovice in the selected scale of 1: 1000. The whole locality belongs to the Moravian Karst PLA. The map is focused on rendering karst phenomena in the area. One of the outputs is a list of karst phenomena coordinates for the PLA. The mapping was followed by the 3rd accuracy class according to ČSN 0134 10.

Cílem této bakalářské práce je polohopisné a výškopisné zaměření a vyhotovení mapy okolí jeskyně Balcarky v Moravském krasu se zaměřením na krasové útvary a vstupy do jeskyní. Měření je připojeno do závazných referenčních systémů S-JTSK a Bpv. Výsledná mapa zájmové oblasti je vyhotovena v měřítku 1:500 ve 3. třídě přesnosti dle ČSN 01 3410 a se seznamem souřadnic specifických bodů CHKO budou předány správě CHKO Moravský kras., The aim of this work is topographic and altitudinal focus and make out maps Balcarka around the cave in the Moravian Karst focusing on karst formations and the entrances to the caves. Measurement is connected to a mandatory reference systems S-JTSK and Bpv. The resulting map area of interest is made at a scale of 1: 500 3rd accuracy class according to CSN 01 3410 and a list of coordinates of specific points of CHKO will be handed management Moravian Karst.

Práce pojednává o zaměření a vyhotovení účelové mapy lokality u Vilémovic ve zvoleném měřítku 1:1000. Celá lokalita spadá do CHKO Moravský kras. V mapě je dbáno na vykreslení krasových jevů v oblasti. Jedním z výstupů je seznam souřadnic krasových jevů pro CHKO. Při mapování byla dodržena 3. třída přesnosti dle ČSN 0134 10., The work is about measurement and creation of the purpose map of the location near Vilémovice in the selected scale of 1: 1000. The whole locality belongs to the Moravian Karst PLA. The map is focused on rendering karst phenomena in the area. One of the outputs is a list of karst phenomena coordinates for the PLA. The mapping was followed by the 3rd accuracy class according to ČSN 0134 10.

An investigation into karst hazard in southern Ontario has been undertaken with the intention of leading to the development of predictive karst models for this region. The reason these are not currently feasible is a lack of sufficient karst data, though this is not entirely due to the lack of karst features. Geophysical data was collected at Lake on the Mountain, Ontario as part of this karst investigation. This data was collected in order to validate the long-standing hypothesis that Lake on the Mountain was formed from a sinkhole collapse. Sub-bottom acoustic profiling data was collected in order to image the lake bottom sediments and bedrock. Vertical bedrock features interpreted as solutionally enlarged fractures were taken as evidence for karst processes on the lake bottom. Additionally, the bedrock topography shows a narrower and more elongated basin than was previously identified, and this also lies parallel to a mapped fault system in the area. This suggests that Lake on the Mountain was formed over a fault zone which also supports the sinkhole hypothesis as it would provide groundwater pathways for karst dissolution to occur. Previous sediment cores suggest that Lake on the Mountain would have formed at some point during the Wisconsinan glaciation with glacial meltwater and glacial loading as potential contributing factors to sinkhole development. A probabilistic karst model for the state of Kentucky, USA, has been generated using the Weights of Evidence method. This model is presented as an example of the predictive capabilities of these kind of data-driven modelling techniques and to show how such models could be applied to karst in Ontario. The model was able to classify 70% of the validation dataset correctly while minimizing false positive identifications. This is moderately successful and could stand to be improved. Finally, suggestions to improving the current karst model of southern Ontario are suggested with the goal of increasing investigation in, Thesis (Master, Geological Sciences & Geological Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2016-09-30 22:31:01.176

Předmětem této bakalářské práce bylo vypracování účelové mapy v měřítku 1:500 dvou lokalit v Moravském krasu u Vilémovic. Hlavním úkolem bylo zaměření zadaného území tak, aby byl vystihnut reliéf terénu, terénní kostra a krasové jevy nacházející se na území. Výsledná mapa bude využita správou CHKO Moravského krasu. Pro její vytvoření byly dodrženy všechny potřebné normy a využita tabulka atributů zadaná CHKO Moravským krasem., The subject of this thesis was to make thematical map in scale 1:500 for location in Moravian Karst in Vilémovice. The main task was to measure the location so the topografy, terrain skeleton and mainly the karst formation located there would be captured. The final map will be used by CHKO of Moravian Karst. All of the required standards were used to finish the mapping as well as the table of atributes given by CHKO of Moravian Karst.