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Reactive dyes such as Remazol Yellow FG are contaminants that are difficult to degrade in the environment. The adsorption method is an alternative to overcome this problem. Corn husk and eggshells can be adsorbents in adsorption. Corn husk contains an organic compound called cellulose, while eggshells have the main component of calcium carbonate. Corn husks and eggshells have the potential to be adsorbents with different characteristics. This research aimed to determine the optimum conditions for the combined adsorbent of corn husks and eggshells, which included composition comparison, contact time, pH, and application in dye waste. The interactions between Remazol Yellow FG dye in solution and combined adsorbent were conducted in batch method. Based on the research results, the optimum composition of corn husks and eggshells was 1:2, with an optimum contact time of 80 minutes at a pH of 2, resulting in an adsorption capacity of 0.559 mg/g, with an adsorption percentage of 33.95%. Adsorption of Remazol Yellow FG in sewage using combined adsorbents under optimal conditions obtained an adsorption capacity of 36.6579 mg/g with an adsorption percentage of 27.87%. The results demonstrate that the combined adsorbent of corn husks and eggshells is a potentially useful for removing Remazol Yellow FG dye from textile wastewater.

While Additive Manufacturing is famed for its ability to create complex geometries, sustainability of the technologies is given less attention. Due to the need to melt filament and heat up the printbed, FDM requires a considerable amount of energy. On top of that, valuable and non-renewable resources are used for the production of the commonly used filaments. There is a need for materials that are suitable for FDM printing, while being less detrimental for the environment than commonly used plastic filaments. In this project, paste-like material mixes are developed and tested for their suitability for FDM printing in order to see whether they have the potential to make FDM more sustainable., Integrated Product Design

While Additive Manufacturing is famed for its ability to create complex geometries, sustainability of the technologies is given less attention. Due to the need to melt filament and heat up the printbed, FDM requires a considerable amount of energy. On top of that, valuable and non-renewable resources are used for the production of the commonly used filaments. There is a need for materials that are suitable for FDM printing, while being less detrimental for the environment than commonly used plastic filaments. In this project, paste-like material mixes are developed and tested for their suitability for FDM printing in order to see whether they have the potential to make FDM more sustainable., Integrated Product Design

Egg consumption in Sweden is very high, which means a lot of egg shells are thrown out. For example the average swede consumes about 350 eggs every year. In this thesis I have investigated how eggshells can be applied in new areas as a resource, and I want to inspire the reader and encourage them to rethink what is called waste. Is it really waste or a possible resource? The work began with literature search, interviews and a survey to understand people's views on eggshells. I have concluded that not a lot of people know what eggshells are made of, and what they are used for. In a literature search I came across many scientific articles on eggshells. According to King’ori (2011) eggshells are used as fertilizers, used in medicine, cosmetic surgery, and dental care, calcium supplements, in the food industry and in crafts. When eggshell is thrown as food waste it creates problems in recycling stations, the eggshell is like sediment and lies at the bottom of tanks and pipes. The recycling staff have to perform additional work when cleaning tanks and pipes as eggshells are like sediment and lay at the bottom. The staff have to manually shoot out eggshells with many other useful materials that could have been digested and become biogas. This is an exploratory thesis where I investigate the material eggshell through a material-driven design process to find new sustainable uses. I follow the material-driven design process method by Karana et al.( 2015) plus my own added steps during the process. Material driven design process is a process where designers use a material to find the attributes of the material. These are then presented in new contexts or already existing contexts, this means that the material on the existing product can be replaced. This differs from traditional design, where the material is chosen based on wanted attributes. This report will give you an understanding of the material-driven design process-method and how I have carried out a material-driven de

Egg consumption in Sweden is very high, which means a lot of egg shells are thrown out. For example the average swede consumes about 350 eggs every year. In this thesis I have investigated how eggshells can be applied in new areas as a resource, and I want to inspire the reader and encourage them to rethink what is called waste. Is it really waste or a possible resource? The work began with literature search, interviews and a survey to understand people's views on eggshells. I have concluded that not a lot of people know what eggshells are made of, and what they are used for. In a literature search I came across many scientific articles on eggshells. According to King’ori (2011) eggshells are used as fertilizers, used in medicine, cosmetic surgery, and dental care, calcium supplements, in the food industry and in crafts. When eggshell is thrown as food waste it creates problems in recycling stations, the eggshell is like sediment and lies at the bottom of tanks and pipes. The recycling staff have to perform additional work when cleaning tanks and pipes as eggshells are like sediment and lay at the bottom. The staff have to manually shoot out eggshells with many other useful materials that could have been digested and become biogas. This is an exploratory thesis where I investigate the material eggshell through a material-driven design process to find new sustainable uses. I follow the material-driven design process method by Karana et al.( 2015) plus my own added steps during the process. Material driven design process is a process where designers use a material to find the attributes of the material. These are then presented in new contexts or already existing contexts, this means that the material on the existing product can be replaced. This differs from traditional design, where the material is chosen based on wanted attributes. This report will give you an understanding of the material-driven design process-method and how I have carried out a material-driven de

В современной пищевой промышленности все большую набирает популярность радиационная обработка. Для контроля за качеством облучаемых продуктов и оценки поглощенных доз может быть использована ЭПР-спектрометрия, как быстрый и высокоточный метод. В настоящей работе проведен литературный обзор ЭПР-спектров пищевой продукции растительного и животного происхождения и построение ЭПР-сигнала яичной скорлупы., Radiation treatment is becoming increasingly popular in the modern food industry. EPR spectrometry can be used to monitor the quality of irradiated products and for estimation absorbed doses as a fast and highly accurate method. In this paper, we conducted a literature review of the EPR spectra of food products of plant and animal origin and constructed the EPR signal of eggshells.

The amniotic eggshell is a bioceramic that can endure the passing of time without major alteration to its physical structure. Not surprisingly eggshells have been found in numerous paleontological excavations around the world and have been used to identify the presence of major taxa and furthermore, to propose hypotheses on how extinct amniotes lived and nested. In the past decades the information that has been obtained solely through eggshells, ranges from inferences of a specie’s habitat, to diet, and nesting behaviours. This information can be obtained using techniques such as microscopy, stable isotopes, ancient DNA, allometry, physics and biochemistry. The possibility of making inferences about an organism’s biology using its eggshells make them an invaluable asset in biological research, as we can obtain information about species that are difficult to observe otherwise, that are endangered, or that are not even alive anymore. It may also allow a comparison of the conditions that affected a species or a group during evolutionary time. In addition, these studies can be done with eggshells obtained after hatching, therefore without compromising the welfare of the study animals. The genus Apteryx (commonly known as Kiwi) is an endemic taxon to the three main islands of New Zealand/Aotearoa. This genus presents five distinct species and several taxa (possible subspecies). Apteryx is a unique clade because of its many unusual characteristics, including that all its species are ground-dwelling nocturnal insectivores, are winter breeders and nest in ground burrows or hollowed trees. Apteryx also presents a unique eggshell that has been part of scientific debates since the 1960’s. The physical features of Apteryx eggshells such as eggshell porosity, thickness and overall gas exchange, do not fit in most allometric models. Hypotheses to address this phenomenon have explored answers in the Apteryx’s extremely long incubation period (74 days or more) and low basal metabol

© 2019 Elsevier Ltd This paper evaluates the feasibility of using fusion waste chicken and fish bones as the reusable and low cost solid catalyst for synthesis of biodiesel from used cooking oil via two-step transesterification. A catalyst characterization of the prepared fusion waste chicken and fish bones catalyst was made in order to study their catalytic performance through various techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Particle Size Analysis (PSA), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared spectra (FTIR), Carbon Dioxide-Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD-CO2) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The used cooking oil transesterification was optimized using a response surface methodology (RSM) based on five level three variables central composite design (CCD). The RSM results revealed that the optimal operational condition for the transesterification has defined as: catalyst loading, 1.98%w/v, reaction temperature, 65 °C and time, 1.54 h, whereas the alcohol/oil molar ratio, 10:1 is a fixed variable in this study. The actual biodiesel yield of 89.5% was achieved under the predicted optimal conditions and fulfilled the ASTM D6751 biodiesel fuel standards. The promising features of the chicken and fish bones catalyst are inexpensive, easily obtained, simple work-up, simple recovery, reusability without significant drop in catalytic activity for up to four consecutive runs.

The new upper Barremian microfossil site of Vadillos-1 (Lower Cretaceous, Beteta Gorges, Cuenca province, Spain) has yielded a rich fossil assemblage consisting of numerous eggshell fragments along with diverse skeletal remains of fishes, amphibians, turtles, crocodyliforms and dinosaurs. Crocodilian eggshells constitute the main fraction of the eggshell assemblage which includes abundant material belonging to the oofamily Krokolithidae, as well as a new type of crocodilian eggshells (Neokrokolithes trigonalis oogen. et oosp. nov.) characterised by a type of ornamentation and microstructure of the basal knobs not described before. Few fragments of the oospecies cf. Mycomorphoolithus kohringi, attributed to non-eusuchian crocodylomorphs, have been also found in this site thus expanding the record of this oospecies to the upper Barremian. The eggshell assemblage has also yielded the first record of avian eggshells (Tristratioolithus minuta oogen. et oosp. nov.) from the Lower Cretaceous of Europe. Comparisons with Lower Cretaceous avian eggshells suggest its possible attribution to Enantiornithes. The tiny eggshell fragments assemblage found at Vadillos-1 site is representative of a small sized fauna. Besides, the diversity appears strongly biased with >90% of the eggshells belonging to crocodilians and approximately 9% to Aves. As established for similar outcrops, this bias may reflect differences in preservation of eggshell types or represent, at least in part, a wetland ground nesting site.

Bacterial communities within avian nests are considered an important determinant of egg viability, potentially selecting for traits that confer embryos with protection against trans-shell infection. A high bacterial density on the eggshell increases hatching failure, whether this effect could be due to changes in bacterial community or just a general increase in bacterial density. We explored this idea using intra- and interspecific comparisons of the relationship between hatching success and eggshell bacteria characterized by culture and molecular techniques (fingerprinting and high-throughput sequencing). We collected information for 152 nests belonging to 17 bird species. Hatching failures occurred more frequently in nests with higher density of aerobic mesophilic bacteria on their eggshells. Bacterial community was also related to hatching success, but only when minority bacterial operational taxonomic units were considered. These findings support the hypothesis that bacterial density is a selective agent of embryo viability, and hence a proxy of hatching failure only within species. Although different avian species hold different bacterial densities or assemblages on their eggs, the association between bacteria and hatching success was similar for different species. This result suggests that interspecific differences in antibacterial defenses are responsible for keeping the hatching success at similar levels in different species.

Camouflage is a widespread strategy to avoid predation and is of particular importance for animals with reduced mobility or those in exposed habitats. Camouflage often relies on matching the visual appearance of the background, and selecting fine-scale backgrounds that complement an individual’s appearance is an effective means of optimising camouflage. We investigated whether there was an active selection of microhabitats and nest materials in three ground-nesting birds (pied avocet, Kentish plover, and little tern) to camouflage their eggs using avian visual modelling. Plovers and avocets selected substrates in which their eggs were better camouflaged, and that choice was done at an individual level. Terns have lighter, less spotted eggs, and while they did select lighter background than the other species, their eggs were a poor match to their backgrounds. The worse matching of the tern eggs was likely due to a compromise between thermal protection and camouflage because they breed later, when temperatures are higher. Finally, the addition of nest materials improved egg camouflage in terms of luminance, although the materials reduced pattern matching, which may be associated with the different roles that the nest materials play. Active selection of substrates at an individual level may be crucial to improve nest success in species that nest in exposed sites

This dataset contains the information of the article entitled “Individual egg camouflage is influenced by microhabitat selection and use of nest materials in ground-nesting birds” in which we investigated (using avian visual modelling) whether there was an active selection of microhabitats and nest materials in three ground-nesting birds (pied avocet, Kentish plover and little tern) to camouflage their eggs.

Collagens have unique biocompatible and biodegradable properties that are widely used in food, cosmetics, and biomedical applications. However, collagen derived from land-based animals pose problems as a risk to transmissible disease as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and footand- mouth diseases, the risk of autoimmune and allergic reaction in its biomedical applications, and skepticism amongst faith-based niche market particularly for Muslims and Jewish consumers. Collagen extracted from eggshell membrane was thus proposed as an alternative. Extraction efficiency and characterization of collagen of acetic acid-soluble collagen (ASC) and papain-soluble collagen hydrolysates (PSCH) from eggshell membrane were investigated. Studies were carried out under three variables (enzyme concentration, temperature, and pH), it was found that the most efficient conditions for ASC was at 15 °C, pH 3, with a yield of 0.23% on a dry weight basis, while PSCH was at 15 °C, pH 3 and enzyme concentration of 300K U/g of raw material with a yield of 0.55% on a dry weight basis. The isoelectric points of ASC and PSCH were found to be at pH 6.61 and 6.89, respectively. The FTIR spectra of both ASC and PSCH demonstrated similar absorption bands to that of porcine. The maximum transition temperature of ASC and entropy were observed at 61.84°C and 0.139 J/g, whilst PSCH was at 59.12°C and 0.046 J/g, indicating such thermal profile was almost at the par of the mammalian thermal profile. The color determination of ASC revealed that it had bright intensity of lightness, low intensity of redness and yellowness, whilst the colour determination of PSCH revealed that it had a slightly higher intensity of redness. ASC in 0.5 M acetic acid had high solubility till pH 3 and then remain relatively stable till pH 10, whilst PSCH in 0.5 M acetic acid had high solubility till pH 4 then remain relatively stable to pH 10. For the effect of NaCl concentration on collagen solubility, ASC demonstrated a

Collagens have unique biocompatible and biodegradable properties that are widely used in food, cosmetics, and biomedical applications. However, collagen derived from land-based animals pose problems as a risk to transmissible disease as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and footand- mouth diseases, the risk of autoimmune and allergic reaction in its biomedical applications, and skepticism amongst faith-based niche market particularly for Muslims and Jewish consumers. Collagen extracted from eggshell membrane was thus proposed as an alternative. Extraction efficiency and characterization of collagen of acetic acid-soluble collagen (ASC) and papain-soluble collagen hydrolysates (PSCH) from eggshell membrane were investigated. Studies were carried out under three variables (enzyme concentration, temperature, and pH), it was found that the most efficient conditions for ASC was at 15 °C, pH 3, with a yield of 0.23% on a dry weight basis, while PSCH was at 15 °C, pH 3 and enzyme concentration of 300K U/g of raw material with a yield of 0.55% on a dry weight basis. The isoelectric points of ASC and PSCH were found to be at pH 6.61 and 6.89, respectively. The FTIR spectra of both ASC and PSCH demonstrated similar absorption bands to that of porcine. The maximum transition temperature of ASC and entropy were observed at 61.84°C and 0.139 J/g, whilst PSCH was at 59.12°C and 0.046 J/g, indicating such thermal profile was almost at the par of the mammalian thermal profile. The color determination of ASC revealed that it had bright intensity of lightness, low intensity of redness and yellowness, whilst the colour determination of PSCH revealed that it had a slightly higher intensity of redness. ASC in 0.5 M acetic acid had high solubility till pH 3 and then remain relatively stable till pH 10, whilst PSCH in 0.5 M acetic acid had high solubility till pH 4 then remain relatively stable to pH 10. For the effect of NaCl concentration on collagen solubility, ASC demonstrated a

Introduction All bird eggs are exposed to microbes in the environment, which if transmitted to the developing embryo, could cause hatching failure. However, the risk of trans-shell infection varies with environmental conditions and is higher for eggs laid in wetter environments. This might relate to generally higher microbial abundances and diversity in more humid environments, including on the surface of eggshells, as well as the need for moisture to facilitate microbial penetration of the eggshell. To protect against microbial infection, the albumen of avian eggs contains antimicrobial proteins, including lysozyme and ovotransferrin. We tested whether lysozyme and ovotransferrin activities varied in eggs of larks (Alaudidae) living along an arid-mesic gradient of environmental aridity, which we used as a proxy for risk of trans-shell infection. Results Contrary to expectations, lysozyme activity was highest in eggs from hotter, more arid locations, where we predicted the risk of trans-shell infection would be lower. Ovotransferrin concentrations did not vary with climatic factors. Temperature was a much better predictor of antimicrobial protein activity than precipitation, a result inconsistent with studies stressing the importance of moisture for trans-shell infection. Conclusions Our study raises interesting questions about the links between temperature and lysozyme activity in eggs, but we find no support for the hypothesis that antimicrobial protein deposition is higher in eggs laid in wetter environments.

tudies on fossil eggs and eggshells have been traditionally focused on analysis of microstructure and systematic classification, but few attempts have been made to examine the variability of eggshell characters. This work examines the variability of one diagnostic character, shape of the calcitic units, of some dinosaur eggshells by using outline shape analysis (elliptic Fourier analysis). The studied material belongs to five different oospecies of the parafamily Megaloolithidae Zhao, 1979. To test shape variation within and between oospecies, an analysis on 129 outlines was carried out and their variability was summarised by principal component analysis. We then tested if the shape of megaloolithid units changes according to size (i.e. allometry). A regression analysis between eggshell unit shape and two different size measurements (centroid size and eggshell thickness) showed that the thinnest eggshells (thickness ≤ 1 mm) have different shapes than thicker ones ( ≥ 2.5 mm). Our results stress that the variability in the shape of eggshell units in Megaloolithus oospecies is correlated to size (i.e. eggshell thickness), a phenomenon that should be then considered carefully when determining oospecies, since a single oospecies can show both a wide range of eggshell thickness and combined with different eggshell unit shapes

tudies on fossil eggs and eggshells have been traditionally focused on analysis of microstructure and systematic classification, but few attempts have been made to examine the variability of eggshell characters. This work examines the variability of one diagnostic character, shape of the calcitic units, of some dinosaur eggshells by using outline shape analysis (elliptic Fourier analysis). The studied material belongs to five different oospecies of the parafamily Megaloolithidae Zhao, 1979. To test shape variation within and between oospecies, an analysis on 129 outlines was carried out and their variability was summarised by principal component analysis. We then tested if the shape of megaloolithid units changes according to size (i.e. allometry). A regression analysis between eggshell unit shape and two different size measurements (centroid size and eggshell thickness) showed that the thinnest eggshells (thickness ≤ 1 mm) have different shapes than thicker ones ( ≥ 2.5 mm). Our results stress that the variability in the shape of eggshell units in Megaloolithus oospecies is correlated to size (i.e. eggshell thickness), a phenomenon that should be then considered carefully when determining oospecies, since a single oospecies can show both a wide range of eggshell thickness and combined with different eggshell unit shapes

English: A specific calcitic limestone source that is widely used in South African poultry diets was evaluated during two concurrent studies. During the first study, the effect of limestone particle size on in vivo and in vitro solubility, bone quality, egg production and eggshell quality was determined. Limestone was classified according to particle size as; small (0 − 1.0 mm), medium (1.0 − 2.0 mm) and large (2.0 − 3.8 mm). During the second study, the effect of different distribution ratios of small and large particle sizes of limestone on in vivo and in vitro solubility, bone quality, egg production and eggshell quality was determined. Small (0 − 1.0 mm) and large (2.0 − 3.8 mm) particles limestone from the first study was mixed to obtain the following five distribution ratios used in the second study namely; 0, 25, 50, 75, 100% small or large particles. The experimental protocol for both studies was the same. One hundred and ninety eight, 17 weeks old Lohmann-Silver pullets, were obtained from a commercial egg producer and randomly allocated to six treatments (n=33/treatment). All birds were kept in individual metabolic cages for the duration of the study. The influence of limestone particle size and distribution ratios of particles on feed intake, body weight and egg production was determined for weeks 19 to 32 as well as week 70 of age. During weeks 24, 28, 32 and 70 of age the effect of limestone particle size and distribution ratios of particles on eggshell quality characteristics such as shell weight, percentage eggshell, eggshell calcium, egg surface area, shell weight per unit surface area (SWUSA) and shell thickness was determined. The in vivo and in vitro limestone solubility of different limestone particles and the different distribution ratios of particles were determined during week 37 of age. At 37 and 70 weeks of age, the effect of limestone particle size and distribution ratios of limestone particles on bone dimensions (length, width and weight), Afrikaans: ‘n Spesifieke kalsitiese kalksteenbron wat algemeen in Suid-Afrika in pluimveerantsoene gebruik word, is tydens twee gelyklopende studies geëvalueer. Tydens die eerste studie is die invloed van partikelgrootte op die in vivo- en in vitro-kalksteenoplosbaarheid, beenkwaliteit, eierproduksie en eierdopkwaliteit bepaal. Die kalksteen is volgens partikelgrootte as fyn (0 − 1.0 mm), medium (1.0 − 2.0 mm) en grof (2.0 − 3.8 mm) geklassifiseer. Tydens die tweede studie is die invloed van partikelgrootte-verspreiding van fyn en growwe kalksteenpartikels op in vivo- en in vitro-oplosbaarheid, beenkwaliteit, eierproduksie en eierdopkwaliteit bepaal. Fyn (0 − 1.0 mm) en growwe (2.0 − 3.8 mm) kalksteenpartikels van die eerste studie is met mekaar gemeng om die volgende vyf partikelgrootte-verspreidings van 0, 25, 50, 75 en 100% fyn of growwe partikels te verkry. Die eksperimentele prosedure vir beide studies was dieselfde. Een honderd agt en negentig, Lohmann-Silver lêhenne (17 weke oud), is vanaf ‘n kommersiële eierprodusent verkry en ewekansig in ses behandelings ingedeel (n=33/behandeling). Die invloed van partikelgrootte en partikelgrootte-verspreiding op voerinhame, liggaamsgewig en eierproduksie vanaf week 19 tot 32 ouderdom asook gedurende week 70 is bepaal. Gedurende die ouderdom van week 24, 28, 32 en 70 is die invloed van partikelgrootte en partikelgrootte-verspreiding op eierdopkwaliteit-eienskappe soos dopgewig, persentasie dop, kalsiuminhoud, eieroppervlakte, eierdopgewig per eenheid oppervlakte en eierdopdikte bepaal. In vivo en in vitrokalksteenoplosbaarheid van die verskillende partikelgroottes en partikelgrootte-verspreidings is gedurende week 37 bepaal. Gedurende week 37 en 70 is die invloed van partikelgrootte en partikelgrootte-verspreiding op been-metings (lengte, dikte en gewig), meganiese eienskappe (sterkte en spanning) en persentasie been-as bepaal. Die resultate van die eerste studie toon dat ‘n toename in partikelgrootte van kalksteen met ‘, National Research Foundation (NRF)

English: A study was conducted to investigate the influence of different particle sizes of a specific amorphous limestone source (calcium carbonate) in a layer diet on egg production and egg quality at peak production (week 24). Ninety nine layer pullets, 17 weeks old, were obtained from a commercial layer breeder. The pullets were randomly allocated to three groups. All the pullets received the same layer diet. The only differences among the treatment groups were that the pullets in each group received one of the three different particle sizes in the diet namely:- (a) Less than 1.0 millimetre (b) 1.0 and 2.0 millimetre (c) 2.0 and 3.8 millimetre The influence of the three particle sizes on the feed intake, body weight and egg production as well as egg characteristics was recorded. The average weekly feed intake, body weight and egg production of layers from week 18 up to 28 were not (P> 0.05) different among the layer diets with the different particle sizes. The particle size of limestone in the layer diets did not influence egg weight (P= 0.2159) and egg output (P=0.2388) significantly at peak production. Average egg weight tended (P= 0.2159) to be heavier when coarse particles were fed. No statistic al significant (P> 0.05) differences in egg volume, egg contents, egg surface area, shell weight per unit surface area, shell percentage and shell thickness occurred. According to these results limestone particle size in layer diets has no influence on eggshell quality. In the second study the effect of particle size distribution of a specific limestone source in layer diet on egg production and egg quality at peak production (week 24) was investigated. One hundred and sixty seven layer pullets , 17 weeks old, were obtained from a commercial layer breeder. The pullets were randomly allocated to five groups. All the pullets received the same layer diet. The only differences among the treatment groups were that the pullets in each group received one of five different ra, Afrikaans: ’n Studie is uitgevoer om die invloed van verskillende partikelgroottes van ’n spesifieke amo rfe kalksteenbron (kalsiumkarbonaat) in lêhendiëte op eierproduksie en eierkwaliteit by piekproduksie (24 weke) na te gaan. Nege - en negentig, 17 weke oud lêhenne is van ’n kommersiële teler verkry. Die henne is ewekansig in drie groepe ingedeel. Al die lêhenne het dieselfde lêhendieet ontvang. Die enigste verskille tussen die behandelings was dat die lêhenne in elke groep een van drie verskillende partikelgroottes in die diet ontvang het naamlik: - a) kleiner as 1.0 millimeter b) tussen 1.0 en 2.0 millimeter c) tussen 2.0 en 3.8 millimeter Die invloed van die drie partikelgroottes op voerinname, liggaamsgewig en eierproduksie asook eiereienskappe is ondersoek. Die gemiddelde weeklikse voerinname, liggaamsgewig en eierproduksie van lêhenne vanaf 1 8 tot 28 weke h et nie betekenisvol (P>0.05) tussen die lêhendiete met verskillende kalksteen partikelgroottes verskil nie. Die partikelgroottes van voerkalk in die lêhendiete het nie eiergewig betekenisvol (P=0.2159) by piekproduksie beïnvloed nie. Gemiddelde eiergewig (P = 0.2159) en eiermassa (g eier/hen/dag) (P= 0.2388) het geneig om swaarder te wees indien growwe kalksteen verskaf is. Geen statisties betekenisvolle (P>0.05) verskille in eiervolume, eierinhoud, eieroppervlakte, dopgewig per eenheid oppervlakte, dop persentasie en dopdikte het voorgekom nie. Volgens hierdie resultate het kalksteen, partikelgrootte in lêhendiete geen invloed op eierdopkwaliteit nie. In ’n tweede studie is die invloed van partikelgrootte verspreiding van ’n spesifieke kalksteenbron in ’n lêhendieet op eierproduksie en eierkwaliteit by piekproduksie (24 weke) ondersoek. Eenhonderd sewe - en sestig 17 weke oud lêhenne is van ’n kommersiële teler verkry. Die lêhenne is ewekansig aan vyf groepe toegeken. Al die lêhenne het dieselfde lêhe ndieet ontvang. Die enigste verskille tussen die behandelings was dat die lêhenne in elke groep onders, Botswana Defence Force

The tyrosine rich eggshell protein referred to as F4 has been modelled exhaustively both by computer simulation and by physical studies of synthetic peptides. Our conclusion is that the tyrosine rich region of this protein probably forms a left-handed alpha helix. I have established the suggestion, based on the established protein segnonces, that the absence of phenylalanine residues may suggest a role in electron transplant.

Four Dopa-containing proteins have been isolated from Fasciola hepatica and purified to homogeneity (72kd, 31kd, 21kd, 12kd); the proteins are synthesized in the worm vitellaria and are strongly implicated as precursors of the quinone-tanned eggshell. Amino acid composition of the four proteins has been determined and tryptic fragments of the 31kd and 12kd have been sequenced. All proteins are similar in solubility and isoelectric point and are extremely rich in glycine and dihydroxphenylalanine. Sequence data (31kd, 12kd) indicate that modified tyrosine residues are flanked by glycine (gly-dopa-gly) and that large regions of polyglycine are present in the protein. Rabbit antisera has been utilized to isolate putative gene copies of the 20kd and 31kd genes from newly synthesized cDNA libraries. In addition, a battery of monoclonal antibodies has been raised against the 31kd protein as a tool to probe production and modification of the eggshell proteins in vivo and in vitro. Monoclonal antibody developed against components of Mehlis' gland, uterus, ootype and vitellaria are also being evaluated. Keywords: Synthesis (Chemistry); Microcapsules; Capsules; Dopa-proteins; Trematode; Crosslinks.

The comparatively greater cost of producing biodiesel in comparison to petroleum diesel is one of the key drawbacks. Eggshells and leftover chicken fat are examples of poultry wastes that can be used to produce biodiesel at a low cost as catalysts and oil, respectively. In this study, eggshell-derived CaO and its doping with sodium methoxide catalyst for enhancing catalytic activity was synthesized for the transesterification of waste chicken fat and characterized by FT-IR and XRD analyses. XRD studies confirmed the crystalline structure of the developed catalyst and doping of sodium with eggshell-derived CaO. The transesterification reaction was performed at different reaction parameters such as the catalyst loading, the methanol to oil ratio, the reaction temperature, and the reaction time. The biodiesel produced at the maximum yield was evaluated by gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. A maximum yield of 96% biodiesel was obtained with catalyst loading of 2 wt% of oil, as well as a methanol to oil ratio of 13:1 at 60 °C in 1 h. The output demonstrates that eggshell waste is a potentially accessible source of biomass-derived nano catalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel using chicken fat as a feedstock.

Hlavným cieľom tejto bakalárskej práce je návrh odstreďovacieho zariadenia pre minimalizáciu zbytkového bielka vo vaječných škrupinách. Postup pri návrhu zariadenia je daný literárnou rešeršou pre použitie jednotlivých komponentov v zariadení. Zadanie ďalej spočíva vo vytvorení 3D modelu prototypu a jeho výkresovej dokumentácie zostavy., Main goal of this bechalor thesis is designing centrifuge to minimize residual albumen from eggshells. Process of designing machine is set by literary research for using individual components in there. Layout further consists from making 3D model of prototype and it‘s mechanical drawings documentation.

Hlavným cieľom tejto bakalárskej práce je návrh odstreďovacieho zariadenia pre minimalizáciu zbytkového bielka vo vaječných škrupinách. Postup pri návrhu zariadenia je daný literárnou rešeršou pre použitie jednotlivých komponentov v zariadení. Zadanie ďalej spočíva vo vytvorení 3D modelu prototypu a jeho výkresovej dokumentácie zostavy., Main goal of this bechalor thesis is designing centrifuge to minimize residual albumen from eggshells. Process of designing machine is set by literary research for using individual components in there. Layout further consists from making 3D model of prototype and it‘s mechanical drawings documentation.

Vaječné skořápky obsahují řadu významných složek, které je z nich možné vytěžit, proto jsou považovány jako perspektivní surovina pro další zpracování. Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá zajištěním vhodného dopravního zařízení pro transport vaječných skořápek. Cílem práce je provést rešerši vhodného zařízení pro přepravu a vybrat nejvhodnější řešení. Po vhodném výběru následuje výpočtová část, která je provedena v programovacím jazyce Python, a dle které se zvolí jednotlivé konstrukční díly dopravníku. Celé zařízení je následně vymodelováno v programu SolidWorks spolu s příslušnou výkresovou dokumentací sestavy., Eggshells contain a number of important components that can be extracted from them, so they are considered as a promising raw material for further processing. This bachelor thesis deals with ensuring proper transport device for transporting eggshells.The goal of this work is to search for suitable device for transport and to choose the most suitable solution. The appropriate selection is followed by a calculation part, which is made in the programming language Python, and according to which the individual components of the conveyor are selected. The entire device is then modeled in SolidWorks along with the associated assembly drawing documentation.

Vaječné skořápky obsahují řadu významných složek, které je z nich možné vytěžit, proto jsou považovány jako perspektivní surovina pro další zpracování. Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá zajištěním vhodného dopravního zařízení pro transport vaječných skořápek. Cílem práce je provést rešerši vhodného zařízení pro přepravu a vybrat nejvhodnější řešení. Po vhodném výběru následuje výpočtová část, která je provedena v programovacím jazyce Python, a dle které se zvolí jednotlivé konstrukční díly dopravníku. Celé zařízení je následně vymodelováno v programu SolidWorks spolu s příslušnou výkresovou dokumentací sestavy., Eggshells contain a number of important components that can be extracted from them, so they are considered as a promising raw material for further processing. This bachelor thesis deals with ensuring proper transport device for transporting eggshells.The goal of this work is to search for suitable device for transport and to choose the most suitable solution. The appropriate selection is followed by a calculation part, which is made in the programming language Python, and according to which the individual components of the conveyor are selected. The entire device is then modeled in SolidWorks along with the associated assembly drawing documentation.

Vaječné skořápky obsahují řadu významných složek, které je z nich možné vytěžit, proto jsou považovány jako perspektivní surovina pro další zpracování. Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá zajištěním vhodného dopravního zařízení pro transport vaječných skořápek. Cílem práce je provést rešerši vhodného zařízení pro přepravu a vybrat nejvhodnější řešení. Po vhodném výběru následuje výpočtová část, která je provedena v programovacím jazyce Python, a dle které se zvolí jednotlivé konstrukční díly dopravníku. Celé zařízení je následně vymodelováno v programu SolidWorks spolu s příslušnou výkresovou dokumentací sestavy., Eggshells contain a number of important components that can be extracted from them, so they are considered as a promising raw material for further processing. This bachelor thesis deals with ensuring proper transport device for transporting eggshells.The goal of this work is to search for suitable device for transport and to choose the most suitable solution. The appropriate selection is followed by a calculation part, which is made in the programming language Python, and according to which the individual components of the conveyor are selected. The entire device is then modeled in SolidWorks along with the associated assembly drawing documentation.

Hlavným cieľom tejto bakalárskej práce je návrh odstreďovacieho zariadenia pre minimalizáciu zbytkového bielka vo vaječných škrupinách. Postup pri návrhu zariadenia je daný literárnou rešeršou pre použitie jednotlivých komponentov v zariadení. Zadanie ďalej spočíva vo vytvorení 3D modelu prototypu a jeho výkresovej dokumentácie zostavy., Main goal of this bechalor thesis is designing centrifuge to minimize residual albumen from eggshells. Process of designing machine is set by literary research for using individual components in there. Layout further consists from making 3D model of prototype and it‘s mechanical drawings documentation.