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Hållbarhetsarbete är en aspekt många organisationer arbetar med för att minska sin klimatpåverkan. I denna studie undersöks TUI Groups hållbarhetsarbete och organisationens hotellkedja RIUs hållbarhetsarbete i syfte att se över hur effektivt hotellkedjan arbetar med tre olika komponenter. Studiens syfte är att få en förståelse kring hur TUI Group arbetar med sitt hållbarhetsarbete samt att undersöka RIU hotells riktlinjer gentemot arbetet mot tre hållbarhetskomponenter. Genom en innehållsanalys och dokumentstudie av TUI Groups officiella webbplats har vi kommit till en slutsats som har besvarat studiens frågeställningar. Datainsamlingen i studien gav underlag genom att visa hur hållbarhetsarbete är en viktig aspekt för både researrangörer, hotellkedjor, på besöksdestinationer och för turismindustrin. Specifika platser och destinationers hållbarhetsarbete hade en stor träffpunkt inom de artiklar som sökts på. Det var inte många artiklar riktade till charterbolags och specifika organisationers hållbarhetsarbete. Det fanns ett aktivt hållbart arbete kring destinationer och platser charterbolaget TUI Group befann sig på i många artiklar, men inget var enbart riktat till organisationen i sig. Det visade sig även inom de relevanta artiklarna att de tre hållbarhets komponenterna var viktiga inom arbetet för TUI Group och deras hotellkedja RIU. Hållbarhetskomponenterna var ett viktigt fokusområde som lagt grund för många av organisationens och hotellkedjans hållbarhetsarbete., Sustainability work is an aspect which many organizations focus on, in order for them to reduce their climate impact. This study examines TUI Group´s sustainability efforts and the sustainability work of their hotel chain, RIU. To review how efficiently they work with the three sustainability components, social, economic and environmental, this study examines the organization and the hotel chain. The aim of this study is to understand how TUI Group conducts its sustainability efforts and to examine RIU hotels ‘guidelines regarding the work with the three sustainability components. Through content analysis and document study of TUI group´s official document on their website, we have collected our data and reached a conclusion which answers our research questions. The data collection in our study provided a basis by showing how sustainability work is important for both tour operators, hotel chains, tourist destinations as well as the whole tourism industry. Specific destinations and places had a significant presence in relation to sustainability work. There were not many articles about the efforts of specific charter companies and organizations sustainability work. There has been active sustainable work regarding destinations and places where the charter company TUI Group operates, but no articles directed to the organization itself. It also became evident in the relevant articles that the three sustainability components were important for both TUI Group and RIU, considering that the aspects were directed to many different sustainability efforts at the same time.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the different contract changes that potentially could be added to projects made on the road. For this study specifically, a project where a traffic circle is produced, is used as a reference. This is then further investigated by how these contract changes occurred and what type of temporal, economical and technical influence each and every contract change has on the project. By knowing why and how these contract changes occur, there is an evaluation made to list the different factors that entail the contract changes and different methods to prevent these factors which results in less appearing contract changes. Methods: The methods used in this study contains literature studies and case studies as well as analyzing documents regarding the project, calculations made and measurement values and lastly interviews with the different members that are involved in this project. Results: The results gave a perspective of what types of contract changes the project had and how each one affected the project temporally, economically and technically. The results also included answers from the entrepreneur, the client and the consultant for the interviews. It gave a perspective of their view on the project and their thoughts on the contract changes. By compiling their opinions and views one could detect the similarities and the differences. Further after gathering all of the previous results and comparing them, one could identify a common denominator where there clearly is a mismanagement and find ways to fix and evade the problems which results in less contract changes arising. Conclusion: All of the contract changes has been summurized and conlcuded in a UR-sheet. The following conclusions could be drawn from the framing of questions and results: there were a total of 18 different contract changes where as two of these were regulated from outsider factors. The rest were regulated through factors within the project itself, Oftast inte

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the different contract changes that potentially could be added to projects made on the road. For this study specifically, a project where a traffic circle is produced, is used as a reference. This is then further investigated by how these contract changes occurred and what type of temporal, economical and technical influence each and every contract change has on the project. By knowing why and how these contract changes occur, there is an evaluation made to list the different factors that entail the contract changes and different methods to prevent these factors which results in less appearing contract changes. Methods: The methods used in this study contains literature studies and case studies as well as analyzing documents regarding the project, calculations made and measurement values and lastly interviews with the different members that are involved in this project. Results: The results gave a perspective of what types of contract changes the project had and how each one affected the project temporally, economically and technically. The results also included answers from the entrepreneur, the client and the consultant for the interviews. It gave a perspective of their view on the project and their thoughts on the contract changes. By compiling their opinions and views one could detect the similarities and the differences. Further after gathering all of the previous results and comparing them, one could identify a common denominator where there clearly is a mismanagement and find ways to fix and evade the problems which results in less contract changes arising. Conclusion: All of the contract changes has been summurized and conlcuded in a UR-sheet. The following conclusions could be drawn from the framing of questions and results: there were a total of 18 different contract changes where as two of these were regulated from outsider factors. The rest were regulated through factors within the project itself, Oftast inte

This project details about the Electric Bike which runs on the battery thereby providing voltage to the motor. This project compromises with design and fabrication of Electric Bike which makes use of Electric energy as the primary source and solar energy, if possible, by attaching solar panels. It also highlights on the design aspects of the bike. There is a provision for a charging the battery by ejecting it from the main system. The electrical power generated which is used to run the bike can give better fuel economy compared to conventional vehicle, better performance and also causes less pollution. The project is to design a feasible yet highly adaptable E-bike. As the number of motor vehicles on the roads throughout the world increases at staggering rate each year, the dependence on oil-based fuel grows almost unchecked. The increased use of non-renewable fossil fuels brings with it environmental problems such as: the “greenhouse effect”, health problems for city delivers and concern over the stability of fuel supply. To move away from this dependence on oil, a vast amount of money is being spent on the development of electrical vehicles (EVs) that may be produced. This project presents a study of electrical motorcycle design. The aim of this study is to investigate how to design a simple, cost-effective model of electrical motorcycle with intelligent control system. This can be implemented by removing the internal combustion engine, the exhaust system and other unnecessary components from the motorcycle and replaced by an electrical motor, an intelligent controller.

This project details about the Electric Bike which runs on the battery thereby providing voltage to the motor. This project compromises with design and fabrication of Electric Bike which makes use of Electric energy as the primary source and solar energy, if possible, by attaching solar panels. It also highlights on the design aspects of the bike. There is a provision for a charging the battery by ejecting it from the main system. The electrical power generated which is used to run the bike can give better fuel economy compared to conventional vehicle, better performance and also causes less pollution. The project is to design a feasible yet highly adaptable E-bike. As the number of motor vehicles on the roads throughout the world increases at staggering rate each year, the dependence on oil-based fuel grows almost unchecked. The increased use of non-renewable fossil fuels brings with it environmental problems such as: the “greenhouse effect”, health problems for city delivers and concern over the stability of fuel supply. To move away from this dependence on oil, a vast amount of money is being spent on the development of electrical vehicles (EVs) that may be produced. This project presents a study of electrical motorcycle design. The aim of this study is to investigate how to design a simple, cost-effective model of electrical motorcycle with intelligent control system. This can be implemented by removing the internal combustion engine, the exhaust system and other unnecessary components from the motorcycle and replaced by an electrical motor, an intelligent controller.

The political and economic history of the Vijayanagar empire, Vijayanagar fort in the Kurnool district and Regional Forts, and the development of fort in the Vijayanagar period in the respective domain. How fort help for military and other purposes. Understand the fort of the Kurnool district and Regional Fort’s historical study, and the present study has formulated three hypotheses: the historical background of the Kurnool district and Regional Fort’s historical fort and political history and the early foundations of the forts. 2) the art & architecture and culture of the Kurnool district and Regional Forts and a special focus on the Vijayanagar dynasties in Deccan.

This project details about the Electric Bike which runs on the battery thereby providing voltage to the motor. This project compromises with design and fabrication of Electric Bike which makes use of Electric energy as the primary source and solar energy, if possible, by attaching solar panels. It also highlights on the design aspects of the bike. There is a provision for a charging the battery by ejecting it from the main system. The electrical power generated which is used to run the bike can give better fuel economy compared to conventional vehicle, better performance and also causes less pollution. The project is to design a feasible yet highly adaptable E-bike. As the number of motor vehicles on the roads throughout the world increases at staggering rate each year, the dependence on oil-based fuel grows almost unchecked. The increased use of non-renewable fossil fuels brings with it environmental problems such as: the “greenhouse effect”, health problems for city delivers and concern over the stability of fuel supply. To move away from this dependence on oil, a vast amount of money is being spent on the development of electrical vehicles (EVs) that may be produced. This project presents a study of electrical motorcycle design. The aim of this study is to investigate how to design a simple, cost-effective model of electrical motorcycle with intelligent control system. This can be implemented by removing the internal combustion engine, the exhaust system and other unnecessary components from the motorcycle and replaced by an electrical motor, an intelligent controller.

This project details about the Electric Bike which runs on the battery thereby providing voltage to the motor. This project compromises with design and fabrication of Electric Bike which makes use of Electric energy as the primary source and solar energy, if possible, by attaching solar panels. It also highlights on the design aspects of the bike. There is a provision for a charging the battery by ejecting it from the main system. The electrical power generated which is used to run the bike can give better fuel economy compared to conventional vehicle, better performance and also causes less pollution. The project is to design a feasible yet highly adaptable E-bike. As the number of motor vehicles on the roads throughout the world increases at staggering rate each year, the dependence on oil-based fuel grows almost unchecked. The increased use of non-renewable fossil fuels brings with it environmental problems such as: the “greenhouse effect”, health problems for city delivers and concern over the stability of fuel supply. To move away from this dependence on oil, a vast amount of money is being spent on the development of electrical vehicles (EVs) that may be produced. This project presents a study of electrical motorcycle design. The aim of this study is to investigate how to design a simple, cost-effective model of electrical motorcycle with intelligent control system. This can be implemented by removing the internal combustion engine, the exhaust system and other unnecessary components from the motorcycle and replaced by an electrical motor, an intelligent controller.

A problem with the city is that urban development, for the last decades, has neglected the human scale. Since capitalism and modernism the focus has shifted towards the modern man, a new rational being separated from nature rather than nature being an ever present part of life. Adopting an architecture where form follows function. Focus is on designing for the market and economy which has generated a culture of consumption and capitalist cities plagued by environmental issues and social inequality and cities are not fulfilling essential needs of a big portion of the people living there. Our culture and cities have ecological ramifications that extend beyond its borders disrupting the very basic needs of human life. Architecture must be designed for the collective rather than the ego. Rather than the few designing for the many, people should be a part of the making and remaking of the city and society. Design and architecture should rediscover our place in ecosystems and learn from nature how to adapt and be transformable. It should be inclusive, participatory and comprehensive to improve resilience. Building laboratory explores how design and architecture can become mutalistic by including, teaching and learning from the inhabitants. Constructing by using simple strategies and local material.

The political and economic history of the Vijayanagar empire, Vijayanagar fort in the Kurnool district and Regional Forts, and the development of fort in the Vijayanagar period in the respective domain. How fort help for military and other purposes. Understand the fort of the Kurnool district and Regional Fort’s historical study, and the present study has formulated three hypotheses: the historical background of the Kurnool district and Regional Fort’s historical fort and political history and the early foundations of the forts. 2) the art & architecture and culture of the Kurnool district and Regional Forts and a special focus on the Vijayanagar dynasties in Deccan.

A problem with the city is that urban development, for the last decades, has neglected the human scale. Since capitalism and modernism the focus has shifted towards the modern man, a new rational being separated from nature rather than nature being an ever present part of life. Adopting an architecture where form follows function. Focus is on designing for the market and economy which has generated a culture of consumption and capitalist cities plagued by environmental issues and social inequality and cities are not fulfilling essential needs of a big portion of the people living there. Our culture and cities have ecological ramifications that extend beyond its borders disrupting the very basic needs of human life. Architecture must be designed for the collective rather than the ego. Rather than the few designing for the many, people should be a part of the making and remaking of the city and society. Design and architecture should rediscover our place in ecosystems and learn from nature how to adapt and be transformable. It should be inclusive, participatory and comprehensive to improve resilience. Building laboratory explores how design and architecture can become mutalistic by including, teaching and learning from the inhabitants. Constructing by using simple strategies and local material.

This project details about the Electric Bike which runs on the battery thereby providing voltage to the motor. This project compromises with design and fabrication of Electric Bike which makes use of Electric energy as the primary source and solar energy, if possible, by attaching solar panels. It also highlights on the design aspects of the bike. There is a provision for a charging the battery by ejecting it from the main system. The electrical power generated which is used to run the bike can give better fuel economy compared to conventional vehicle, better performance and also causes less pollution. The project is to design a feasible yet highly adaptable E-bike. As the number of motor vehicles on the roads throughout the world increases at staggering rate each year, the dependence on oil-based fuel grows almost unchecked. The increased use of non-renewable fossil fuels brings with it environmental problems such as: the “greenhouse effect”, health problems for city delivers and concern over the stability of fuel supply. To move away from this dependence on oil, a vast amount of money is being spent on the development of electrical vehicles (EVs) that may be produced. This project presents a study of electrical motorcycle design. The aim of this study is to investigate how to design a simple, cost-effective model of electrical motorcycle with intelligent control system. This can be implemented by removing the internal combustion engine, the exhaust system and other unnecessary components from the motorcycle and replaced by an electrical motor, an intelligent controller.

The political and economic history of the Vijayanagar empire, Vijayanagar fort in the Kurnool district and Regional Forts, and the development of fort in the Vijayanagar period in the respective domain. How fort help for military and other purposes. Understand the fort of the Kurnool district and Regional Fort’s historical study, and the present study has formulated three hypotheses: the historical background of the Kurnool district and Regional Fort’s historical fort and political history and the early foundations of the forts. 2) the art & architecture and culture of the Kurnool district and Regional Forts and a special focus on the Vijayanagar dynasties in Deccan.

This project details about the Electric Bike which runs on the battery thereby providing voltage to the motor. This project compromises with design and fabrication of Electric Bike which makes use of Electric energy as the primary source and solar energy, if possible, by attaching solar panels. It also highlights on the design aspects of the bike. There is a provision for a charging the battery by ejecting it from the main system. The electrical power generated which is used to run the bike can give better fuel economy compared to conventional vehicle, better performance and also causes less pollution. The project is to design a feasible yet highly adaptable E-bike. As the number of motor vehicles on the roads throughout the world increases at staggering rate each year, the dependence on oil-based fuel grows almost unchecked. The increased use of non-renewable fossil fuels brings with it environmental problems such as: the “greenhouse effect”, health problems for city delivers and concern over the stability of fuel supply. To move away from this dependence on oil, a vast amount of money is being spent on the development of electrical vehicles (EVs) that may be produced. This project presents a study of electrical motorcycle design. The aim of this study is to investigate how to design a simple, cost-effective model of electrical motorcycle with intelligent control system. This can be implemented by removing the internal combustion engine, the exhaust system and other unnecessary components from the motorcycle and replaced by an electrical motor, an intelligent controller.

This project details about the Electric Bike which runs on the battery thereby providing voltage to the motor. This project compromises with design and fabrication of Electric Bike which makes use of Electric energy as the primary source and solar energy, if possible, by attaching solar panels. It also highlights on the design aspects of the bike. There is a provision for a charging the battery by ejecting it from the main system. The electrical power generated which is used to run the bike can give better fuel economy compared to conventional vehicle, better performance and also causes less pollution. The project is to design a feasible yet highly adaptable E-bike. As the number of motor vehicles on the roads throughout the world increases at staggering rate each year, the dependence on oil-based fuel grows almost unchecked. The increased use of non-renewable fossil fuels brings with it environmental problems such as: the “greenhouse effect”, health problems for city delivers and concern over the stability of fuel supply. To move away from this dependence on oil, a vast amount of money is being spent on the development of electrical vehicles (EVs) that may be produced. This project presents a study of electrical motorcycle design. The aim of this study is to investigate how to design a simple, cost-effective model of electrical motorcycle with intelligent control system. This can be implemented by removing the internal combustion engine, the exhaust system and other unnecessary components from the motorcycle and replaced by an electrical motor, an intelligent controller.

Urban neighborhoods that work toward carbon-free, climate-neutral goals, attain apositive energy balance, and aspire for excess renewable energy production aredefined as Positive Energy Districts (PEDs). PEDs are designed to contribute tosustainable urban growth, and it is also true that sustainable urban growth can leadto the creation of PEDs. Essentially, PEDs can be achieved by developing andfollowing sustainable infrastructure and urban planning practices including spatial,transportation, and social planning. As per JPI Urban Europe, the key aspects ofPEDs along with the funding include implementation strategies, stakeholders,climate transition, governance, legal frameworks, as well as technological andsystem innovation. As the name suggests, PED mainly comprises positive energy (energy management)and district (neighborhood) elements. The district aspect encompasses urbanplanning that constitutes strategic planning for sustainability implicationsconsisting of environmental, social, economical, mobility, andtransportation-related factors, all of which involve the users and its people. Thepositive energy aspect of a PED enables local energy production resulting in energyefficiency and potential cost savings for its residents. The thesis examines the performance of urban planning factors with the potential todevelop an existing neighborhood toward a PED. This research study explores theoverall sustainability of a neighborhood in terms of mobility, social, economic, andenvironmental factors. The performance of these factors is measured through KeyPerformance Indicators (KPIs), which measure the attributes of sustainability. Thesecontributing KPIs have been studied on a scale through a case study of HammarbySjöstad (HS) in Stockholm. The perception of stakeholders is collected for evaluatingKPIs. These KPIs have been thoroughly analyzed as designed during the planningstage and post-implementation to evaluate their success. The findings of this thesiscan be employed a

Urban neighborhoods that work toward carbon-free, climate-neutral goals, attain apositive energy balance, and aspire for excess renewable energy production aredefined as Positive Energy Districts (PEDs). PEDs are designed to contribute tosustainable urban growth, and it is also true that sustainable urban growth can leadto the creation of PEDs. Essentially, PEDs can be achieved by developing andfollowing sustainable infrastructure and urban planning practices including spatial,transportation, and social planning. As per JPI Urban Europe, the key aspects ofPEDs along with the funding include implementation strategies, stakeholders,climate transition, governance, legal frameworks, as well as technological andsystem innovation. As the name suggests, PED mainly comprises positive energy (energy management)and district (neighborhood) elements. The district aspect encompasses urbanplanning that constitutes strategic planning for sustainability implicationsconsisting of environmental, social, economical, mobility, andtransportation-related factors, all of which involve the users and its people. Thepositive energy aspect of a PED enables local energy production resulting in energyefficiency and potential cost savings for its residents. The thesis examines the performance of urban planning factors with the potential todevelop an existing neighborhood toward a PED. This research study explores theoverall sustainability of a neighborhood in terms of mobility, social, economic, andenvironmental factors. The performance of these factors is measured through KeyPerformance Indicators (KPIs), which measure the attributes of sustainability. Thesecontributing KPIs have been studied on a scale through a case study of HammarbySjöstad (HS) in Stockholm. The perception of stakeholders is collected for evaluatingKPIs. These KPIs have been thoroughly analyzed as designed during the planningstage and post-implementation to evaluate their success. The findings of this thesiscan be employed a

Agriculture provides food for more than half of India's population. Entrepreneurial development among rural people is becoming more widely acknowledged as a strategy for overall rural community development. Rural people's entrepreneurial growth is increasingly being recognised as a strategy for achieving total rural community development. Beekeeping is an example of a successful agricultural business. By becoming entrepreneurs, beekeepers can increase their earnings and social capital. By boosting the income of rural beekeepers, reducing poverty, and protecting biological systems through pollination, entrepreneurial behavior contributes to sustainable development. The current review focuses on the several aspects of beekeeping as a profession on the core ideas of beekeeping entrepreneurship, its history, the distribution of honey-producing regions, and the wishes for its entrepreneurship development in India, as well as the important reasons for encouraging entrepreneurship. The current situation of beekeeping entrepreneurship in India, as well as the problems and opportunities it brings, were examined. This study examines the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) and Political, Economical, Social, and Technical (PEST) analyses of beekeeping as a business. As a result, the user is able to extensively research the market before beginning any new business. The focus of the review is on the business elements of beekeeping. In addition, the study highlights the beekeeping industry's future possibilities as well as the regulations sought by the Indian government.

The political and economic history of the Vijayanagar empire, Vijayanagar fort in the Kurnool district and Regional Forts, and the development of fort in the Vijayanagar period in the respective domain. How fort help for military and other purposes. Understand the fort of the Kurnool district and Regional Fort’s historical study, and the present study has formulated three hypotheses: the historical background of the Kurnool district and Regional Fort’s historical fort and political history and the early foundations of the forts. 2) the art & architecture and culture of the Kurnool district and Regional Forts and a special focus on the Vijayanagar dynasties in Deccan.

This project details about the Electric Bike which runs on the battery thereby providing voltage to the motor. This project compromises with design and fabrication of Electric Bike which makes use of Electric energy as the primary source and solar energy, if possible, by attaching solar panels. It also highlights on the design aspects of the bike. There is a provision for a charging the battery by ejecting it from the main system. The electrical power generated which is used to run the bike can give better fuel economy compared to conventional vehicle, better performance and also causes less pollution. The project is to design a feasible yet highly adaptable E-bike. As the number of motor vehicles on the roads throughout the world increases at staggering rate each year, the dependence on oil-based fuel grows almost unchecked. The increased use of non-renewable fossil fuels brings with it environmental problems such as: the “greenhouse effect”, health problems for city delivers and concern over the stability of fuel supply. To move away from this dependence on oil, a vast amount of money is being spent on the development of electrical vehicles (EVs) that may be produced. This project presents a study of electrical motorcycle design. The aim of this study is to investigate how to design a simple, cost-effective model of electrical motorcycle with intelligent control system. This can be implemented by removing the internal combustion engine, the exhaust system and other unnecessary components from the motorcycle and replaced by an electrical motor, an intelligent controller.

Our cultural heritage has been presented on many different materials, including stone, vellum, bamboo, silk, paper and etc. these all materials for information storage had been found in physical medias. That time the attention had been focused only on preserving physical media. Now a day a variety of information exists in digital forms, including emails, blogs, social networking websites, national elections websites, web photo albums, etc.US Library of Congress, had reported(1998) that 44% of the sites available on the internet. It means technology help us to access the cultural heritage from storage of digital memory. However technology creates some opportunity as well as raise challenges also. Libraries and information professionals are now being challenged by new technology; Like multimedia, internet, www, and other virtual computer technology. The environmental, legal, ethical and technological challenges create some major issues to retrieve and preserve the digital information. So the responsibility of librarian and information technology professionals has been wider. The paramount need is to create a well-organized digital preservation strategy for modern library. The researchers have tried to define digital preservation of library resources. The present paper flew the light on the challenges of digital preservation and recommends the suitable strategy implement for digital preservation. They also focus on proposed model for strategic planning for digital preservation.

El spinning és un tipus de gimnàstica que es practica sobre una bicicleta estàtica i consisteix en alternar la intensitat de la pedalada en successives seqüències de temps. És un esport molt complet ja que treballes tot el cos per a una realització completa de l’activitat física. En aquest treball es pretén realitzar una bicicleta apta per fer spinning en casa degut a que s’ha incrementat l’activitat física en llars. A més es pretén re dissenyar el quadre de les bicicletes estàtiques per a que les persones puguin traslladar-la d’un lloc a un altre. I guardar-la amb facilitat. Durant el treball s’apliquen coneixements adquirits del grau de disseny i desenvolupament del Producte, des de modelatges en 3D, optimització dels processos de fabricació i costos de material fins a l’estudi previ del mercat i els competidors. Es tracta d’un projecte innovador, sostenible i ergonòmic de cara a l’activitat física., Spinning is a type of gymnastics that is practiced on a stationary bike and consists of alternating the intensity of cycling in successive time sequences. It is a very complete sport as you work your whole body for a complete physical activity. The aim of this work is to make a bike suitable for spinning at home due to the increase in physical activity in homes. It also aims to redesign the frame of exercise bikes so that people can move it from one place to another. And save it easily. During the project, knowledge acquired from the degree of design and development of the Product is applied, from 3D modelling, optimization of manufacturing processes and material costs to the previous study of the market and competitors. It is an innovative, sustainable and ergonomic project for physical activity.

Silk, the natural protein fiber has a great importance in textile clothing, apparel and home decoration due to its definite lustrous appearance, peach like softness and draping qualities. Fine fibrillar structure and orientation of fiber molecules control its dyeing nature covering almost the entire spectrum of colors and hues. Silk is mainly used for value added premium quality products, so this research work is carried out to find out the economical dyestuff for silk along with required end customer performance. Shade strength measurement using data color is also another technical aspect of this research.

The South African government has introduced a number of legislative measures in support of procurement reform with the aim to make procurement more efficient and effective. In order to provide quality basic services, local government needs to procure goods and services. The Policy on the Strategy to Guide Uniformity in Procurement Reform Processes in Government (RSA, 2003) stipulates that supply chain management forms the basis of sound financial management. However, the state of local government finances and financial management in many of South Africa’s municipalities is poor and municipalities find it difficult to deliver basic services to their communities. Local government should therefore prioritise the improvement of service delivery to provide for the growing demands of communities. The aim of this study was to establish an improved framework for supply chain management practices that will enhance service delivery within local and district municipalities. The study used a qualitative research method. A literature study was done on supply chain management, service delivery, and the regulatory framework based on service delivery and supply chain management. Based on the literature review, a questionnaire with open ended questions was developed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted by the researcher in three local municipalities (Matjhabeng, Masilonyana and Tswelopele) and in the Lejweleputswa district municipality. The researcher interviewed supply chain management practitioners, SCM managers, Chief Financial Officers and Municipal Managers. An electronic coding system using Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software Atlas.ti was applied to code and analyse all the information provided by the interviewees. The study revealed that barriers impeding SCM performance can be classified into four categories. The first category is those barriers which municipalities face from the activities of the community, such as non-payment for municipal services

Silk, the natural protein fiber has a great importance in textile clothing, apparel and home decoration due to its definite lustrous appearance, peach like softness and draping qualities. Fine fibrillar structure and orientation of fiber molecules control its dyeing nature covering almost the entire spectrum of colors and hues. Silk is mainly used for value added premium quality products, so this research work is carried out to find out the economical dyestuff for silk along with required end customer performance. Shade strength measurement using data color is also another technical aspect of this research.

The purpose of this work has been to investigate how housing can be designed to be more sustainable and to design a sustainable collective housing based on the information obtained through this work. The concept of sustainability in this report has been divided into two main aspects: ecological and social sustainability. Based on literature studies, our own surveys as well as observations of other collective housing projects and sketch work, a housing has been designed that meets some of our predetermined goals. These goals mainly revolve around the design being: sustainable based on certain chosen aspects, practical to live in, and appealing to people by offering some comfort and respecting the residents’ need for privacy. The literature study includes information about collective housing, the history of collective housing in Sweden, existing implementations of collective housing, surveys, and requirements in BBR (Boverkets byggnadsregler). Subsequently, observations of other collective housing projects have been made to serve as a starting point of the design. The method includes the approach used to achieve the results. This includes the survey and the sketch work that led to the final design. The survey was sent out to and answered by one hundred people and the data received from the seventeen questions have served as a basis for the design of this project. The suggestions for functions that were received by the respondents have been of particular importance to inspire the choice of functions in the final design. Among other things, these led to the choice to include an outdoor gym. Two prototypes of collective housing were profiled during the sketch work, which were then abandoned in the process of designing something that better lived up to the goals of the project. The final design resulted in a building divided in three floors that includes six collective apartments with additional common rooms that are shared between the apartments. The site plan shows two, Syftet med detta arbete har varit att undersöka hur boenden kan utformas för att bli mer hållbara, samt baserat därpå gestalta ett hållbart kollektivboende. Begreppet hållbarhet i denna rapport har delats in i två huvudaspekter: ekologisk och social hållbarhet. Utifrån litteraturstudier, egna enkätundersökningar, observationer av andra befintliga kollektiv och skissarbete, har ett boende gestaltats som uppfyller några av våra förutbestämda mål. Dessa mål är att boendet ska utformas för att bli mer hållbart utifrån de valda aspekterna och praktiskt att bo i, samt tilltalande för människor genom att erbjuda viss bekvämlighet och respektera de boendes behov av privatliv. I litteraturstudien omfattar information om kollektivbostäder, kollektivhusens historia i Sverige, existerande implementeringar av kollektiv och enkätundersökningar samt krav i BBR. Därefter har observationer av andra kollektivhus gjorts. Dessa har sedan fungerat som en utgångspunkt för gestaltningen i detta projekt. Vår metod innefattar en egen enkätundersökning samt det skissarbete som ledde till den slutgiltiga gestaltningen. Enkäten har skickats ut till och besvarats av 100 personer. Svaren vi erhöll på de 17 frågorna har fungerat som underlag för resonemang bakom våra beslut i gestaltningsarbetet. De egna förslagen på rum som respondenterna angivit har varit av särskild betydelse som inspiration för valen av rum i bostaden. Bland annat så medförde de valet att inkludera ett utegym. Två prototyper av kollektiv profilerades under skissarbetet vilka senare övergavs för att komma fram till något som bättre levde upp till målen med arbetet. Det slutliga resultatet gav ett kollektivboende i tre våningar som omfattar sex kollektivlägenheter med ytterligare gemensamma rum som delas mellan kollektivlägenheterna i byggnaden. Situationsplanen visar två av det gestaltade kollektivboenden på en delad innergård. Förutom att ha kunnat fastställa att den kollektiva boendeformen har vissa grundläggande positiva fö

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are regarded as one of the best potential natural resources to be discovered as a way towards reducing the over dependence on fossil fuel based electricity generation. But, Limitations of advanced study on MFCs have slow downed its development. Moreover, Low power generations from MFCs, expensive electrode materials, and the inability to scale up MFCs to industrially relevant capacities have made that worse. However, the Utilization of MFC in the arena of electro chemistry and thermal science can be very promising in other aspects. In this work, we studied various materials and processes that can be applied to construct economical MFCs on small scale. Then, a Charge Discharge cycling experiment was conducted on the Cell. During the test, Voltage generation close to Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs) was identified which shows MFCs can be used as batteries. Next, a single spherical particle one dimensional (1D) physics based thermo electrochemical model was developed to investigate the potential overall performance of MFC as an energy storage device. Using our model in simulation, we validated the experimental results to predict the techniques required to analyze the system’s optimum performance and provided recommendations on theories and parameters to include in MFC studies to achieve the best possible outcomes. The outcome of this work will provide useful information on the concept of MFC and design guidelines for various applications.

The purpose of this work has been to investigate how housing can be designed to be more sustainable and to design a sustainable collective housing based on the information obtained through this work. The concept of sustainability in this report has been divided into two main aspects: ecological and social sustainability. Based on literature studies, our own surveys as well as observations of other collective housing projects and sketch work, a housing has been designed that meets some of our predetermined goals. These goals mainly revolve around the design being: sustainable based on certain chosen aspects, practical to live in, and appealing to people by offering some comfort and respecting the residents’ need for privacy. The literature study includes information about collective housing, the history of collective housing in Sweden, existing implementations of collective housing, surveys, and requirements in BBR (Boverkets byggnadsregler). Subsequently, observations of other collective housing projects have been made to serve as a starting point of the design. The method includes the approach used to achieve the results. This includes the survey and the sketch work that led to the final design. The survey was sent out to and answered by one hundred people and the data received from the seventeen questions have served as a basis for the design of this project. The suggestions for functions that were received by the respondents have been of particular importance to inspire the choice of functions in the final design. Among other things, these led to the choice to include an outdoor gym. Two prototypes of collective housing were profiled during the sketch work, which were then abandoned in the process of designing something that better lived up to the goals of the project. The final design resulted in a building divided in three floors that includes six collective apartments with additional common rooms that are shared between the apartments. The site plan shows two, Syftet med detta arbete har varit att undersöka hur boenden kan utformas för att bli mer hållbara, samt baserat därpå gestalta ett hållbart kollektivboende. Begreppet hållbarhet i denna rapport har delats in i två huvudaspekter: ekologisk och social hållbarhet. Utifrån litteraturstudier, egna enkätundersökningar, observationer av andra befintliga kollektiv och skissarbete, har ett boende gestaltats som uppfyller några av våra förutbestämda mål. Dessa mål är att boendet ska utformas för att bli mer hållbart utifrån de valda aspekterna och praktiskt att bo i, samt tilltalande för människor genom att erbjuda viss bekvämlighet och respektera de boendes behov av privatliv. I litteraturstudien omfattar information om kollektivbostäder, kollektivhusens historia i Sverige, existerande implementeringar av kollektiv och enkätundersökningar samt krav i BBR. Därefter har observationer av andra kollektivhus gjorts. Dessa har sedan fungerat som en utgångspunkt för gestaltningen i detta projekt. Vår metod innefattar en egen enkätundersökning samt det skissarbete som ledde till den slutgiltiga gestaltningen. Enkäten har skickats ut till och besvarats av 100 personer. Svaren vi erhöll på de 17 frågorna har fungerat som underlag för resonemang bakom våra beslut i gestaltningsarbetet. De egna förslagen på rum som respondenterna angivit har varit av särskild betydelse som inspiration för valen av rum i bostaden. Bland annat så medförde de valet att inkludera ett utegym. Två prototyper av kollektiv profilerades under skissarbetet vilka senare övergavs för att komma fram till något som bättre levde upp till målen med arbetet. Det slutliga resultatet gav ett kollektivboende i tre våningar som omfattar sex kollektivlägenheter med ytterligare gemensamma rum som delas mellan kollektivlägenheterna i byggnaden. Situationsplanen visar två av det gestaltade kollektivboenden på en delad innergård. Förutom att ha kunnat fastställa att den kollektiva boendeformen har vissa grundläggande positiva fö

Silk, the natural protein fiber has a great importance in textile clothing, apparel and home decoration due to its definite lustrous appearance, peach like softness and draping qualities. Fine fibrillar structure and orientation of fiber molecules control its dyeing nature covering almost the entire spectrum of colors and hues. Silk is mainly used for value added premium quality products, so this research work is carried out to find out the economical dyestuff for silk along with required end customer performance. Shade strength measurement using data color is also another technical aspect of this research.

The objective of this text is to deepen the debate about a global economic crisis, which was already forming, but immensely catalyzed by the Covid-19 crisis. The analysis, comparison of data from authorized institutions, seeks, based on the indicators of the global crisis, to always do or contradict Brazil. One of the conclusions highlighted in the text is the current crisis, also called “Corona Crisis”, is one of the most relevant in history and has already overcome the Great Depression of 1929, mainly in the speed with which the world economy is deteriorating. In this crisis, the worsening of macroeconomic and social indicators, which developed in the 1930s in three years, occurred in three weeks. The article also concludes that Brazil faces a sum of simultaneous crises, which influence each other., Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é aprofundar o debate sobre a crise econômica mundial, que já vinha se configurando, mas que foi imensamente catalisada pela crise do Covid-19. A análise, amparada em dados de instituições especializadas, procura, a partir dos indicadores da crise global, fazer sempre o contraponto com o Brasil. Uma das conclusões em destaque no texto é a de que a crise atual, também chamada de “corona-crise”, é uma das mais relevantes da história, e já supera a Grande Depressão de 1929, especialmente na velocidade com que a economia mundial se deteriora. Nesta crise, a piora dos indicadores macros econômicos e sociais, que nos anos de 1930, se desenvolveram em três anos, ocorreu em três semanas. O artigo também constata que o Brasil enfrenta um somatório de crises simultâneas, que se influenciam mutuamente.

Silk, the natural protein fiber has a great importance in textile clothing, apparel and home decoration due to its definite lustrous appearance, peach like softness and draping qualities. Fine fibrillar structure and orientation of fiber molecules control its dyeing nature covering almost the entire spectrum of colors and hues. Silk is mainly used for value added premium quality products, so this research work is carried out to find out the economical dyestuff for silk along with required end customer performance. Shade strength measurement using data color is also another technical aspect of this research.

Silk, the natural protein fiber has a great importance in textile clothing, apparel and home decoration due to its definite lustrous appearance, peach like softness and draping qualities. Fine fibrillar structure and orientation of fiber molecules control its dyeing nature covering almost the entire spectrum of colors and hues. Silk is mainly used for value added premium quality products, so this research work is carried out to find out the economical dyestuff for silk along with required end customer performance. Shade strength measurement using data color is also another technical aspect of this research.

[ES] Dentro del ámbito tecnológico, los dispositivos móviles permiten la conexión entre objetos y sensores desde cualquier lugar, haciendo posible una conectividad IoT (del inglés Internet of Things). En este proyecto se pretende realizar una aplicación móvil que nos permita como consumidores elaborar listas de compras con los productos alimentarios más económicos del mercado empleando una tecnología innovadora como es el caso de Flutter. Para comprobar la viabilidad del proyecto, se han seguido los pasos de una de las estrategias empresariales más punteras en la actualidad conocida como el lienzo de modelo de negocio. Esta herramienta empresarial se encarga de describir como nuestro producto conseguirá captar la atención de los clientes, los recursos imprescindibles para su éxito y cuáles serán sus principales fuentes de ingresos entre otras cosas. Para llevar a cabo el proyecto, se ha realizado un estudio exhaustivo tanto de los casos de uso como de los análisis de requisitos necesarios para la creación de software de calidad. Con este mismo fin, se ha procedido a la evaluación de las pruebas imprescindibles para el funcionamiento idóneo de la aplicación. Los resultados de las pruebas realizadas sobre la aplicación permiten concluir que es posible realizar una aplicación que pueda dar respuesta a las necesidades económicas de la población proporcionándoles una serie de catálogos de productos de uso cuotidiano procedentes de los establecimientos más gigantescos de nuestro país., [EN] Within the technological field, mobile devices allow connection between objects and sensors from anywhere, making possible an IoT connectivity (Internet of Things). The principal aim of this project is to make a mobile application that allows us as consumers to create shopping lists with the most economical food products on the market using innovative technology like Flutter. To check the viability of the project, the steps of one of the most cutting-edge business strategies known today as the business model canvas have been followed. This business tool is responsible for describing how our product will get the attention of customers, the essential resources for its success and what will be its main sources of income among other things. To carry out this project, an exhaustive study about the use of cases and the analysis of requirements necessary for the creation of quality software has been done. For this same purpose, the evaluation of the essential tests for the proper operation of the application has been realized. The results of the tests carried out on the application allow us to conclude that it is possible to make an application that can respond to the economic needs of the population by providing them a series of catalogs which include plenty of daily products from the most gigantic establishments in our country.

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are known to be associated with significant costs of healthcare services. Here, we report the impact of psychotherapy on behavior surrounding healthcare utilization and the potential economic benefits associated with long-term seizure control. Methods: This retrospective study describes patients seen between 2010 and 2016 at the epilepsy clinic at Glostrup University Hospital in Denmark and offered a psychotherapeutic treatment program for PNES. Forty-two patients were interviewed about seizure outcome 12–24 months after psychotherapy, and the annual changes in healthcare utilization and associated costs of services provided in a period of 24 months before and up to 24 months after treatment were compared. Results: At 12-month follow-up, 83% of the patients had achieved above 50% reduction in seizures. The 24-month pretreatment costs compared with the 24-month posttreatment costs directly associated with seizures dropped by 95.8%, and total healthcare costs were reduced by 63%. Estimation of annual savings from the program comes to 1060 € per patient. An association was found between seizure rate and number of healthcare contacts. Conclusion: This study adds to the evidence that psychotherapy is a cost-effective way of treating PNES. The economic benefits from this form of intervention appear not only to diminish costs directly associated with PNES, but also healthcare utilization in general.

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are known to be associated with significant costs of healthcare services. Here, we report the impact of psychotherapy on behavior surrounding healthcare utilization and the potential economic benefits associated with long-term seizure control. Methods: This retrospective study describes patients seen between 2010 and 2016 at the epilepsy clinic at Glostrup University Hospital in Denmark and offered a psychotherapeutic treatment program for PNES. Forty-two patients were interviewed about seizure outcome 12–24 months after psychotherapy, and the annual changes in healthcare utilization and associated costs of services provided in a period of 24 months before and up to 24 months after treatment were compared. Results: At 12-month follow-up, 83% of the patients had achieved above 50% reduction in seizures. The 24-month pretreatment costs compared with the 24-month posttreatment costs directly associated with seizures dropped by 95.8%, and total healthcare costs were reduced by 63%. Estimation of annual savings from the program comes to 1060 € per patient. An association was found between seizure rate and number of healthcare contacts. Conclusion: This study adds to the evidence that psychotherapy is a cost-effective way of treating PNES. The economic benefits from this form of intervention appear not only to diminish costs directly associated with PNES, but also healthcare utilization in general.

The inherent stochastic nature of wind power requires additional flexibility during power system operation. Traditionally, conventional generation is the only option to provide the required flexibility. However, the provision of the flexibility from the conventional generation such as coal-fired generating units comes at the cost of significantly additional fuel consumption and carbon emissions. Fortunately, with the development of the technologies, energy storage and customer demand response would be able to compete with the conventional generation in providing the flexibility. Give that power systems should deploy the most economic resources for provision of the required operational flexibility, this paper presents a detailed analysis of the economic characteristics of these key flexibility options. The concept of “balancing cost” is proposed to represent the cost of utilizing the flexible resources to integrate the variable wind power. The key indicators are proposed respectively for the different flexible resources to measure the balancing cost. Moreover, the optimization models are developed to evaluate the indicators to find out the balancing costs when utilizing different flexible resources. The results illustrate that exploiting the potential of flexibility from demand side management is the preferred option for integrating variable wind power when the penetration level is below 10%, preventing additional fuel consumption and carbon emissions. However, it may require 8% of the customer demand to be flexible and available. Moreover, although energy storage is currently relatively expensive, it is likely to prevail over conventional generation by 2025 to 2030, when the capital cost of energy storage is projected to drop to approximately $ 400/kWh or lower., Export Date: 22 October 2018; Article; CODEN: APEND; Correspondence Address: Ding, Y.; College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang UniversityChina; email: yiding@zju.edu.cn; Funding details: 017YFB0903400; Funding details: 51577167, NSFC, National Natural Science Foundation of China; Funding details: 51537010, NSFC, National Natural Science Foundation of China; Funding details: NSFC, National Natural Science Foundation of China; Funding text: The research is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant 017YFB0903400, and national natural science foundation of China ( NSFC ) under Grant 51577167 and 51537010 . QC 20181113

The global social, ecological and economic challenges facing humanity today have given rise to the UN's 17 Global Objectives and Agenda 2030 to achieve sustainable development. Kate Raworth, professor of economics from Oxford University, has in the same spirit developed a visual framework with seven related conditions for mankind to live by, to strive towards living within a safe and fair zone of sustainable development. This framework and associated conditions for sustainable development are applied in this study with the intention to investigate and concretize the potentially contributing sustainable development effects of a norm-creative waste management project in a process of sustainable societal development. The results of the study show clear evidence that the waste management project has contributed to sustainable societal development according to the respondents who participated in the study. However, further studies are required to concretize these results through a more scientifically objective methodology., De globala sociala, ekologiska och ekonomiska utmaningarna som mänskligheten står inför i dagsläget har gett upphov till FN’s 17 globala mål och agenda 2030 för att vägleda mänskligheten mot en hållbar utveckling. Kate Raworth, professor i ekonomi från Oxfords universitet, har i samma anda utvecklat ett visuellt ramverk med sju tillhörande förutsättningar för mänskligheten att sträva mot för att leva inom ett säkert och rättvist utrymme av hållbar utveckling. Detta ramverk och tillhörande förutsättningar för hållbar utveckling appliceras i den här studien med syftet att undersöka och konkretisera ett normkreativt avfallsprojekts potentiellt bidragande effekter till en hållbar samhällsutveckling. Resultatet av undersökningen påvisar tydliga belägg för att avfallsprojektet har bidragit till en hållbar samhällsutveckling utefter det teoretiska ramverket enligt respondenter som deltagit i studien. Det krävs dock vidare studier för att konkretisera dessa resultat i mer objektiva sammanhang.

The inherent stochastic nature of wind power requires additional flexibility during power system operation. Traditionally, conventional generation is the only option to provide the required flexibility. However, the provision of the flexibility from the conventional generation such as coal-fired generating units comes at the cost of significantly additional fuel consumption and carbon emissions. Fortunately, with the development of the technologies, energy storage and customer demand response would be able to compete with the conventional generation in providing the flexibility. Give that power systems should deploy the most economic resources for provision of the required operational flexibility, this paper presents a detailed analysis of the economic characteristics of these key flexibility options. The concept of “balancing cost” is proposed to represent the cost of utilizing the flexible resources to integrate the variable wind power. The key indicators are proposed respectively for the different flexible resources to measure the balancing cost. Moreover, the optimization models are developed to evaluate the indicators to find out the balancing costs when utilizing different flexible resources. The results illustrate that exploiting the potential of flexibility from demand side management is the preferred option for integrating variable wind power when the penetration level is below 10%, preventing additional fuel consumption and carbon emissions. However, it may require 8% of the customer demand to be flexible and available. Moreover, although energy storage is currently relatively expensive, it is likely to prevail over conventional generation by 2025 to 2030, when the capital cost of energy storage is projected to drop to approximately $ 400/kWh or lower.

The global social, ecological and economic challenges facing humanity today have given rise to the UN's 17 Global Objectives and Agenda 2030 to achieve sustainable development. Kate Raworth, professor of economics from Oxford University, has in the same spirit developed a visual framework with seven related conditions for mankind to live by, to strive towards living within a safe and fair zone of sustainable development. This framework and associated conditions for sustainable development are applied in this study with the intention to investigate and concretize the potentially contributing sustainable development effects of a norm-creative waste management project in a process of sustainable societal development. The results of the study show clear evidence that the waste management project has contributed to sustainable societal development according to the respondents who participated in the study. However, further studies are required to concretize these results through a more scientifically objective methodology., De globala sociala, ekologiska och ekonomiska utmaningarna som mänskligheten står inför i dagsläget har gett upphov till FN’s 17 globala mål och agenda 2030 för att vägleda mänskligheten mot en hållbar utveckling. Kate Raworth, professor i ekonomi från Oxfords universitet, har i samma anda utvecklat ett visuellt ramverk med sju tillhörande förutsättningar för mänskligheten att sträva mot för att leva inom ett säkert och rättvist utrymme av hållbar utveckling. Detta ramverk och tillhörande förutsättningar för hållbar utveckling appliceras i den här studien med syftet att undersöka och konkretisera ett normkreativt avfallsprojekts potentiellt bidragande effekter till en hållbar samhällsutveckling. Resultatet av undersökningen påvisar tydliga belägg för att avfallsprojektet har bidragit till en hållbar samhällsutveckling utefter det teoretiska ramverket enligt respondenter som deltagit i studien. Det krävs dock vidare studier för att konkretisera dessa resultat i mer objektiva sammanhang.

Basically, clay is a natural earth material with plastic properties. It becomes cohesive when kneaded, expands when wet, shrinks when dry and gains strength when fired. In Ghana, Clay is a widely distributed and abundant natural mineral resource for mainly industrial and economic importance for variety of uses. In Ghana, the most common and famous way of clay harvesting is by open pit method. Most clay harvesters normally abandon the harvested site after their harvesting activities without any effort to reclaim it. Therefore, the main purpose of the study is to find out the economic and environmental impact of clay harvesting at Abonko in the Mfantsiman West District of Central Region, Ghana. Ten (10) people were randomly selected from four sampling sites. That gave a total sample size of Forty (40) for the study. The main instruments used for collecting data were structured questionnaire, interviews, observation of site, and community base response survey. Raw data collected had been assembled, analyzed, and the results presented using frequency distribution tables. It was realized, among others that even though, the clay harvesting was lucrative business at Abonko, only land owners enjoyed the booty. The closeness of the clay harvesting sites to river bodies was a major source of pollution to the water bodies. It further came to light from the analysis that 95% of the respondents agreed that the harvested lands were not reclaimed, thereby entrapping domestic animals, and also serving as breeding grounds of mosquitoes. It was recommended among others, there should be establishment of clay harvesting business unit to ensure that the business could lure to the benefit of the whole community, educational programs should be organized for clay harvesters in the area by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

The parameters that were definitely linked to the perception on elephant conservation were level of education and length of settlement within the conflict areas.Collective participation among community, government, related institutions, and civil society organizations are needed to lessen the conflicts. Perception or knowledge of farmers who live around the human-elephant conflict areas are considered to be strong due to their decent understanding about elephant conservation. It is proved by the community awareness of elephant habitat loss due to forest conversion to agriculture/plantations/settlementareas (68.93%), understanding about elephant protection and its habitat under specific Act (74.93%), and acknowledgement that elephant belongs to endangered species of which existence is very important for ecological balance (80.4%). Social, economic, and cultural conditions have several roles on community perception in human-elephant conflict areas. Community perception of Sumatran Elephant conservation is considered to be very important because their understanding on elephant existence is expected to support elephants conservation in their habitat. Research on social, economic, and cultural conditions as well as community perception was conducted from Agustus 2013 to April 2014. The location was decided through purposive sampling by focusing on areas that were affected by human-elephant conflict. The area covers five districts in Aceh: Cot Girek, Mane, Meureudu, Sampoiniet, and Pantai Ceureumen. Data collection on social, economic, and cultural conditions of local community, as well as their efforts and roles on over coming human-elephant conflict and perception on elephant conservation were derived from 150 respondents.

Basically, clay is a natural earth material with plastic properties. It becomes cohesive when kneaded, expands when wet, shrinks when dry and gains strength when fired. In Ghana, Clay is a widely distributed and abundant natural mineral resource for mainly industrial and economic importance for variety of uses. In Ghana, the most common and famous way of clay harvesting is by open pit method. Most clay harvesters normally abandon the harvested site after their harvesting activities without any effort to reclaim it. Therefore, the main purpose of the study is to find out the economic and environmental impact of clay harvesting at Abonko in the Mfantsiman West District of Central Region, Ghana. Ten (10) people were randomly selected from four sampling sites. That gave a total sample size of Forty (40) for the study. The main instruments used for collecting data were structured questionnaire, interviews, observation of site, and community base response survey. Raw data collected had been assembled, analyzed, and the results presented using frequency distribution tables. It was realized, among others that even though, the clay harvesting was lucrative business at Abonko, only land owners enjoyed the booty. The closeness of the clay harvesting sites to river bodies was a major source of pollution to the water bodies. It further came to light from the analysis that 95% of the respondents agreed that the harvested lands were not reclaimed, thereby entrapping domestic animals, and also serving as breeding grounds of mosquitoes. It was recommended among others, there should be establishment of clay harvesting business unit to ensure that the business could lure to the benefit of the whole community, educational programs should be organized for clay harvesters in the area by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Basically, clay is a natural earth material with plastic properties. It becomes cohesive when kneaded, expands when wet, shrinks when dry and gains strength when fired. In Ghana, Clay is a widely distributed and abundant natural mineral resource for mainly industrial and economic importance for variety of uses. In Ghana, the most common and famous way of clay harvesting is by open pit method. Most clay harvesters normally abandon the harvested site after their harvesting activities without any effort to reclaim it. Therefore, the main purpose of the study is to find out the economic and environmental impact of clay harvesting at Abonko in the Mfantsiman West District of Central Region, Ghana. Ten (10) people were randomly selected from four sampling sites. That gave a total sample size of Forty (40) for the study. The main instruments used for collecting data were structured questionnaire, interviews, observation of site, and community base response survey. Raw data collected had been assembled, analyzed, and the results presented using frequency distribution tables. It was realized, among others that even though, the clay harvesting was lucrative business at Abonko, only land owners enjoyed the booty. The closeness of the clay harvesting sites to river bodies was a major source of pollution to the water bodies. It further came to light from the analysis that 95% of the respondents agreed that the harvested lands were not reclaimed, thereby entrapping domestic animals, and also serving as breeding grounds of mosquitoes. It was recommended among others, there should be establishment of clay harvesting business unit to ensure that the business could lure to the benefit of the whole community, educational programs should be organized for clay harvesters in the area by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

The parameters that were definitely linked to the perception on elephant conservation were level of education and length of settlement within the conflict areas.Collective participation among community, government, related institutions, and civil society organizations are needed to lessen the conflicts. Perception or knowledge of farmers who live around the human-elephant conflict areas are considered to be strong due to their decent understanding about elephant conservation. It is proved by the community awareness of elephant habitat loss due to forest conversion to agriculture/plantations/settlementareas (68.93%), understanding about elephant protection and its habitat under specific Act (74.93%), and acknowledgement that elephant belongs to endangered species of which existence is very important for ecological balance (80.4%). Social, economic, and cultural conditions have several roles on community perception in human-elephant conflict areas. Community perception of Sumatran Elephant conservation is considered to be very important because their understanding on elephant existence is expected to support elephants conservation in their habitat. Research on social, economic, and cultural conditions as well as community perception was conducted from Agustus 2013 to April 2014. The location was decided through purposive sampling by focusing on areas that were affected by human-elephant conflict. The area covers five districts in Aceh: Cot Girek, Mane, Meureudu, Sampoiniet, and Pantai Ceureumen. Data collection on social, economic, and cultural conditions of local community, as well as their efforts and roles on over coming human-elephant conflict and perception on elephant conservation were derived from 150 respondents.

The parameters that were definitely linked to the perception on elephant conservation were level of education and length of settlement within the conflict areas.Collective participation among community, government, related institutions, and civil society organizations are needed to lessen the conflicts. Perception or knowledge of farmers who live around the human-elephant conflict areas are considered to be strong due to their decent understanding about elephant conservation. It is proved by the community awareness of elephant habitat loss due to forest conversion to agriculture/plantations/settlementareas (68.93%), understanding about elephant protection and its habitat under specific Act (74.93%), and acknowledgement that elephant belongs to endangered species of which existence is very important for ecological balance (80.4%). Social, economic, and cultural conditions have several roles on community perception in human-elephant conflict areas. Community perception of Sumatran Elephant conservation is considered to be very important because their understanding on elephant existence is expected to support elephants conservation in their habitat. Research on social, economic, and cultural conditions as well as community perception was conducted from Agustus 2013 to April 2014. The location was decided through purposive sampling by focusing on areas that were affected by human-elephant conflict. The area covers five districts in Aceh: Cot Girek, Mane, Meureudu, Sampoiniet, and Pantai Ceureumen. Data collection on social, economic, and cultural conditions of local community, as well as their efforts and roles on over coming human-elephant conflict and perception on elephant conservation were derived from 150 respondents.

Basically, clay is a natural earth material with plastic properties. It becomes cohesive when kneaded, expands when wet, shrinks when dry and gains strength when fired. In Ghana, Clay is a widely distributed and abundant natural mineral resource for mainly industrial and economic importance for variety of uses. In Ghana, the most common and famous way of clay harvesting is by open pit method. Most clay harvesters normally abandon the harvested site after their harvesting activities without any effort to reclaim it. Therefore, the main purpose of the study is to find out the economic and environmental impact of clay harvesting at Abonko in the Mfantsiman West District of Central Region, Ghana. Ten (10) people were randomly selected from four sampling sites. That gave a total sample size of Forty (40) for the study. The main instruments used for collecting data were structured questionnaire, interviews, observation of site, and community base response survey. Raw data collected had been assembled, analyzed, and the results presented using frequency distribution tables. It was realized, among others that even though, the clay harvesting was lucrative business at Abonko, only land owners enjoyed the booty. The closeness of the clay harvesting sites to river bodies was a major source of pollution to the water bodies. It further came to light from the analysis that 95% of the respondents agreed that the harvested lands were not reclaimed, thereby entrapping domestic animals, and also serving as breeding grounds of mosquitoes. It was recommended among others, there should be establishment of clay harvesting business unit to ensure that the business could lure to the benefit of the whole community, educational programs should be organized for clay harvesters in the area by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Basically, clay is a natural earth material with plastic properties. It becomes cohesive when kneaded, expands when wet, shrinks when dry and gains strength when fired. In Ghana, Clay is a widely distributed and abundant natural mineral resource for mainly industrial and economic importance for variety of uses. In Ghana, the most common and famous way of clay harvesting is by open pit method. Most clay harvesters normally abandon the harvested site after their harvesting activities without any effort to reclaim it. Therefore, the main purpose of the study is to find out the economic and environmental impact of clay harvesting at Abonko in the Mfantsiman West District of Central Region, Ghana. Ten (10) people were randomly selected from four sampling sites. That gave a total sample size of Forty (40) for the study. The main instruments used for collecting data were structured questionnaire, interviews, observation of site, and community base response survey. Raw data collected had been assembled, analyzed, and the results presented using frequency distribution tables. It was realized, among others that even though, the clay harvesting was lucrative business at Abonko, only land owners enjoyed the booty. The closeness of the clay harvesting sites to river bodies was a major source of pollution to the water bodies. It further came to light from the analysis that 95% of the respondents agreed that the harvested lands were not reclaimed, thereby entrapping domestic animals, and also serving as breeding grounds of mosquitoes. It was recommended among others, there should be establishment of clay harvesting business unit to ensure that the business could lure to the benefit of the whole community, educational programs should be organized for clay harvesters in the area by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

The construction sector contributes to current environmental problems. It is responsible for the impact of the production of building materials and for the waste generated in construction works. Strategies for alternative production of construction materials need to be found that use construction and demolition waste (secondary production), rather than original raw materials (primary production). In the literature, there are several studies on the management of construction and demolition waste (CDW), as well as laboratory and field studies on the technical performance of recycled CDW products and their incorporation into stone materials. However, there is a noticeable lack of standardized tests to assess the environmental viability of these processes, and a lack of studies on the economic viability of CDW use in the production of new construction materials. Considering the above, the increasingly competitive economic, and the growing demand for more responsibility in construction works to comply with environmental legislation, an assessment tool is required that can compare the alternatives of producing and using building materials from original raw material and/or from recycled material. The tool should take into account technical criteria, which have been studied by other authors, as well as environmental and economic criteria. Consequently, this thesis develops a proposal for a tool that can support decision-making by assessing the production of building stone materials from original raw material and/or recycled material. The tool should help to choose the best alternative, considering a multi-criteria approach and different weights or rankings of the evaluated criteria. In the doctoral research, the methodology was applied to some key stone materials in construction, specifically, in the context of Spain: gypsum, cement, aggregates and concrete. The results of this thesis show, first, that the tool supports the decision-making process by obtaining indices assoc, El sector de la construcción contribuye a la problemática ambiental actual. Por una parte, es responsable de los impactos generados en la producción de los materiales y, por otra, de los residuos generados en las obras constructivas. Por ello, se hace necesario buscar estrategias de producción de materiales de construcción alternativos en los que se empleen residuos provenientes de la construcción y demolición (producción secundaria), en lugar de materias primas originales (producción primaria). Es cierto que se han efectuado varios estudios referidos a la gestión de los residuos de construcción y demolición (RCD), así como también estudios a nivel de laboratorio o de campo en los que se ha evaluado el comportamiento técnico del reciclaje de éstos mismos y su incorporación en la producción de materiales pétreos. Sin embargo, hay una notoria falta de pruebas estandarizadas para evaluar la viabilidad medioambiental de estos procesos, así como una carencia de estudios acerca de la viabilidad económica del uso de los RCD en la producción de nuevos materiales de construcción. Teniendo en cuenta lo anteriormente mencionado y partiendo de la base de que el entorno económico es cada vez más competitivo y de que crece cada vez más la responsabilidad en lo referido a las obras de construcción, por una mayor exigencia de la legislación a nivel medioambiental, se ha visto la necesidad de contar con una herramienta de evaluación que permita comparar las alternativas más oportunas en relación a la producción y utilización de materiales de construcción a partir de materia prima original y/o a partir de material reciclado, en las que se tenga en cuenta "además del criterio técnico, que ya ha sido estudiado por otros autores" también, y no con menor peso, el criterio medioambiental y el económico. Es por ello que en esta tesis se desarrolla una propuesta metodológica para la construcción de una herramienta de soporte a la toma de decisiones que permita evaluar la producción de mater, Postprint (published version)

In this essay, two of the most lethal terrorist organizations in the world, al-Qaeda and Boko Haram are being examined and compared based on psychological, political, economical and religious theories. The essay was written with the aim to find out about cause, objectives as well as course of action within al-Qaeda and Boko Haram. One has found out that the cause of al-Qaeda is mainly based on religious and political indicators, while Boko Haram is primary caused by economical and political factors. The objectives for both of the cases are religious, but for Boko Haram, political as well. Both of the organizations use psychological factors as a way to go through with their course of action, but in the case of Boko Haram, the economical indicators are very convincing as well.

The objective was to evaluate the production cost for pigs in different stages from farrow-to-finish that were fed with commercial and not commercial diets. 28 Landrace-Yorkshire pigs were used (males and females) at an initial weight of 14.028 ± 2.587 kg and were distributed in three diets: 1) commercial feed 1; 2) commercial feed 2; and 3) not commercial feed. The experiment was developed for 86 days. The evaluated variables for each one of the production stages were: initiation weight gain (IWG), final weight gain (FWG), daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion (FC) and the cost of the feed for kg of live weight gained ($/kg LWG). The data was analyzed through a variance analysis after a randomized design, using the initial weight as covariable. There were no significant differences in the studied variables at the first fattening and second fattening stages (P>0.05). At the development stage, diet 2 (commercial feed 2) was the most efficient (P<0.05). But there was no difference in FC between treatment 2 and 3, and it was the lowest in T1. Feed cost per kg of weight gain was lower with diet 3 compared to diet 1 and 2 at starting, growing and finishing stage. It is concluded that in the same conditions, it is feasible to make a complete feed formula based on available raw materials that covers all the porcine requirements maintaining the productive variables at a lower cost compared to the commercial feeds., Resumen: El objetivo fue evaluar el comportamiento productivo y costo alimenticio de porcinos en diferentes etapas, alimentados con dietas comerciales y una no comercial. Se utilizaron 28 lechones (hembras y machos) F1 Landrace x Yorkshire con un peso inicial promedio de 14.028 ± 2.587 kg, distribuidos aleatoriamente en tres dietas experimentales: 1) comercial 1; 2) comercial 2; y 3) no comercial. El experimento se desarrolló durante 86 días, ofreciendo el alimento a libre acceso previamente pesado y midiendo lo rechazado. Las variables evaluadas fueron: ganancia diaria de peso por etapas: [iniciación (GDPI), desarrollo (GDPD) y finalización (GDPF)]; conversión alimenticia por etapas (CA) y el costo de alimentación por kilogramo de peso vivo producido por etapas ($/kg PVP). Los datos fueron analizados con análisis de varianza bajo un diseño completamente al azar, utilizando peso inicial como covariable. Para GDPD, comercial 2 resultó ser más eficiente 906±129 gr (P<0.05). Para CA no hubo diferencia entre comercial 2 y no comercial, 2.68 y 2.61 respectivamente, siendo diferente comercial 1 2.94 (P<0.05). El $/kg de PVP (MN) en las etapas de iniciación, desarrollo y finalización, 9.42, 10.12 y 15.97 fue menor en la dieta no comercial (P<0.05). Con las condiciones de este experimento se obtuvieron resultados similares con la dieta no comercial y las dietas comerciales en las ganancias diarias de peso en las etapas de iniciación y finalización, 634 y 945 gramos respectivamente; para CA en iniciación fue similar con las dietas comerciales 1 y 2, en desarrollo fue similar con la comercial 2, y en finalización fue mejor la dieta no comercial; en el costo alimenticio la dieta no comercial fue mejor en iniciación y finalización, y similar con la dieta comercial 2 en la etapa de desarrollo.