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Dispersal is more intense in the ocean than on land because most marine taxa present planktonic life stages that are transported by currents even without specific morphological traits. Thus, species dispersal shapes the distribution of biodiversity along seascapes and drives the composition of biodiversity assemblages. To identify marine assembling zones which characterise spatial areas particularly prone to receive and retain similar animal assemblages from the regional pool of species through passive dispersal, we propose a community‐based approach grounded on Lagrangian simulations of plankton dispersal. This novel approach was applied to communities (coast, outer shelf, slope, seamounts and islands; 0–80 m depth) of the Tropical Southwestern Atlantic and used to assess connectivity pathways. For that, we classified the modelled particles in 15 categories according to biological traits (planktonic life duration and spawning habitat) of representative planktonic communities. From the hierarchical clustering of the multivariate matrix containing the amount of arriving particles from each category in each cell we defined 14 assembling zones. Results highlighted that the assembling zones were mostly shaped by the degree of exposure to currents and the presence of mesoscale features (eddies, recirculation) derived from the interaction between these currents and coastlines. The boundaries, dispersal and connectivity patterns of these zones consistently align with local and regional in situ spatial distribution and abundance patterns of organisms, and provide an appropriate basis for the formulation of ecological hypotheses in the metacommunity framework to be tested in situ, such as the balance between species sorting and mass effect assembling archetypes. This approach, when coupled with the knowledge of other processes shaping communities' structure and distribution, provides important insights for regions and animal groups for which knowledge is limited or absent, a

Studies and observations have pointed out that recent wildfires have been more severe and burned area is increasing in tropical regions. The current study aims at investigating the influence of oceanic climate modes and their teleconnection on global fire danger and trends in the 1980–2020 interval. Disentangling these trends demonstrates that across the extratropics they are primarily related to increases in temperature, whereas in the tropics changes in short-term precipitation distribution dominates the trends. Moreover, the environmental impact of short-term precipitation is dependent on local vegetation type and tightly related to oceanic temperatures far from the burned areas. Indeed, in the 2001–2020 period, a warmer tropical North Atlantic was associated with more fires in the Amazon and Africa, whereas ENSO has weakened the fire activity in equatorial Africa. The remarkable impact of oceanic modes of climate variability in inducing environmental conditions conducive to fires, has particular relevance for the seasonal spatiotemporal wildfire forecasts. Although local aspects are crucial for fire management, long-term predictions should take into account the behavior of potential climate drivers located far from the region of interest. Such teleconnections can be identified ahead of local weather anomalies.

Ocean dynamics initiate the structure of nutrient income driving primary producers, and these, in turn, shape the distribution of subsequent trophic levels until the whole pelagic community reflects the physicochemical structure of the ocean. Despite the importance of bottom-up structuring in pelagic ecosystems, fine-scale studies of biophysical interactions along depth are scarce and challenging. To improve our understanding of such relationships, we analyzed the vertical structure of key oceanographic variables along with the distribution of acoustic biomass from multi-frequency acoustic data (38, 70, and 120 kHz) as a reference for pelagic fauna. In addition, we took advantage of species distribution databases collected at the same time to provide further interpretation. The study was performed in the Southwestern Tropical Atlantic of northeast Brazil in spring 2015 and autumn 2017, periods representative of canonical spring and autumn conditions in terms of thermohaline structure and current dynamics. We show that chlorophyll-a, oxygen, current, and stratification are important drivers for the distribution of sound scattering biota but that their relative importance depends on the area, the depth range, and the diel cycle. Prominent sound scattering layers (SSLs) in the epipelagic layer were associated with strong stratification and subsurface chlorophyll-a maximum. In areas where chlorophyll-a maxima were deeper than the peak of stratifications, SSLs were more correlated with stratification than subsurface chlorophyll maxima. Dissolved oxygen seems to be a driver in locations where lower oxygen concentration occurs in the subsurface. Finally, our results suggest that organisms seem to avoid strong currents core. However, future works are needed to better understand the role of currents on the vertical distribution of organisms.

Ocean dynamics initiate the structure of nutrient income driving primary producers, and these, in turn, shape the distribution of subsequent trophic levels until the whole pelagic community reflects the physicochemical structure of the ocean. Despite the importance of bottom-up structuring in pelagic ecosystems, fine-scale studies of biophysical interactions along depth are scarce and challenging. To improve our understanding of such relationships, we analyzed the vertical structure of key oceanographic variables along with the distribution of acoustic biomass from multi-frequency acoustic data (38, 70, and 120 kHz) as a reference for pelagic fauna. In addition, we took advantage of species distribution databases collected at the same time to provide further interpretation. The study was performed in the Southwestern Tropical Atlantic of northeast Brazil in spring 2015 and autumn 2017, periods representative of canonical spring and autumn conditions in terms of thermohaline structure and current dynamics. We show that chlorophyll-a, oxygen, current, and stratification are important drivers for the distribution of sound scattering biota but that their relative importance depends on the area, the depth range, and the diel cycle. Prominent sound scattering layers (SSLs) in the epipelagic layer were associated with strong stratification and subsurface chlorophyll-a maximum. In areas where chlorophyll-a maxima were deeper than the peak of stratifications, SSLs were more correlated with stratification than subsurface chlorophyll maxima. Dissolved oxygen seems to be a driver in locations where lower oxygen concentration occurs in the subsurface. Finally, our results suggest that organisms seem to avoid strong currents core. However, future works are needed to better understand the role of currents on the vertical distribution of organisms.

The southwestern tropical Atlantic is a region of complex ocean dynamic where originates the strong western boundary current system composed of North Brazil current and North Brazil undercurrent. The region includes a variety of features including the Atoll das Rocas (AR) and Fernando de Noronha (FN) ridge that may favour mesoscale eddy dynamics. However, origin, occurrence and characteristics of mesoscale eddies were still not described in the region. Using satellite altimetry data from 1993 to 2018 off Northeast Brazil (37-25°W; 13-1°S), we reconstruct eddy trajectories and analyse the main eddy surface characteristics (e.g., size, amplitude, polarity) and their spatiotemporal variations. The study reveals two distinct dynamic regions before quantifying mesoscale eddies characteristics. Approximately 2000 mesoscale eddies crossed the region during the study period, among which 76% were generated inside the region, with amplitudes and radii ranging between 1 and 2 cm and 25 and 205 km, respectively. Eddies are preferentially formed between August and September and propagate westward. In the region around the FN Archipelago (36-26°W; 6-1°S), the formation of cyclonic eddies is likely favoured by barotropic instabilities of surface currents and the wind stress curl. On the other hand, in the south of the region (36-26°W; 12-8°S), eddies formation is likely associated with the barotropic instabilities, wind stress curl and the meandering of surface currents. Based on vertical temperature and salinity profiles from Argo floats’ data, we determined that in average, the core of cyclonic eddies is centred at ~ 130 m (140 m) in the northern (southern) region while the core of anticyclonic eddies is centred at ~90 m (125 m) in the northern (southern) region. Moreover, mesoscale eddies formed in the tropical Atlantic do not connect the eastern tropical Atlantic and northeast Brazil.

In western boundary current systems (WBCS), strong currents flow coastward carrying oceanic water masses and their associated planktonic fauna. Variation in the intensity of these currents and in the continental runoff may affect the dynamic interplay between oceanic and coastal communities. In addition, changes in the continental runoff and the thermohaline structure modulate the primary production, adding complexity to the dynamics of these oligotrophic systems. These dynamics likely shape the planktonic cnidarian communities. To further understand such relationships, we used a comprehensive dataset encompassing samples collected above the shelf, slope and around oceanic seamounts and islands of the Fernando de Noronha Ridge in the Western Tropical South Atlantic, in two seasons characterized by distinct thermohaline structure and circulation patterns. Results show that in this WBCS, coastward currents spread oceanic waters and their associated cnidarian species over the continental shelf. However, while both costal and oceanic communities co-occur when the continental runoff is notable, oceanic species dominate almost the entire shelf during the dry season characterized by a stronger boundary current intensity. We also conclude that when the mixed-layer depth and associated nutricline is shallower, the enhanced primary productivity supports larger populations of planktonic cnidarian species through a bottom-up control.

The southwestern tropical Atlantic is a region of complex ocean dynamic where originates the strong western boundary current system composed of North Brazil current and North Brazil undercurrent. The region includes a variety of features including the Atoll das Rocas (AR) and Fernando de Noronha (FN) ridge that may favour mesoscale eddy dynamics. However, origin, occurrence and characteristics of mesoscale eddies were still not described in the region. Using satellite altimetry data from 1993 to 2018 off Northeast Brazil (37-25°W; 13-1°S), we reconstruct eddy trajectories and analyse the main eddy surface characteristics (e.g., size, amplitude, polarity) and their spatiotemporal variations. The study reveals two distinct dynamic regions before quantifying mesoscale eddies characteristics. Approximately 2000 mesoscale eddies crossed the region during the study period, among which 76% were generated inside the region, with amplitudes and radii ranging between 1 and 2 cm and 25 and 205 km, respectively. Eddies are preferentially formed between August and September and propagate westward. In the region around the FN Archipelago (36-26°W; 6-1°S), the formation of cyclonic eddies is likely favoured by barotropic instabilities of surface currents and the wind stress curl. On the other hand, in the south of the region (36-26°W; 12-8°S), eddies formation is likely associated with the barotropic instabilities, wind stress curl and the meandering of surface currents. Based on vertical temperature and salinity profiles from Argo floats’ data, we determined that in average, the core of cyclonic eddies is centred at ~ 130 m (140 m) in the northern (southern) region while the core of anticyclonic eddies is centred at ~90 m (125 m) in the northern (southern) region. Moreover, mesoscale eddies formed in the tropical Atlantic do not connect the eastern tropical Atlantic and northeast Brazil.

In western boundary current systems (WBCS), strong currents flow coastward carrying oceanic water masses and their associated planktonic fauna. Variation in the intensity of these currents and in the continental runoff may affect the dynamic interplay between oceanic and coastal communities. In addition, changes in the continental runoff and the thermohaline structure modulate the primary production, adding complexity to the dynamics of these oligotrophic systems. These dynamics likely shape the planktonic cnidarian communities. To further understand such relationships, we used a comprehensive dataset encompassing samples collected above the shelf, slope and around oceanic seamounts and islands of the Fernando de Noronha Ridge in the Western Tropical South Atlantic, in two seasons characterized by distinct thermohaline structure and circulation patterns. Results show that in this WBCS, coastward currents spread oceanic waters and their associated cnidarian species over the continental shelf. However, while both costal and oceanic communities co-occur when the continental runoff is notable, oceanic species dominate almost the entire shelf during the dry season characterized by a stronger boundary current intensity. We also conclude that when the mixed-layer depth and associated nutricline is shallower, the enhanced primary productivity supports larger populations of planktonic cnidarian species through a bottom-up control.

Using current, hydrographic and satellite observations collected off Northeast Brazil around the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago and Rocas Atoll during two oceanographic cruises (spring 2015 and fall 2017), we investigated the general oceanic circulation and its modifications induced by the islands. In spring 2015, the area was characterized by lower SST (26.6°C) and deep mixed-layer (∼90 m). At this depth, a strong current shear was observed between the central branch of the eastward flowing near-surface South Equatorial Current and the westward flowing South Equatorial Undercurrent. In contrast, in fall 2017, SST was higher (∼28.8°C) and the mixed-layer shallower (∼50 m). The shear between the central South Equatorial Current and the South Equatorial Undercurrent was weaker during this period. Interestingly, no oxygen-rich water from the south (retroflection of the North Brazil undercurrent) was observed in the region in fall 2017. In contrast, we revealed the presence of an oxygen-rich water entrained by the South Equatorial Undercurrent reaching Rocas Atoll in spring 2015. Beside these global patterns, island wake effects were noted. The presence of islands, in particular Fernando de Noronha, strongly perturbs central South Equatorial Current and South Equatorial Undercurrent features, with an upstream core splitting and a reorganization of single current core structures downstream of the islands. Near islands, flow disturbances impact the thermohaline structure and biogeochemistry, with a negative anomaly in temperature (−1.3°C) and salinity (−0.15) between 200 and 400 m depth in the southeast side of Fernando Noronha (station 5), where the fluorescence peak (>1.0 mg m–3) was shallower than at other stations located around Fernando de Noronha, reinforcing the influence of flow-topography. Satellite maps of sea-surface temperature and chlorophyll-a confirmed the presence of several submesoscale features in the study region. Altimetry data suggested the presence

Sea surface salinity (SSS) is a key variable for ocean–atmosphere interactions and the water cycle. Due to its climatic importance, increasing efforts have been made for its global in situ observation, and dedicated satellite missions have been launched more recently to allow homogeneous coverage at higher resolution. Cross-shore SSS gradients can bear the signature of different coastal processes such as river plumes, upwelling or boundary currents, as we illustrate in a few regions. However, satellites performances are questionable in coastal regions. Here, we assess the skill of four gridded products derived from the Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellites and the GLORYS global model reanalysis at capturing cross-shore SSS gradients in coastal bands up to 300 km wide. These products are compared with thermosalinography (TSG) measurements, which provide continuous data from the open ocean to the coast along ship tracks. The comparison shows various skills from one product to the other, decreasing as the coast gets closer. The bias in reproducing coastal SSS gradients is unrelated to how the SSS biases evolve with the distance to the coast. Despite limited skill, satellite products generally agree better with collocated TSG data than a global reanalysis and show a large range of coastal SSS gradients with different signs. Moreover, satellites reveal a global dominance of coastal freshening, primarily related to river runoff over shelves. This work shows a great potential of SSS remote sensing to monitor coastal processes, which would, however, require a jump in the resolution of future SSS satellite missions to be fully exploited.

Using current, hydrographic and satellite observations collected off Northeast Brazil around the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago and Rocas Atoll during two oceanographic cruises (spring 2015 and fall 2017), we investigated the general oceanic circulation and its modifications induced by the islands. In spring 2015, the area was characterized by lower SST (26.6°C) and deep mixed-layer (∼90 m). At this depth, a strong current shear was observed between the central branch of the eastward flowing near-surface South Equatorial Current and the westward flowing South Equatorial Undercurrent. In contrast, in fall 2017, SST was higher (∼28.8°C) and the mixed-layer shallower (∼50 m). The shear between the central South Equatorial Current and the South Equatorial Undercurrent was weaker during this period. Interestingly, no oxygen-rich water from the south (retroflection of the North Brazil undercurrent) was observed in the region in fall 2017. In contrast, we revealed the presence of an oxygen-rich water entrained by the South Equatorial Undercurrent reaching Rocas Atoll in spring 2015. Beside these global patterns, island wake effects were noted. The presence of islands, in particular Fernando de Noronha, strongly perturbs central South Equatorial Current and South Equatorial Undercurrent features, with an upstream core splitting and a reorganization of single current core structures downstream of the islands. Near islands, flow disturbances impact the thermohaline structure and biogeochemistry, with a negative anomaly in temperature (−1.3°C) and salinity (−0.15) between 200 and 400 m depth in the southeast side of Fernando Noronha (station 5), where the fluorescence peak (>1.0 mg m–3) was shallower than at other stations located around Fernando de Noronha, reinforcing the influence of flow-topography. Satellite maps of sea-surface temperature and chlorophyll-a confirmed the presence of several submesoscale features in the study region. Altimetry data suggested the presence

In the tropical Atlantic Ocean, the North Brazil Undercurrent (NBUC) and the North Brazil Current (NBC) play important roles as near-surface northward paths for the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. To investigate the meridional evolution of the near-surface western boundary circulation in that region, two surveys were carried out off Northeast Brazil during austral spring 2015 and fall 2017, periods that we show to be representative of typical conditions for the spring and fall seasons. Using conductivity temperature depth oxygen probe and ship-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements, altimetry data, and numerical reanalysis products, we examine the spatiotemporal variability of the NBUC, providing a comprehensive view of the circulation, including NBUC-NBC transition and the potential impact of mesoscale eddies. The NBUC originating south of 10°S flows equatorward over the continental slope. NBUC mean velocity, transport and vertical extent of the velocity core were higher in spring 2015 (0.81 m s-1, 15.6 Sv, and >400 m) than in fall 2017 (0.65 m s-1, 11.0 Sv, and ∼300 m). The upper limit of the NBUC velocity core rose slightly from 160 m at 9°S to 105 m depth at 6°S. This pattern is associated with a northward increase in current velocity from 0.7 m s−1 at 9°S to 1 m s−1 at 5°S. The orographic effect shifts the flow from northeastward south of 7.5°S to northwestward north of 7.5°S, following the shoreline. Besides, altimetry data show that this flow can be locally influenced by mesoscale activity. Farther north, at ∼4.8°S, data obtained in fall 2017 show that the central branch of the South Equatorial Current (cSEC) enters into the western boundary system where it coalesces with the NBUC to form the NBC, flowing toward the Caribbean Sea. Finally, the NBUC retroflection does not feed the South Equatorial Undercurrent (SEUC), which, instead originates from retroflections of the cSEC and the equatorial branch of the South Equatorial Current

The use of active acoustic to monitor abiotic structures and processes in the ocean have been gaining ground in oceanography. In some systems, acoustics allow the robust estimation of the depth of the pycnocline or thermocline either directly or indirectly when the physical structures drive the one of organisms. Here, we examined the feasibility of extracting the thermohaline structure (mixed-layer depth, upper and lower thermocline) from echosounder data collected in the oligotrophic Southwestern tropical Atlantic region at two seasons (spring and fall), more precisely in two areas with different thermohaline conditions, at both day and night. For that, we tested three approaches: (i) the vertical extension of the epipelagic community; (ii) the use of acoustic gradients; and (iii) a cross-wavelet approach. Results show that, even if the thermohaline structure impacts the vertical distribution of acoustic scatters, the resultant structuring did not allow for a robust estimation of the thermohaline limits indicating that other oceanographic or biological processes are acting. This result prevents for a fine-scale representation of the upper-layer turbulence from acoustic data. However, studying the proportion of acoustic biomass within each layer provides interesting insights on ecosystem structure in different thermohaline, seasonal and diel scenarios.

Sea surface salinity (SSS) is a key variable for ocean–atmosphere interactions and the water cycle. Due to its climatic importance, increasing efforts have been made for its global in situ observation, and dedicated satellite missions have been launched more recently to allow homogeneous coverage at higher resolution. Cross-shore SSS gradients can bear the signature of different coastal processes such as river plumes, upwelling or boundary currents, as we illustrate in a few regions. However, satellites performances are questionable in coastal regions. Here, we assess the skill of four gridded products derived from the Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellites and the GLORYS global model reanalysis at capturing cross-shore SSS gradients in coastal bands up to 300 km wide. These products are compared with thermosalinography (TSG) measurements, which provide continuous data from the open ocean to the coast along ship tracks. The comparison shows various skills from one product to the other, decreasing as the coast gets closer. The bias in reproducing coastal SSS gradients is unrelated to how the SSS biases evolve with the distance to the coast. Despite limited skill, satellite products generally agree better with collocated TSG data than a global reanalysis and show a large range of coastal SSS gradients with different signs. Moreover, satellites reveal a global dominance of coastal freshening, primarily related to river runoff over shelves. This work shows a great potential of SSS remote sensing to monitor coastal processes, which would, however, require a jump in the resolution of future SSS satellite missions to be fully exploited.

Using current, hydrographic and satellite observations collected off Northeast Brazil around the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago and Rocas Atoll during two oceanographic cruises (spring 2015 and fall 2017), we investigated the general oceanic circulation and its modifications induced by the islands. In spring 2015, the area was characterized by lower SST (26.6°C) and deep mixed-layer (∼90 m). At this depth, a strong current shear was observed between the central branch of the eastward flowing near-surface South Equatorial Current and the westward flowing South Equatorial Undercurrent. In contrast, in fall 2017, SST was higher (∼28.8°C) and the mixed-layer shallower (∼50 m). The shear between the central South Equatorial Current and the South Equatorial Undercurrent was weaker during this period. Interestingly, no oxygen-rich water from the south (retroflection of the North Brazil undercurrent) was observed in the region in fall 2017. In contrast, we revealed the presence of an oxygen-rich water entrained by the South Equatorial Undercurrent reaching Rocas Atoll in spring 2015. Beside these global patterns, island wake effects were noted. The presence of islands, in particular Fernando de Noronha, strongly perturbs central South Equatorial Current and South Equatorial Undercurrent features, with an upstream core splitting and a reorganization of single current core structures downstream of the islands. Near islands, flow disturbances impact the thermohaline structure and biogeochemistry, with a negative anomaly in temperature (−1.3°C) and salinity (−0.15) between 200 and 400 m depth in the southeast side of Fernando Noronha (station 5), where the fluorescence peak (>1.0 mg m–3) was shallower than at other stations located around Fernando de Noronha, reinforcing the influence of flow-topography. Satellite maps of sea-surface temperature and chlorophyll-a confirmed the presence of several submesoscale features in the study region. Altimetry data suggested the presence

In the tropical Atlantic Ocean, the North Brazil Undercurrent (NBUC) and the North Brazil Current (NBC) play important roles as near-surface northward paths for the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. To investigate the meridional evolution of the near-surface western boundary circulation in that region, two surveys were carried out off Northeast Brazil during austral spring 2015 and fall 2017, periods that we show to be representative of typical conditions for the spring and fall seasons. Using conductivity temperature depth oxygen probe and ship-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements, altimetry data, and numerical reanalysis products, we examine the spatiotemporal variability of the NBUC, providing a comprehensive view of the circulation, including NBUC-NBC transition and the potential impact of mesoscale eddies. The NBUC originating south of 10°S flows equatorward over the continental slope. NBUC mean velocity, transport and vertical extent of the velocity core were higher in spring 2015 (0.81 m s-1, 15.6 Sv, and >400 m) than in fall 2017 (0.65 m s-1, 11.0 Sv, and ∼300 m). The upper limit of the NBUC velocity core rose slightly from 160 m at 9°S to 105 m depth at 6°S. This pattern is associated with a northward increase in current velocity from 0.7 m s−1 at 9°S to 1 m s−1 at 5°S. The orographic effect shifts the flow from northeastward south of 7.5°S to northwestward north of 7.5°S, following the shoreline. Besides, altimetry data show that this flow can be locally influenced by mesoscale activity. Farther north, at ∼4.8°S, data obtained in fall 2017 show that the central branch of the South Equatorial Current (cSEC) enters into the western boundary system where it coalesces with the NBUC to form the NBC, flowing toward the Caribbean Sea. Finally, the NBUC retroflection does not feed the South Equatorial Undercurrent (SEUC), which, instead originates from retroflections of the cSEC and the equatorial branch of the South Equatorial Current

The use of active acoustic to monitor abiotic structures and processes in the ocean have been gaining ground in oceanography. In some systems, acoustics allow the robust estimation of the depth of the pycnocline or thermocline either directly or indirectly when the physical structures drive the one of organisms. Here, we examined the feasibility of extracting the thermohaline structure (mixed-layer depth, upper and lower thermocline) from echosounder data collected in the oligotrophic Southwestern tropical Atlantic region at two seasons (spring and fall), more precisely in two areas with different thermohaline conditions, at both day and night. For that, we tested three approaches: (i) the vertical extension of the epipelagic community; (ii) the use of acoustic gradients; and (iii) a cross-wavelet approach. Results show that, even if the thermohaline structure impacts the vertical distribution of acoustic scatters, the resultant structuring did not allow for a robust estimation of the thermohaline limits indicating that other oceanographic or biological processes are acting. This result prevents for a fine-scale representation of the upper-layer turbulence from acoustic data. However, studying the proportion of acoustic biomass within each layer provides interesting insights on ecosystem structure in different thermohaline, seasonal and diel scenarios.

Sea surface salinity (SSS) is a key variable for ocean–atmosphere interactions and the water cycle. Due to its climatic importance, increasing efforts have been made for its global in situ observation, and dedicated satellite missions have been launched more recently to allow homogeneous coverage at higher resolution. Cross-shore SSS gradients can bear the signature of different coastal processes such as river plumes, upwelling or boundary currents, as we illustrate in a few regions. However, satellites performances are questionable in coastal regions. Here, we assess the skill of four gridded products derived from the Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellites and the GLORYS global model reanalysis at capturing cross-shore SSS gradients in coastal bands up to 300 km wide. These products are compared with thermosalinography (TSG) measurements, which provide continuous data from the open ocean to the coast along ship tracks. The comparison shows various skills from one product to the other, decreasing as the coast gets closer. The bias in reproducing coastal SSS gradients is unrelated to how the SSS biases evolve with the distance to the coast. Despite limited skill, satellite products generally agree better with collocated TSG data than a global reanalysis and show a large range of coastal SSS gradients with different signs. Moreover, satellites reveal a global dominance of coastal freshening, primarily related to river runoff over shelves. This work shows a great potential of SSS remote sensing to monitor coastal processes, which would, however, require a jump in the resolution of future SSS satellite missions to be fully exploited.

In the tropical Atlantic Ocean, the North Brazil Undercurrent (NBUC) and the North Brazil Current (NBC) play important roles as near-surface northward paths for the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. To investigate the meridional evolution of the near-surface western boundary circulation in that region, two surveys were carried out off Northeast Brazil during austral spring 2015 and fall 2017, periods that we show to be representative of typical conditions for the spring and fall seasons. Using conductivity temperature depth oxygen probe and ship-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements, altimetry data, and numerical reanalysis products, we examine the spatiotemporal variability of the NBUC, providing a comprehensive view of the circulation, including NBUC-NBC transition and the potential impact of mesoscale eddies. The NBUC originating south of 10°S flows equatorward over the continental slope. NBUC mean velocity, transport and vertical extent of the velocity core were higher in spring 2015 (0.81 m s-1, 15.6 Sv, and >400 m) than in fall 2017 (0.65 m s-1, 11.0 Sv, and ∼300 m). The upper limit of the NBUC velocity core rose slightly from 160 m at 9°S to 105 m depth at 6°S. This pattern is associated with a northward increase in current velocity from 0.7 m s−1 at 9°S to 1 m s−1 at 5°S. The orographic effect shifts the flow from northeastward south of 7.5°S to northwestward north of 7.5°S, following the shoreline. Besides, altimetry data show that this flow can be locally influenced by mesoscale activity. Farther north, at ∼4.8°S, data obtained in fall 2017 show that the central branch of the South Equatorial Current (cSEC) enters into the western boundary system where it coalesces with the NBUC to form the NBC, flowing toward the Caribbean Sea. Finally, the NBUC retroflection does not feed the South Equatorial Undercurrent (SEUC), which, instead originates from retroflections of the cSEC and the equatorial branch of the South Equatorial Current

Using current, hydrographic and satellite observations collected off Northeast Brazil around the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago and Rocas Atoll during two oceanographic cruises (spring 2015 and fall 2017), we investigated the general oceanic circulation and its modifications induced by the islands. In spring 2015, the area was characterized by lower SST (26.6°C) and deep mixed-layer (∼90 m). At this depth, a strong current shear was observed between the central branch of the eastward flowing near-surface South Equatorial Current and the westward flowing South Equatorial Undercurrent. In contrast, in fall 2017, SST was higher (∼28.8°C) and the mixed-layer shallower (∼50 m). The shear between the central South Equatorial Current and the South Equatorial Undercurrent was weaker during this period. Interestingly, no oxygen-rich water from the south (retroflection of the North Brazil undercurrent) was observed in the region in fall 2017. In contrast, we revealed the presence of an oxygen-rich water entrained by the South Equatorial Undercurrent reaching Rocas Atoll in spring 2015. Beside these global patterns, island wake effects were noted. The presence of islands, in particular Fernando de Noronha, strongly perturbs central South Equatorial Current and South Equatorial Undercurrent features, with an upstream core splitting and a reorganization of single current core structures downstream of the islands. Near islands, flow disturbances impact the thermohaline structure and biogeochemistry, with a negative anomaly in temperature (−1.3°C) and salinity (−0.15) between 200 and 400 m depth in the southeast side of Fernando Noronha (station 5), where the fluorescence peak (>1.0 mg m–3) was shallower than at other stations located around Fernando de Noronha, reinforcing the influence of flow-topography. Satellite maps of sea-surface temperature and chlorophyll-a confirmed the presence of several submesoscale features in the study region. Altimetry data suggested the presence

The objective of this work was to analyze the socio-environmental conflict that develops in the community of Rio Carvão, in the municipality of Urussanga, in the south of the State of Santa Catarina. The conflict involves residents of the community and the company UM Urussanga Minérios Ltda. In the locality there are environmental liabilities arising from the activity of mining coal carried out in the past, currently the atmospheric pollution caused by the emission of gases from the processing of coal is directly impacting the lives of residents. The methodology used was based on historicity, temporality, characterization and context, seeking to establish a dialogue with the environmental and social sciences. It was identified that the social actors of the conflict are the Rio Carvão Community Association versus the UM company, with the involvement of the Public Ministry and the municipal government, represented by the city council of Urussanga. The conflict has historical origins in the use and appropriation of natural resources, enhanced by the increase in the emission of gases by the company that found itself in the community due to the harmful way it has been developing its activities.

This paper is devoted to analyze the stability of the economy according to an extended version of Kaldor's economic growth model. We consider the role of the government and its simultaneous monetary and scal policies and we study whether or not a time delay between the recognition and the implementation of its scal policy can a ect the economic stability. Numerical simulations provide further conclusions about the long-term behavior of the four variables modeled - namely, national income, capacity of production, bonds value and money supply.

The objective of this work was to analyze the socio-environmental conflict that develops in the community of Rio Carvão, in the municipality of Urussanga, in the south of the State of Santa Catarina. The conflict involves residents of the community and the company UM Urussanga Minérios Ltda. In the locality there are environmental liabilities arising from the activity of mining coal carried out in the past, currently the atmospheric pollution caused by the emission of gases from the processing of coal is directly impacting the lives of residents. The methodology used was based on historicity, temporality, characterization and context, seeking to establish a dialogue with the environmental and social sciences. It was identified that the social actors of the conflict are the Rio Carvão Community Association versus the UM company, with the involvement of the Public Ministry and the municipal government, represented by the city council of Urussanga. The conflict has historical origins in the use and appropriation of natural resources, enhanced by the increase in the emission of gases by the company that found itself in the community due to the harmful way it has been developing its activities.

This paper is devoted to analyze the stability of the economy according to an extended version of Kaldor's economic growth model. We consider the role of the government and its simultaneous monetary and scal policies and we study whether or not a time delay between the recognition and the implementation of its scal policy can a ect the economic stability. Numerical simulations provide further conclusions about the long-term behavior of the four variables modeled - namely, national income, capacity of production, bonds value and money supply.

The objective of this work was to analyze the socio-environmental conflict that develops in the community of Rio Carvão, in the municipality of Urussanga, in the south of the State of Santa Catarina. The conflict involves residents of the community and the company UM Urussanga Minérios Ltda. In the locality there are environmental liabilities arising from the activity of mining coal carried out in the past, currently the atmospheric pollution caused by the emission of gases from the processing of coal is directly impacting the lives of residents. The methodology used was based on historicity, temporality, characterization and context, seeking to establish a dialogue with the environmental and social sciences. It was identified that the social actors of the conflict are the Rio Carvão Community Association versus the UM company, with the involvement of the Public Ministry and the municipal government, represented by the city council of Urussanga. The conflict has historical origins in the use and appropriation of natural resources, enhanced by the increase in the emission of gases by the company that found itself in the community due to the harmful way it has been developing its activities.

This paper is devoted to analyze the stability of the economy according to an extended version of Kaldor's economic growth model. We consider the role of the government and its simultaneous monetary and scal policies and we study whether or not a time delay between the recognition and the implementation of its scal policy can a ect the economic stability. Numerical simulations provide further conclusions about the long-term behavior of the four variables modeled - namely, national income, capacity of production, bonds value and money supply.

The objective of this work was to analyze the socio-environmental conflict that develops in the community of Rio Carvão, in the municipality of Urussanga, in the south of the State of Santa Catarina. The conflict involves residents of the community and the company UM Urussanga Minérios Ltda. In the locality there are environmental liabilities arising from the activity of mining coal carried out in the past, currently the atmospheric pollution caused by the emission of gases from the processing of coal is directly impacting the lives of residents. The methodology used was based on historicity, temporality, characterization and context, seeking to establish a dialogue with the environmental and social sciences. It was identified that the social actors of the conflict are the Rio Carvão Community Association versus the UM company, with the involvement of the Public Ministry and the municipal government, represented by the city council of Urussanga. The conflict has historical origins in the use and appropriation of natural resources, enhanced by the increase in the emission of gases by the company that found itself in the community due to the harmful way it has been developing its activities.

This paper is devoted to analyze the stability of the economy according to an extended version of Kaldor's economic growth model. We consider the role of the government and its simultaneous monetary and scal policies and we study whether or not a time delay between the recognition and the implementation of its scal policy can a ect the economic stability. Numerical simulations provide further conclusions about the long-term behavior of the four variables modeled - namely, national income, capacity of production, bonds value and money supply.

This paper is devoted to analyze the stability of the economy according to an extended version of Kaldor's economic growth model. We consider the role of the government and its simultaneous monetary and scal policies and we study whether or not a time delay between the recognition and the implementation of its scal policy can a ect the economic stability. Numerical simulations provide further conclusions about the long-term behavior of the four variables modeled - namely, national income, capacity of production, bonds value and money supply.

The objective of this work was to analyze the socio-environmental conflict that develops in the community of Rio Carvão, in the municipality of Urussanga, in the south of the State of Santa Catarina. The conflict involves residents of the community and the company UM Urussanga Minérios Ltda. In the locality there are environmental liabilities arising from the activity of mining coal carried out in the past, currently the atmospheric pollution caused by the emission of gases from the processing of coal is directly impacting the lives of residents. The methodology used was based on historicity, temporality, characterization and context, seeking to establish a dialogue with the environmental and social sciences. It was identified that the social actors of the conflict are the Rio Carvão Community Association versus the UM company, with the involvement of the Public Ministry and the municipal government, represented by the city council of Urussanga. The conflict has historical origins in the use and appropriation of natural resources, enhanced by the increase in the emission of gases by the company that found itself in the community due to the harmful way it has been developing its activities.

The growth and popularization of platforms on scientific production have been the subject of several studies, producing relevant analyses of coauthorship behavior among groups of researchers. Researchers and their scientific productions can be analyzed as coauthorship social networks, so researchers are linked through common publications. In this context, coauthoring networks can be analyzed to find patterns that can describe or characterize them. This work presents the analysis and characterization of co-authorship networks of academic Brazilian graduate programs in computer science. To this end, data from the curricula of Brazilian researchers were collected and modeled as coauthoring networks among the graduate programs that researchers participate in. Each network topology was analyzed regarding complex network measurements and three qualitative indices that evaluate the publications quality. In addition, the coauthorship networks of the graduate programs were characterized in relation to the evaluation received by CAPES, which attributes a qualitative grade to the graduate programs in Brazil. The results indicate some of the most relevant topological measures for the programs characterization and evaluate at different qualitative rates and indicate a pattern of the graduate programs best evaluated by CAPES., Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables

The long-run aim of this thesis is to solve delay differential equations with infinite delay of the type d dt u(t) = Au(t)+Zt −∞ u(s)k(t−s)ds+ ft,u(t) , on Fréchet spaces under an extended theory of groups of linear operators; where A is a linear operator, k(s) ⩾ 0 satisfiesR∞ 0 k(s)ds = 1 and f is a nonlinear map. In order to pursue such a goal we study a discrete delay model which explains the natural economic fluctuations considering how economic stability is affected by the role of the fiscal and monetary policies and a possible government inefficiency concerning its fiscal policy decision-making. On the other hand, we start to develop such an extended theory by considering linear Cauchy problems associated to a continuous linear operator on Fréchet spaces, for which we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for generation of a uniformly continuous group which provides the unique solution. Further consequences arises by considering pseudodifferential operators with constant coefficients defined on a particular Fréchet space of distributions, namely FL2loc, and special attention is given to the distributional solution of the heat equation on FL2loc for all time, which extends the standard solution on Hilbert spaces for positive time., El objetivo a largo plazo de esta tesis doctoral es resolver ecuaciones diferenciales de la forma d dt u(t) = Au(t)+Zt −∞ u(s)k(t−s)ds+ ft,u(t) ,en espacios de Fréchet extendiendo la teoria de grupos de operadores lineales; siendo A un operador linear, k(s)⩾0 satisfaceR∞ 0 k(s)ds = 1 y f una función no linear. Persiguiendo tal fin, estudiamos un modelo con retraso que enseña las fluctuaciones de la economía considerandocomolaestabilidadeconómicaesafectadaporlaactuacióndelgobierno,sus políticasfiscalymonetariayunaposibleineficienciadelgobiernoenloqueserefierealasu tomadedecisión.Porotrolado,damosinicioalareferidaextensióndelateoríadegrupos puesto que consideramos problemas de Cauchy lineales asociados a operadores lineales contínuos en espacios de Fréchet, para los cuales establecimos condiciones necessarias y suficientes para la generación de un grupo uniformemente contínuo en tal espacio y que proporcionelaúnicasolucióndelproblema.Consequenciasadicionalessurgencuando se considera operadores pseudodiferenciales con coeficientes constantes definidos en un particular espacio de Fréchet de distribuciones, a saber FL2loc, y una atención especial es dada a la solución distribucional de la ecuación del calor en FL2loc para todo el tiempo, la cual extiende la solución usual en espacios de Hilbert para tiempo positivo.

The long-run aim of this thesis is to solve delay differential equations with infinite delay of the type d dt u(t) = Au(t)+Zt −∞ u(s)k(t−s)ds+ ft,u(t) , on Fréchet spaces under an extended theory of groups of linear operators; where A is a linear operator, k(s) ⩾ 0 satisfiesR∞ 0 k(s)ds = 1 and f is a nonlinear map. In order to pursue such a goal we study a discrete delay model which explains the natural economic fluctuations considering how economic stability is affected by the role of the fiscal and monetary policies and a possible government inefficiency concerning its fiscal policy decision-making. On the other hand, we start to develop such an extended theory by considering linear Cauchy problems associated to a continuous linear operator on Fréchet spaces, for which we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for generation of a uniformly continuous group which provides the unique solution. Further consequences arises by considering pseudodifferential operators with constant coefficients defined on a particular Fréchet space of distributions, namely FL2loc, and special attention is given to the distributional solution of the heat equation on FL2loc for all time, which extends the standard solution on Hilbert spaces for positive time., El objetivo a largo plazo de esta tesis doctoral es resolver ecuaciones diferenciales de la forma d dt u(t) = Au(t)+Zt −∞ u(s)k(t−s)ds+ ft,u(t) ,en espacios de Fréchet extendiendo la teoria de grupos de operadores lineales; siendo A un operador linear, k(s)⩾0 satisfaceR∞ 0 k(s)ds = 1 y f una función no linear. Persiguiendo tal fin, estudiamos un modelo con retraso que enseña las fluctuaciones de la economía considerandocomolaestabilidadeconómicaesafectadaporlaactuacióndelgobierno,sus políticasfiscalymonetariayunaposibleineficienciadelgobiernoenloqueserefierealasu tomadedecisión.Porotrolado,damosinicioalareferidaextensióndelateoríadegrupos puesto que consideramos problemas de Cauchy lineales asociados a operadores lineales contínuos en espacios de Fréchet, para los cuales establecimos condiciones necessarias y suficientes para la generación de un grupo uniformemente contínuo en tal espacio y que proporcionelaúnicasolucióndelproblema.Consequenciasadicionalessurgencuando se considera operadores pseudodiferenciales con coeficientes constantes definidos en un particular espacio de Fréchet de distribuciones, a saber FL2loc, y una atención especial es dada a la solución distribucional de la ecuación del calor en FL2loc para todo el tiempo, la cual extiende la solución usual en espacios de Hilbert para tiempo positivo.

O texto objetiva apresentar uma discussão sobre as estratégias, os efeitos e as consequências do Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (IDEB) na escola pública brasileira. Como resultados foi possível constatar que: a) O IDEB é, na atualidade, o indutor das políticas educacionais; b) a educação que é desenvolvida com os estudantes, na escola pesquisada, é fragmentada, sendo enfatizadas apenas as disciplinas de Língua Portuguesa e de Matemática; e c) no contexto da escola em análise do município de Messias os profissionais das escolas buscam incentivar os estudantes com premiações para participarem das avaliações, assim como do processo de preparação para esta. Palavras-chave: IDEB. Políticas Educacionais. Educação Pública.

The objective of the present investigation was to analyze the production of traditional items in the Department of Concepción and its importance in the context of peasant family agriculture (AFC). The database of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock was used for the areas of spurge, cassava, cotton and sesame from 1990/1991 to 2008/2009 for the analysis on planting area, total production in ton and yield in kilogram per hectare. The result reveals that the spurge in the study period shows a constant decrease in the amount of planted area, passing 6,610 hectares in the 1990/91 harvest to 3,450 hectares in the 2008/9 harvest, in the same period, the cassava presented a growth of the planted area passing 9,365 ha to 10,402 ha, while, the cotton of 23,700 ha decreased to 1,277 ha, likewise, the cultivation of sesame from the beginning of its production (harvest 2000/01) presents a constant increase in the amount of planted area, passing 8,000 hectares to 22,917 ha. The variation in the study period is verified for all items, considering cassava as a more stable item, and sesame as a substitution item for cotton., El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar la producción de rubros tradicionales en el Departamento de Concepción y su importancia en el contexto de la agricultura familiar campesina (AFC). Fue utilizada la base de datos del Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería para los rubros del tártago, la mandioca, el algodón y el sésamo de los años 1990/1991 al 2008/2009 para el análisis sobre área de siembra, producción total en tonelada y rendimiento en kilogramo por hectárea. El resultado revela que el tártago en el periodo de estudio presenta un descenso constante en la cantidad de área sembrada, pasando 6.610 ha en la zafra 1990/91 a 3.450 ha en la zafra 2008/9, en el mismo periodo, la mandioca presenta un crecimiento del área sembrada pasando 9.365 ha a 10.402 ha, mientras, el algodón de 23.700 ha disminuyó a 1.277 ha, así mismo, el cultivo de sésamo desde el inicio de su producción (zafra 2000/01) presenta un incremento constante en la cantidad de área sembrada, pasando de 8.000 ha a 22.917 ha. Se verifica la variación en el periodo de estudio para todos los rubros, considerando a la mandioca como un rubro más estable, y al sésamo como rubro de sustitución del algodón., O objetivo da presente investigação foi analisar a produção de itens tradicionais no Departamento de Concepción e sua importância no contexto da agricultura familiar camponesa (AFC). O banco de dados do Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária foi utilizado para os itens de jorro, mandioca, algodão e gergelim dos anos 1990/1991 a 2008/2009 para a análise da área de plantio, produção total em tonelada e produtividade em quilogramas por hectare. O resultado revela que a parte aérea no período estudado apresenta uma diminuição constante na quantidade de área plantada, passando de 6.610 ha na safra 1990/91 para 3.450 ha na safra 2008/9, no mesmo período a mandioca tem um o crescimento da área plantada passando de 9.365 ha para 10.402 ha, enquanto o algodão de 23.700 ha diminuiu para 1.277 ha. Da mesma forma, o cultivo de gergelim desde o início da produção (safra 2000/01) mostra um aumento constante na quantidade de área plantada, passando de 8.000 ha para 22.917 ha. A variação no período do estudo é verificada para todos os itens, considerando a mandioca como um item mais estável e o gergelim como um item de reposição de algodão.

The objective of the present investigation was to analyze the production of traditional items in the Department of Concepción and its importance in the context of peasant family agriculture (AFC). The database of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock was used for the areas of spurge, cassava, cotton and sesame from 1990/1991 to 2008/2009 for the analysis on planting area, total production in ton and yield in kilogram per hectare. The result reveals that the spurge in the study period shows a constant decrease in the amount of planted area, passing 6,610 hectares in the 1990/91 harvest to 3,450 hectares in the 2008/9 harvest, in the same period, the cassava presented a growth of the planted area passing 9,365 ha to 10,402 ha, while, the cotton of 23,700 ha decreased to 1,277 ha, likewise, the cultivation of sesame from the beginning of its production (harvest 2000/01) presents a constant increase in the amount of planted area, passing 8,000 hectares to 22,917 ha. The variation in the study period is verified for all items, considering cassava as a more stable item, and sesame as a substitution item for cotton., El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar la producción de rubros tradicionales en el Departamento de Concepción y su importancia en el contexto de la agricultura familiar campesina (AFC). Fue utilizada la base de datos del Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería para los rubros del tártago, la mandioca, el algodón y el sésamo de los años 1990/1991 al 2008/2009 para el análisis sobre área de siembra, producción total en tonelada y rendimiento en kilogramo por hectárea. El resultado revela que el tártago en el periodo de estudio presenta un descenso constante en la cantidad de área sembrada, pasando 6.610 ha en la zafra 1990/91 a 3.450 ha en la zafra 2008/9, en el mismo periodo, la mandioca presenta un crecimiento del área sembrada pasando 9.365 ha a 10.402 ha, mientras, el algodón de 23.700 ha disminuyó a 1.277 ha, así mismo, el cultivo de sésamo desde el inicio de su producción (zafra 2000/01) presenta un incremento constante en la cantidad de área sembrada, pasando de 8.000 ha a 22.917 ha. Se verifica la variación en el periodo de estudio para todos los rubros, considerando a la mandioca como un rubro más estable, y al sésamo como rubro de sustitución del algodón., O objetivo da presente investigação foi analisar a produção de itens tradicionais no Departamento de Concepción e sua importância no contexto da agricultura familiar camponesa (AFC). O banco de dados do Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária foi utilizado para os itens de jorro, mandioca, algodão e gergelim dos anos 1990/1991 a 2008/2009 para a análise da área de plantio, produção total em tonelada e produtividade em quilogramas por hectare. O resultado revela que a parte aérea no período estudado apresenta uma diminuição constante na quantidade de área plantada, passando de 6.610 ha na safra 1990/91 para 3.450 ha na safra 2008/9, no mesmo período a mandioca tem um o crescimento da área plantada passando de 9.365 ha para 10.402 ha, enquanto o algodão de 23.700 ha diminuiu para 1.277 ha. Da mesma forma, o cultivo de gergelim desde o início da produção (safra 2000/01) mostra um aumento constante na quantidade de área plantada, passando de 8.000 ha para 22.917 ha. A variação no período do estudo é verificada para todos os itens, considerando a mandioca como um item mais estável e o gergelim como um item de reposição de algodão.

Objetivou-se obter informações atuais sobre morfologia, frequência de colheita e ensilagem de palma forrageira. O crescimento e o desenvolvimento satisfatório na palma forrageira, dependem da combinação adequada do manejo cultural, dos fatores ambientais e do potencial genético da variedade. A colheita é realizada com 1,5 a 2 anos ou mais, e dependendo do desenvolvimento da cultura de acordo as condições do solo e clima, possivelmente poderá ser feito o corte anual. Recursos de utilização de irrigação em pequenas quantidades e frequência pode aumentar a frequência de corte. Existem muitas variações nas características morfologias, e quando é priorizado acréscimo na produção de matéria seca em toneladas por hectare a cada dois anos, deve-se priorizar a seleção de clones de maior altura e largura da planta. Por apresentar cladódios ricos em carboidratos solúveis e água, antioxidantes, fibras dietéticas, vitaminas e apresentar massas viscosas na água devido a mucilagem, a palma forrageira pode ser ensilada. A frequência de colheita depende da necessidade dos produtores. A colheita influência nas características morfológicas. A palma pode ser ensilada em diferente frequência de corte, no entanto.

The objective was to cover and discuss the characteristics of haylage that makes it an alternative of forage conservation. The haylage is based on the dry matter content after a wilt process, then baled similar to hay and wrapped with plastic films in order to be conserved under anaerobic fermentation. The dry matter content after wilt exceeds 500 g kg-1. Conserved forages with high content of dry matter present stabilization at high pH, which favors bacteria of the genus Clostridium. The pH of the haylage, because it has a high content of dry matter in its confection, limits the capacity of bacterial fermentation, it does not produce sufficient acid and becomes resistant to pH drops, this characteristic must be considered along with other factors. The preservation quality of haylage cut under the same conditions of the hay presents similar chemical composition, therefore, when the haylage is preserved under ideal conditions, it is an alternative to replace the hay. The definition and characteristics of haylage clearly expresses that it is an alternative conservation to hay and silage.

Os carboidratos constituem 50-80% da matéria seca de forragens e são compostos formados por carbono, hidrogênio e oxigênio que representam a categoria mais abundante em termos de nutrientes nas plantas. Neste contexto, objetivou-se obter informações de avaliação da qualidade dos carboidratos de plantas forrageiras. As avaliações de plantas forrageiras dispõem grande valor prático na alimentação de ruminantes. As metodologias de composição permitem a determinação da percentagem de carboidratos totais (CT) por diferença da percentagem de proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e cinza. Carboidratos podem ser fracionados e serem classificados, como fração (A) açúcares solúveis com rápida degradação ruminal, (B1) amido e pectina, (B2) correspondente à fibra potencialmente degradável com taxa de degradação mais lenta e (C) que apresenta característica de indigestibilidade. O total de carboidratos não-estrutural é uma estimativa de energia prontamente disponível para a planta. É de extrema importância a qualidade dos carboidratos nas plantas forrageiras, devido estes constituírem a maior fração na constituição dos tecidos da planta, que influencia diretamente o desempenho dos animais. A determinação pode ser efetuada pelas as metodologias citadas, que podem estimar a qualidade dos carboidratos nas plantas forrageiras in natura ou conservadas de maneira segura e eficaz.

The tomato is susceptible to pest attacks that can lead to damages throughout the crop cycle. Pest control is carried out, mainly, by insecticide and chemical acaricide spraying. However, the use of chemical pest control can cause severe damage to the environment, biological imbalances and deleterious effects on farmers and consumer health, as well as increased production costs. An interesting alternative to minimizing the problems arising from the agrochemical application and maintaining pest populations below the economic damage level is the development of tomato plants displaying resistance to insect and arachnid pests. In this context, the main purpose of this chapter is to provide a review of the techniques applied in this regard, major progresses to date and future prospects for tomato pest-resistance breeding. This chapter is divided into five sections: (1) wild pest-resistant tomato species, (2) allelochemicals that confer pest resistance, (3) techniques used for the introgression of pest resistance genes (4) overview, challenges and prospects for pest-resistant tomato breeding and (5) final considerations.

The promotion of social capital has been set up in one of the most recurring strategies, by the governments and international agencies, in the pursuit of poverty overcoming and the diminution of the social inequalities. The purpose of this article is demonstrate, through case study, the possibilities of ethnic social capital to be set up in a social transformation tool and at the same time being a local community development mechanism. This is a study conducted with indigenous women’s organization Masehual Siuamej Mosenyolchikauanij in Cuetzalan del Progreso, Mexico. The data presented here were obtained through ethnographic records during the first semester of the year 2017. The technique of participant observation and in-depth interviews was used. It is concluded that ethnic social capital is an important resource for the development of communities in the region, as it contributes to a plural enlargement of the themes that are wrapped in development policies and projects, enables inclusion/integration of a larger contingent of social actors in local development management processes, greater inclusion/integration of subjects, diminishing inequalities in terms of social status, and widens the field of economic opportunities., A promoção do capital social tem se configurado em uma das estratégias mais recorrentes, por parte de governos e organismos internacionais, na busca da superação da pobreza e da diminuição das desigualdades sociais. O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar, por meio de um estudo de caso, as possibilidades de o capital social de cunho étnico constituir-se em um instrumento de transformação social e, ao mesmo tempo, ser um mecanismo de desenvolvimento comunitário local. Trata-se de um estudo realizado junto à organização de mulheres indígenas Masehual Siuamej Mosenyolchikauanij em Cuetzalan del Progreso, no México. Os dados aqui apresentados foram obtidos por meio de registros etnográficos durante o primeiro semestre do ano de 2017. Utilizou-se a técnica da observação participante e entrevistas em profundidade. Conclui-se que o capital social étnico é um recurso importante para o desenvolvimento das comunidades na região, uma vez que contribui para uma ampliação plural dos temas que se encontram envolvidos nas políticas e projetos de desenvolvimento, possibilita a inclusão/integração de um maior contingente de atores sociais em processos de gestão local do desenvolvimento, uma maior inclusão/integração dos sujeitos, diminuindo as desigualdades em termos de status social, e amplia o campo das oportunidades econômicas.

The objective of the present investigation was to analyze the production of traditional items in the Department of Concepción and its importance in the context of peasant family agriculture (AFC). The database of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock was used for the areas of spurge, cassava, cotton and sesame from 1990/1991 to 2008/2009 for the analysis on planting area, total production in ton and yield in kilogram per hectare. The result reveals that the spurge in the study period shows a constant decrease in the amount of planted area, passing 6,610 hectares in the 1990/91 harvest to 3,450 hectares in the 2008/9 harvest, in the same period, the cassava presented a growth of the planted area passing 9,365 ha to 10,402 ha, while, the cotton of 23,700 ha decreased to 1,277 ha, likewise, the cultivation of sesame from the beginning of its production (harvest 2000/01) presents a constant increase in the amount of planted area, passing 8,000 hectares to 22,917 ha. The variation in the study period is verified for all items, considering cassava as a more stable item, and sesame as a substitution item for cotton., El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar la producción de rubros tradicionales en el Departamento de Concepción y su importancia en el contexto de la agricultura familiar campesina (AFC). Fue utilizada la base de datos del Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería para los rubros del tártago, la mandioca, el algodón y el sésamo de los años 1990/1991 al 2008/2009 para el análisis sobre área de siembra, producción total en tonelada y rendimiento en kilogramo por hectárea. El resultado revela que el tártago en el periodo de estudio presenta un descenso constante en la cantidad de área sembrada, pasando 6.610 ha en la zafra 1990/91 a 3.450 ha en la zafra 2008/9, en el mismo periodo, la mandioca presenta un crecimiento del área sembrada pasando 9.365 ha a 10.402 ha, mientras, el algodón de 23.700 ha disminuyó a 1.277 ha, así mismo, el cultivo de sésamo desde el inicio de su producción (zafra 2000/01) presenta un incremento constante en la cantidad de área sembrada, pasando de 8.000 ha a 22.917 ha. Se verifica la variación en el periodo de estudio para todos los rubros, considerando a la mandioca como un rubro más estable, y al sésamo como rubro de sustitución del algodón.

The promotion of social capital has been set up in one of the most recurring strategies, by the governments and international agencies, in the pursuit of poverty overcoming and the diminution of the social inequalities. The purpose of this article is demonstrate, through case study, the possibilities of ethnic social capital to be set up in a social transformation tool and at the same time being a local community development mechanism. This is a study conducted with indigenous women’s organization Masehual Siuamej Mosenyolchikauanij in Cuetzalan del Progreso, Mexico. The data presented here were obtained through ethnographic records during the first semester of the year 2017. The technique of participant observation and in-depth interviews was used. It is concluded that ethnic social capital is an important resource for the development of communities in the region, as it contributes to a plural enlargement of the themes that are wrapped in development policies and projects, enables inclusion/integration of a larger contingent of social actors in local development management processes, greater inclusion/integration of subjects, diminishing inequalities in terms of social status, and widens the field of economic opportunities., A promoção do capital social tem se configurado em uma das estratégias mais recorrentes, por parte de governos e organismos internacionais, na busca da superação da pobreza e da diminuição das desigualdades sociais. O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar, por meio de um estudo de caso, as possibilidades de o capital social de cunho étnico constituir-se em um instrumento de transformação social e, ao mesmo tempo, ser um mecanismo de desenvolvimento comunitário local. Trata-se de um estudo realizado junto à organização de mulheres indígenas Masehual Siuamej Mosenyolchikauanij em Cuetzalan del Progreso, no México. Os dados aqui apresentados foram obtidos por meio de registros etnográficos durante o primeiro semestre do ano de 2017. Utilizou-se a técnica da observação participante e entrevistas em profundidade. Conclui-se que o capital social étnico é um recurso importante para o desenvolvimento das comunidades na região, uma vez que contribui para uma ampliação plural dos temas que se encontram envolvidos nas políticas e projetos de desenvolvimento, possibilita a inclusão/integração de um maior contingente de atores sociais em processos de gestão local do desenvolvimento, uma maior inclusão/integração dos sujeitos, diminuindo as desigualdades em termos de status social, e amplia o campo das oportunidades econômicas.

The tomato is susceptible to pest attacks that can lead to damages throughout the crop cycle. Pest control is carried out, mainly, by insecticide and chemical acaricide spraying. However, the use of chemical pest control can cause severe damage to the environment, biological imbalances and deleterious effects on farmers and consumer health, as well as increased production costs. An interesting alternative to minimizing the problems arising from the agrochemical application and maintaining pest populations below the economic damage level is the development of tomato plants displaying resistance to insect and arachnid pests. In this context, the main purpose of this chapter is to provide a review of the techniques applied in this regard, major progresses to date and future prospects for tomato pest-resistance breeding. This chapter is divided into five sections: (1) wild pest-resistant tomato species, (2) allelochemicals that confer pest resistance, (3) techniques used for the introgression of pest resistance genes (4) overview, challenges and prospects for pest-resistant tomato breeding and (5) final considerations.

The production of beef on pasture is one of the potentials of Brazilian agriculture, mainly due to the territorial extension and climatic conditions. Therefore, the production of beef on tropical pastures mainly consists of the use of tropical forages; when correctly handled, forage plants show good productivity and improvement in the nutritive value. Among main factors that affect the performance of beef cattle fed on pastures, the availability and quality of the pasture stand first. In tropical regions, during the dry period of the year, the production of forage as well as its nutritive value is diminished. Hence, it is necessary to use protein supplements as a feed strategy to promote increased intake and improved nutrient utilization efficiency by animals. In view of this, by-products of biodiesel from oilseeds, such as peanuts, cottonseed and sunflower seeds, with high nutritional values can be used as an animal feed alternative to the protein sources commonly used for the formulation of supplements. Protein supplementation contributes to an increase in live weight gain as well as improvement in ruminal microbiota activity and, consequently, potentiates nutrient utilization efficiency in beef cattle fed with tropical pasture.

The objective of the present investigation was to analyze the production of traditional items in the Department of Concepción and its importance in the context of peasant family agriculture (AFC). The database of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock was used for the areas of spurge, cassava, cotton and sesame from 1990/1991 to 2008/2009 for the analysis on planting area, total production in ton and yield in kilogram per hectare. The result reveals that the spurge in the study period shows a constant decrease in the amount of planted area, passing 6,610 hectares in the 1990/91 harvest to 3,450 hectares in the 2008/9 harvest, in the same period, the cassava presented a growth of the planted area passing 9,365 ha to 10,402 ha, while, the cotton of 23,700 ha decreased to 1,277 ha, likewise, the cultivation of sesame from the beginning of its production (harvest 2000/01) presents a constant increase in the amount of planted area, passing 8,000 hectares to 22,917 ha. The variation in the study period is verified for all items, considering cassava as a more stable item, and sesame as a substitution item for cotton., El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar la producción de rubros tradicionales en el Departamento de Concepción y su importancia en el contexto de la agricultura familiar campesina (AFC). Fue utilizada la base de datos del Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería para los rubros del tártago, la mandioca, el algodón y el sésamo de los años 1990/1991 al 2008/2009 para el análisis sobre área de siembra, producción total en tonelada y rendimiento en kilogramo por hectárea. El resultado revela que el tártago en el periodo de estudio presenta un descenso constante en la cantidad de área sembrada, pasando 6.610 ha en la zafra 1990/91 a 3.450 ha en la zafra 2008/9, en el mismo periodo, la mandioca presenta un crecimiento del área sembrada pasando 9.365 ha a 10.402 ha, mientras, el algodón de 23.700 ha disminuyó a 1.277 ha, así mismo, el cultivo de sésamo desde el inicio de su producción (zafra 2000/01) presenta un incremento constante en la cantidad de área sembrada, pasando de 8.000 ha a 22.917 ha. Se verifica la variación en el periodo de estudio para todos los rubros, considerando a la mandioca como un rubro más estable, y al sésamo como rubro de sustitución del algodón.

A Capoeira como uma manifestação cultural se combina com um conjunto de outros elementos da cultura Afro-brasileira e estrutura una tensão dentro dos processos políticos, econômicos e históricos. A abordagem de alguns aspectos constituintes da historiografia da Capoeira podem server como chave de leitura diferenciada da constituição da sociedade brasileira. A atualidade da dinâmica organizacional do universo da Capoeira em grupos favorece de diferentes formas a sua relação com as exigências sociais. Não considerar as tensões desta relação é anular a construção/produção de conhecimentos presentes dentro do universo desta manifestação cultural.   &nbsp

A Capoeira como uma manifestação cultural se combina com um conjunto de outros elementos da cultura Afro-brasileira e estrutura una tensão dentro dos processos políticos, econômicos e históricos. A abordagem de alguns aspectos constituintes da historiografia da Capoeira podem server como chave de leitura diferenciada da constituição da sociedade brasileira. A atualidade da dinâmica organizacional do universo da Capoeira em grupos favorece de diferentes formas a sua relação com as exigências sociais. Não considerar as tensões desta relação é anular a construção/produção de conhecimentos presentes dentro do universo desta manifestação cultural.   &nbsp