Search

The need for energy efficient buildings has become increasingly important in climate change mitigation. Almost 75% of the building stock in Europe is energy inefficient. Residential buildings are responsible for 27% of the total energy consumption in Europe. Integrated home renovation services (IHRS) have emerged as a potential solution to accelerate highly energy-efficient renovations for homeowners’ associations (HOAs). The question arises: How can the business models of current IHRS accelerate highly energy-efficient renovations by HOAs? This report explores the current state of IHRS in Europe with a focus on the viewpoint of the Netherlands and Flanders. The methods used are desk research, questionnaires and interviews. Five business models (BMs) of CondoReno project partners were analyzed, to support their development strategies within the regional context. This report compares IHRS BMs and brings knowledge about the operation of IHRS. The results show that the BMs of the project partners share some similarities and differ in other aspects. Regarding the similarities, all five providers share the value of offering customized energy renovation packages, also in terms of customer segments, by addressing the specific needs of HOAs. They slightly differ regarding the channels used, customer relationships, key resources, key activities and key partners. They differ in revenue/value streams and cost structure, owing to context-specific aspects of the type of organization. As such, this study informs stakeholders about the development of effective and targeted IHRS initiatives in the EU., Real Estate Management

Det finns många faktorer som påverkar värdet för en bostadsrätt. Det kan vara allt ifrånvar den ligger och hur den ser ut, till fysiska egenskaper som balkong eller ett nyrenoveratkök. Det som definierar bostadsrätter är att de ägs av så kallade bostadsrättsföreningar. Engod ekonomi i föreningen resulterar i en bra boendekostnad för varje boende. Ombostadsrättsföreningen däremot besitter ekonomiska problem, kan det leda till negativakonsekvenser för den enskilde bostadsrättsinnehavaren. Med tanke på detta börbostadsrättsföreningens ekonomi påverka bostadsrättens värde. Studien syftar därför till attbidra med kunskap om bostadsrättsföreningens ekonomi som värdepåverkande faktor ochställa betydelsen av den mot övriga värdpåverkande faktorer för en bostadsrätt.Empiri har samlats in och analyserats med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer medfastighetsmäklare i Sverige. Resultatet visar att majoriteten av fastighetsmäklarna inte anseratt bostadsrättsföreningens ekonomi är en avgörande faktor för bostadsrättens värde.Resultatet visar också att kunskapen och intresset bland kunderna på marknaden är låg närdet kommer till bostadsrättsföreningens ekonomi. En slutsats utifrån studien är därmed attden svaga kunskapen på marknaden ligger till grund för att bostadsrättsföreningensekonomi inte anses som en avgörande värdepåverkande faktor., There are a lot of factors affecting the value of a condominium. It can be everything fromwhere it is located and how it looks to physical assets as a balcony and a newly renovatedkitchen. The main idea and what defines the condominiums is the fact that they are ownedby housing cooperatives. Therefore, a good economy in the housing cooperative providesa favourable housing cost for the individual resident. On the other hand, economicalproblems in the housing cooperative can lead to negative implications on the economy ofthe individual resident. With this in mind, the economy of a housing cooperative shouldaffect the value of the single condominium.Therefore, the aim of this study is to contribute knowledge about the housing cooperativés economy as a value-influencing factor and compare the importance of it with otherfactors affecting the value of a condominium.The empiric of this study has been collected and analyzed through qualitative interviewswith brokers in Sweden. The interviews indicate that the majority of the brokers does notconsider the housing cooperative ́s economy as an important value-influencing factor. Theempiric also shows that there is a lack of knowledge and interest by the clients regardingthe economy of the housing cooperative. Therefore, a conclusion made in this study is thatthe reason why the housing cooperative ́s economy is not seen as a value-influencing factorby decisive nature is due to the lack of knowledge by the clients on the market.

Den 1 maj 2009 infördes lagregler som gör det möjligt att bilda ägarlägenheter i Sverige. Ägarlägenhet är en upplåtelseform som innefattas av direkt äganderätt vilket innebär att ägaren själv äger sin egen lägenhet i ett flerbostadshus. Vid fastighetstaxering av ägarlägenheter används idag hyreshusmodellen för att beräkna taxeringsvärdet. Detta innebär att ägarlägenheter vid fastighetstaxeringen värderas enligt samma regler som hyreshus. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om det finns ett behov av att utveckla en egen värderingsmodell för ägarlägenheter för att erhålla en förbättrad precision av det beräknade taxeringsvärdet. Målet med studien är att utvärdera taxeringsvärdenas tillförlitlighet utifrån tillämpningen av dagens värderingsmodell. För att besvara arbetets frågeställningar har dataanalys och intervjuer med sakkunniga från Lantmäteriet och Skatteverket genomförts. Analysen undersöker ägarlägenheters köpeskillingar i förhållande till taxeringsvärdet och intervjuerna bidrar till en ökad förståelse avseende dagens värderingsmodell av ägarlägenheter. Resultatet av studien visar att hyreshusmodellen ger för låga taxeringsvärden för ägarlägenheter. Av studien framgår att ägarlägenheternas taxeringsvärden i genomsnitt motsvarar 51 procent av marknadsvärdet, vilket inte uppfyller bestämmelserna i 5 kap. 2 § fastighetstaxeringslagen. Intervjuerna bekräftar att dagens värderingsmodell inte är särskilt anpassad för ägarlägenheter och att en ny värderingsmodell för ägarlägenheter behövs för att säkerställa mer tillförlitliga taxeringsvärden., On May 1, 2009, legal regulations were introduced that made it possible to form condominiums in Sweden. Condominium is a form of tenure that is included in direct ownership, which means that the owner himself owns his own apartment in an apartment building. Today the rental housing unit model is used to calculate the assessed value for property tax assessment of condominium. This means that condominium flats are valued according to the same rules as rental housing units during the property assessment. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there is a need to develop a separate valuation model for condominiums to obtain an improved precision of the calculated assessed value. The goal of the study is to evaluate the reliability of the tax values based on the application of today ́s valuation model. To answer the questions of the study, data analysis and interviews with experts from Lantmäteriet and Skatteverket were conducted. The analysis examines the purchase price of condominiums in relation to the tax assessed value and the interviews provide an increased understanding of today ́s valuation model of condominiums. The result of the study shows that the rental housing unit model generates too low tax assessment values for condominiums. The study shows that the tax assessment values of condominiums correspond on average to 51 percent of the market value, which does not meet the provisions of chapter 5 section 2 of the Property Taxation Act. The interviews confirm that today ́s valuation model is not adapted for condominiums and that a new valuation model for condominiums is needed to ensure more reliable tax assessment values.

As recently as 2009, the Government's bill 2008/09:91 was adopted, leading to greater freedom of choice and increased housing production in the Swedish housing market. The forecast at the time was that approx. 4,000 owner- occupied apartments would be built annually, but the letting form has since increased slowly. The estimate of 4,000 owner-occupied apartments per year can be compared with the total number of completed owner-occupied apartments in Sweden in 2022 - just under 4,000. Just like with the small house, the buyer of the owner-occupied apartment pays 100 percent of the value of his home which means direct ownership, where there is the possibility to mortgage the property and freely rent it out without approval from a condominium association. An owner-occupied apartment is a 3D property delimited horizontally and vertically, resulting in an efficient property division because a building with these characteristics can consist of several different properties with different areas of use. Despite this modern real estate development, the letting form has become less popular than expected and the number of owner-occupied apartments sold today is few compared to condominium apartments. The purpose of the study is to find out which decisive factors exist when choosing an owner-occupied apartment over a condominium apartment, and by studying which characteristics are in high demand and valued, these factors can be met in future projects and thus contribute to the increased popularity of owner-occupied apartments in Sweden. The question is answered based on a qualitative method where a literature study, semi-structured interviews, and a survey are used in the study. The study is an indication that it is primarily financial aspects that are decisive due to the expensive purchase price as well as costs for title deeds and mortgage deeds, which means that the buyer of owner-occupied flats must be financially strong and at the same time demand individual freedom and, Så sent som år 2009 antogs Regeringens proposition 2008/09:91 som skullemöjliggöra för större valfrihet och ökad bostadsproduktion på den svenskabostadsmarknaden. Prognosen var vid tillfället att det skulle byggas cirka 4000ägarlägenheter årligen men upplåtelseformen har sedan dess ökat långsamt ochestimatet på 4000 enheter per år kan jämföras med det totala antaletfärdigbyggda ägarlägenheter i Sverige år 2022 som var strax under 4000. En ägarlägenhet är en 3D-fastighet som avgränsas både horisontellt ochvertikalt vilket resulterar i en effektiv fastighetsindelning eftersom en byggnadmed dessa egenskaper kan bestå av ett flertal olika fastigheter med olikaanvändningsområden. Vid köp av en ägarlägenhet betalar köparen precis somför småhuset 100 procent av den totala köpeskillingen, vilket innebär ettdirekt ägande där möjligheten till pantsättning av sin egendom och friuthyrning utan godkännande från en bostadsrättsförening finns. Trots dennamoderna fastighetsbildning och fria ägandet så har upplåtelseformen inte blivitså populär som förväntat och antalet sålda ägarlägenheter är idag få ijämförelse med bostadsrättslägenheter. Syftet med studien är att ta reda på vilka avgörande faktorer som finns vid valav ägarlägenhet före bostadsrättslägenhet och genom att studera vilkaegenskaper som efterfrågas och värderas högt kan dessa faktorer mötas iframtida projekt och på så sätt bidra till ökad popularitet för ägarlägenheter iSverige. Frågeställningen besvaras utifrån en kvalitativ metod där enlitteraturstudie, semistrukturerade intervjuer och en enkätundersökninganvänds i studien. Studien är en indikation som visar att det främst är ekonomiska aspekter somär avgörande på grund av det dyra inköpspriset samt kostnader för lagfart ochpantbrev vilket innebär att ägarlägenhetsköparen måste vara kapitalstark ochsamtidigt efterfrågar individuell frihet med möjlighet till uthyrning och fullrådighet över sin bostad utan en bostadsrättsförening. Studien har även visatatt ägarlägenhet

In 2015, the UN coined 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with each goal based on three pillars: society, environment, and economy. Rapid growth can result in a country not succeeding in developing all pillars simultaneously. This, in turn, can lead to a stagnation of development. Ethiopia is a clear example of such stagnation, as inject were given to the environmental and economic pillars, but the societal pillar remains underdeveloped. As a result, several societal issues translate to unsatisfied citizens, which subsequently hamper the country’s further development. This research found a meeting point where, through the feasible concept of LiFePO4 batteries in condominiums, the societal, environmental, and economic pillars can all be developed simultaneously. Maslow’s theory was used to conclude that this battery creates values contributing to the societal pillar as citizens can focus on fulfilling Social needs leading to social cohesion. The Carbon footprint was used to understand environmental impacts that are reduced, expressing environmental value through the reduction of the countries Carbon footprint with 143,7 kgCO2e and, therefore, contributing to the environmental pillar. The relationship captured in the Energy-GDP equilibrium and the use of a Value Proposition and Triple Layered Business Model helped to understand how stable electricity will stimulate the economic pillar, including international fund flows, PPP project approach, and over $300 thousand annual financial savings through risk reduction. A Multi-Criteria Analysis proved that a LiFePO4 battery is most suitable in condominiums compared to a lead-acid and gravity battery. Finally, zooming out assisted to understand that the rate at which condominiums are built, including basic services, is crucial. Without a perspective, unsatisfied citizens can easily cause society to collapse and stop the country from further developing in all sectors all at once. This will also make all the pot, Metropolitan Analysis, Design and Engineering (MADE)

Den 1 maj 2009 infördes lagregler som gör det möjligt att bilda ägarlägenheter i Sverige. Ägarlägenhet är en upplåtelseform som innefattas av direkt äganderätt vilket innebär att ägaren själv äger sin egen lägenhet i ett flerbostadshus. Vid fastighetstaxering av ägarlägenheter används idag hyreshusmodellen för att beräkna taxeringsvärdet. Detta innebär att ägarlägenheter vid fastighetstaxeringen värderas enligt samma regler som hyreshus. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om det finns ett behov av att utveckla en egen värderingsmodell för ägarlägenheter för att erhålla en förbättrad precision av det beräknade taxeringsvärdet. Målet med studien är att utvärdera taxeringsvärdenas tillförlitlighet utifrån tillämpningen av dagens värderingsmodell. För att besvara arbetets frågeställningar har dataanalys och intervjuer med sakkunniga från Lantmäteriet och Skatteverket genomförts. Analysen undersöker ägarlägenheters köpeskillingar i förhållande till taxeringsvärdet och intervjuerna bidrar till en ökad förståelse avseende dagens värderingsmodell av ägarlägenheter. Resultatet av studien visar att hyreshusmodellen ger för låga taxeringsvärden för ägarlägenheter. Av studien framgår att ägarlägenheternas taxeringsvärden i genomsnitt motsvarar 51 procent av marknadsvärdet, vilket inte uppfyller bestämmelserna i 5 kap. 2 § fastighetstaxeringslagen. Intervjuerna bekräftar att dagens värderingsmodell inte är särskilt anpassad för ägarlägenheter och att en ny värderingsmodell för ägarlägenheter behövs för att säkerställa mer tillförlitliga taxeringsvärden., On May 1, 2009, legal regulations were introduced that made it possible to form condominiums in Sweden. Condominium is a form of tenure that is included in direct ownership, which means that the owner himself owns his own apartment in an apartment building. Today the rental housing unit model is used to calculate the assessed value for property tax assessment of condominium. This means that condominium flats are valued according to the same rules as rental housing units during the property assessment. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there is a need to develop a separate valuation model for condominiums to obtain an improved precision of the calculated assessed value. The goal of the study is to evaluate the reliability of the tax values based on the application of today ́s valuation model. To answer the questions of the study, data analysis and interviews with experts from Lantmäteriet and Skatteverket were conducted. The analysis examines the purchase price of condominiums in relation to the tax assessed value and the interviews provide an increased understanding of today ́s valuation model of condominiums. The result of the study shows that the rental housing unit model generates too low tax assessment values for condominiums. The study shows that the tax assessment values of condominiums correspond on average to 51 percent of the market value, which does not meet the provisions of chapter 5 section 2 of the Property Taxation Act. The interviews confirm that today ́s valuation model is not adapted for condominiums and that a new valuation model for condominiums is needed to ensure more reliable tax assessment values.

As recently as 2009, the Government's bill 2008/09:91 was adopted, leading to greater freedom of choice and increased housing production in the Swedish housing market. The forecast at the time was that approx. 4,000 owner- occupied apartments would be built annually, but the letting form has since increased slowly. The estimate of 4,000 owner-occupied apartments per year can be compared with the total number of completed owner-occupied apartments in Sweden in 2022 - just under 4,000. Just like with the small house, the buyer of the owner-occupied apartment pays 100 percent of the value of his home which means direct ownership, where there is the possibility to mortgage the property and freely rent it out without approval from a condominium association. An owner-occupied apartment is a 3D property delimited horizontally and vertically, resulting in an efficient property division because a building with these characteristics can consist of several different properties with different areas of use. Despite this modern real estate development, the letting form has become less popular than expected and the number of owner-occupied apartments sold today is few compared to condominium apartments. The purpose of the study is to find out which decisive factors exist when choosing an owner-occupied apartment over a condominium apartment, and by studying which characteristics are in high demand and valued, these factors can be met in future projects and thus contribute to the increased popularity of owner-occupied apartments in Sweden. The question is answered based on a qualitative method where a literature study, semi-structured interviews, and a survey are used in the study. The study is an indication that it is primarily financial aspects that are decisive due to the expensive purchase price as well as costs for title deeds and mortgage deeds, which means that the buyer of owner-occupied flats must be financially strong and at the same time demand individual freedom and, Så sent som år 2009 antogs Regeringens proposition 2008/09:91 som skullemöjliggöra för större valfrihet och ökad bostadsproduktion på den svenskabostadsmarknaden. Prognosen var vid tillfället att det skulle byggas cirka 4000ägarlägenheter årligen men upplåtelseformen har sedan dess ökat långsamt ochestimatet på 4000 enheter per år kan jämföras med det totala antaletfärdigbyggda ägarlägenheter i Sverige år 2022 som var strax under 4000. En ägarlägenhet är en 3D-fastighet som avgränsas både horisontellt ochvertikalt vilket resulterar i en effektiv fastighetsindelning eftersom en byggnadmed dessa egenskaper kan bestå av ett flertal olika fastigheter med olikaanvändningsområden. Vid köp av en ägarlägenhet betalar köparen precis somför småhuset 100 procent av den totala köpeskillingen, vilket innebär ettdirekt ägande där möjligheten till pantsättning av sin egendom och friuthyrning utan godkännande från en bostadsrättsförening finns. Trots dennamoderna fastighetsbildning och fria ägandet så har upplåtelseformen inte blivitså populär som förväntat och antalet sålda ägarlägenheter är idag få ijämförelse med bostadsrättslägenheter. Syftet med studien är att ta reda på vilka avgörande faktorer som finns vid valav ägarlägenhet före bostadsrättslägenhet och genom att studera vilkaegenskaper som efterfrågas och värderas högt kan dessa faktorer mötas iframtida projekt och på så sätt bidra till ökad popularitet för ägarlägenheter iSverige. Frågeställningen besvaras utifrån en kvalitativ metod där enlitteraturstudie, semistrukturerade intervjuer och en enkätundersökninganvänds i studien. Studien är en indikation som visar att det främst är ekonomiska aspekter somär avgörande på grund av det dyra inköpspriset samt kostnader för lagfart ochpantbrev vilket innebär att ägarlägenhetsköparen måste vara kapitalstark ochsamtidigt efterfrågar individuell frihet med möjlighet till uthyrning och fullrådighet över sin bostad utan en bostadsrättsförening. Studien har även visatatt ägarlägenhet

Det finns många faktorer som påverkar värdet för en bostadsrätt. Det kan vara allt ifrånvar den ligger och hur den ser ut, till fysiska egenskaper som balkong eller ett nyrenoveratkök. Det som definierar bostadsrätter är att de ägs av så kallade bostadsrättsföreningar. Engod ekonomi i föreningen resulterar i en bra boendekostnad för varje boende. Ombostadsrättsföreningen däremot besitter ekonomiska problem, kan det leda till negativakonsekvenser för den enskilde bostadsrättsinnehavaren. Med tanke på detta börbostadsrättsföreningens ekonomi påverka bostadsrättens värde. Studien syftar därför till attbidra med kunskap om bostadsrättsföreningens ekonomi som värdepåverkande faktor ochställa betydelsen av den mot övriga värdpåverkande faktorer för en bostadsrätt.Empiri har samlats in och analyserats med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer medfastighetsmäklare i Sverige. Resultatet visar att majoriteten av fastighetsmäklarna inte anseratt bostadsrättsföreningens ekonomi är en avgörande faktor för bostadsrättens värde.Resultatet visar också att kunskapen och intresset bland kunderna på marknaden är låg närdet kommer till bostadsrättsföreningens ekonomi. En slutsats utifrån studien är därmed attden svaga kunskapen på marknaden ligger till grund för att bostadsrättsföreningensekonomi inte anses som en avgörande värdepåverkande faktor., There are a lot of factors affecting the value of a condominium. It can be everything fromwhere it is located and how it looks to physical assets as a balcony and a newly renovatedkitchen. The main idea and what defines the condominiums is the fact that they are ownedby housing cooperatives. Therefore, a good economy in the housing cooperative providesa favourable housing cost for the individual resident. On the other hand, economicalproblems in the housing cooperative can lead to negative implications on the economy ofthe individual resident. With this in mind, the economy of a housing cooperative shouldaffect the value of the single condominium.Therefore, the aim of this study is to contribute knowledge about the housing cooperativés economy as a value-influencing factor and compare the importance of it with otherfactors affecting the value of a condominium.The empiric of this study has been collected and analyzed through qualitative interviewswith brokers in Sweden. The interviews indicate that the majority of the brokers does notconsider the housing cooperative ́s economy as an important value-influencing factor. Theempiric also shows that there is a lack of knowledge and interest by the clients regardingthe economy of the housing cooperative. Therefore, a conclusion made in this study is thatthe reason why the housing cooperative ́s economy is not seen as a value-influencing factorby decisive nature is due to the lack of knowledge by the clients on the market.

The Gulf of Fonseca is known as one of the few territories where there is an international condominium. The apparent success of this formula contrasts with the intermittent tensions between its states, with the consequent deterioration of neighborhood relations. The Republics of El Salvador, Nicaragua and Honduras are bound (asymmetrically) by the judgments of different international tribunals, issued in the framework of territorial disputes at different historical moments. Three decades after the last judgment of the nternational Court of Justice, and far from there being a consensus in the region, there are still conflicting positions among the States of the Gulf of Fonseca regarding the interpretation and application of the court decisions. The aim of this paper is to analyse the current statu quo in the Gulf, as well as the reasons that explain the potential for conflict in the area., El Golfo de Fonseca es conocido como uno de los pocos territorios en los que existe un condominio internacional. El aparente éxito de esta fórmula contrasta con las intermitentes tensiones entre sus Estados, con el consiguiente deterioro de sus relaciones de vecindad. Las Repúblicas de El Salvador, Nicaragua y Honduras se ven obligados (de forma asimétrica) por los fallos de diferentes tribunales internacionales, emitidos en el marco de contenciosos territoriales en momentos históricos distintos. Tres décadasdespués último fallo de la Corte Internacional de Justicia, y lejos de existir un consenso en la región, aún persisten posiciones encontradas entre los Estados del Golfo de Fonseca en relación a la interpretación de las sentencias y su aplicación. El objeto de nuestro trabajo analizar del statu quo actual, del Golfo, así como las razones que explican la potencialidad conflictual de la zona.

The Master's thesis "A Spatial Dialogue in the emerging city of Addis Ababa" explores the intricate dynamics between formal and informal housing in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Authored by a German-Ethiopian architectural designer, the thesis critically examines the oversimplified categorization of traditional "sefer" settlements and modern condominiums, shedding light on their impact on social, economic, and cultural aspects. Through the combination of architectural and ethnographic research methods, the study uncovers the unique cultural nuances and spatial needs of Ethiopian dwellers. It challenges stereotypes associated with informal settlements, revealing unexpected similarities in how residents creatively appropriate their homes, irrespective of architectural differences. The subsequent design proposal for a housing complex in Yeka Abado integrates formal and informal elements, emphasizing flexibility, communal spaces, and income-generating opportunities. The thesis advocates for a holistic, inclusive approach in architecture, emphasizing the importance of incorporating cultural heritage and community engagement. The design project serves as a conceptual exploration rooted in extensive research, aiming to bridge the gap between modern design concepts and traditional practices for inclusive and culturally responsive housing solutions., Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Building Technology

Sammandrag I Sverige finns upplåtelseformerna hyresrätt, kooperativ hyresrätt, bostadsrätt och äganderätt. Den förste maj 2009 gjorde lagstiftning det även möjligt att upplåta ägarlägenheter, och detta blev introduktionen till den nya boendeformen. Däremot är ägandeformen en vanlig företeelse utomlands där ägarlägenheter funnits under lång tid. När regeringen införde ägandeformen i Sverige hade de en förhoppning om att det skulle byggas mellan 3 000 och 5 000 ägarlägenheter varje år, det är dock inte förrän år 2021 som antalet registrerade och färdigbyggda ägarlägenheter överstigit 3 000 i antalet. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka den aktuella efterfrågan på marknaden för produkten ägarlägenheter ur fastighetsmäklares och projektledarens perspektiv, samt byggbolagens intresse för att producera upplåtelseformen. Forskningsfrågorna besvaras med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod och med en abduktiv forskningsansats. Inom det kvalitativa forskningsområdet har en semistrukturerad intervjustudie genomförts. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer har respondenterna fritt fått berätta om sina erfarenheter och uppfattningar. Studien har visat på en ökad efterfrågan av ägandeformen bara under de senaste åren, trots en pandemi. Efterfrågan har inte bara ökat hos konsumenterna utan även byggbolagens intresse för upplåtelseformen har blivit större då flera byggbolag vill hjälpa till att utvidga utbudet kring boendeformen. Förutom efterfråga finns det flera aspekter som påverkar produktionen av den nya upplåtelseformen, som exempelvis kommunernas inställning och uppmuntran till att uppföra ägarlägenheter på deras mark. Dagens stora efterfrågan, kommunens positiva inställning och entreprenörernas vilja att satsa kapital i projekt med ägarlägenheter bidrar till en ljus framtid för upplåtelseformen., In Sweden there are three forms of housing tenures: tenancy, cooperative tenancy, tenant-ownership, and owner-occupied apartments. On May first, 2009, legalization made it possible to build owner-occupied apartments, which was the introduction to the new form of housing. On the other hand, the form of ownership is a common phenomenon abroad where owner apartments have existed for a long time. When the government introduced owner-occupied flats in Sweden, they had a hope that between 3 000 and 5 000 units would be built each year, it is not until 2021 that the number of registered and completed apartments exceeded 3 000. The purpose of this exam is to examine the current demand on the market for the product, from a real estate agent and project managers perspective, but also the construction companies’ interest in producing this new product. Research questions were answered with the help of a qualitative and abductive approach. Within the qualitative research area semi-structured interviews have been conducted. Through semi-structured interviews the interviewees have been allowed to freely speak about their experiences and perceptions. The study has shown an increased demand for the form of apartment ownership only in recent years, despite a pandemic. Demand has not only increased among consumers, but also the construction companies’ interest in this new product has increased. This is because the construction companies want to help expand the range of housing. In addition to demand, there are several aspects that affect the production of the new form of lease, including the municipality's attitude and encouragement to build owner apartment flats on their land. Today´s high demand, the municipality´s positive attitude and the contractor’s willingness to invest capital in projects with apartment ownership flats, has contributed to a bright future for the form of lease.

Bakgrund: Oavsett ägandeform är det idag en utmaning för unga vuxna att lämna föräldrahemmet.Detta är resultatet av en icke fungerande bostadsmarknad som förvisso genomgått stora förändringarsedan införandet av bostadsrätt som ägandeform. Jämfört med 1960-talet är det idag möjligt attpantsätta bostadsrätten trots att den boende inte äger objektet, det råder inte heller längre någonprisreglering. Tvärtom anställs fastighetsmäklaren för att maximera slutpriset vid avyttrandet avbostaden.Dessutom menar tidigare studier att ungdomar har en tydlig ambition att äga boendet, men på grund avkreditrestriktioner inte har möjligheter till det. För att minska inträdesbarriärerna till ägandemarknadenpresenterade utredaren Eva Nordström den 4 april 2022 Startlånet. En subvention som ska minskakontantinsatskravet för bland annat ungdomar. Följdeffekterna förväntas bli ökad utbyggnadstakt,förstärkt köpkraft och framför allt fler ungdomar på ägandemarknaden. Syfte: Denna studie redogör för unga vuxnas förutsättningar och begäran på bostadsmarknaden.Genom att jämföra statistiska samt politiska förändringar med tiden ska läsaren bilda sig enuppfattning om dagens bostadsbestånd och startlånets påverkan till av det ägda boendet. Metod: Uppsatsen utgår från en kvantitativ metod med en induktiv infallsvinkel. Det är således attbetrakta som en metastudie. För att säkerställa arbetets reliabilitet och validitet har det varit av högstavikt att använda anförtrodda källor. Studien är ämnad för att läsaren i framtiden ska kunna återupprepaarbetet med samma utfall. Resultat och slutsats: Förändringen av de juridiska och ekonomiska förutsättningarna har medfört enförändrad syn av boendet. Från att vara ett hem till att numera även betraktas som ett attraktivtinvesteringsföremål. Denna syn på bostaden har satt sin prägel i andelsfördelningen av ägandeformer ibostadsbeståndet. För grupper i samhället med lågt kapital och i synnerhet ungdomar ärkontantinsatsen en stor inträdesbarriär. Startlånet, so, Background: Regardless of the ownership structure, it is today a challenge for young adults to leavethe parental home. This is the result of a non-functioning housing market that has certainly undergonemajor transformation since the introduction of condominium ownership. Compared with the 1960s, itis today possible to mortgage the condominium even though the resident does not own the object, noris there any price regulation anymore. On the contrary, the real estate agent is hired to maximize thefinal price when selling an object.Previous studies believe that youngsters have a clear ambition to own a condominium, although, dueto credit restrictions do not have the opportunity to do so. To reduce entry-barriers into the ownershipmarket, investigator Eva Nordström presented the Startup loan on 4 April 2022. A subsidy that willreduce the cash contribution requirement for young people, among others. The aftereffects areexpected to be an increased rate of new buildings, strengthened purchasing power and, above all, moreyoung people in the ownership market. Purpose: This study describes the conditions and demands of youngsters in the housing market.Hence, comparing statistical and political changes over time, the reader should form an opinion aboutthe current housing stock and how the start-up loan will affect the possibility of the owned housing. Method: The essay is based on a quantitative method with an inductive approach. It is thus to beregarded as a meta-study. In order to ensure the reliability and validity of the work, it has been of theultimate importance to use trusted sources. The study is intended for the reader in the future to be ableto repeat the work with the same outcome. Results and conclusion: The change in the legal conditions and economic development has resultedinto a developed perception of property ownership. From simply being a home to nowadays furtherbeing considered an attractive investment object. This view of housing has left its mark on thedis

Bislang wurde das verstärkte Aufkommen von Finanzanlagen auf Wohnungsmärkten vorwiegend in Metropolen oder auf nationaler Ebene untersucht. Der Fokus lag dabei zumeist auf institutionellen Akteuren. Die Untersuchung von Finanzanlagenin Wohnraum in Städten unterhalb der Metropolebene und durch Privatpersonen wurde bislang vernachlässigt. In vorliegender Untersuchung stelle ich deshalb die Manifestation von Finanzanlagen auf den Wohnungsmärkten in einer Stadt abseits der Metropolebene in den Mittelpunkt und setze dabei auf einen Mixed-methods-Ansatz aus quantitativer Grundbuch- und Datenanalyse sowie qualitativen Experteninterviews. Der Beitrag zeigt auf, dass abseits der Metropolen die Nutzung von Wohnraum in ein Investitionsobjekt vorwiegend von privaten Akteuren vollzogen wird. Diese investieren weniger aus Spekulation und in Erwartung von Wertsteigerung, sondern zur privaten und familiären Vorsorge und vor allem zur Wertsicherung. Auch diese Form von Finanzanlagen in Wohnraum hat folgenschwere Auswirkungen auf andere Marktakteure. Der gesamte Wohnungsmarkt richtet sich sukzessive auf diesen neuen Investorentypus aus. Immobiliensind somit zunehmend zu einer Anlageform von Vielen geworden., So far, the increased emergence of financial investments on the housing markets has mainly been examined in metropolises or on a national level. Research focused primarily on institutional actors. The investigation of financial investments in housing space in cities below the metropolitan level and by individuals has so far been neglected. In the present study, I therefore focus on the manifestation of financial investments of private investors in housing markets outside the metropolises using a mixed-method approach of quantitative land register and data analysis as well as qualitative expert interviews. The paper shows that apart from the metropolises, the utilization of housing into an investment object is mainly carried out by private actors. They invest less out of speculation and in the expectation of an increase in value, but rather for private retirement or family provision and, above all, to secure value. This form of investment in housing also leads to serious consequences for other market players. The entire housing market is gradually focusing on this new type of investor. Real estate has therefore increasingly become a form of investment for many.

Bakgrund: Oavsett ägandeform är det idag en utmaning för unga vuxna att lämna föräldrahemmet.Detta är resultatet av en icke fungerande bostadsmarknad som förvisso genomgått stora förändringarsedan införandet av bostadsrätt som ägandeform. Jämfört med 1960-talet är det idag möjligt attpantsätta bostadsrätten trots att den boende inte äger objektet, det råder inte heller längre någonprisreglering. Tvärtom anställs fastighetsmäklaren för att maximera slutpriset vid avyttrandet avbostaden.Dessutom menar tidigare studier att ungdomar har en tydlig ambition att äga boendet, men på grund avkreditrestriktioner inte har möjligheter till det. För att minska inträdesbarriärerna till ägandemarknadenpresenterade utredaren Eva Nordström den 4 april 2022 Startlånet. En subvention som ska minskakontantinsatskravet för bland annat ungdomar. Följdeffekterna förväntas bli ökad utbyggnadstakt,förstärkt köpkraft och framför allt fler ungdomar på ägandemarknaden. Syfte: Denna studie redogör för unga vuxnas förutsättningar och begäran på bostadsmarknaden.Genom att jämföra statistiska samt politiska förändringar med tiden ska läsaren bilda sig enuppfattning om dagens bostadsbestånd och startlånets påverkan till av det ägda boendet. Metod: Uppsatsen utgår från en kvantitativ metod med en induktiv infallsvinkel. Det är således attbetrakta som en metastudie. För att säkerställa arbetets reliabilitet och validitet har det varit av högstavikt att använda anförtrodda källor. Studien är ämnad för att läsaren i framtiden ska kunna återupprepaarbetet med samma utfall. Resultat och slutsats: Förändringen av de juridiska och ekonomiska förutsättningarna har medfört enförändrad syn av boendet. Från att vara ett hem till att numera även betraktas som ett attraktivtinvesteringsföremål. Denna syn på bostaden har satt sin prägel i andelsfördelningen av ägandeformer ibostadsbeståndet. För grupper i samhället med lågt kapital och i synnerhet ungdomar ärkontantinsatsen en stor inträdesbarriär. Startlånet, so, Background: Regardless of the ownership structure, it is today a challenge for young adults to leavethe parental home. This is the result of a non-functioning housing market that has certainly undergonemajor transformation since the introduction of condominium ownership. Compared with the 1960s, itis today possible to mortgage the condominium even though the resident does not own the object, noris there any price regulation anymore. On the contrary, the real estate agent is hired to maximize thefinal price when selling an object.Previous studies believe that youngsters have a clear ambition to own a condominium, although, dueto credit restrictions do not have the opportunity to do so. To reduce entry-barriers into the ownershipmarket, investigator Eva Nordström presented the Startup loan on 4 April 2022. A subsidy that willreduce the cash contribution requirement for young people, among others. The aftereffects areexpected to be an increased rate of new buildings, strengthened purchasing power and, above all, moreyoung people in the ownership market. Purpose: This study describes the conditions and demands of youngsters in the housing market.Hence, comparing statistical and political changes over time, the reader should form an opinion aboutthe current housing stock and how the start-up loan will affect the possibility of the owned housing. Method: The essay is based on a quantitative method with an inductive approach. It is thus to beregarded as a meta-study. In order to ensure the reliability and validity of the work, it has been of theultimate importance to use trusted sources. The study is intended for the reader in the future to be ableto repeat the work with the same outcome. Results and conclusion: The change in the legal conditions and economic development has resultedinto a developed perception of property ownership. From simply being a home to nowadays furtherbeing considered an attractive investment object. This view of housing has left its mark on thedis

The concept of condominium in Denmark is traditionally associated with owner apartments used for residential purposes (individually owned by the resident). The condominium law translated from Danish: “Law of owner apartments” was primarily intended to support the housing market and was mainly introduced to allow renters to become owners of a rental apartment in a high-rise building, i.e., making it possible forthem to enter the housing market without having to invest in an (often more expensive) traditional house on a real property. However, the law also applies on other nonresidential rooms in a building, thus the expression, many faces, is appropriate. The ownership right to a condominium unit includes a share in all components of the common property. This share also includes the responsibility to pay for common expenses regarding the common components. In traditional high-rise (single-use) buildings the common components of the condominium property include e.g., the outer walls, roof, cellar and a staircase or an elevator. Because of the nature of (single-use) buildings it is often fair to say that all condominium units have an equal benefit of the common components. Thus, it is regarded as being fair that all condominium units contribute to expenses to maintain and renew those common components. Therefore, the condominium law is partly designed to support this benefit-all principle, and the allocation of rights and responsibilities is done mainly by using a co-ownership share, where each condominium unit’s share is calculated using the relative value and size of each condominium unit. The benefit-all principle does not consider the actual benefit of each condominium unit. However, the rise of mixed-use developments in Danish urban planning has made it necessary to further develop and customize the allocation of ownership rights in such mixed-use condominium schemes in order to specify the allocation of ownership rights and responsibilities of common components

The concept of condominium in Denmark is traditionally associated with owner apartments used for residential purposes (individually owned by the resident). The condominium law translated from Danish: “Law of owner apartments” was primarily intended to support the housing market and was mainly introduced to allow renters to become owners of a rental apartment in a high-rise building, i.e., making it possible forthem to enter the housing market without having to invest in an (often more expensive) traditional house on a real property. However, the law also applies on other nonresidential rooms in a building, thus the expression, many faces, is appropriate. The ownership right to a condominium unit includes a share in all components of the common property. This share also includes the responsibility to pay for common expenses regarding the common components. In traditional high-rise (single-use) buildings the common components of the condominium property include e.g., the outer walls, roof, cellar and a staircase or an elevator. Because of the nature of (single-use) buildings it is often fair to say that all condominium units have an equal benefit of the common components. Thus, it is regarded as being fair that all condominium units contribute to expenses to maintain and renew those common components. Therefore, the condominium law is partly designed to support this benefit-all principle, and the allocation of rights and responsibilities is done mainly by using a co-ownership share, where each condominium unit’s share is calculated using the relative value and size of each condominium unit. The benefit-all principle does not consider the actual benefit of each condominium unit. However, the rise of mixed-use developments in Danish urban planning has made it necessary to further develop and customize the allocation of ownership rights in such mixed-use condominium schemes in order to specify the allocation of ownership rights and responsibilities of common components

It is the unification of common spaces of subdivided buildings, (or not) in horizontal property, (whether new with existing ones or both with each other) through reciprocal easements and two forms for the voluntary integration of block centers or oth-ers; financing them through beneficial integrations also possible for themselves, garages with greater capacity, accesses, shields, stairs, gates, roofs, services, (reducing construction costs and expenses) etc. Modifying Art. 2052 of the C.C. and C regarding the 100% agree-ment of co-owners, or novelty from the Urban Law, the same as the F.O.T. uses, fabric standards, etc. supplying legal doctrine for urban needs., É a unificação de espaços comuns de edifícios subdivididos, (ou não) em pro-priedade horizontal, (sejam novos com os existentes ou ambos entre si) através de servi-dões recíprocas e duas formas de integração voluntária de núcleos de quarteirões ou outros; financiá-los através de integrações benéficas também possíveis para si, garagens com maior capacidade, acessos, blindagens, escadas, portões, telhados, serviços, (reduzindo custos e despesas de construção) etc. Modificando o art. 2052 do C.C. e C quanto à concordância de 100% dos coproprietários, ou novidade da Lei Urbanística, o mesmo que o F.O.T. usos, padrões de tecido, etc. fornecendo doutrina jurídica para as necessidades urbanas., Es la unificación de espacios comunes de los edificios subdivididos, (o no) en propiedad horizontal, (sean nuevos con existentes o ambos entre sí) mediante servidumbres recíprocas y dos formas para la integración voluntaria de los centros de manzana u otras; financiándolos mediante beneficiosas integraciones también posibles para sí, cocheras con mayor capacidad, accesos, palieres, escaleras, porterías, azoteas, servicios,(disminuyendo costos de construcción y expensas) etc. Modificando el Art. 2052 del C.C. y C respecto al acuerdo del 100% de copropietarios, o novedosamente desde el Derecho Urbanístico, igual que el F.O.T. usos, normas de tejido, etc. supliendo doctrina jurídica por necesidades urbanas.

The concept of condominium in Denmark is traditionally associated with owner apartments used for residential purposes (individually owned by the resident). The condominium law translated from Danish: “Law of owner apartments” was primarily intended to support the housing market and was mainly introduced to allow renters to become owners of a rental apartment in a high-rise building, i.e., making it possible forthem to enter the housing market without having to invest in an (often more expensive) traditional house on a real property. However, the law also applies on other nonresidential rooms in a building, thus the expression, many faces, is appropriate. The ownership right to a condominium unit includes a share in all components of the common property. This share also includes the responsibility to pay for common expenses regarding the common components. In traditional high-rise (single-use) buildings the common components of the condominium property include e.g., the outer walls, roof, cellar and a staircase or an elevator. Because of the nature of (single-use) buildings it is often fair to say that all condominium units have an equal benefit of the common components. Thus, it is regarded as being fair that all condominium units contribute to expenses to maintain and renew those common components. Therefore, the condominium law is partly designed to support this benefit-all principle, and the allocation of rights and responsibilities is done mainly by using a co-ownership share, where each condominium unit’s share is calculated using the relative value and size of each condominium unit. The benefit-all principle does not consider the actual benefit of each condominium unit. However, the rise of mixed-use developments in Danish urban planning has made it necessary to further develop and customize the allocation of ownership rights in such mixed-use condominium schemes in order to specify the allocation of ownership rights and responsibilities of common components

The concept of condominium in Denmark is traditionally associated with owner apartments used for residential purposes (individually owned by the resident). The condominium law translated from Danish: “Law of owner apartments” was primarily intended to support the housing market and was mainly introduced to allow renters to become owners of a rental apartment in a high-rise building, i.e., making it possible forthem to enter the housing market without having to invest in an (often more expensive) traditional house on a real property. However, the law also applies on other nonresidential rooms in a building, thus the expression, many faces, is appropriate. The ownership right to a condominium unit includes a share in all components of the common property. This share also includes the responsibility to pay for common expenses regarding the common components. In traditional high-rise (single-use) buildings the common components of the condominium property include e.g., the outer walls, roof, cellar and a staircase or an elevator. Because of the nature of (single-use) buildings it is often fair to say that all condominium units have an equal benefit of the common components. Thus, it is regarded as being fair that all condominium units contribute to expenses to maintain and renew those common components. Therefore, the condominium law is partly designed to support this benefit-all principle, and the allocation of rights and responsibilities is done mainly by using a co-ownership share, where each condominium unit’s share is calculated using the relative value and size of each condominium unit. The benefit-all principle does not consider the actual benefit of each condominium unit. However, the rise of mixed-use developments in Danish urban planning has made it necessary to further develop and customize the allocation of ownership rights in such mixed-use condominium schemes in order to specify the allocation of ownership rights and responsibilities of common components

Sammandrag I Sverige finns upplåtelseformerna hyresrätt, kooperativ hyresrätt, bostadsrätt och äganderätt. Den förste maj 2009 gjorde lagstiftning det även möjligt att upplåta ägarlägenheter, och detta blev introduktionen till den nya boendeformen. Däremot är ägandeformen en vanlig företeelse utomlands där ägarlägenheter funnits under lång tid. När regeringen införde ägandeformen i Sverige hade de en förhoppning om att det skulle byggas mellan 3 000 och 5 000 ägarlägenheter varje år, det är dock inte förrän år 2021 som antalet registrerade och färdigbyggda ägarlägenheter överstigit 3 000 i antalet. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka den aktuella efterfrågan på marknaden för produkten ägarlägenheter ur fastighetsmäklares och projektledarens perspektiv, samt byggbolagens intresse för att producera upplåtelseformen. Forskningsfrågorna besvaras med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod och med en abduktiv forskningsansats. Inom det kvalitativa forskningsområdet har en semistrukturerad intervjustudie genomförts. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer har respondenterna fritt fått berätta om sina erfarenheter och uppfattningar. Studien har visat på en ökad efterfrågan av ägandeformen bara under de senaste åren, trots en pandemi. Efterfrågan har inte bara ökat hos konsumenterna utan även byggbolagens intresse för upplåtelseformen har blivit större då flera byggbolag vill hjälpa till att utvidga utbudet kring boendeformen. Förutom efterfråga finns det flera aspekter som påverkar produktionen av den nya upplåtelseformen, som exempelvis kommunernas inställning och uppmuntran till att uppföra ägarlägenheter på deras mark. Dagens stora efterfrågan, kommunens positiva inställning och entreprenörernas vilja att satsa kapital i projekt med ägarlägenheter bidrar till en ljus framtid för upplåtelseformen., In Sweden there are three forms of housing tenures: tenancy, cooperative tenancy, tenant-ownership, and owner-occupied apartments. On May first, 2009, legalization made it possible to build owner-occupied apartments, which was the introduction to the new form of housing. On the other hand, the form of ownership is a common phenomenon abroad where owner apartments have existed for a long time. When the government introduced owner-occupied flats in Sweden, they had a hope that between 3 000 and 5 000 units would be built each year, it is not until 2021 that the number of registered and completed apartments exceeded 3 000. The purpose of this exam is to examine the current demand on the market for the product, from a real estate agent and project managers perspective, but also the construction companies’ interest in producing this new product. Research questions were answered with the help of a qualitative and abductive approach. Within the qualitative research area semi-structured interviews have been conducted. Through semi-structured interviews the interviewees have been allowed to freely speak about their experiences and perceptions. The study has shown an increased demand for the form of apartment ownership only in recent years, despite a pandemic. Demand has not only increased among consumers, but also the construction companies’ interest in this new product has increased. This is because the construction companies want to help expand the range of housing. In addition to demand, there are several aspects that affect the production of the new form of lease, including the municipality's attitude and encouragement to build owner apartment flats on their land. Today´s high demand, the municipality´s positive attitude and the contractor’s willingness to invest capital in projects with apartment ownership flats, has contributed to a bright future for the form of lease.

This study examines and analyzes the legal subject of the Ujung Pandang Central Market management activities, which are treated as Non-Residential Condominium buildings based on Law No. 20 of 2011. This research combines normative juridical and empirical research methods. The primary data were collected using direct interviews, while the secondary data was collected using literature study techniques. The data obtained in this research were then analyzed qualitatively. The results show that the legal subject of the Ujung Pandang Central Market management activities, which are treated as Non-Residential Condominium buildings, must be held by PPPSRS based on Article 59 of Law No. 20 of 2011. In this case, if PPPSRS has not been established, then PT. MTIR must establish PPPSRS no later than one year from the first delivery of the condominium unit to the owner. However, until now, PPPSRS has not been established and established by PT. MTIR. So strictly speaking, PT. MTIR deviated from its obligations in implementing Law No. 20 of 2011. Therefore, it is recommended that the Makassar Municipal Government re-evaluate the involvement of PT. MTIR as Holder of The Right to Build for Ujung Pandang Central Market. In addition, it is recommended to PT. MTIR to comply with Article 59 of Law No. 20 of 2011 by establishing PPPSRS. Furthermore, it is hoped that law enforcement and the Regional House of Representatives of Makassar Municipal will protect the interests of traders so that PPPSRS is established as a legal subject for the Ujung Pandang Central Market management activities., Penelitian ini mengkaji dan menganalisis subjek hukum kegiatan pengelolaan Pasar Sentral Ujung Pandang yang diperlakukan sebagai bangunan Rumah Susun Bukan Hunian berdasarkan UU No. 20 tahun 2011. Penelitian ini menggabungkan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dan empiris. Pengumpulan data primer dilakukan dengan wawancara langsung, sedangkan data sekunder dikumpulkan dengan teknik studi kepustakaan. Data yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa subjek hukum kegiatan pengelolaan Pasar Sentral Ujung Pandang yang diperlakukan sebagai bangunan Rumah Susun Bukan Hunian harus dipegang oleh PPPSRS berdasarkan Pasal 59 UU No. 20 Tahun 2011. Dalam hal ini, jika PPPSRS belum terbentuk, maka PT. MTIR wajib membentuk PPPSRS paling lambat satu tahun sejak penyerahan pertama sarusun kepada pemiliknya. Akan tetapi, sampai saat ini PPPSRS belum terbentuk dan dibentuk oleh PT. MTIR. Jadi secara tegas, PT. MTIR menyimpang dari kewajibannya dalam mengimplementasikan UU No. 20 Tahun 2011. Oleh karena itu, direkomendasikan kepada Pemkot Makassar untuk mengevaluasi kembali keterlibatan PT. MTIR selaku Pemegang HGB Pasar Sentral Ujung Pandang. Selain itu, disarankan kepada PT. MTIR untuk mematuhi Pasal 59 UU No. 20 Tahun 2011 dengan membentuk PPPSRS. Selanjutnya, diharapkan kepada penegak hukum dan DPRD Kota Makassar untuk melindungi kepentingan para pedagang sehingga dibentuk PPPSRS sebagai subyek hukum kegiatan pengelolaan Pasar Sentral Ujung Pandang.

The concept of condominium in Denmark is traditionally associated with owner apartments used for residential purposes (individually owned by the resident). The condominium law translated from Danish: “Law of owner apartments” was primarily intended to support the housing market and was mainly introduced to allow renters to become owners of a rental apartment in a high-rise building, i.e., making it possible forthem to enter the housing market without having to invest in an (often more expensive) traditional house on a real property. However, the law also applies on other nonresidential rooms in a building, thus the expression, many faces, is appropriate. The ownership right to a condominium unit includes a share in all components of the common property. This share also includes the responsibility to pay for common expenses regarding the common components. In traditional high-rise (single-use) buildings the common components of the condominium property include e.g., the outer walls, roof, cellar and a staircase or an elevator. Because of the nature of (single-use) buildings it is often fair to say that all condominium units have an equal benefit of the common components. Thus, it is regarded as being fair that all condominium units contribute to expenses to maintain and renew those common components. Therefore, the condominium law is partly designed to support this benefit-all principle, and the allocation of rights and responsibilities is done mainly by using a co-ownership share, where each condominium unit’s share is calculated using the relative value and size of each condominium unit. The benefit-all principle does not consider the actual benefit of each condominium unit. However, the rise of mixed-use developments in Danish urban planning has made it necessary to further develop and customize the allocation of ownership rights in such mixed-use condominium schemes in order to specify the allocation of ownership rights and responsibilities of common components

The condominium concept is one form of 3D property that is used in many countries around the world to organize and register 3D real property situations. Condominium property was mainly introduced in various jurisdictions to facilitate homeownership by converting residen-tial apartment units in high-rise buildings into real property. Thus, the legal and organizational aspects of condominiums have been widely discussed in research literature but mostly outside the 3D property research domain. Publications within the 3D property research domain re-garding legal and organizational aspects have been relative few in number. We propose the more traditional condominium literature to partly answer the call for more research on legal and organizational aspects within the 3D property research domain. It could provide a broader spectrum of research experiences to be incorporated into the ongoing debate within the 3D property research domain.

The objective of this article is to determine the leadership style of condominium administrators from a sector of the central western part of the city of Bogotá to characterize this style. This mixed-method study used two types of instruments: an interview and the multifactorial leadership questionnaire (MLQ). Subjected to a factor analysis, found to be apt and with positive results at Cronbach's Alpha minimum of 0.728 and KMO minimum of 0.757. The central hypothesis refers to the fact that consulted population displays a transformational leadership style. It was found that four of the six transformational leadership components obtained high levels and the leadership style is supported by motivation, people development, orientation, and employee reward. It is highlighted that formal organizational planning processes are an opportunity to strengthen the leadership style of the population studied., Este artículo tiene como objetivo determinar el estilo de liderazgo en administradores de propiedad horizontal de un sector del centro occidente de Bogotá, con el fin de caracterizar dicho estilo. Este estudio de metodología mixta empleó dos tipos de instrumentos: la entrevista y el cuestionario multifactorial de liderazgo MLQ. Sometido a un análisis de factores, encontrándose apto y con resultados positivos en el Alfa de Cronbach mínimo de 0,728 y KMO de mínimo de 0.757. La hipótesis central se refiere a que la población consultada despliega un estilo de liderazgo transformacional. Se encontró que cuatro de los seis componentes de liderazgo transformacional obtuvieron niveles altos y que el estilo de liderazgo tiene soporte en la motivación, el desarrollo de las personas, la orientación y la recompensa al trabajador. Se destaca que los procesos formales de planeación organizacional son una oportunidad para fortalecer el estilo de liderazgo de la población estudiada.

New-build gated condominiums at the periphery of a post-socialist city are a well-studied phenomenon. However, in Poland, recent years have seen an expansion of residential gating into old inner-city neighbourhoods and socialist large housing estates. The resulting fragmentation and privatisation of public space have raised much controversy and debate on appropriation of urban common good. This paper presents outcomes of a research on the changing discourse of gating in Gdańsk, based on a discourse analysis of newspaper articles and interviews with key urban stakeholders. On the one hand, gating is seen as an anti-commoning practice criticised for its elitist character and undesirable socio-spatial consequences. On the other, a narrative of exclusionary commons has emerged to justify the need of gating in specific cases. Considering the varying motivations and types of gating in different urban areas, the authors have attempted a classification, relating gating practices to commoning strategies and their justification in localities typically characterised by atomistic individualism and social disintegration.

The objective of this article is to determine the leadership style of condominium administrators from a sector of the central western part of the city of Bogotá to characterize this style. This mixed-method study used two types of instruments: an interview and the multifactorial leadership questionnaire (MLQ). Subjected to a factor analysis, found to be apt and with positive results at Cronbach's Alpha minimum of 0.728 and KMO minimum of 0.757. The central hypothesis refers to the fact that consulted population displays a transformational leadership style. It was found that four of the six transformational leadership components obtained high levels and the leadership style is supported by motivation, people development, orientation, and employee reward. It is highlighted that formal organizational planning processes are an opportunity to strengthen the leadership style of the population studied., Este artículo tiene como objetivo determinar el estilo de liderazgo en administradores de propiedad horizontal de un sector del centro occidente de Bogotá, con el fin de caracterizar dicho estilo. Este estudio de metodología mixta empleó dos tipos de instrumentos: la entrevista y el cuestionario multifactorial de liderazgo MLQ. Sometido a un análisis de factores, encontrándose apto y con resultados positivos en el Alfa de Cronbach mínimo de 0,728 y KMO de mínimo de 0.757. La hipótesis central se refiere a que la población consultada despliega un estilo de liderazgo transformacional. Se encontró que cuatro de los seis componentes de liderazgo transformacional obtuvieron niveles altos y que el estilo de liderazgo tiene soporte en la motivación, el desarrollo de las personas, la orientación y la recompensa al trabajador. Se destaca que los procesos formales de planeación organizacional son una oportunidad para fortalecer el estilo de liderazgo de la población estudiada.

Befolkningsutvecklingen har de senaste åren gått och går fortfarande snabbare än bostadsbyggandet i Sverige vilket gjort att det råder bostadsbrist i stora delar av landet. Som värst är det i storstadsregionerna. När efterfrågan är högre än utbudet pressas priserna uppåt vilket gör det svårare för vissa grupper att etablera sig på bostadsmarknaden. I ett försök att främja bostadsbyggandet la regeringen 2014 fram en proposition med förslaget att effektivisera och förkorta bygglovsprocessen. Förslaget innebar att komplementbyggnader och komplementbostadshus, så kallade Attefallshus, upp till 25 kvadratmeter skulle kunna uppföras utan krav på bygglov. När denna lagförändring inte gav den effekt som regeringen hoppats på lades 2019 ytterligare en proposition fram med förslag om att öka den tillåtna byggnadsarean för bygglovsbefriade komplementbostadshus från 25 till 30 kvadratmeter. Bostadsutvecklare har på senare år utnyttjat denna lagförändring för att uppföra Attefallshus upplåtna med bostadsrätt. För att en bostadsrättsförening ska kunna bildas krävs minst tre självständiga bostäder i omedelbar anslutning till varandra. Det har därför blivit vanligt att på en fastighet låta bygga ett parhus och ett Attefallshus. För att undersöka vilka incitament det finns för att bosätta sig i ett Attefallshus samt om det finns något samband mellan försäljningspriset och bostadens avstånd till centrala Stockholm gjordes en datainsamling av beviljade startbesked från kommunerna samt sålda Attefallshus i Stockholms län. Sammantaget 155 objekt hittades, utspridda i 15 kommuner. Priserna varierade mellan 994 500 kr och 2 495 000 kr. För att undersöka vilka incitament det fanns till att bosätta sig i Attefallshus hölls nio semistrukturerade intervjuer med boende i denna typ av bostad. De incitament som observerades bland majoriteten av de intervjuade var bland annat friheten att få bo i ett friliggande hus, tillgång till egen trädgård och närheten till grönområden. För att undersöka vil, The population development in recent years has been and still is faster than housing construction in Sweden has meant that there is a housing shortage in large parts of the country. It is the worst in metropolitan regions. When demand is higher than supply, prices are pushed upwards to make it more difficult for certain groups to establish themselves in the housing market. In an attempt to promote housing construction, the government presented a bill in 2014 with the proposal to streamline and shorten the building permit process. The proposal meant that accessory buildings and accessory dwellings, so-called Attefallshus, up to 25 square meters could be built without a requirement for a building permit. When this change in the law did not give the effect that the government had hoped for, another bill was presented in 2019 with a proposal to increase the permitted building area, for building permit-exempt accessory dwellings, from 25 to 30 square meters. In recent years, housing developers have used this change in the law to build Attefallshus leased with tenant-ownership. In order for a tenant-owner association to be formed, at least three independent homes must be immediately adjacent to each other. It has therefore become common to have a semi-detached house and an Attefallshus built on a property. To investigate what incentives there are for settling in an Attefallshus and whether there is any connection between the sale price and the home's distance to central Stockholm was done and data was collected of approved start notices from the municipalities and sold Attefallshus in Stockholm County. A total of 155 objects were found, scattered in 15 municipalities. Prices vary between SEK 994,500 and SEK 2,495,000. To investigate what incentives there were to settle in Attefallshus, nine semi-structured interviews were held with residents in this type of home. The incentives observed among the majority of the interviewees included the freedom to live in a detached hous

Befolkningsutvecklingen har de senaste åren gått och går fortfarande snabbare än bostadsbyggandet i Sverige vilket gjort att det råder bostadsbrist i stora delar av landet. Som värst är det i storstadsregionerna. När efterfrågan är högre än utbudet pressas priserna uppåt vilket gör det svårare för vissa grupper att etablera sig på bostadsmarknaden. I ett försök att främja bostadsbyggandet la regeringen 2014 fram en proposition med förslaget att effektivisera och förkorta bygglovsprocessen. Förslaget innebar att komplementbyggnader och komplementbostadshus, så kallade Attefallshus, upp till 25 kvadratmeter skulle kunna uppföras utan krav på bygglov. När denna lagförändring inte gav den effekt som regeringen hoppats på lades 2019 ytterligare en proposition fram med förslag om att öka den tillåtna byggnadsarean för bygglovsbefriade komplementbostadshus från 25 till 30 kvadratmeter. Bostadsutvecklare har på senare år utnyttjat denna lagförändring för att uppföra Attefallshus upplåtna med bostadsrätt. För att en bostadsrättsförening ska kunna bildas krävs minst tre självständiga bostäder i omedelbar anslutning till varandra. Det har därför blivit vanligt att på en fastighet låta bygga ett parhus och ett Attefallshus. För att undersöka vilka incitament det finns för att bosätta sig i ett Attefallshus samt om det finns något samband mellan försäljningspriset och bostadens avstånd till centrala Stockholm gjordes en datainsamling av beviljade startbesked från kommunerna samt sålda Attefallshus i Stockholms län. Sammantaget 155 objekt hittades, utspridda i 15 kommuner. Priserna varierade mellan 994 500 kr och 2 495 000 kr. För att undersöka vilka incitament det fanns till att bosätta sig i Attefallshus hölls nio semistrukturerade intervjuer med boende i denna typ av bostad. De incitament som observerades bland majoriteten av de intervjuade var bland annat friheten att få bo i ett friliggande hus, tillgång till egen trädgård och närheten till grönområden. För att undersöka vil, The population development in recent years has been and still is faster than housing construction in Sweden has meant that there is a housing shortage in large parts of the country. It is the worst in metropolitan regions. When demand is higher than supply, prices are pushed upwards to make it more difficult for certain groups to establish themselves in the housing market. In an attempt to promote housing construction, the government presented a bill in 2014 with the proposal to streamline and shorten the building permit process. The proposal meant that accessory buildings and accessory dwellings, so-called Attefallshus, up to 25 square meters could be built without a requirement for a building permit. When this change in the law did not give the effect that the government had hoped for, another bill was presented in 2019 with a proposal to increase the permitted building area, for building permit-exempt accessory dwellings, from 25 to 30 square meters. In recent years, housing developers have used this change in the law to build Attefallshus leased with tenant-ownership. In order for a tenant-owner association to be formed, at least three independent homes must be immediately adjacent to each other. It has therefore become common to have a semi-detached house and an Attefallshus built on a property. To investigate what incentives there are for settling in an Attefallshus and whether there is any connection between the sale price and the home's distance to central Stockholm was done and data was collected of approved start notices from the municipalities and sold Attefallshus in Stockholm County. A total of 155 objects were found, scattered in 15 municipalities. Prices vary between SEK 994,500 and SEK 2,495,000. To investigate what incentives there were to settle in Attefallshus, nine semi-structured interviews were held with residents in this type of home. The incentives observed among the majority of the interviewees included the freedom to live in a detached hous

The condominium concept is one form of 3D property that is used in many countries around the world to organize and register 3D real property situations. Condominium property was mainly introduced in various jurisdictions to facilitate homeownership by converting residen-tial apartment units in high-rise buildings into real property. Thus, the legal and organizational aspects of condominiums have been widely discussed in research literature but mostly outside the 3D property research domain. Publications within the 3D property research domain re-garding legal and organizational aspects have been relative few in number. We propose the more traditional condominium literature to partly answer the call for more research on legal and organizational aspects within the 3D property research domain. It could provide a broader spectrum of research experiences to be incorporated into the ongoing debate within the 3D property research domain.

Die vorübergehende Vermietung von Eigentumswohnungen, insbesondere über Airbnb, ist in den letzten Jahren in Österreich ein immer bedeutenderes Thema geworden. Durch häufige Nachbarschaftsstreite und Beschwerden anderer MiteigentümerInnen wurde anhand eines verschärften Gesetztes versucht die Kurzzeitvermietung einzudämmen. Das Thema der gegenständlichen Arbeit ist schwerpunktmäßig auf der Immobilienbewertung und der Kurzzeitvermietung angesiedelt. In der vorliegenden Masterarbeit wird daher veranschaulicht, welche Problemfelder bei der Immobilienbewertung einer Eigentumswohnung, die ausschließlich zur vorübergehenden Vermietung dient, zu erwarten sind. Die theoretische Ausarbeitung umfasst daher rechtliche Aspekte des Wohnungseigentums und der Vermietung sowie die Bewertungsverfahren, welche bei Immobilien angewendet werden können. Zudem werden die Formen der Kurzzeitvermietung herausgearbeitet. Im empirischen Teilbereich der Masterarbeit erfolgt mittels ExpertInneninterviews eine Befragung zu dem Thema. Eine qualitative Inhaltsanalyse wurde bei der Auswertung und Interpretation der empirischen Forschung durchgeführt. *****The temporary tenancy of condominiums, especially through Airbnb, has become an increasingly important topic in Austria in recent years. Due to frequent neighborhood disputes and complaints from co-owners, an attempt was made to decrease short-term tenancies based on a stricter law. The subject of the thesis is mainly focused on property valuation and short-term tenancy. This master's thesis therefore illustrates which problem areas can be expected in the property valuation of a condominium that is only used for temporary letting. The review of literature includes legal aspects of home ownership and letting as well as the valuation procedures that can be used for real estate. In addition, the forms of short-term tenancy are elaborated. In the empirical sub-area of the master's thesis, experts are interviewed on the topic. A qualitative content an

In Österreich bestehen umfangreiche gesetzliche Vorgaben, die das korrekte Verwalten eines Wohnungseigentumsobjekts betreffen. Speziell der Willensbildungsprozess in einer solchen Liegenschaft stellt den zuständigen Verwalter oder die zuständige Verwalterin laufend vor neue Herausforderungen. Dies hängt zum einen mit den gesetzlichen Vorschriften, welche beim Treffen einer Entscheidung einen gewissen Handlungsspielraum zulassen und zum anderen mit den unterschiedlichen Mitgliedern einer Eigentümergemeinschaft zusammen. In der Praxis stellt besonders die Unterscheidung zwischen Maßnahmen der ordentlichen und außerordentlichen Verwaltung eine Schwierigkeit dar. Der Verwalter oder die Verwalterin einer Liegenschaft muss diese Eingliederung im Einzelfall separat durchführen, da einzelne Arbeiten nicht dezidiert im Wohnungseigentumsgesetz angeführt werden und dies oftmals Auslegungssache ist. Die theoretische Auswertung von fachspezifischer Literatur soll die gesetzlichen Vorgaben eines Willensbildungsprozesses verständlich darstellen. Anschließend sollen im empirischen Teil dieser Arbeit mittels Experten- und Expertinneninterviews Erfahrungen aus der Praxis ermittelt und der Einfluss der unterschiedlichen Erwartungen und Charaktere der Mitglieder einer Eigentümergemeinschaft festgehalten werden. Zur Umsetzung gewisser Maßnahmen ist zumindest eine Mehrheit von 50 Prozent der Eigentümergemeinschaft notwendig. In der Praxis kommt es oft zu der Schwierigkeit, dass diese Mehrheit aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Struktur der Eigentümergemeinschaft nicht erreicht werden kann. Personen, die die Wohnung zur Anlage erworben haben und jene, die sie selbst nutzen, haben meist sehr unterschiedliche Bedürfnisse. Hinzu kommt, dass die finanzielle Situation der einzelnen Mitglieder der Eigentümergemeinschaft einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die zu treffende Entscheidung hat. Von Seiten der Befragten kamen zahlreiche Verbesserungsvorschläge zu diesen Entscheidungsfindungsprozessen, um die

Condominium is a special and relatively new type of property right emerged in the last century to be a remedy for the management problems in multi-unit buildings. There are many types of condominium regimes, as described in EUI (2005), UNECE (2005) and van der Merwe (2016). The common elements include: (a) Individual right to an apartment, (b) co-ownership (joint ownership) of the common property or the whole property, and (c) membership of an incorporated or unincorporated owners' association (van der Merwe, 2015, p. 5). The ownership shares in the common property are here referred to as co-ownership shares; yet, alternative terms include ownership fraction, condominium share, participation quota, share value, and unit entitlement. Generally, these shares will determine the proportional contribution to the common expenses and the share of common profits, as well as the voting power of each condominium unit owner in the administration of the condominium. The most common approaches to the determination of the co-ownership shares are based on equality, relative size or relative value of each condominium unit, or a combination of such (van der Merwe, 1994, p. 57–58). The literature presents detailed descriptions and comparative analysis related to condominium systems in different jurisdictions (e.g. van der Merwe, 2015; 2016; Paulsson, 2007; EUI, 2005; UNECE, 2005); however, the procedural aspects related to the allotment of co-ownership shares still need to be further investigated. This article aims to describe condominium systems in the Netherlands, Sweden and Turkey, and compare legal provisions and procedures related to the allotment of co-ownership shares in these jurisdictions. The main purpose is to clarify the methodologies behind the determination of the co-ownership shares in national systems to bring new insights to countries, which are trying to revise their national provisions., QC 20200612

Vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av upplåtelseform var frågan som ställdes inför detta examensarbete. Bostadsmarknaden är en komplex marknad då särdragen med just bostadsmarknaden inte finns inom någon annan marknad. Ett exempel är att en bostad inte lätt kan ersättas mot någon likvärdig bostad. På den svenska bostadsmarknaden finns det fyra upplåtelseformer som är vanliga när det gäller lägenheter. Dessa är bostadsrätter, hyresrätter, kooperativa hyresrätter och ägarlägenheter. Denna undersökning bygger på att studera vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av upplåtelseform ur ett lägenhetsperspektiv. Faktorerna som har undersökts är vilka olika ekonomiska och juridiska omständigheter som kan påverka valet. Studien avgränsas till lägenheter och till statistisk inom Gävleborgs län. En kvalitativ metod har använts, där intervjuerna har genomförts per telefon och genom fysiska möten. De som har intervjuats har varit olika aktörer inom bostadsmarknaden såsom byggherrar och mäklare. Intervjuerna användes för att ta reda på aktörernas syn på bostadsmarknaden och dess olika upplåtelseformer. Statistik har även tagits fram för att kunna undersöka utbudet av de olika upplåtelseformerna inom Gävleborgs län. De slutsatser som kan dras utifrån resultatet om vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av upplåtelseform är att ägarlägenheter väljs i första hand då det är ett direkt ägande, vilket leder till en friare boendeform. Ägarlägenheter väljs även för att det är ett självständigt boende då ägaren inte är bunden till en förening eller liknande. Andra faktorer som påverkar att ägarlägenheter väljs är också att det anses som en investeringsmöjlighet. Utbudet av ägarlägenheter är dock litet. Bostadsrätters faktorer är att det är ett fritt ägande. Bostadsrättsföreningen är förvaltningsskyldig, vilket medför att föreningen sköter de stora ingreppen, till exempel fönster- och dörrbyten. Bostadsrätter kan också anses som en investeringsmöjlighet. Det finns ett relativt stort utbud av bostadsrä, Which factors influence the choice of living is the question we asked ourselves before this paper. The housing market is a complex market, since the characteristics of said market are not found in others. An example being that a home is not easily replaced with another. Sweden has four different forms of tenure for apartments: condominiums with a unitary system, condominiums with a dualistic system, right of tenancy and cooperative tenancies. This paper is based on examining the factors that influence which form of tenure an individual might choose. The factors that has been investigated are defined as various economical or legal circumstances or the like that may influence said choice. The study is limited to only contain apartments and geographically limited to Gävleborg County, specifically statistically. A qualitative method was used with interviews that were conducted over telephone and in-person meetings. The interviewees have been various players active in the housing market, such as builders and real estate brokers. These were chosen to find out their views on the housing market and the different forms of tenure since they work with such matters on a daily basis. The conclusions that was drawn from the results is that: Condominiums with dualistic systems are chosen for the right of ownership, and the fact that it’s a more independent sort of living since the owner is not bound to a housing association. A factor that’s also been acknowledged is the possibility of the apartment being an investment. This form of tenure has a low supply. Condominiums with unitary systems are chosen because it’s a relatively free and independent sort of ownership, but still somewhat bound to a housing association which has to manage all the major interventions on the property. These can also be seen as an investment opportunity. This form of tenure has a high supply. Cooperative tenancies are very similar to rights of tenancy, however with the addition of a lump sum paid to the a

Finansiering på den svenska fastighetsmarknaden har sett en förändring från innan finanskrisen till nu. Detta gäller både för privatpersoners finansiering av bostadsköp till fastighetsbolagens finansiering för projekt och tillväxt. Detta har skapat en förändring i vart man finner sitt kapital till finansiering. När banker har gjort om sina utlåningsvillkor med exempelvis bolånetak har privatpersoner, om de inte kan få ihop till kapitalinsatsen, hittatandra lösningar såsom blancolån för att finansiera kvarvarande del. Fastighetsbolagen har också genomgått en utveckling kring finansiering där man börjat utnyttja nya finansieringsmetoder men som ofta då används som komplement till det klassiska banklånet. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka vad som har skrivits om i studentuppsatser på master och kandidatnivå för att se trender på utvecklingen kring bostadsrättsfinansiering. Det som kommer analyseras i studien är därmed studentuppsatser som skriver om ämnet bostadsrättsfinansiering. En litteraturstudie har utförts för att sammanställa uppsatserna för att få en bra bild över de trender som har uppkommit under tidsspannet 2007-2019.Sammanställningen undersöker både de finansieringsmetoder som nämns men också olika hållbarhetsaspekter i uppsatserna för att se om det finns trender att analysera. Resultatet från studien indikerar att hypotekslån har varit det mest omnämnda ämnet i studentuppsatser över hela tidsspannet för konsumenter medans för företagen var den mest omnämnda metoden obligationer. De trender som man kan se från resultatet är att under de senare åren har det introducerats många nya finansieringsmetoder i uppsatserna, ett exempel på detta kan vara gröna obligationer som blivit skrivits om tre gånger på två senaste åren. Detta kan tyda på att ekofinansiering är en växande trend i samhället. Uppsatsernas fokus kring hållbarhetsaspekterna social hållbarhet, ekonomisk hållbarhet och ekologisk hållbarhet över tidsspannet som analyserades, visade resultatet en, The Swedish real estate market has seen a major change over the past decades when it comes to financing. Some event such as the 2007 financial crisis, the recent ecology movement and the housing shortage have all in one way or another affected the real estatemarket directly or indirectly. The way consumers and companies finance their real estate purchases have changed over time. When for example, the bankes issued a mortgage cap,a major group of consumers sought another way of financing their mortgage and this need was filled by alternative financing methods that we have seen today. The real estatecompanies have also needed to undergo a change in terms of financing due to the development of the environmental movement that forced an introduction of alternative financing in green bonds. This study aims to research how the topic of real estate financing has changed in academic literature within the period 2007-2019 and identify any trends that have taken place.Furthermore, the study will also research what aspects of sustainability that have been taken into account within the range of literature that is included in this study. From analyzing 30 student essays related to the topic of real estate financing, a clear trend that was concluded was that mortgage loans were the predominant way of financing throughout the time period from a consumer perspective. Furthermore, from a corporate perspective, the most mentioned and studied way of financing were bonds. Another clear pattern that one could conclude was that during the earlier years, there were a limited amount of methods of financing that were mentioned amongst the student essays included in the study and during the later years there were a larger variation between methods that were mentioned in the litterature. From analyzing the sustainability aspects, there was a clear majority of essays that had considered economic sustainability whereas the rest of thees says were primarily focused around social sustainability.

Den 1 maj 2009 infördes lagreglerna som tillåter bildande av ägarlägenheter, en för Sverige ny upplåtelseform. Till skillnad mot bostadsrätten innebär ett köp av en ägarlägenhet ett direkt ägande av en fastighet, närmare bestämt en ägarlägenhetsfastighet. Liksom bostadsrätten äger del i bostadsrättsföreningen, äger ägarlägenheten del i en samfällighetsförening, men som till skillnad från bostadsrättsföreningen normalt sett inte upptar några lån i samband med förvärvet av fastigheten. Avsaknaden av lån i samfällighetsföreningen innebär att årsavgiften för ägarlägenheten blir betydligt lägre än motsvarande avgift för bostadsrätten. Detta utgör en väsentlig skillnad för konsumenten. Mot bakgrund av att ägarlägenheter är en relativt ny upplåtelseform, och att tidigare studier visar att det råder stor okunskap om vad ett ägande av den nya boendeformen innebär, finns det en kunskapslucka att fylla. Vidare innebär det rådande ränteläget i kombination med en historiskt hög skuldsättning hos de svenska hushållen att dess känslighet mot stigande räntor vuxit sig allt större. Således syftar studien till att utreda skillnaderna i bostadskostnader för upplåtelseformerna bostadsrätt och ägarlägenhet ur ett konsumentperspektiv, samt att undersöka hur olika räntenivåer påverkar bostadskostnaderna för respektive upplåtelseform. Grundläggande information om de olika upplåtelseformerna sammanställdes och relevanta teorier kopplade till ämnet redogjordes för. Vidare insamlades data till den kostnadskalkyl som sedermera upprättades. Slutligen utfördes känslighetsanalyser på bostadskostnaderna genom att justera räntenivåerna i kalkylen. Resultaten av studien visar att ägarlägenheten är den dyrare upplåtelseformen att köpa. Däremot bör tydliggöras att orsaken till att ägarlägenheten är den dyrare av de två, är på grund av amorteringen av bostadslån och det privatlån som tas för att täcka mellanskillnaden i kontantinsatsen mellan upplåtelseformerna. Känslighetsanalysen visar, både vid en m, On the 1st of May, 2009, a new type of housing form was legally introduced in Sweden, a leasing form which allows for a direct ownership of the apartment. In the same way that the more usual form of housing, condominiums, owns a share in a tenant-owner association, the so called owner- occupied apartments owns a share in a joint property association. One important difference though, is that the joint property association does not take up any loans when purchasing the residential property. For the consumer this significantly affects the costs of living since the joint property association does not haveto charge the consumer for cost of capital, in contrast to the tenant-owner association. Considering the fact that owner- occupied apartment is a relatively new form of housing in Sweden,and that previous studies indicates that the consumer is ill informed regarding owner- occupiedapartments, there is a knowledge gap that needs to be filled. Furthermore, the current interest rate levels in combination with a historically high debt among swedish households, implies that the sensitivity towards raised interest rates has become increasingly large. Thus, the aim of this study is to examine the differences in cost of housing between condominiums and owner- occupied apartments, and also to analyze how different levels of interest rates affect the cost of housing. Fundamental information about the two different forms of housing was compiled inthe form of a table. Finally, the interest rates were put through a sensitivity analysis, in order to examine the sensitivity of cost of housing to raised interest rates. The study results shows that owner- occupied apartments is the more expensive alternative to acquire.It should be clarified, however, that the reason for the owner- occupied apartment being the more expensive alternative is because of the amortization. The yearly cost of amortization is much higherfor the owner- occupied apartment because of its higher price, but conside

Condominium is a special and relatively new type of property right emerged in the last century to be a remedy for the management problems in multi-unit buildings. There are many types of condominium regimes, as described in EUI (2005), UNECE (2005) and van der Merwe (2016). The common elements include: (a) Individual right to an apartment, (b) co-ownership (joint ownership) of the common property or the whole property, and (c) membership of an incorporated or unincorporated owners' association (van der Merwe, 2015, p. 5). The ownership shares in the common property are here referred to as co-ownership shares; yet, alternative terms include ownership fraction, condominium share, participation quota, share value, and unit entitlement. Generally, these shares will determine the proportional contribution to the common expenses and the share of common profits, as well as the voting power of each condominium unit owner in the administration of the condominium. The most common approaches to the determination of the co-ownership shares are based on equality, relative size or relative value of each condominium unit, or a combination of such (van der Merwe, 1994, p. 57–58). The literature presents detailed descriptions and comparative analysis related to condominium systems in different jurisdictions (e.g. van der Merwe, 2015; 2016; Paulsson, 2007; EUI, 2005; UNECE, 2005); however, the procedural aspects related to the allotment of co-ownership shares still need to be further investigated. This article aims to describe condominium systems in the Netherlands, Sweden and Turkey, and compare legal provisions and procedures related to the allotment of co-ownership shares in these jurisdictions. The main purpose is to clarify the methodologies behind the determination of the co-ownership shares in national systems to bring new insights to countries, which are trying to revise their national provisions., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Geo Information

Finansiering på den svenska fastighetsmarknaden har sett en förändring från innan finanskrisen till nu. Detta gäller både för privatpersoners finansiering av bostadsköp till fastighetsbolagens finansiering för projekt och tillväxt. Detta har skapat en förändring i vart man finner sitt kapital till finansiering. När banker har gjort om sina utlåningsvillkor med exempelvis bolånetak har privatpersoner, om de inte kan få ihop till kapitalinsatsen, hittatandra lösningar såsom blancolån för att finansiera kvarvarande del. Fastighetsbolagen har också genomgått en utveckling kring finansiering där man börjat utnyttja nya finansieringsmetoder men som ofta då används som komplement till det klassiska banklånet. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka vad som har skrivits om i studentuppsatser på master och kandidatnivå för att se trender på utvecklingen kring bostadsrättsfinansiering. Det som kommer analyseras i studien är därmed studentuppsatser som skriver om ämnet bostadsrättsfinansiering. En litteraturstudie har utförts för att sammanställa uppsatserna för att få en bra bild över de trender som har uppkommit under tidsspannet 2007-2019.Sammanställningen undersöker både de finansieringsmetoder som nämns men också olika hållbarhetsaspekter i uppsatserna för att se om det finns trender att analysera. Resultatet från studien indikerar att hypotekslån har varit det mest omnämnda ämnet i studentuppsatser över hela tidsspannet för konsumenter medans för företagen var den mest omnämnda metoden obligationer. De trender som man kan se från resultatet är att under de senare åren har det introducerats många nya finansieringsmetoder i uppsatserna, ett exempel på detta kan vara gröna obligationer som blivit skrivits om tre gånger på två senaste åren. Detta kan tyda på att ekofinansiering är en växande trend i samhället. Uppsatsernas fokus kring hållbarhetsaspekterna social hållbarhet, ekonomisk hållbarhet och ekologisk hållbarhet över tidsspannet som analyserades, visade resultatet en, The Swedish real estate market has seen a major change over the past decades when it comes to financing. Some event such as the 2007 financial crisis, the recent ecology movement and the housing shortage have all in one way or another affected the real estatemarket directly or indirectly. The way consumers and companies finance their real estate purchases have changed over time. When for example, the bankes issued a mortgage cap,a major group of consumers sought another way of financing their mortgage and this need was filled by alternative financing methods that we have seen today. The real estatecompanies have also needed to undergo a change in terms of financing due to the development of the environmental movement that forced an introduction of alternative financing in green bonds. This study aims to research how the topic of real estate financing has changed in academic literature within the period 2007-2019 and identify any trends that have taken place.Furthermore, the study will also research what aspects of sustainability that have been taken into account within the range of literature that is included in this study. From analyzing 30 student essays related to the topic of real estate financing, a clear trend that was concluded was that mortgage loans were the predominant way of financing throughout the time period from a consumer perspective. Furthermore, from a corporate perspective, the most mentioned and studied way of financing were bonds. Another clear pattern that one could conclude was that during the earlier years, there were a limited amount of methods of financing that were mentioned amongst the student essays included in the study and during the later years there were a larger variation between methods that were mentioned in the litterature. From analyzing the sustainability aspects, there was a clear majority of essays that had considered economic sustainability whereas the rest of thees says were primarily focused around social sustainability.

Den 1 maj 2009 infördes lagreglerna som tillåter bildande av ägarlägenheter, en för Sverige ny upplåtelseform. Till skillnad mot bostadsrätten innebär ett köp av en ägarlägenhet ett direkt ägande av en fastighet, närmare bestämt en ägarlägenhetsfastighet. Liksom bostadsrätten äger del i bostadsrättsföreningen, äger ägarlägenheten del i en samfällighetsförening, men som till skillnad från bostadsrättsföreningen normalt sett inte upptar några lån i samband med förvärvet av fastigheten. Avsaknaden av lån i samfällighetsföreningen innebär att årsavgiften för ägarlägenheten blir betydligt lägre än motsvarande avgift för bostadsrätten. Detta utgör en väsentlig skillnad för konsumenten. Mot bakgrund av att ägarlägenheter är en relativt ny upplåtelseform, och att tidigare studier visar att det råder stor okunskap om vad ett ägande av den nya boendeformen innebär, finns det en kunskapslucka att fylla. Vidare innebär det rådande ränteläget i kombination med en historiskt hög skuldsättning hos de svenska hushållen att dess känslighet mot stigande räntor vuxit sig allt större. Således syftar studien till att utreda skillnaderna i bostadskostnader för upplåtelseformerna bostadsrätt och ägarlägenhet ur ett konsumentperspektiv, samt att undersöka hur olika räntenivåer påverkar bostadskostnaderna för respektive upplåtelseform. Grundläggande information om de olika upplåtelseformerna sammanställdes och relevanta teorier kopplade till ämnet redogjordes för. Vidare insamlades data till den kostnadskalkyl som sedermera upprättades. Slutligen utfördes känslighetsanalyser på bostadskostnaderna genom att justera räntenivåerna i kalkylen. Resultaten av studien visar att ägarlägenheten är den dyrare upplåtelseformen att köpa. Däremot bör tydliggöras att orsaken till att ägarlägenheten är den dyrare av de två, är på grund av amorteringen av bostadslån och det privatlån som tas för att täcka mellanskillnaden i kontantinsatsen mellan upplåtelseformerna. Känslighetsanalysen visar, både vid en m, On the 1st of May, 2009, a new type of housing form was legally introduced in Sweden, a leasing form which allows for a direct ownership of the apartment. In the same way that the more usual form of housing, condominiums, owns a share in a tenant-owner association, the so called owner- occupied apartments owns a share in a joint property association. One important difference though, is that the joint property association does not take up any loans when purchasing the residential property. For the consumer this significantly affects the costs of living since the joint property association does not haveto charge the consumer for cost of capital, in contrast to the tenant-owner association. Considering the fact that owner- occupied apartment is a relatively new form of housing in Sweden,and that previous studies indicates that the consumer is ill informed regarding owner- occupiedapartments, there is a knowledge gap that needs to be filled. Furthermore, the current interest rate levels in combination with a historically high debt among swedish households, implies that the sensitivity towards raised interest rates has become increasingly large. Thus, the aim of this study is to examine the differences in cost of housing between condominiums and owner- occupied apartments, and also to analyze how different levels of interest rates affect the cost of housing. Fundamental information about the two different forms of housing was compiled inthe form of a table. Finally, the interest rates were put through a sensitivity analysis, in order to examine the sensitivity of cost of housing to raised interest rates. The study results shows that owner- occupied apartments is the more expensive alternative to acquire.It should be clarified, however, that the reason for the owner- occupied apartment being the more expensive alternative is because of the amortization. The yearly cost of amortization is much higherfor the owner- occupied apartment because of its higher price, but conside

Vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av upplåtelseform var frågan som ställdes inför detta examensarbete. Bostadsmarknaden är en komplex marknad då särdragen med just bostadsmarknaden inte finns inom någon annan marknad. Ett exempel är att en bostad inte lätt kan ersättas mot någon likvärdig bostad. På den svenska bostadsmarknaden finns det fyra upplåtelseformer som är vanliga när det gäller lägenheter. Dessa är bostadsrätter, hyresrätter, kooperativa hyresrätter och ägarlägenheter. Denna undersökning bygger på att studera vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av upplåtelseform ur ett lägenhetsperspektiv. Faktorerna som har undersökts är vilka olika ekonomiska och juridiska omständigheter som kan påverka valet. Studien avgränsas till lägenheter och till statistisk inom Gävleborgs län. En kvalitativ metod har använts, där intervjuerna har genomförts per telefon och genom fysiska möten. De som har intervjuats har varit olika aktörer inom bostadsmarknaden såsom byggherrar och mäklare. Intervjuerna användes för att ta reda på aktörernas syn på bostadsmarknaden och dess olika upplåtelseformer. Statistik har även tagits fram för att kunna undersöka utbudet av de olika upplåtelseformerna inom Gävleborgs län. De slutsatser som kan dras utifrån resultatet om vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av upplåtelseform är att ägarlägenheter väljs i första hand då det är ett direkt ägande, vilket leder till en friare boendeform. Ägarlägenheter väljs även för att det är ett självständigt boende då ägaren inte är bunden till en förening eller liknande. Andra faktorer som påverkar att ägarlägenheter väljs är också att det anses som en investeringsmöjlighet. Utbudet av ägarlägenheter är dock litet. Bostadsrätters faktorer är att det är ett fritt ägande. Bostadsrättsföreningen är förvaltningsskyldig, vilket medför att föreningen sköter de stora ingreppen, till exempel fönster- och dörrbyten. Bostadsrätter kan också anses som en investeringsmöjlighet. Det finns ett relativt stort utbud av bostadsrä, Which factors influence the choice of living is the question we asked ourselves before this paper. The housing market is a complex market, since the characteristics of said market are not found in others. An example being that a home is not easily replaced with another. Sweden has four different forms of tenure for apartments: condominiums with a unitary system, condominiums with a dualistic system, right of tenancy and cooperative tenancies. This paper is based on examining the factors that influence which form of tenure an individual might choose. The factors that has been investigated are defined as various economical or legal circumstances or the like that may influence said choice. The study is limited to only contain apartments and geographically limited to Gävleborg County, specifically statistically. A qualitative method was used with interviews that were conducted over telephone and in-person meetings. The interviewees have been various players active in the housing market, such as builders and real estate brokers. These were chosen to find out their views on the housing market and the different forms of tenure since they work with such matters on a daily basis. The conclusions that was drawn from the results is that: Condominiums with dualistic systems are chosen for the right of ownership, and the fact that it’s a more independent sort of living since the owner is not bound to a housing association. A factor that’s also been acknowledged is the possibility of the apartment being an investment. This form of tenure has a low supply. Condominiums with unitary systems are chosen because it’s a relatively free and independent sort of ownership, but still somewhat bound to a housing association which has to manage all the major interventions on the property. These can also be seen as an investment opportunity. This form of tenure has a high supply. Cooperative tenancies are very similar to rights of tenancy, however with the addition of a lump sum paid to the a

The housing market in Sweden has had a positive trend since the 1990s. In recent years, the market for newly produced condominiums has changed due to credit restrictions enforced by new legislation. To sell condominiums for new production, binding preliminary contracts (in Swedish: förhandsavtal) and special tenure contracts (in Swedish: Upplåtelseavtal) are used. In those contracts the seller undertakes to sell a condominium with tenancy rights and the customer to buy it. The real-estate developers find it more challenging to reach buyers who are willing to engage in binding preliminary contracts. Buying a condominium or real estate, in general, is the largest purchase a private person can do in life. This thesis is going to research if the so-called preliminary contracts and special tenure contracts are sufficient to cover the risk involved in such deals. This leads into the following questions: How does the contract structure look like in general? What are the risks in those contracts and are the contractors aware of them? Who bears the responsibility in the contracts? What outcomes can certain risks lead to? Those issues are examined in this thesis and at the end, suggestions are presented for improvements in the contracts used on the market for newly produced condominiums. These improvements could hopefully lead to a more reliable environment for all involved parties in the housing market. Being bound to a contract in a changing and uncertain market is not optimal, it can in worst-case scenarios lead to significant economic losses. In the case where the customer can no longer fulfil his obligations under the contract, he or she is put in a bad place, as indemnity is often the consequence. There are certain uncertainties in preliminary binding contracts for the customer and the developers, which some are beginning to acknowledge. This has generated scepticism on the condominium market. The goal of this thesis is to perform a risk analysis and identify any insuff, Bostadsmarknaden har genomgått flertal förändringar sedan 1990-talet och haft en positiv trend under 2000-talet. De senaste åren har marknaden för nyproducerade bostadsrätter förändrats på grund av kreditrestriktionerna som införts. Fastighetsutvecklare har svårare att hitta köpare som är villiga att teckna bindande förhandsavtal och det råder en viss osäkerhet på marknaden för nyproducerade bostadsrätter. För att sälja bostadsrätter vid nyproduktion används förhandsavtal och upplåtelseavtal. Säljaren binder sig till att upplåta lägenhet med bostadsrätt och köparen att köpa bostadsrätten. Är de så kallade förhandsavtalen och upplåtelseavtalen tillräckliga för att täcka brister och osäkerheter i köpen? Vilka risker finns i dessa avtal och är parterna medvetna om dem? Att vara bunden till ett avtal vid en föränderlig marknad där priserna inte alltid stiger är inte optimalt eftersom det kan innebära stora ekonomiska förluster. Då förhandstecknaren inte längre kan fullfölja sina förpliktelser enligt avtalen sätts han eller hon i en prekär sits med otydliga konsekvenser. Det föreligger osäkerheter för köparen i samband med köp av nyproducerade bostadsrätter, vilket innebär en risk som många börjar känna till. Syftet med uppsatsen är att göra en riskanalys och redovisa eventuella brister i avtalen och hur de är fördelade. Målet är att ta fram förslag på åtgärder för att bidra till en tryggare bostadsmarknad för köpare och säljare. Köp av nyproducerade bostadsrätter skiljs från övriga köp på bostadsmarknaden. Det är ett unikt sätt att genomföra ett bostadsköp på eftersom upplåtelse är skapande av en nyttjanderätt och således inte en vanlig försäljning. Reglerna gällande nyproduktion av bostadsrätter regleras därför av speciallagstiftning: bostadsrättslagen, avtalslagen och lagen om ekonomiska föreningar. På grund av att avtalsparterna är en bostadsrättsförening och privatperson definieras inte som ett konsument- och näringsidkarförhållande i kontraktsförhållande. Därmed sa

Condominium is a special and relatively new type of property right emerged in the last century to be a remedy for the management problems in multi-unit buildings. There are many types of condominium regimes, as described in EUI (2005), UNECE (2005) and van der Merwe (2016). The common elements include: (a) Individual right to an apartment, (b) co-ownership (joint ownership) of the common property or the whole property, and (c) membership of an incorporated or unincorporated owners' association (van der Merwe, 2015, p. 5). The ownership shares in the common property are here referred to as co-ownership shares; yet, alternative terms include ownership fraction, condominium share, participation quota, share value, and unit entitlement. Generally, these shares will determine the proportional contribution to the common expenses and the share of common profits, as well as the voting power of each condominium unit owner in the administration of the condominium. The most common approaches to the determination of the co-ownership shares are based on equality, relative size or relative value of each condominium unit, or a combination of such (van der Merwe, 1994, p. 57–58). The literature presents detailed descriptions and comparative analysis related to condominium systems in different jurisdictions (e.g. van der Merwe, 2015; 2016; Paulsson, 2007; EUI, 2005; UNECE, 2005); however, the procedural aspects related to the allotment of co-ownership shares still need to be further investigated. This article aims to describe condominium systems in the Netherlands, Sweden and Turkey, and compare legal provisions and procedures related to the allotment of co-ownership shares in these jurisdictions. The main purpose is to clarify the methodologies behind the determination of the co-ownership shares in national systems to bring new insights to countries, which are trying to revise their national provisions., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Geo Information

Condominium is a special and relatively new type of property right emerged in the last century to be a remedy for the management problems in multi-unit buildings. There are many types of condominium regimes, as described in EUI (2005), UNECE (2005) and van der Merwe (2016). The common elements include: (a) Individual right to an apartment, (b) co-ownership (joint ownership) of the common property or the whole property, and (c) membership of an incorporated or unincorporated owners' association (van der Merwe, 2015, p. 5). The ownership shares in the common property are here referred to as co-ownership shares; yet, alternative terms include ownership fraction, condominium share, participation quota, share value, and unit entitlement. Generally, these shares will determine the proportional contribution to the common expenses and the share of common profits, as well as the voting power of each condominium unit owner in the administration of the condominium. The most common approaches to the determination of the co-ownership shares are based on equality, relative size or relative value of each condominium unit, or a combination of such (van der Merwe, 1994, p. 57–58). The literature presents detailed descriptions and comparative analysis related to condominium systems in different jurisdictions (e.g. van der Merwe, 2015; 2016; Paulsson, 2007; EUI, 2005; UNECE, 2005); however, the procedural aspects related to the allotment of co-ownership shares still need to be further investigated. This article aims to describe condominium systems in the Netherlands, Sweden and Turkey, and compare legal provisions and procedures related to the allotment of co-ownership shares in these jurisdictions. The main purpose is to clarify the methodologies behind the determination of the co-ownership shares in national systems to bring new insights to countries, which are trying to revise their national provisions.

Several years ago, the author had experienced the short lawsuit on restrictive injunction to cutting high trees in their private common garden against the condominium association’s board of directors, and reached a victorious reconciliation. This case will be reported here, because it was simple and short but also included the dynamics between both adversaries and of tripartite relationship in court, furthermore the background history in community. He, as a sectional owner and plaintiff of representative action, will marshal the related facts in chronological order and analyse the process of the suit and some general assemblies in the perspective of socio-legal studies. He at first tried to negotiate in writing, but the new board adhered to the procedural-illegally passed program yet, so that he had to resort to court. Fortunately just the filing postponed the tree conversion and through the court hearings in a closed round table room, the judge advanced its stop untill the passage by special resolution (more than 3/4 in all voting rights) according to the new act and its related cases, that both agreed to. So it turned out that despite try and error adjustment by which even intellectual persons must learn accurate laws and facts and seek to communicate with others and defendants, ordinary people and companies tend to take for granted their own fragmentary and/or old knowledge and information, fall into a mistaken insistence or futile dispute, and keep on blaming their former adversaries indefinitely. As an improving plan, specialised lawyers or judicial scriveners always had better take part in the operation of condminium management and especially if any issues in doubt or dispute, advise all owner-citizens on legitimate and fairmethod inexpensively.

Priserna på den svenska bostadsmarknaden har stigit ovanligt mycket de senaste åren. En konsekvens av detta är att allt fler får det svårare att ta sig in på bostadsmarknaden och köpa sin första bostad. Inte minst förstagångsköpare som har svårt att spara ihop till den höga insatsen som ofta krävs eller bli beviljade lån hos bankerna. En alternativ finansieringsmodell har skapats för att göra det lättare för dessa personer att ta sig in på bostadsmarknaden. Denna modell bygger på att det är föreningen som ska stå för den större delen av lånet, istället för köparen. Denna uppsats syftar till att jämföra skillnaderna mellan en bostadsrätt som finansieras på det traditionella sättet och en bostadsrätt som finansieras genom den alternativa finasnieringsmodellen. Den modell som kommer att analyseras i denna studie heter BRF 2.0 och har lanserats av Well Fastigheter. De riktar sig främst till unga personer, därav har en enkätundersökning utförts för att få en inblick i vilken kunskap en förstagångsköpare har inom detta område. Enkäten är utformad som ett kunskapstest som behandlar några av de ekonomiska aspekter i ett bostadsköp som kan vara bra att känna till. Därefter utfördes en intervju med en representant på ett av företagen som har tagit fram denna alternativa investeringsmodell, nå en djupare förståelse för upplägget. Resultaten indikerar att förstagångsköpare besitter bristande kunskap kring bostadsköp för att ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv kunna ta de mest fördelaktiga besluten. Studien pekar på vikten av att förstagångsköpare själva behöver ta ansvar för att läsa på inom ämnet så de blir medvetna om vilken kunskap de redan besitter och vilken kunskap de behöver lära. Ett problem som nämns i studien är att dessa personer inte alltid är medvetna om vilket område de saknar kunskap inom och kommer därför inte hämta in denna information. Vid detta problem krävs det att högre instanser kliver in och påverkar. Som ett förslag nämns att regering eller utbildningsväsende a, Prices on the Swedish housing market has risen the past few years. A consequence by this is that an increasing amount of people struggle to buy their first apartment. In particular people that want to buy their first apartment, which struggle to save enough money for the cash deposit or to get a big enough loan from the bank. In an attempt to solve this, an alternative financing in the condominium sector has been introduced to the market in an attempt to make it easier for people to afford buying their first condoninium. This report aim to compair a condominium that has been funded through the tradtional way and a condominium that has been funded through this alternative way. A survey has been conducted in an attempt to investigate the knowledge whom people that is about the buy their first condoninium possess. An interview has also been conducted to further strenghten our findings from the survey and to get a deeper understanding about this alternative concept. The results indicate that people that’s never bought an apartment before lack some essential knowledge that you need to possess when you buy in apartment in order to make the right choices. This alternative financing might give an opportunity for some people to buy their first apartment, an opportunity they otherwise might not have.

Inom den svenska familjerätten finns ett antal förfogandeinskränkningar till följd av äktenskap, vilka kan hindra en make från att självmant ta beslut rådande egendom. Däribland finns ett hinder att överlåta fast och lös egendom utan den andra makens samtycke. I denna kandidatuppsats undersöks och utreds omfattningen av en fastighetsmäklares kontrollplikt av makesamtycke vid överlåtelse av fast och lös egendom, i de fall äktenskapet ingåtts utanför Sveriges gränser men inom den Europeiska unionen. Eftersom frågeställningen har en juridisk synvinkel tillämpas en rättsvetenskaplig metod, vilken grundar sig i rättskälleläran. Utifrån rättskällorna går det att konstatera att vetskapen om omfattningen av en fastighetsmäklares kontrollplikt av makesamtycke i de fall äktenskap ingåtts utomlands är begränsad. Inför framtida forskning föreslås att vidare utredning genomförs samt att denna synvinkel tas i beaktning vid en omarbetning av nuvarande fastighetsmäklarlag., There are certain rules in the Swedish family law regarding spousal restrictions in the right of disposition over existing property. There are a few, but complicated, restrictions about how spouses may take their own decisions regarding their assets. In Sweden, a spouse is not allowed to sell property without a spousal consent. The aim through this bachelor thesis is to explore the scope of a real estate agent’s obligation to control a spouse’s consent during the transfer of residential real estate and private housing cooperatives when the spouses have entered marriage outside of Sweden, but within the European union. The thesis applies a legal method for the ability to answer our chosen problem statement. Based on the sources of law, it is possible to state that the knowledge of how extensive a real estate agent’s duty to control a spouse’s consent, in the event of a foreign marriage, is limited. Prior to future research, it is proposed that further investigation within this subject should be accomplished and that this point of view should be taken into consideration when reworking the current fastighetsmäklarlag in Sweden.

Strata property - ownership of apartments or townhouses consisting of private and commonly owned building components and areas - was established in Switzerland in 1965 and since has become very popular. But, well-needed retrofit work of these buildings is often postponed and long-term retrofit strategies are rarely considered. However, the low retrofit rate must increase to meet the global energy goals. Interviews and workshops with relevant actors showed that missing financial means are not the key issues for the low retrofit rate. Major challenges arise from a broad set of issues, such as difficult processes, unclear responsibility, insufficient communication, missing building information or underestimation of the commonly owned building components. “Luzerner Toolbox” provides eight folders that address the key clusters of challenges. Central to this toolbox are Excel-based tools, which transform accurate technical and financial information into a visual format. An ample diagram illustrates the remaining lifetime of the building parts and a graph relates upcoming retrofit costs and the annual payments into the contingency reserve fund with a forecast of the contingency reserve fund. As such, these tools assists in scheduling appropriate retrofit measures and establishing a balanced financial planning. But, various actors have reported that the retrofit timetable is too complex to be used in management firms. Feasibility studies and further research of their specific needs and work processes are needed to refine the tool accordingly. In a further study, interviews with management firms and architects are conducted to determine the key factors of a useful tool., + ID der Publikation: hslu_73588 + Art des Beitrages: Präsentation Konferenzpapier/Tagungsbeitrag + Veranstalter: Graz University of Technology + Sprache: Englisch + Letzte Aktualisierung: 2019-10-22 14:06:21

Strata property - ownership of apartments or townhouses consisting of private and commonly owned building components and areas - was established in Switzerland in 1965 and since has become very popular. But, well-needed retrofit work of these buildings is often postponed and long-term retrofit strategies are rarely considered. However, the low retrofit rate must increase to meet the global energy goals. Interviews and workshops with relevant actors showed that missing financial means are not the key issues for the low retrofit rate. Major challenges arise from a broad set of issues, such as difficult processes, unclear responsibility, insufficient communication, missing building information or underestimation of the commonly owned building components. “Luzerner Toolbox” provides eight folders that address the key clusters of challenges. Central to this toolbox are Excel-based tools, which transform accurate technical and financial information into a visual format. An ample diagram illustrates the remaining lifetime of the building parts and a graph relates upcoming retrofit costs and the annual payments into the contingency reserve fund with a forecast of the contingency reserve fund. As such, these tools assists in scheduling appropriate retrofit measures and establishing a balanced financial planning. But, various actors have reported that the retrofit timetable is too complex to be used in management firms. Feasibility studies and further research of their specific needs and work processes are needed to refine the tool accordingly. In a further study, interviews with management firms and architects are conducted to determine the key factors of a useful tool., + ID der Publikation: hslu_73588 + Art des Beitrages: Präsentation Konferenzpapier/Tagungsbeitrag + Veranstalter: Graz University of Technology + Sprache: Englisch + Letzte Aktualisierung: 2019-10-22 14:06:21

Strata property - ownership of apartments or townhouses consisting of private and commonly owned building components and areas - was established in Switzerland in 1965 and since has become very popular. But, well-needed retrofit work of these buildings is often postponed and long-term retrofit strategies are rarely considered. However, the low retrofit rate must increase to meet the global energy goals. Interviews and workshops with relevant actors showed that missing financial means are not the key issues for the low retrofit rate. Major challenges arise from a broad set of issues, such as difficult processes, unclear responsibility, insufficient communication, missing building information or underestimation of the commonly owned building components. “Luzerner Toolbox” provides eight folders that address the key clusters of challenges. Central to this toolbox are Excel-based tools, which transform accurate technical and financial information into a visual format. An ample diagram illustrates the remaining lifetime of the building parts and a graph relates upcoming retrofit costs and the annual payments into the contingency reserve fund with a forecast of the contingency reserve fund. As such, these tools assists in scheduling appropriate retrofit measures and establishing a balanced financial planning. But, various actors have reported that the retrofit timetable is too complex to be used in management firms. Feasibility studies and further research of their specific needs and work processes are needed to refine the tool accordingly. In a further study, interviews with management firms and architects are conducted to determine the key factors of a useful tool., + ID der Publikation: hslu_73588 + Art des Beitrages: Präsentation Konferenzpapier/Tagungsbeitrag + Veranstalter: Graz University of Technology + Sprache: Englisch + Letzte Aktualisierung: 2019-10-22 14:06:21

Priserna på den svenska bostadsmarknaden har stigit ovanligt mycket de senaste åren. En konsekvens av detta är att allt fler får det svårare att ta sig in på bostadsmarknaden och köpa sin första bostad. Inte minst förstagångsköpare som har svårt att spara ihop till den höga insatsen som ofta krävs eller bli beviljade lån hos bankerna. En alternativ finansieringsmodell har skapats för att göra det lättare för dessa personer att ta sig in på bostadsmarknaden. Denna modell bygger på att det är föreningen som ska stå för den större delen av lånet, istället för köparen. Denna uppsats syftar till att jämföra skillnaderna mellan en bostadsrätt som finansieras på det traditionella sättet och en bostadsrätt som finansieras genom den alternativa finasnieringsmodellen. Den modell som kommer att analyseras i denna studie heter BRF 2.0 och har lanserats av Well Fastigheter. De riktar sig främst till unga personer, därav har en enkätundersökning utförts för att få en inblick i vilken kunskap en förstagångsköpare har inom detta område. Enkäten är utformad som ett kunskapstest som behandlar några av de ekonomiska aspekter i ett bostadsköp som kan vara bra att känna till. Därefter utfördes en intervju med en representant på ett av företagen som har tagit fram denna alternativa investeringsmodell, nå en djupare förståelse för upplägget. Resultaten indikerar att förstagångsköpare besitter bristande kunskap kring bostadsköp för att ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv kunna ta de mest fördelaktiga besluten. Studien pekar på vikten av att förstagångsköpare själva behöver ta ansvar för att läsa på inom ämnet så de blir medvetna om vilken kunskap de redan besitter och vilken kunskap de behöver lära. Ett problem som nämns i studien är att dessa personer inte alltid är medvetna om vilket område de saknar kunskap inom och kommer därför inte hämta in denna information. Vid detta problem krävs det att högre instanser kliver in och påverkar. Som ett förslag nämns att regering eller utbildningsväsende a, Prices on the Swedish housing market has risen the past few years. A consequence by this is that an increasing amount of people struggle to buy their first apartment. In particular people that want to buy their first apartment, which struggle to save enough money for the cash deposit or to get a big enough loan from the bank. In an attempt to solve this, an alternative financing in the condominium sector has been introduced to the market in an attempt to make it easier for people to afford buying their first condoninium. This report aim to compair a condominium that has been funded through the tradtional way and a condominium that has been funded through this alternative way. A survey has been conducted in an attempt to investigate the knowledge whom people that is about the buy their first condoninium possess. An interview has also been conducted to further strenghten our findings from the survey and to get a deeper understanding about this alternative concept. The results indicate that people that’s never bought an apartment before lack some essential knowledge that you need to possess when you buy in apartment in order to make the right choices. This alternative financing might give an opportunity for some people to buy their first apartment, an opportunity they otherwise might not have.

Strata property - ownership of apartments or townhouses consisting of private and commonly owned building components and areas - was established in Switzerland in 1965 and since has become very popular. But, well-needed retrofit work of these buildings is often postponed and long-term retrofit strategies are rarely considered. However, the low retrofit rate must increase to meet the global energy goals. Interviews and workshops with relevant actors showed that missing financial means are not the key issues for the low retrofit rate. Major challenges arise from a broad set of issues, such as difficult processes, unclear responsibility, insufficient communication, missing building information or underestimation of the commonly owned building components. “Luzerner Toolbox” provides eight folders that address the key clusters of challenges. Central to this toolbox are Excel-based tools, which transform accurate technical and financial information into a visual format. An ample diagram illustrates the remaining lifetime of the building parts and a graph relates upcoming retrofit costs and the annual payments into the contingency reserve fund with a forecast of the contingency reserve fund. As such, these tools assists in scheduling appropriate retrofit measures and establishing a balanced financial planning. But, various actors have reported that the retrofit timetable is too complex to be used in management firms. Feasibility studies and further research of their specific needs and work processes are needed to refine the tool accordingly. In a further study, interviews with management firms and architects are conducted to determine the key factors of a useful tool., + ID der Publikation: hslu_73588 + Art des Beitrages: Präsentation Konferenzpapier/Tagungsbeitrag + Veranstalter: Graz University of Technology + Sprache: Englisch + Letzte Aktualisierung: 2019-10-22 14:06:21