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This study aims to investigate the effects of orally administered graded doses of hydro-methanol stem extract from Anacardium occidentale (MSEAO) on the haematology and serum biochemistry of chickens. Forty, 8-weeks old cockerel chickens were randomly assigned into four groups (groups 1, 2, 3 and 4) of ten birds each. Groups 1, 2 and 3 received 3000, 1500 and 500 mg/kg body weight of MSEAO, respectively, while chickens in control group (group 4) were given drinking water placebo. Blood samples were collected from all chickens on day 0- and 48-hours post-treatment. Haematology and serum biochemistry were evaluated following standard procedures. The results showed that most of the haematological parameters in the treated groups did not differ significantly as compared to the control group. The serum biochemistry results showed that the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity ingroups 1 and 2 were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that ingroups 3 and 4. Serum uric acid levels ingroups 1 and 2 chickens were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that in the control group, while the creatinine levels of chickens in the treated groups were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of chickens in the control group. It was concluded that MSEAO, as used in the study, led to significant changes in heterophil counts, serum ALT and ALP activities, uric acid, creatinine, and calcium levels., Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es investigar los efectos de dosis graduales de extracto de hidro-metanol del tallo de Anacardium occidentale (MSEAO) administradas por vía oral sobre la hematología y bioquímica del suero de polluelos. Cuarenta pollos de 8 semanas de edad fueron asignados al azar en cuatro grupos (1, 2, 3 y 4) de diez pollos cada grupo. Los grupos 1, 2 y 3 recibieron 3000, 1500 y 500 mg/kg de peso corporal de MSEAO, respectivamente, mientras que a los pollos del grupo de control [grupo 4] se les dio agua de beber como placebo. Se tomaron muestras de sangre de todos los pollos a las 0 y 48 horas después del tratamiento. Se evaluó la hematología y la bioquímica del suero siguiendo procedimientos estándares. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de parámetros hematológicos en los grupos tratados no difirieron significativamente con respecto al grupo de control. Los resultados de la bioquímica del suero mostraron que la actividad de la alanina aminotransferasa en el suero (ALT) en los grupos 1 y 2 fue significativamente inferior (P < 0.05) a la de los grupos 3 y 4. Los niveles de ácido úrico en el suero en los pollos de los grupos 1 y 2 fueron significativamente inferiores (P < 0.05) a los del grupo de control, mientras que los niveles de creatinina de los pollos en los grupos de tratamiento fueron significativamente inferiores (P< 0.05) a los de los pollos del grupo de control. Se concluyó que el MSEAO, como se usó en este estudio, produjo cambios significativos en los conteos de heterófilos, en las actividades de ALT y ALP del suero y en los niveles de ácido úrico, creatinina y calcio.

La culture cotonnière est l'une des principales sources de revenu des populations du Sénégal oriental et de la Haute Casamance caractérisés par leur pauvreté. Cependant, le coton est attaqué du semis à la récolte par diverse insectes ravageurs dont le plus redoutable Helicoverpa armigera. Dans la perspective de recherche d'alternative à la lutte chimique, l'efficacité biologique des extraits d'Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit et Anacardium occidentale Linn. sur les infestations de chenilles de H. armigera et leurs dégâts a été étudiée au champ à travers trois sites situés au niveau du bassin cotonnier du Sénégal. Une enquête a été d'abord effectuée auprès de 111 producteurs au centre sud du Sénégal pour analyser leurs perceptions sur l'utilisation des pesticides botaniques dans la gestion des insectes ravageurs du cotonnier. Les résultats ont montré que la majorité des producteurs reconnaisse les insectes en particulier H. armigera comme l'une des contraintes majeures à la production cotonnière. L'analyse des données a également révélé que les producteurs utilisent des extraits de plantes à base de neem, Boscia senegalensis, Guiera senegalensis, Khaya senegalensis, Piliostigma reticulatum contre les ravageurs. À part les connaissances qu'ont les producteurs des dangers liés aux pesticides chimiques, ils savent que les extraits de plantes peuvent être efficaces pour lutter contre les déprédateurs. L'analyse des données relatives à la dynamique des populations de chenilles de H. armigera de 2015 à 2017 dans la zone de production cotonnière laisse apparaître que la période critique d'infestation se situe entre mi-septembre et mi-octobre. Pour l'évaluation de l'efficacité des extraits aqueux d'Azadirachta indica, Hyptis suaveolens et Anacardium occidentale sur les infestations de chenilles de H. armigera, des relevés hebdomadaires et des traitements ont été réalisés dans des champs de cotonniers. Des analyses statistiques ont permis de comparer le

Proteins from cashew nut can elicit mild to severe allergic reactions. Three allergenic proteins have already been identified, and it is expected that additional allergens are present in cashew nut. pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10) allergens from pollen have been found to elicit similar allergic reactions as those from nuts and seeds. Therefore, we investigated the presence of PR10 genes in cashew nut. Using RNA-seq analysis, we were able to identify several PR10-like transcripts in cashew nut and clo

Proteins from cashew nut can elicit mild to severe allergic reactions. Three allergenic proteins have already been identified, and it is expected that additional allergens are present in cashew nut. pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10) allergens from pollen have been found to elicit similar allergic reactions as those from nuts and seeds. Therefore, we investigated the presence of PR10 genes in cashew nut. Using RNA-seq analysis, we were able to identify several PR10-like transcripts in cashew nut and clone six putative PR10 genes. In addition, PR10 protein expression in raw cashew nuts was confirmed by immunoblotting and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analyses. An in silico allergenicity assessment suggested that all identified cashew PR10 proteins are potentially allergenic and may represent three different isoallergens.

Le dynamisme agricole de la Côte d'Ivoire continue de surprendre les marchés de matières premières, en particulier ceux du cacao et du caoutchouc. Le pays s'empare aussi de la place de premier producteur mondial d'anacarde. Comment interpréter ce boom ? Il est en partie lié aux marchés (stagnation des prix du coton et du cacao, hausse du prix de l'anacarde sur deux périodes), mais les déterminants sont beaucoup plus complexes. L'hypothèse de l'étude est que l'adoption de l'anacardier relève en partie d'une transition écologique d'adaptation à l'épuisement de la rente forêt et au changement climatique, au coût croissant des intrants chimiques pour le coton et le cacao, mais répond aussi à l'insécurité foncière. Cette hypothèse a été testée en 2016–2017 sur 6 sites d'étude, choisis selon un gradient nord-sud : Mankono, Konanhiri, Bonon, Yamoussoukro, Bayota-Gagnoa et Soubré, à raison de 40 à 100 exploitations par site, avec des actualisations partielles en 2018. Ces enquêtes confirment l'hypothèse. L'anacardier, arbre robuste, résistant aux sécheresses, évite pour l'instant aux planteurs tout recours aux intrants chimiques et au crédit, reconstitue un ombrage forestier et est aussi un marqueur de terre (il apporte une sécurité foncière informelle dans le village d'origine des planteurs migrants, mais aussi dans leur village cacaoyer). Il devient l'outil d'une transition écologique et sociale. Cette transition inclut des flux significatifs d'information, de travail et d'investissement entre les deux espaces économiques. Elle relève essentiellement d'une innovation paysanne. En zone cacaoyère, l'anacardier, dans sa dimension agroforestière sous forme d'association avec le cacaoyer, réduit la mortalité des jeunes plants de cacao, et son adoption prend tout son sens de transition agroécologique. L'agriculture familiale est-elle en train de réaliser seule ce que l'industrie du chocolat promet sur le papier : une cacaoculture " zéro-déforestation " et durable ?

Le dynamisme agricole de la Côte d'Ivoire continue de surprendre les marchés de matières premières, en particulier ceux du cacao et du caoutchouc. Le pays s'empare aussi de la place de premier producteur mondial d'anacarde. Comment interpréter ce boom ? Il est en partie lié aux marchés (stagnation des prix du coton et du cacao, hausse du prix de l'anacarde sur deux périodes), mais les déterminants sont beaucoup plus complexes. L'hypothèse de l'étude est que l'adoption de l'anacardier relève en partie d'une transition écologique d'adaptation à l'épuisement de la rente forêt et au changement climatique, au coût croissant des intrants chimiques pour le coton et le cacao, mais répond aussi à l'insécurité foncière. Cette hypothèse a été testée en 2016–2017 sur 6 sites d'étude, choisis selon un gradient nord-sud : Mankono, Konanhiri, Bonon, Yamoussoukro, Bayota-Gagnoa et Soubré, à raison de 40 à 100 exploitations par site, avec des actualisations partielles en 2018. Ces enquêtes confirment l'hypothèse. L'anacardier, arbre robuste, résistant aux sécheresses, évite pour l'instant aux planteurs tout recours aux intrants chimiques et au crédit, reconstitue un ombrage forestier et est aussi un marqueur de terre (il apporte une sécurité foncière informelle dans le village d'origine des planteurs migrants, mais aussi dans leur village cacaoyer). Il devient l'outil d'une transition écologique et sociale. Cette transition inclut des flux significatifs d'information, de travail et d'investissement entre les deux espaces économiques. Elle relève essentiellement d'une innovation paysanne. En zone cacaoyère, l'anacardier, dans sa dimension agroforestière sous forme d'association avec le cacaoyer, réduit la mortalité des jeunes plants de cacao, et son adoption prend tout son sens de transition agroécologique. L'agriculture familiale est-elle en train de réaliser seule ce que l'industrie du chocolat promet sur le papier : une cacaoculture " zéro-déforestation " et durable ?

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nut can trigger serious reactions in allergic patients, including anaphylaxis and death. Labelling the presence of cashew nuts in food products is mandatory and consequently, sensitive and specific analytical methods must be developed. In this study, Ana o allergen coding sequences have been sequenced in several cashew varieties. Two hydrolysis probes, locked nucleic acid (LNA) and TaqMan, have been designed and their efficiency, sensitivity, limit of detection and specificity for Ana o 1 coding-sequence detection have been compared. Reliable Real Time PCR assays to detect and quantify up to 10 ppm of cashew nuts in complex mixtures have been developed. Moreover, the influence of boiling and autoclave treatment on cashew nut detectability has been analysed by qPCR, showing both probes similar performance. This analytical method was able to detect up to 1000 ppm with good functionality in autoclave treated samples. Boiling did not affect cashew nut detectability. Both hydrolysis probes are suitable for Ana o 1 coding sequence detection. Applicability of the assay has been studied by analysing several food products, and comparing the results with those of a commercial ELISA kit., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nut can trigger serious reactions in allergic patients, including anaphylaxis and death. Labelling the presence of cashew nuts in food products is mandatory and consequently, sensitive and specific analytical methods must be developed. In this study, Ana o allergen coding sequences have been sequenced in several cashew varieties. Two hydrolysis probes, locked nucleic acid (LNA) and TaqMan, have been designed and their efficiency, sensitivity, limit of detection and specificity for Ana o 1 coding-sequence detection have been compared. Reliable Real Time PCR assays to detect and quantify up to 10 ppm of cashew nuts in complex mixtures have been developed. Moreover, the influence of boiling and autoclave treatment on cashew nut detectability has been analysed by qPCR, showing both probes similar performance. This analytical method was able to detect up to 1000 ppm with good functionality in autoclave treated samples. Boiling did not affect cashew nut detectability. Both hydrolysis probes are suitable for Ana o 1 coding sequence detection. Applicability of the assay has been studied by analysing several food products, and comparing the results with those of a commercial ELISA kit.

Cashew nut allergy can be a severe food allergy of which the prevalence appears to be increasing. The aim of this thesis was a comprehensive molecular and serological characterisation of the cashew nut allergens Ana o 1, 2 and 3 for improved diagnosis and characterisation of patient populations. Chapter 1 in this thesis provides background information on cashew nuts, allergy, the allergens Ana o 1, 2 and 3, the effect of heat treatments on cashew nut proteins, the digestibility of cashew nut proteins, cross-reactivity between cashew nut proteins and other tree nuts, and the detection of cashew nut in food products. Subsequently, in Chapter 2, a review is presented on the topic of epithelial protein and allergen transport. This review describes multiple pathways of intestinal protein transport, sums up existing experimental data concerning protein and peptide transport, and presents different methods to study this. Interestingly, the pathway of (allergenic) protein transport can differ between sensitized and non-sensitized persons. In sensitized persons, protein transport occurs transcellularly via enterocytes, and paracellularly with the involvement of mast cells, while in non-sensitized persons microfold cells and enterocytes are considered most important. In the next three chapters, cashew nut allergens were studied. Cashew nut allergy and cashew nut allergens were chosen because of a high number of undiagnosed cashew nut allergic children reported at the children’s hospital “Kinderhaven”, in Rotterdam, an outpatient clinic that is involved in this study. Chapter 3 describes a protocol for the purification of Ana o 1, 2 and 3 from cashew nuts. Ana o 1 and 3 were purified by protein extraction, salt precipitation and filtering over a 30kDa molecular weight membrane. Ana o 2 was purified by protein extraction followed by gel filtration chromatography. These purified proteins were characterised by SDS-PAGE, western blot, glycoprotein stain, and protein identification

La Côte d'Ivoire, dans sa diversité de régions de forêt et de savane, et le Burkina Faso sont historiquement liés dans la construction de l'économie de plantation villageoise ivoirienne, fondée sur le binôme " café/cacao ". La terre de la première a toujours eu besoin du travail des habitants du second. Cette rencontre entre terre et travail a pu se réaliser avec peu de capital et sans capitalistes dans la sphère de production. Les familles d'origine ivoirienne et burkinabé, en majorité des migrants, constituent toujours l'ossature du secteur cacao. Au sein de la famille, les stratégies évoluent en réseaux, sur plusieurs espaces économiques. La contribution des femmes aux travaux dans les cacaoyères et champs de vivriers attenants est connue. Mais quel pourrait être l'importance et le rôle des femmes de planteurs qui resteraient ou retourneraient " au pays ", au " village d'origine " ? Cette question, apparemment peu étudiée, est traitée à travers des enquêtes dans les villages de migration cacaoyère en Côte d'Ivoire, donc auprès des planteurs et maris parlant de leur femme au village d'origine, complétées d'informations collectées auprès des co-épouses restées avec leur mari. Un échantillon de 209 planteurs migrants dont 117 se déclarant d'origine burkinabé, se répartit sur une douzaine de villages de part et d'autre du fleuve Sassandra. Le premier résultat est la fréquence du phénomène, pouvant atteindre 20% des ménages de migrants. En amont de ces résidences de femmes au village d'origine, les stratégies combinent des objectifs de solidarité et sécurité familiale, de scolarité, de maintien des réseaux. Mais ces femmes " au village " accompagnent aussi des investissements conséquents et diversifiés, aux déterminants structurels autour du cacao et du politique : chute du prix du cacao à partir de 1988, baisse des rendements des cacaoyères vieillissantes, crise politico-militaire, nouveaux enjeux fonciers. Ces profonds changements écologiques, économiques, politique

La Côte d'Ivoire, dans sa diversité de régions de forêt et de savane, et le Burkina Faso sont historiquement liés dans la construction de l'économie de plantation villageoise ivoirienne, fondée sur le binôme " café/cacao ". La terre de la première a toujours eu besoin du travail des habitants du second. Cette rencontre entre terre et travail a pu se réaliser avec peu de capital et sans capitalistes dans la sphère de production. Les familles d'origine ivoirienne et burkinabé, en majorité des migrants, constituent toujours l'ossature du secteur cacao. Au sein de la famille, les stratégies évoluent en réseaux, sur plusieurs espaces économiques. La contribution des femmes aux travaux dans les cacaoyères et champs de vivriers attenants est connue. Mais quel pourrait être l'importance et le rôle des femmes de planteurs qui resteraient ou retourneraient " au pays ", au " village d'origine " ? Cette question, apparemment peu étudiée, est traitée à travers des enquêtes dans les villages de migration cacaoyère en Côte d'Ivoire, donc auprès des planteurs et maris parlant de leur femme au village d'origine, complétées d'informations collectées auprès des co-épouses restées avec leur mari. Un échantillon de 209 planteurs migrants dont 117 se déclarant d'origine burkinabé, se répartit sur une douzaine de villages de part et d'autre du fleuve Sassandra. Le premier résultat est la fréquence du phénomène, pouvant atteindre 20% des ménages de migrants. En amont de ces résidences de femmes au village d'origine, les stratégies combinent des objectifs de solidarité et sécurité familiale, de scolarité, de maintien des réseaux. Mais ces femmes " au village " accompagnent aussi des investissements conséquents et diversifiés, aux déterminants structurels autour du cacao et du politique : chute du prix du cacao à partir de 1988, baisse des rendements des cacaoyères vieillissantes, crise politico-militaire, nouveaux enjeux fonciers. Ces profonds changements écologiques, économiques, politique

A trial was conducted at Subhir and Chikhalda locations in Dang district of South Gujarat, India to assess the effect of Ethrel, NAA and GA3 on the flowering behavior of cashew cultivar Vengurla-4 during 2013-14. Three concentrations each of GA3 (50, 75, 100 ppm), Ethrel (10, 30, 50 ppm) and NAA (50, 75, 100ppm) were applied as foliar sprays 20 days before blossoming and 20 days after full bloom in twenty year old trees of cashew cultivar Vengurla-4. Trees sprayed with 50 ppm Ethrel had significantly the highest number of flowering panicles per squaremeter (13.09), number of perfect flowers per panicle (87.11) and sex ratio (0.24) across locations and in pooled data. However, this was at par with 10 ppm Ethrel which emerged as the second best treatment of the trial. This study demonstrated the potential of Ethrel in improving various flowering parameters of cashew which are important determinations in increasing nut production.

This study is an original environmental assessment of the Brazilian cashew, a perennial tree cultivated in 30 tropical countries that yields four products: nuts, apples, gum and wood. While economic and agronomic data regarding cashew are available worldwide, the environmental issues related to the main production systems and products commercialized by Brazilian farms have not been discussed consistently. This environmental assessment is important to guide the efforts of researchers and farmers for improving the environmental performance of cashew cropping systems and products. Life cycle assessment is applied to assess the environmental impacts of cashew systems and products, considering multi-cropping systems, agriculture functions and allocation procedures. Two cashew cropping systems are compared: (i) a high-input system, or reference system, developed through 20 years of research, and (ii) a low input system, as defined by a sample of farms practicing multi-cropping systems. Aspects and impacts of these systems are reported via the following production stages: nursery, establishment, and low and full production. Two agriculture functions are adopted to analyze the cropping systems: land management (impacts per hectare) and financial (impact per US$ from total sales receipts). The impacts of cashew products are evaluated using the crop production function (per kilogram of product). The impacts of products are measured using both mass and economic allocation. This study shows that the low and full production stages account for the majority of impact in both cropping systems, but land transformation for the establishment of cashew orchards is the main contributor of climate change. The analysis of multiple agriculture function shows different results for the study of cashew production systems and products. Considering the land management function (impacts per hectare), the low-input system causes less significant environmental impact, when compared to the high-inp, QC 20160224

Weaver ants (Oecophylla spp.) are widely used as effective biological control agents. In order to optimize their use, ant abundance needs to be tracked. As several methods have been used to estimate ant abundance on plantation trees, abundances are not comparable between studies and no guideline is available on which method to apply in a particular study. This study compared four existing methods: three methods based on the number of ant trails on the main branches of a tree (called the Peng 1, Peng 2 and Offenberg index) and one method based on the number of ant nests per tree. Branch indices did not produce equal scores and cannot be compared directly. The Peng 1 index was the fastest to assess, but showed only limited seasonal fluctuations when ant abundance was high, because it approached its upper limit. The Peng 2 and Offenberg indices were lower and not close to the upper limit and therefore showed fluctuations throughout the season. The numbers of nests showed high fluctuations unlikely to reflect ant abundance, but rather reflected nest building behaviour influenced by tree phenology. In conclusion, nest counting is not recommended, whereas the Peng 1 index can track dynamics at low ant abundance and the Peng 2 and Offenberg indices can be used in most situations.

Weaver ants (Oecophylla spp.) are widely used as effective biological control agents. In order to optimize their use, ant abundance needs to be tracked. As several methods have been used to estimate ant abundance on plantation trees, abundances are not comparable between studies and no guideline is available on which method to apply in a particular study. This study compared four existing methods: three methods based on the number of ant trails on the main branches of a tree (called the Peng 1, Peng 2 and Offenberg index) and one method based on the number of ant nests per tree. Branch indices did not produce equal scores and cannot be compared directly. The Peng 1 index was the fastest to assess, but showed only limited seasonal fluctuations when ant abundance was high, because it approached its upper limit. The Peng 2 and Offenberg indices were lower and not close to the upper limit and therefore showed fluctuations throughout the season. The numbers of nests showed high fluctuations unlikely to reflect ant abundance, but rather reflected nest building behaviour influenced by tree phenology. In conclusion, nest counting is not recommended, whereas the Peng 1 index can track dynamics at low ant abundance and the Peng 2 and Offenberg indices can be used in most situations.

Le système d'innovation est un concept clé pour l'analyse des changements socio-techniques qui renvoie à une structure et à des fonctions qui contribuent à développer et à diffuser l'innovation. Cet article propose une approche originale d'analyse d'un système d'innovation au travers des processus de diffusion spatiale d'un produit agricole?: l'anacarde (noix de cajou). Les formes et les vitesses de propagation des vergers d'anacardiers sont analysées et mises au regard de la structure et des fonctions du système d'innovation. Les résultats montrent que la mesure du processus de diffusion spatiale permet de révéler les types de réseaux, la force des liens entre les acteurs et d'identifier les dysfonctionnements du système.

L'essor de l'anacarde (noix de cajou) au Burkina Faso a été fortement soutenu par l'État dans les années 1980 au sein de territoires de conservation devenus des territoires de développement. Mais la globalisation des échanges a conduit à une restructuration de la filière à partir de 1995. L'expansion des vergers est depuis lors le fait des petits producteurs. L'introduction et la diffusion des vergers s'accompagnent à l'échelle locale d'une renégociation des droits sur la terre. Lors de cette re-territorialisation, certains gagnent des droits, tandis que d'autres en perdent. Cette reconfiguration socio-spatiale guidée par les marchés internationaux pose la question des effets à long terme de ces formes de territorialisation "par le bas", qui se révèlent être inégalitaires.

L'essor de l'anacarde (noix de cajou) au Burkina Faso a été fortement soutenu par l'État dans les années 1980 au sein de territoires de conservation devenus des territoires de développement. Mais la globalisation des échanges a conduit à une restructuration de la filière à partir de 1995. L'expansion des vergers est depuis lors le fait des petits producteurs. L'introduction et la diffusion des vergers s'accompagnent à l'échelle locale d'une renégociation des droits sur la terre. Lors de cette re-territorialisation, certains gagnent des droits, tandis que d'autres en perdent. Cette reconfiguration socio-spatiale guidée par les marchés internationaux pose la question des effets à long terme de ces formes de territorialisation "par le bas", qui se révèlent être inégalitaires.

Le système d'innovation est un concept clé pour l'analyse des changements socio-techniques qui renvoie à une structure et à des fonctions qui contribuent à développer et à diffuser l'innovation. Cet article propose une approche originale d'analyse d'un système d'innovation au travers des processus de diffusion spatiale d'un produit agricole?: l'anacarde (noix de cajou). Les formes et les vitesses de propagation des vergers d'anacardiers sont analysées et mises au regard de la structure et des fonctions du système d'innovation. Les résultats montrent que la mesure du processus de diffusion spatiale permet de révéler les types de réseaux, la force des liens entre les acteurs et d'identifier les dysfonctionnements du système.

Sub-Saharan West Africa lacks of natural resources, especially for energy production. By-products of agro-industry as cashew nut shells (CNS), jatropha (Jc) and shea (Sc) press cakes were identified as available resources for energetic valorisation. These biomasses are characterised by high extractive contents (cashew nut shell liquid/CNSL or triglycerides) which are the reason for toxic fumes during combustion. The thesis investigated the feasibility of flash pyrolysis as alternative process for these resources, more specifically the impact of the extractives on yields, the composition and the stability of flash pyrolysis oils. The feedstock were derived into samples covering the whole range of extractive contents (from de-oiled press cakes, ~0 wt%; to pure extractives, 100 wt%) which were characterised and pyrolysed in two laboratory devices (TGA and tubular furnace), then by applying flash pyrolysis conditions in a fluidised bed reactor. No significant interaction in-between the solid matrix and the extractives during pyrolysis were observed but different products were identified. CNSL volatises between 250 and 320°C, several phenolic compounds and typical compounds of crude CNSL were found to be present in the pyrolysis oil. In contrast, triglycerides are entirely decomposed at 380 to 420°C to give linear hydro-carbon chains. Some interaction products of the triglycerides with proteins were identified. Additionally, the experiments with the pilot plant have shown operational difficulties in the fluidised bed, which are linked to specific properties of the press cakes. Thus, further optimisations of process conditions are suggested. To overcome the observed phase separation of the pyrolysis oils mixtures with other biofuels were studied. The obtained emulsions are more homogeneous but the physical stability is still insufficient despite the addition of surfactants.

Sub-Saharan West Africa lacks of natural resources, especially for energy production. By-products of agro-industry as cashew nut shells (CNS), jatropha (Jc) and shea (Sc) press cakes were identified as available resources for energetic valorisation. These biomasses are characterised by high extractive contents (cashew nut shell liquid/CNSL or triglycerides) which are the reason for toxic fumes during combustion. The thesis investigated the feasibility of flash pyrolysis as alternative process for these resources, more specifically the impact of the extractives on yields, the composition and the stability of flash pyrolysis oils. The feedstock were derived into samples covering the whole range of extractive contents (from de-oiled press cakes, ~0 wt%; to pure extractives, 100 wt%) which were characterised and pyrolysed in two laboratory devices (TGA and tubular furnace), then by applying flash pyrolysis conditions in a fluidised bed reactor. No significant interaction in-between the solid matrix and the extractives during pyrolysis were observed but different products were identified. CNSL volatises between 250 and 320°C, several phenolic compounds and typical compounds of crude CNSL were found to be present in the pyrolysis oil. In contrast, triglycerides are entirely decomposed at 380 to 420°C to give linear hydro-carbon chains. Some interaction products of the triglycerides with proteins were identified. Additionally, the experiments with the pilot plant have shown operational difficulties in the fluidised bed, which are linked to specific properties of the press cakes. Thus, further optimisations of process conditions are suggested. To overcome the observed phase separation of the pyrolysis oils mixtures with other biofuels were studied. The obtained emulsions are more homogeneous but the physical stability is still insufficient despite the addition of surfactants.

Se estudió la mineralización del Nitrógeno en la hojarasca y el suelo mineral (0-10 cm de profundidad) en dos áreas con plantaciones de Pinus caribaea varo hondurensis y Anacardium occidentale, ubicadas en el Sector Sabana de Raya, Municipio Baralt, Estado Zulia, Venezuela. Se usó el método de incubación en el campo en lapsos de seis semanas, desde el 3 de Mayo de 1984 al 11 al Abril de 1985. Se determinó que las cantidades de Nitrógeno mineralizado en la hojarasca y el suelo mineral, en ambos cultivos, fueron relativamente bajos y algunos valores prácticamente despreciables. La baja mineralización del Nitrógeno en estos suelos se explica por la conjugación de una serie de factores: Las características fisicoquímicas de los suelos, la presencia de micorrizas y la composición química de la hojarasca.

Quelle que soit la zone de culture, l'anacardier (Anacardium occidentale L.) est essentiellement cultivé pour la production de noix de cajou, filière d'une grande importance socio-économique notamment au Brésil. Le jus de cajou est un produit secondaire qui résulte du pressage du pédoncule hypertrophié de la noix appelé pomme de cajou (pseudo-fruit juteux). Le traitement des pommes engendre de grands volumes de déchets solides qui sont soit mis en décharge, soit utilisés pour l'alimentation animale. Dans ce contexte, le travail a pour objectif de proposer et d'évaluer un nouveau procédé permettant d'accroître la valeur ajoutée de ce sous-produit en extrayant les caroténoïdes qu'il contient. Le procédé comporte 3 opérations successives : une extraction par pressage associée à une macération enzymatique, une concentration à froid de l'extrait par microfiltration tangentielle et une purification par diafiltration. La première opération a été optimisée à l'aide de 2 plans d'expériences : un plan de criblage de facteurs de Plackett-Burmam (matrice de Hadamard) pour sélectionner les paramètres opératoires les plus influents suivi d'un plan central composite pour les optimiser. La dose de pectinase utilisée durant la macération et la force appliquée lors du pressage sont les paramètres les plus influents sur le profil caroténoïdique de l'extrait. De fortes doses de pectinase associées à une force de pressage élevée permettent d'obtenir à la fois un extrait plus riche en caroténoïdes et une meilleure densité de flux de perméat en microfiltration. L'utilisation de plusieurs cycles successifs de pressage permet d'augmenter les teneurs en caroténoïdes de l'extrait mais augmente également son pouvoir colmatant en microfiltration. L'étude de la concentration de l'extrait par microfiltration tangentielle a montré qu'il est possible d'atteindre un facteur de réduction volumique (FRV) de 20 en maintenant des densités de flux de perméat supérieures à 100 L.h-1.m-2. Les caroténoïdes

Cashew, fruit crop of high social and economic importance for several countries, it has been cultivated in Venezuela, specifically in the east, extending to the state of Zulia, to collect favorable conditions for its production. For this reason, it was established gardens of early-dwarf cashew clones introduced from INIA Anzoategui, El Tigre, to evaluate the phenological and productive traits of CCP-76 and CPC-1001 of cashew clones (Anacardium occidentale L.) under climatic conditions of the Maracaibo plain. Data were analized as a repeated factor measures design time (months of production), where the factor main varieties was located as plants random lots planted with eight plants/clone. Analysis of variance for each of the studied variables was done, using the Tukey to make multiple comparisons of means of clones to the level = 0.05. In the first year of production (February-August), were taken and studied the vegetative variables: plant height, crown radius and calculated the lateral surface and canopy volume. To evaluate the production variables: monthly and annual number of fruits per plant, weight of fruits per plant per year and the components of fruits: average biomass of fruits, average weight of apple and average weight of then nuts, were harvested of fruits / plant /clone biweekly during the study period. A record of weather conditions during the period studied was done. There were no significant differences between clones in the vegetative variables; however, the clone CCP-1001 presented a better performance than the clone CCP-76. For all production variables, significant differences (P <0.05) were found where the clone CCP-76, showed higher biomass average of the fruits, apple fruits and nuts weight than CCP-1001. The clone CCP-76 obtained the best performance under agro ecological conditions., El merey, cultivo de elevada importancia economica y social para algunos paises, se ha venido cultivando en Venezuela y especificamente en el oriente, extendiendose hacia el estado Zulia, por reunir condiciones favorables para su explotacion. Por esta razon se establecieron huertos clonales enanos precoces introducidos desde INIA Anzoategui, El Tigre, para evaluar las caracteristicas fenologicas (vegetativas) y productivas de los clones CCP-76 y CCP-1001 de merey (Anacardium occidentale L.) bajo las condiciones climaticas de la planicie de Maracaibo. Los datos se analizaron como un diseno de medidas repetidas en el factor Tiempo (meses de produccion), donde el factor principal variedades se localizo como plantas al azar en lotes sembrados con ocho plantas/clon. Se realizo un analisis de varianza para cada una de las variables estudiadas. Se utilizo la prueba de Tukey para hacer comparaciones multiples de medias de clones al nivel =0,05. Durante el primer ano de produccion (febrero- agosto) se midieron las variables vegetativas: altura de planta, radio de copa y se calculo la superficie lateral y volumen de copa. Para evaluar las variables productivas: numero de frutos mensuales y anuales por planta, peso de frutos mensuales y anuales de frutos por planta y los componentes de frutos: biomasa promedio de frutos, peso promedio de pseudofrutos y peso promedio de nueces, se .realizo la cosecha de frutos/planta/clon quincenalmente durante el periodo de estudio. Ademas, se llevo un registro de las condiciones climaticas presentes. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los clones en las variables vegetativas, sin embargo, el clon CCP-1001 presento un mejor comportamiento que el clon CCP-76. Para todas las variables productivas, se encontraron diferencias significativas (P<0,05) donde el clon CCP-76, presento mayores valores en comparacion con el clon CCP-1001. Para los componentes de frutos se encontraron diferencias significativas (P<0,05) entre los clones. El

Quelle que soit la zone de culture, l'anacardier (Anacardium occidentale L.) est essentiellement cultivé pour la production de noix de cajou, filière d'une grande importance socio-économique notamment au Brésil. Le jus de cajou est un produit secondaire qui résulte du pressage du pédoncule hypertrophié de la noix appelé pomme de cajou (pseudo-fruit juteux). Le traitement des pommes engendre de grands volumes de déchets solides qui sont soit mis en décharge, soit utilisés pour l'alimentation animale. Dans ce contexte, le travail a pour objectif de proposer et d'évaluer un nouveau procédé permettant d'accroître la valeur ajoutée de ce sous-produit en extrayant les caroténoïdes qu'il contient. Le procédé comporte 3 opérations successives : une extraction par pressage associée à une macération enzymatique, une concentration à froid de l'extrait par microfiltration tangentielle et une purification par diafiltration. La première opération a été optimisée à l'aide de 2 plans d'expériences : un plan de criblage de facteurs de Plackett-Burmam (matrice de Hadamard) pour sélectionner les paramètres opératoires les plus influents suivi d'un plan central composite pour les optimiser. La dose de pectinase utilisée durant la macération et la force appliquée lors du pressage sont les paramètres les plus influents sur le profil caroténoïdique de l'extrait. De fortes doses de pectinase associées à une force de pressage élevée permettent d'obtenir à la fois un extrait plus riche en caroténoïdes et une meilleure densité de flux de perméat en microfiltration. L'utilisation de plusieurs cycles successifs de pressage permet d'augmenter les teneurs en caroténoïdes de l'extrait mais augmente également son pouvoir colmatant en microfiltration. L'étude de la concentration de l'extrait par microfiltration tangentielle a montré qu'il est possible d'atteindre un facteur de réduction volumique (FRV) de 20 en maintenant des densités de flux de perméat supérieures à 100 L.h-1.m-2. Les caroténoïdes

Cashew, fruit crop of high social and economic importance for several countries, it has been cultivated in Venezuela, specifically in the east, extending to the state of Zulia, to collect favorable conditions for its production. For this reason, it was established gardens of early-dwarf cashew clones introduced from INIA Anzoategui, El Tigre, to evaluate the phenological and productive traits of CCP-76 and CPC-1001 of cashew clones (Anacardium occidentale L.) under climatic conditions of the Maracaibo plain. Data were analized as a repeated factor measures design time (months of production), where the factor main varieties was located as plants random lots planted with eight plants/clone. Analysis of variance for each of the studied variables was done, using the Tukey to make multiple comparisons of means of clones to the level = 0.05. In the first year of production (February-August), were taken and studied the vegetative variables: plant height, crown radius and calculated the lateral surface and canopy volume. To evaluate the production variables: monthly and annual number of fruits per plant, weight of fruits per plant per year and the components of fruits: average biomass of fruits, average weight of apple and average weight of then nuts, were harvested of fruits / plant /clone biweekly during the study period. A record of weather conditions during the period studied was done. There were no significant differences between clones in the vegetative variables; however, the clone CCP-1001 presented a better performance than the clone CCP-76. For all production variables, significant differences (P <0.05) were found where the clone CCP-76, showed higher biomass average of the fruits, apple fruits and nuts weight than CCP-1001. The clone CCP-76 obtained the best performance under agro ecological conditions., El merey, cultivo de elevada importancia economica y social para algunos paises, se ha venido cultivando en Venezuela y especificamente en el oriente, extendiendose hacia el estado Zulia, por reunir condiciones favorables para su explotacion. Por esta razon se establecieron huertos clonales enanos precoces introducidos desde INIA Anzoategui, El Tigre, para evaluar las caracteristicas fenologicas (vegetativas) y productivas de los clones CCP-76 y CCP-1001 de merey (Anacardium occidentale L.) bajo las condiciones climaticas de la planicie de Maracaibo. Los datos se analizaron como un diseno de medidas repetidas en el factor Tiempo (meses de produccion), donde el factor principal variedades se localizo como plantas al azar en lotes sembrados con ocho plantas/clon. Se realizo un analisis de varianza para cada una de las variables estudiadas. Se utilizo la prueba de Tukey para hacer comparaciones multiples de medias de clones al nivel =0,05. Durante el primer ano de produccion (febrero- agosto) se midieron las variables vegetativas: altura de planta, radio de copa y se calculo la superficie lateral y volumen de copa. Para evaluar las variables productivas: numero de frutos mensuales y anuales por planta, peso de frutos mensuales y anuales de frutos por planta y los componentes de frutos: biomasa promedio de frutos, peso promedio de pseudofrutos y peso promedio de nueces, se .realizo la cosecha de frutos/planta/clon quincenalmente durante el periodo de estudio. Ademas, se llevo un registro de las condiciones climaticas presentes. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los clones en las variables vegetativas, sin embargo, el clon CCP-1001 presento un mejor comportamiento que el clon CCP-76. Para todas las variables productivas, se encontraron diferencias significativas (P<0,05) donde el clon CCP-76, presento mayores valores en comparacion con el clon CCP-1001. Para los componentes de frutos se encontraron diferencias significativas (P<0,05) entre los clones. El

Cashew, fruit crop of high social and economic importance for several countries, it has been cultivated in Venezuela, specifically in the east, extending to the state of Zulia, to collect favorable conditions for its production. For this reason, it was established gardens of early-dwarf cashew clones introduced from INIA Anzoategui, El Tigre, to evaluate the phenological and productive traits of CCP-76 and CPC-1001 of cashew clones (Anacardium occidentale L.) under climatic conditions of the Maracaibo plain. Data were analized as a repeated factor measures design time (months of production), where the factor main varieties was located as plants random lots planted with eight plants/clone. Analysis of variance for each of the studied variables was done, using the Tukey to make multiple comparisons of means of clones to the level = 0.05. In the first year of production (February-August), were taken and studied the vegetative variables: plant height, crown radius and calculated the lateral surface and canopy volume. To evaluate the production variables: monthly and annual number of fruits per plant, weight of fruits per plant per year and the components of fruits: average biomass of fruits, average weight of apple and average weight of then nuts, were harvested of fruits / plant /clone biweekly during the study period. A record of weather conditions during the period studied was done. There were no significant differences between clones in the vegetative variables; however, the clone CCP-1001 presented a better performance than the clone CCP-76. For all production variables, significant differences (P <0.05) were found where the clone CCP-76, showed higher biomass average of the fruits, apple fruits and nuts weight than CCP-1001. The clone CCP-76 obtained the best performance under agro ecological conditions., El merey, cultivo de elevada importancia economica y social para algunos paises, se ha venido cultivando en Venezuela y especificamente en el oriente, extendiendose hacia el estado Zulia, por reunir condiciones favorables para su explotacion. Por esta razon se establecieron huertos clonales enanos precoces introducidos desde INIA Anzoategui, El Tigre, para evaluar las caracteristicas fenologicas (vegetativas) y productivas de los clones CCP-76 y CCP-1001 de merey (Anacardium occidentale L.) bajo las condiciones climaticas de la planicie de Maracaibo. Los datos se analizaron como un diseno de medidas repetidas en el factor Tiempo (meses de produccion), donde el factor principal variedades se localizo como plantas al azar en lotes sembrados con ocho plantas/clon. Se realizo un analisis de varianza para cada una de las variables estudiadas. Se utilizo la prueba de Tukey para hacer comparaciones multiples de medias de clones al nivel =0,05. Durante el primer ano de produccion (febrero- agosto) se midieron las variables vegetativas: altura de planta, radio de copa y se calculo la superficie lateral y volumen de copa. Para evaluar las variables productivas: numero de frutos mensuales y anuales por planta, peso de frutos mensuales y anuales de frutos por planta y los componentes de frutos: biomasa promedio de frutos, peso promedio de pseudofrutos y peso promedio de nueces, se .realizo la cosecha de frutos/planta/clon quincenalmente durante el periodo de estudio. Ademas, se llevo un registro de las condiciones climaticas presentes. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los clones en las variables vegetativas, sin embargo, el clon CCP-1001 presento un mejor comportamiento que el clon CCP-76. Para todas las variables productivas, se encontraron diferencias significativas (P<0,05) donde el clon CCP-76, presento mayores valores en comparacion con el clon CCP-1001. Para los componentes de frutos se encontraron diferencias significativas (P<0,05) entre los clones. El

Introduction and history of cashew cultivation. The location of Côte d'Ivoire promotes the cultivation of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) in the northern half of the country. Indeed, introduced in 1960 to fight against erosion and halt the advancing desert, this crop has become a perennial source of income for more than 150,000 farmers gathered in twenty cooperatives and allows more than 1.5 M people to earn a living. The Ivorian cashew production increased from 6,000 t·year –1 in 1990 to 330,000 t·year –1 in 2008, with a forecast of 350,000 t·year –1 in 2009. Organization of the cashew sector. However, the sector is facing enormous problems including the disorganization of operators and the non-processing of cashews. The disorganization of the sector's operators does not promote collaborative resolution of issues of common interest. This results in all sorts of speculation by intermediaries. The existing structures do not work synergistically, so that the price of cashew per kg paid to producers varies in the same country, from one region to the other, and even according to the buyers. Strategic and institutional environment. The problems of processing cashew nuts are due on the one hand to the investment code that does not favor the installation of medium-sized processing units (2,500 t·year –1) and, on the other hand, to private banks which require too many guarantees to fund investors. Conclusion. The cashew industry has a future in Côte d'Ivoire provided that the operators are organized, and that the Ivorian state establishes a regulatory and institutional framework to facilitate the installation of investors.

Introduction and history of cashew cultivation. The location of Côte d'Ivoire promotes the cultivation of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) in the northern half of the country. Indeed, introduced in 1960 to fight against erosion and halt the advancing desert, this crop has become a perennial source of income for more than 150,000 farmers gathered in twenty cooperatives and allows more than 1.5 M people to earn a living. The Ivorian cashew production increased from 6,000 t·year –1 in 1990 to 330,000 t·year –1 in 2008, with a forecast of 350,000 t·year –1 in 2009. Organization of the cashew sector. However, the sector is facing enormous problems including the disorganization of operators and the non-processing of cashews. The disorganization of the sector's operators does not promote collaborative resolution of issues of common interest. This results in all sorts of speculation by intermediaries. The existing structures do not work synergistically, so that the price of cashew per kg paid to producers varies in the same country, from one region to the other, and even according to the buyers. Strategic and institutional environment. The problems of processing cashew nuts are due on the one hand to the investment code that does not favor the installation of medium-sized processing units (2,500 t·year –1) and, on the other hand, to private banks which require too many guarantees to fund investors. Conclusion. The cashew industry has a future in Côte d'Ivoire provided that the operators are organized, and that the Ivorian state establishes a regulatory and institutional framework to facilitate the installation of investors.

Anacardium occidentale (A. occidentale), also known as Gajus among Malaysian, is a member of the Anacardiaceae plant family which is widespread in Malaysia. In this study, the effects of A. occidentale leaves aqueous extract (AOE) as antioxidative and anti-inflammatory agent on endothelial dysfunction in the early stage of atherogenesis development was investigated using human vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and isolated human low density lipoprotein particles (LDL) as models. The inhibitory concerntration (IC50) of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and effective concerntration (EC50) of AOE in preventing H2O2-induced cell injury were assessed using the MTT assay in order to evaluate cell viability. It was observed that 250 µM of H2O2 reduced cell viability by 50% (IC50). Cytotoxic assessment of AOE was performed by exposing the HUVECs to AOE at concerntration ranging from 50 to 700 µg/mL for 24 hr with complete medium. Anacardium occidentale extract was found to be non-toxic to the cells as no IC50 was obtained. The cells were pretreated with AOE at different concerntrations within the range of 50-700µg/mL for 30 mins followed by 24-hours incubation with H2O2 (250 µM). The EC50 of AOE that protected against H2O2-induced cell injury was found to be 180µg/mL. The antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of AOE on H2O2-induced cell injury were further carried out by seeding HUVECs in 6-well plates and divided them into three groups; positive control, negative control, and treated groups. In the positive control (PC) group, HUVECs were exposed to either 250 µM H2O2 or 10ng/mL TNF-α alone, whereas in the treated groups HUVECs were treated with various concentrations of AOE (100, 180, 250 and 300 µg/mL) for 30 minutes prior to expose to H2O2 (250 µM) or TNF-α (10ng/mL). In the negative control (NC) groups, HUVECs were incubated with culture medium only. The cells were incubated for 24 hours at 37° C with 5% CO2 supply for analysis of NO, NF-кB, VCAM-1, MMP-9, MCP-1 and M-CSF.

An experiment was carried out in na orchard at ̈Fazenda Experimantal Rafael Fernandes ̈, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido - UFERSA, for testing the efficiency of three protection types for lateral grafiting in cashewtree crown substitution. The plants utilized por crown substitution were selected in the orchard among grown- from-seed plants then then thinned at 70cm above ground level, in may 2008, in order to provide stocks. The experimental desing was of randomized complete blocks type with three treatments (protection types: sole polyethylene bag, polyethylene bag + kraft paper bag, and polyethylene bag + aluminum foil bag) and seven replications. All grafted trees protected with polyethylene bag + aluminum foil bag had their crows recoverede. Only 57,14% of the trees protected with polyethylene bag + kraft paper bag were recovered. Nome were recovered with sole polyethylene bag protection., Conduziu-se um ensaio na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi- Árido - UFERSA, com o objetivo de testar a eficiência de três tipos de proteção para o ramo-enxerto e região enxertada na substituição de copa por garfagem lateral no cajueiro comum. As plantas utilizadas foram provenientes de um pomar de pé-franco, sendo podadas a uma altura de 70 cm do solo, no mês de maio de 2008, para fornecer brotações porta- enxertos. Os garfos utilizados como enxertos foram coletados do clone CCP-076, proveniente de um pomar com aproximadamente sete anos de idade, pertencente à mesma fazenda. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três tratamentos (tipos de proteção: saco de polietileno; saco de polietileno + saco de papel madeira e saco de polietileno + saco de papel alumínio) e sete repetições. Verificou-se se que o tipo de proteção mais eficiente foi aquele constituído por saco de polietileno + saco de papel alumínio, obtendo-se 100% de plantas recuperadas. Com a proteção saco de polietileno + papel madeira, 57,14% das plantas enxertadas foram recuperadas. Nenhuma planta enxertada foi recuperada com a proteção constituída por saco de polietileno apenas., Se realizó un ensayo en la Finca Experimental Rafael Fernandes, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi- Arido - UFERSA, con el objetivo de probar la eficacia de tres tipos de protección de la rama-injerto y del injerto en la región de la corona de sustitución por injerto en el marañón. Las plantas utilizadas fueron de un huerto de pie franco, y podado hasta una altura de 70 cm de suelo, en mayo de 2008 a fin de porta-injertos en ciernes. Las horquillas utilizados como injertos fueron recogidos de clon CCP-076, de un huerto con cerca de siete años de edad, pertenecientes a la misma finca. Se utilizó el diseño experimental de bloques al azar con tres tratamientos (tipos de bolsa de polietileno de protección, bolsa de polietileno + bolsa de papel madera y una bolsa de polietileno + bolsa de papel de aluminio) y se replica siete. Se encontró que el tipo más eficaz de protección que estaba compuesto de la bolsa de polietileno + bolsa de papel de aluminio, resultando en 100% de las plantas recuperadas. Con madera de la bolsa de polietileno de protección de papel +, 57,14% de las plantas injertadas fueron recuperados. Ninguna planta injertada se recuperó con la protección que consiste en bolsas de polietileno solamente.

An experiment was carried out in na orchard at ̈Fazenda Experimantal Rafael Fernandes ̈, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido - UFERSA, for testing the efficiency of three protection types for lateral grafiting in cashewtree crown substitution. The plants utilized por crown substitution were selected in the orchard among grown- from-seed plants then then thinned at 70cm above ground level, in may 2008, in order to provide stocks. The experimental desing was of randomized complete blocks type with three treatments (protection types: sole polyethylene bag, polyethylene bag + kraft paper bag, and polyethylene bag + aluminum foil bag) and seven replications. All grafted trees protected with polyethylene bag + aluminum foil bag had their crows recoverede. Only 57,14% of the trees protected with polyethylene bag + kraft paper bag were recovered. Nome were recovered with sole polyethylene bag protection., Conduziu-se um ensaio na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi- Árido - UFERSA, com o objetivo de testar a eficiência de três tipos de proteção para o ramo-enxerto e região enxertada na substituição de copa por garfagem lateral no cajueiro comum. As plantas utilizadas foram provenientes de um pomar de pé-franco, sendo podadas a uma altura de 70 cm do solo, no mês de maio de 2008, para fornecer brotações porta- enxertos. Os garfos utilizados como enxertos foram coletados do clone CCP-076, proveniente de um pomar com aproximadamente sete anos de idade, pertencente à mesma fazenda. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três tratamentos (tipos de proteção: saco de polietileno; saco de polietileno + saco de papel madeira e saco de polietileno + saco de papel alumínio) e sete repetições. Verificou-se se que o tipo de proteção mais eficiente foi aquele constituído por saco de polietileno + saco de papel alumínio, obtendo-se 100% de plantas recuperadas. Com a proteção saco de polietileno + papel madeira, 57,14% das plantas enxertadas foram recuperadas. Nenhuma planta enxertada foi recuperada com a proteção constituída por saco de polietileno apenas., Se realizó un ensayo en la Finca Experimental Rafael Fernandes, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi- Arido - UFERSA, con el objetivo de probar la eficacia de tres tipos de protección de la rama-injerto y del injerto en la región de la corona de sustitución por injerto en el marañón. Las plantas utilizadas fueron de un huerto de pie franco, y podado hasta una altura de 70 cm de suelo, en mayo de 2008 a fin de porta-injertos en ciernes. Las horquillas utilizados como injertos fueron recogidos de clon CCP-076, de un huerto con cerca de siete años de edad, pertenecientes a la misma finca. Se utilizó el diseño experimental de bloques al azar con tres tratamientos (tipos de bolsa de polietileno de protección, bolsa de polietileno + bolsa de papel madera y una bolsa de polietileno + bolsa de papel de aluminio) y se replica siete. Se encontró que el tipo más eficaz de protección que estaba compuesto de la bolsa de polietileno + bolsa de papel de aluminio, resultando en 100% de las plantas recuperadas. Con madera de la bolsa de polietileno de protección de papel +, 57,14% de las plantas injertadas fueron recuperados. Ninguna planta injertada se recuperó con la protección que consiste en bolsas de polietileno solamente.

Production of staminate(S) and hermaphrodite (H) flowers was studied in the north, east, south and west sides of the cashew tree canopy from December 2003 to May 2005 at S.G. College of Agriculture and Research Station, IGKVV, Jagdalpur (C.G.). Flower production was recorded daily on selected plants throughout the main flowering season and, subsequently, yield of each plant was recorded. Results showed differences in number of flower types on different sides of the tree. However, there was consistently greater number of staminate flowers than hermaphrodite flowers during both early and late flowering . Significant variability between genotypes and sides was recorded for sex ratio (S/H). Hybrid-255 showed highest sex ratio for north, south and west sides and Vridhachalam-2 for the east side. Differences in fruit-set and nut-yield were also found between sides. Hybrid 30/1 had highest per cent fruit-set. Highest number of fruits carried to maturity was recorded in Hybrid-30/1. Distribution of yield over the tree-canopy showed that south side had significantly high nut yield, followed by west side.

Production of staminate(S) and hermaphrodite (H) flowers was studied in the north, east, south and west sides of the cashew tree canopy from December 2003 to May 2005 at S.G. College of Agriculture and Research Station, IGKVV, Jagdalpur (C.G.). Flower production was recorded daily on selected plants throughout the main flowering season and, subsequently, yield of each plant was recorded. Results showed differences in number of flower types on different sides of the tree. However, there was consistently greater number of staminate flowers than hermaphrodite flowers during both early and late flowering . Significant variability between genotypes and sides was recorded for sex ratio (S/H). Hybrid-255 showed highest sex ratio for north, south and west sides and Vridhachalam-2 for the east side. Differences in fruit-set and nut-yield were also found between sides. Hybrid 30/1 had highest per cent fruit-set. Highest number of fruits carried to maturity was recorded in Hybrid-30/1. Distribution of yield over the tree-canopy showed that south side had significantly high nut yield, followed by west side.

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a fruit species with a high potential due to the nut´s international market demand. This market has an annual value close to US$500 millions from countries where there is a high consumption per capita. Cashew production is concentrated on the Third World countries, where its production has a highly economical and social impact. This fruit species has a notable adaptation to the soil and climate conditions found on the Venezuelan Eastern savannas. However, there are some limitations for its development: a lot of low yield areas; high genetic variation regarding to size and weight of fruits and apples due to the sexual propagation of the plants in the orchards; deficient growers organization; inadequate cultural practices; harvest difficulties; reduced use of the apple for either consumption or transformation; and competence for workers with other economical activities in the region. Nowadays, a great deal of technical advances have been made on the selection and plant breeding of cashew trees, the use of appropriate techniques of pruning, fertilization, irrigation and vegetative propagation, which allow an efficient resources use, maximizing crop productivity. On the other hand, the right both postharvest and processing management has allowed generating many possibilities to the growers and rural communities growing cashew for the local market, through the generation of new elaborated products and subproducts, besides the promotion of new jobs., El merey (Anacardium occidentale L.), constituye un frutal de elevado potencial debido a la demanda de la almendra en los mercados internacionales, la cual garantiza un movimiento anual por el orden de los U.S.$500 millones, provenientes de países de elevado consumo per capita. Su producción se concentra en los países del tercer mundo, donde reviste una gran importancia económica y social. En Venezuela, esta especie frutal ha demostrado una amplia adaptación a las condiciones edafoclimáticas de la sabanas orientales. Sin embargo, existen algunas limitaciones para su desarrollo como son: la considerable superficie improductiva existente; la variabilidad genética en tamaño y peso de frutos y pseudofrutos, debido a que las plantas fueron establecidas por semillas; deficiente organización de los productores; labores culturales poco adecuadas; dificultades en la cosecha; bajo aprovechamiento integral del fruto y competencia de mano de obra con otras actividades de la región. En la actualidad se han realizado grandes avances en la selección y mejoramiento genético de esta especie, el uso de técnicas apropiadas de poda, fertilización, riego y propagación asexual, los cuales permiten un uso eficiente de los recursos, maximizando la productividad del cultivo. El adecuado manejo postcosecha y de procesamiento, por otra parte, han permitido generar un abanico de posibilidades a los pequeños productores y/o comunidades rurales en el mercado local, a través de la generación de nuevos productos y subproductos elaborados, además de promover la generación de empleo.

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a fruit species with a high potential due to the nut´s international market demand. This market has an annual value close to US$500 millions from countries where there is a high consumption per capita. Cashew production is concentrated on the Third World countries, where its production has a highly economical and social impact. This fruit species has a notable adaptation to the soil and climate conditions found on the Venezuelan Eastern savannas. However, there are some limitations for its development: a lot of low yield areas; high genetic variation regarding to size and weight of fruits and apples due to the sexual propagation of the plants in the orchards; deficient growers organization; inadequate cultural practices; harvest difficulties; reduced use of the apple for either consumption or transformation; and competence for workers with other economical activities in the region. Nowadays, a great deal of technical advances have been made on the selection and plant breeding of cashew trees, the use of appropriate techniques of pruning, fertilization, irrigation and vegetative propagation, which allow an efficient resources use, maximizing crop productivity. On the other hand, the right both postharvest and processing management has allowed generating many possibilities to the growers and rural communities growing cashew for the local market, through the generation of new elaborated products and subproducts, besides the promotion of new jobs., El merey (Anacardium occidentale L.), constituye un frutal de elevado potencial debido a la demanda de la almendra en los mercados internacionales, la cual garantiza un movimiento anual por el orden de los U.S.$500 millones, provenientes de países de elevado consumo per capita. Su producción se concentra en los países del tercer mundo, donde reviste una gran importancia económica y social. En Venezuela, esta especie frutal ha demostrado una amplia adaptación a las condiciones edafoclimáticas de la sabanas orientales. Sin embargo, existen algunas limitaciones para su desarrollo como son: la considerable superficie improductiva existente; la variabilidad genética en tamaño y peso de frutos y pseudofrutos, debido a que las plantas fueron establecidas por semillas; deficiente organización de los productores; labores culturales poco adecuadas; dificultades en la cosecha; bajo aprovechamiento integral del fruto y competencia de mano de obra con otras actividades de la región. En la actualidad se han realizado grandes avances en la selección y mejoramiento genético de esta especie, el uso de técnicas apropiadas de poda, fertilización, riego y propagación asexual, los cuales permiten un uso eficiente de los recursos, maximizando la productividad del cultivo. El adecuado manejo postcosecha y de procesamiento, por otra parte, han permitido generar un abanico de posibilidades a los pequeños productores y/o comunidades rurales en el mercado local, a través de la generación de nuevos productos y subproductos elaborados, además de promover la generación de empleo.

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a fruit species with a high potential due to the nut´s international market demand. This market has an annual value close to US$500 millions from countries where there is a high consumption per capita. Cashew production is concentrated on the Third World countries, where its production has a highly economical and social impact. This fruit species has a notable adaptation to the soil and climate conditions found on the Venezuelan Eastern savannas. However, there are some limitations for its development: a lot of low yield areas; high genetic variation regarding to size and weight of fruits and apples due to the sexual propagation of the plants in the orchards; deficient growers organization; inadequate cultural practices; harvest difficulties; reduced use of the apple for either consumption or transformation; and competence for workers with other economical activities in the region. Nowadays, a great deal of technical advances have been made on the selection and plant breeding of cashew trees, the use of appropriate techniques of pruning, fertilization, irrigation and vegetative propagation, which allow an efficient resources use, maximizing crop productivity. On the other hand, the right both postharvest and processing management has allowed generating many possibilities to the growers and rural communities growing cashew for the local market, through the generation of new elaborated products and subproducts, besides the promotion of new jobs., El merey (Anacardium occidentale L.), constituye un frutal de elevado potencial debido a la demanda de la almendra en los mercados internacionales, la cual garantiza un movimiento anual por el orden de los U.S.$500 millones, provenientes de países de elevado consumo per capita. Su producción se concentra en los países del tercer mundo, donde reviste una gran importancia económica y social. En Venezuela, esta especie frutal ha demostrado una amplia adaptación a las condiciones edafoclimáticas de la sabanas orientales. Sin embargo, existen algunas limitaciones para su desarrollo como son: la considerable superficie improductiva existente; la variabilidad genética en tamaño y peso de frutos y pseudofrutos, debido a que las plantas fueron establecidas por semillas; deficiente organización de los productores; labores culturales poco adecuadas; dificultades en la cosecha; bajo aprovechamiento integral del fruto y competencia de mano de obra con otras actividades de la región. En la actualidad se han realizado grandes avances en la selección y mejoramiento genético de esta especie, el uso de técnicas apropiadas de poda, fertilización, riego y propagación asexual, los cuales permiten un uso eficiente de los recursos, maximizando la productividad del cultivo. El adecuado manejo postcosecha y de procesamiento, por otra parte, han permitido generar un abanico de posibilidades a los pequeños productores y/o comunidades rurales en el mercado local, a través de la generación de nuevos productos y subproductos elaborados, además de promover la generación de empleo.

The experimental research including eight harvests that supplied the parameters for this study was performed at the Caucaia County, coast of the state of Ceará, located at 3 o 41' of latitude S and 35 o 43' of longitude W. This work provided the subsidies that allowed the researchers to evaluate the production ecology of three new clones of precocious dwarf cashew tree: FAGA 1, FAGA 3, and FAGA 4, which present ideal nuts and peduncles - bigs and heavies, for commercial purpose. The observations were taken on 05 plants from each clone planted in a clonal germoplasm area propagated by air layering, spaced 7 m x 4 m, and subjected to localized irrigation. The nut and peduncle yields, nut number, and nut and peduncle average weights were registered monthly and annually. All observed variables were analyzed according to an experimental design in which the genotypes were considered as plots and the years or yields as subplots. The variance analysis indicates that the nut and peduncle productivity of the clone FAGA 1 was significantly larger than that of the other two clones, moreover, it did not differ significantly amongst themselves. On the other hand, the nut average weights of the studied material differed significantly amongst themselves, being the clone FAGA 3 significantly superior to FAGA 4 and FAGA4 significantly superior to FAGA 1. As for the peduncle average weight, the statistical analysis revealed that the clone FAGA 3 was significantly superior to clones FAGA 4 and FAGA 1. The clones FAGA 4 and FAGA 1 did not differ significantly amongst themselves., O ensaio experimental abrangendo oito safras, e que forneceu os parâmetros para este trabalho, foi instalado no município de Caucaia, litoral do estado do Ceará, estando situado a 3o 41’ de latitude S e 35o 43’ de longitude W. Esse ensaio proporcionou a obtenção de subsídios que permitiram avaliar a ecologia da produção de três novos clones de cajueiro anão precoce: FAGA 1, FAGA 3 e FAGA 4, que apresentam características desejáveis quanto ao tamanho e peso das castanhas e pedúnculos. As observações foram realizadas em 05 plantas de cada clone, contidas em um jardim clonal propagado por alporquia, em um espaçamento 7 m x 4 m e irrigadas por sistema localizado. Foram estudados os parâmetros evolutivos, mensal e anualmente, do número da produtividade e peso médio de castanhas e pedúnculos. Todas as variáveis observadas foram analisadas conforme um delineamento estatístico em que os genótipos foram considerados como parcelas e os anos ou safras como subparcelas. A análise dos resultados obtidos com os parâmetros de ecologia da produção indica que a produtividade de castanha e pedúnculo do clone FAGA 1 foi significativamente maior que a dos clones FAGA 3 e FAGA 4, que não diferiram significativamente entre si. Já os pesos médios das castanhas de todos os clones diferiram significativamente entre si, sendo o FAGA 3 significativamente superior ao FAGA 4 e este significativamente superior ao FAGA 1. Quanto ao peso médio dos pedúnculos, a análise estatística revelou que o clone FAGA 3 foi significativamente superior aos clones FAGA 4 e FAGA 1, e, estes não diferindo significativamente entre si.

The experimental research including eight harvests that supplied the parameters for this study was performed at the Caucaia County, coast of the state of Ceará, located at 3 o 41' of latitude S and 35 o 43' of longitude W. This work provided the subsidies that allowed the researchers to evaluate the production ecology of three new clones of precocious dwarf cashew tree: FAGA 1, FAGA 3, and FAGA 4, which present ideal nuts and peduncles - bigs and heavies, for commercial purpose. The observations were taken on 05 plants from each clone planted in a clonal germoplasm area propagated by air layering, spaced 7 m x 4 m, and subjected to localized irrigation. The nut and peduncle yields, nut number, and nut and peduncle average weights were registered monthly and annually. All observed variables were analyzed according to an experimental design in which the genotypes were considered as plots and the years or yields as subplots. The variance analysis indicates that the nut and peduncle productivity of the clone FAGA 1 was significantly larger than that of the other two clones, moreover, it did not differ significantly amongst themselves. On the other hand, the nut average weights of the studied material differed significantly amongst themselves, being the clone FAGA 3 significantly superior to FAGA 4 and FAGA4 significantly superior to FAGA 1. As for the peduncle average weight, the statistical analysis revealed that the clone FAGA 3 was significantly superior to clones FAGA 4 and FAGA 1. The clones FAGA 4 and FAGA 1 did not differ significantly amongst themselves., O ensaio experimental abrangendo oito safras, e que forneceu os parâmetros para este trabalho, foi instalado no município de Caucaia, litoral do estado do Ceará, estando situado a 3o 41’ de latitude S e 35o 43’ de longitude W. Esse ensaio proporcionou a obtenção de subsídios que permitiram avaliar a ecologia da produção de três novos clones de cajueiro anão precoce: FAGA 1, FAGA 3 e FAGA 4, que apresentam características desejáveis quanto ao tamanho e peso das castanhas e pedúnculos. As observações foram realizadas em 05 plantas de cada clone, contidas em um jardim clonal propagado por alporquia, em um espaçamento 7 m x 4 m e irrigadas por sistema localizado. Foram estudados os parâmetros evolutivos, mensal e anualmente, do número da produtividade e peso médio de castanhas e pedúnculos. Todas as variáveis observadas foram analisadas conforme um delineamento estatístico em que os genótipos foram considerados como parcelas e os anos ou safras como subparcelas. A análise dos resultados obtidos com os parâmetros de ecologia da produção indica que a produtividade de castanha e pedúnculo do clone FAGA 1 foi significativamente maior que a dos clones FAGA 3 e FAGA 4, que não diferiram significativamente entre si. Já os pesos médios das castanhas de todos os clones diferiram significativamente entre si, sendo o FAGA 3 significativamente superior ao FAGA 4 e este significativamente superior ao FAGA 1. Quanto ao peso médio dos pedúnculos, a análise estatística revelou que o clone FAGA 3 foi significativamente superior aos clones FAGA 4 e FAGA 1, e, estes não diferindo significativamente entre si.

[SPA] Los estudios relativos al manejo postcosecha de frutos de hortalizas y frutales son escasos en la región oriental de Venezuela, donde el producto cosechado se vende mayormente fresco, dado el desconocimiento que se tiene de técnicas apropiadas de conservación, que permitan darle valor agregado al producto fresco. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la características físico-químicas, en forma fresca y deshidratada, de pseudofrutos de merey (Anacardium occidentale L), especie frutal de gran importancia económica y social al oriente del país, y frutos de ají dulce (Capsicum chinense), de amplio uso en platos tradicionales venezolanos, que por su fragancia y sabor típico lo hacen de mayor demanda que el pimentón en la preparación casera de guisos, salsas y sopas en esta región. Los pseudofrutos de merey se cortaron en láminas de 3 mm de grosor y los frutos de ají se cortaron a la mitad, para ser posteriormente deshidratados en estufa a 65°C y 60°C respectivamente por 24 horas. Los resultados demostraron que en los cuatro muestreos efectuados, para ambos subproductos hortofrutícolas, las pérdidas de peso estuvieron por encima del 87 % de su peso inicial, con un rendimiento en peso sobre el 10%. Los contenidos de sólidos solubles incrementaron en promedio siete veces con respecto a su valor inicial, mientras que el pH no mostró ninguna diferencia significativa, manteniéndose alrededor de 4,6-4,8. La acidez expresada en ácido cítrico fue de 0,49/100g para los deshidratados de ají dulce y de 0,85/100g para aquellos de merey. La vitamina C, expresada como acido ascórbico, se redujo considerablemente, permaneciendo, sin embargo, en valores adecuados para ambos productos (104mg/100g para el deshidratado de ají dulce y 126mg/100g para los de merey). Todo esto es indicativo de la posibilidad de diversificar el producto final de estas especies, manteniendo la calidad de los mismos, luego de procesados. [ENG] Studies regarding postharvest management of vegetables

Aspergillus niger ATCCC 11414 in a media with Anacardium occidentale gum showed the morphological characteristics (macro- and microscopic) that led its identification. It was studied many growth conditions in comparison with Czapeck Dox Agar. The best growth of the fungus, observed at given conditions (pH 4.5; 6.2 , presence of magnesium ions), was chosen to study the interaction fungus-gum which was demonstrated by the enzymatical activity. The production of -D-galactosidase, supports by the presence of -D-Galp-(16)- Galp in the branches of A. occidentale gum structure, may suggest that galactose is used as carbon source by the fungus. The results showed that the media with A. occidentale gum is a good one for A.niger growth and may be useful for biotechnology application., Aspergillus niger ATCC 11414 en un medio de cultivo con base en la goma de Anacardium occidentale mostró las características morfológicas (macro-y microscópicas) que permiten su identificación.Se estudiaron varias condiciones de crecimiento en comparación con el medio de referencia Czapeck Dox Agar. El mejor crecimiento del hongo, observado en pH 4,5 y 6,2 y en presencia deiones magnesio, se seleccionó para estudiar la interacción hongo-sustrato, la cual se demostró por la actividad enzimática. La producción de a-D- galactosidasa, está de acuerdo con la presencia de a-D Galp-(1→6)- Galp en las ramificaciones de la estructura de la goma de A. occidentale y sugiere que la galactosa es usada por el hongo como fuente de carbono. Los resultados muestran que el medio con base en la goma de A. occidentale es adecuado para el crecimiento de A .niger y podría ser útil en aplicación biotecnológica.

Historique. L'anacardier (Anacardium occidentale), originaire du nord-est du Brésil, a été introduit au Mozambique à la fin du XVIè siècle. Ce pays a longtemps été le premier producteur mondial avec 216 000 t de noix commercialisées en 1971-1972. Par la suite, certaines mesures politiques et la concurrence d'autres pays producteurs lui ont fait perdre sa place. Face à cette situation, des actions d'appui à la filière anacarde ont été entreprises à partir des années quatre-vingt. Relance de l'anacarde au Mozambique. Au Mozambique, l'anacardier se rencontre tout le long de la côte, mais il est surtout localisé dans les provinces du Nord. Le contexte de la libéralisation et de la privatisation de la filière engagées ces dernières années est décrit, ainsi que les conséquences engendrées par ces actions. Les différents projets d'appui à la filière ont surtout concerné la production et la diffusion de plants. Le plus récent, le "Projet de relance du cajou" (PRC) a été élaboré en 1999. Il a visé l'amélioration de la productivité de l'anacarde et la production de noix de qualité au travers de systèmes d'exploitation aptes à conserver la fertilité des sols. Dans ce contexte, les recherches d'accompagnement se sont focalisées sur la lutte contre les maladies et parasites de l'anacarde et la sélection de matériel végétal performant. Lutte contre les maladies de l'anacardier. Les résultats obtenus pour le contrôle de l'oïdium avec des fongicides organiques et la possibilité d'une alternance de produits (soufre / triazole) sont présentés. De même, l'utilisation de fongicides organiques pour le contrôle de l'anthracnose est abordée. Contrôle des ravageurs. Ce point nécessite la formation en cours d'un entomologiste et la mise en place d'un système d'avertissement qui devrait permettre à terme de disposer d'un outil multirégional d'alerte et d'aide à la décision. Sélection et amélioration. L'obtention de nouvelles variétés a été abordée par un essai de comportement clonal, la séle

Historique. L'anacardier (Anacardium occidentale), originaire du nord-est du Brésil, a été introduit au Mozambique à la fin du XVIè siècle. Ce pays a longtemps été le premier producteur mondial avec 216 000 t de noix commercialisées en 1971-1972. Par la suite, certaines mesures politiques et la concurrence d'autres pays producteurs lui ont fait perdre sa place. Face à cette situation, des actions d'appui à la filière anacarde ont été entreprises à partir des années quatre-vingt. Relance de l'anacarde au Mozambique. Au Mozambique, l'anacardier se rencontre tout le long de la côte, mais il est surtout localisé dans les provinces du Nord. Le contexte de la libéralisation et de la privatisation de la filière engagées ces dernières années est décrit, ainsi que les conséquences engendrées par ces actions. Les différents projets d'appui à la filière ont surtout concerné la production et la diffusion de plants. Le plus récent, le "Projet de relance du cajou" (PRC) a été élaboré en 1999. Il a visé l'amélioration de la productivité de l'anacarde et la production de noix de qualité au travers de systèmes d'exploitation aptes à conserver la fertilité des sols. Dans ce contexte, les recherches d'accompagnement se sont focalisées sur la lutte contre les maladies et parasites de l'anacarde et la sélection de matériel végétal performant. Lutte contre les maladies de l'anacardier. Les résultats obtenus pour le contrôle de l'oïdium avec des fongicides organiques et la possibilité d'une alternance de produits (soufre / triazole) sont présentés. De même, l'utilisation de fongicides organiques pour le contrôle de l'anthracnose est abordée. Contrôle des ravageurs. Ce point nécessite la formation en cours d'un entomologiste et la mise en place d'un système d'avertissement qui devrait permettre à terme de disposer d'un outil multirégional d'alerte et d'aide à la décision. Sélection et amélioration. L'obtention de nouvelles variétés a été abordée par un essai de comportement clonal, la séle

Introduction. La pomme de cajou, souvent considérée comme un sous-produit de l'industrie de la noix de cajou, reste très peu valorisée. Parmi les diverses options technologiques possibles pour la clarification des jus de fruits pulpeux, la microfiltration tangentielle sur membrane minérale est un procédé particulièrement prometteur. L'objectif de notre travail a donc été d'évaluer l'intérêt de ce procédé pour la production de jus de pomme de cajou clarifié. Matériel et méthodes. Des essais de filtration ont été réalisés à 30°C sur une installation pilote de laboratoire munie de diverses membranes tubulaires en alumine. Quatre membranes ont été testées, différenciées par le diamètre moyen de leurs pores [(0,1; 0,2; 0,8 et 1,4) [mu]m]. Les performances (densité de flux de perméat) et la composition du jus clarifié obtenu (tannins condensés, acidité titrable, acide ascorbique, pH, turbidité, couleur et extrait sec soluble) ont été comparées pour chacune de ces membranes. L'utilisation d'un prétraitement enzymatique de liquéfaction couplé à la microfiltration a également été abordée. Résultats et discussion. Les densités de flux de perméat obtenues ont été comprises entre (36 et 79) L.h-1.m-2. Dans les conditions testées, les membranes de diamètre de pores de (0,1 et 0,2) [mu]m ont conduit aux meilleurs résultats. Le couplage de la microfiltration avec un prétraitement enzymatique de liquéfaction a amélioré les performances de la filtration de (30 à 60%). Toutes les membranes ont permis d'obtenir un jus parfaitement limpide dont la teneur en acide ascorbique a été très voisine de celle du jus frais. En revanche, les composés phénoliques présents en grande quantité dans le jus de pomme de cajou brut ont été presque totalement éliminés au cours de l'opération permettant ainsi de diminuer considérablement l'astringeance du jus. Conclusion. Nos travaux ont vérifié le potentiel du procédé de microfiltration tangentielle sur la production de jus clarifié de pomme de cajou. Né