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DNA methylation [5-methylcytosine (5mC)] is a repressive gene-regulatory mark required for vertebrate embryogenesis. Genomic 5mC is tightly regulated through the action of DNA methyltransferases, which deposit 5mC, and ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes, which participate in its active removal through the formation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). TET enzymes are essential for mammalian gastrulation and activation of vertebrate developmental enhancers; however, to date, a clear picture of 5hmC function, abundance, and genomic distribution in nonvertebrate lineages is lacking. By using base-resolution 5mC and 5hmC quantification during sea urchin and lancelet embryogenesis, we shed light on the roles of nonvertebrate 5hmC and TET enzymes. We find that these invertebrate deuterostomes use TET enzymes for targeted demethylation of regulatory regions associated with developmental genes and show that the complement of identified 5hmC-regulated genes is conserved to vertebrates. This work demonstrates that active 5mC removal from regulatory regions is a common feature of deuterostome embryogenesis suggestive of an unexpected deep conservation of a major gene-regulatory module.

Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) and transcription factors (TFs) associated with them determine temporal and spatial domains of gene expression. Therefore, identification of these CREs and TFs is crucial to elucidating transcriptional programs across taxa. With chromatin accessibility facilitating transcription factor access to DNA, the identification of regions of open chromatin sheds light both on the function of the regulatory elements and their evolution, thus allowing the recognition of potential CREs. Buenrostro and colleagues have developed a novel method for exploring chromatin accessibility: assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq), which can be used for the purpose of identifying putative CREs. This method was shown to have considerable advantages when compared to traditional methods such as sequence conservation analyses or functional assays. Here we present the adaptation of the ATAC-seq method to echinoderm species and discuss how it can be used for CRE discovery.

Монография посвящена исследованию повышения информативности учетной системы предприятия, включающей следующие основные направления: отчетность по учету затрат на производство для дальнейшего анализа и принятия управленческих решений, в том числе по гособоронзаказу; совершенствование учета основных средств; учетно-аналитическое обеспечение управления поисковыми активами. В монографии приведены как теоретические, так и методические основы учета затрат на производство и системы калькулирования, включая особенности гособонзаказа. В монографии исследуются основные теоретические аспекты в системе учета основных средств и оценке поисковых активов, авторами определены и развиты методические основы совершенствования процесса инвентаризации основных средств на промышленном предприятии и расчета коэффициента износа основных средств по качественному состоянию, а также уделено внимание особенностям признания, учета и оценки поисковых активов. Монография может быть полезна студентам, аспирантам, экономистам, руководителям предприятий и практическим работниками в области управленческого учета., The monograph is devoted to the study of increasing the information content of the enterprise accounting system, which includes the following main areas: reporting on the accounting of production costs for further analysis and management decisions, including on state defense orders; improvement of fixed assets accounting; search and asset management accounting. The monograph gives theoretical and methodological foundations of cost accounting for production and calculation systems, including features of state defense orders. The monograph studies the main theoretical aspects in the system of accounting for fixed assets and the assessment of search assets. The authors define and develop methodological foundations for improving the inventory process of fixed assets at an industrial enterprise and calculating the depreciation rate of fixed assets for quality condition. We pay attention to the features of recognition, accounting and assessment of search assets. The monograph may be useful to students, graduate students, economists, business leaders and practitioners in the field of management accounting.

In the study, formalized the main stages of the process of conducting a competitive rental analysis and assessment of competitiveness of the enterprise, and establishing relationships between them during the preparation of the information base for the formulation and im­plementation of competitive strategy of the company. The authors have shown that the methodological basis of formation of competitive strategy is to assess the competitiveness of a business entity., В ходе исследования формализованы основные этапы процесса проведения конкурентного анализа и оценки конкурентоспособности предприятия, а также установление взаимосвязей между ними в ходе подготовки информационной базы для выработки и реализации конкурентной стратегии компании. Авторами показано, что методологической основой формирования конкурентной стратегии является оценка конкурентоспособности хозяйствующего субъекта.

The present research assesses the competitive status of PJSC “Gazprom” following the results of the first half of 2015. The authors have shown that a lack of relevance, and the imperfection of applied methods of ranking make it impossible use the existing ratings to assess the current competitiveness of economic entities. Therefore, a conclusion is made that the assessment of the impact of recession trends in the economy on the performance of major domestic companies may be made only by applying specific estimation methods of competitiveness of enterprises. The main methods for assessing the competitiveness of enterprises are analyzed; their strengths and weaknesses are identified. The authors have proved that for rapid assessment of the competitive status of many business entities the dynamic evaluation method of enterprise competitiveness proves most appropriated. Improvements are proposed to the mathematical models of the dynamic approach to the assessment of the competitiveness of enterprises, the mathematical apparatus and algorithm analysis; the theoretical and methodological principles underlying the dynamic approach are described. The methodological and methodical advantages of the dynamic approach are compared to traditional methods of assessing the competitiveness of enterprises. Practical aspects of the assessment and analysis of corporate competitiveness on the basis of a dynamic method are discussed. Calculations for assessing the competitiveness of PJSC “Gazprom” following the results of the first half of 2015 revealed the competitive edge and weaknesses of the company. The analysis of competitiveness is done for the industry. It is shown that unlike traditional ratings, which are usually based on a single indicator (as a rule the revenue or capitalization of the entity) taken over one accounting period, the ranking of companies with the use of the dynamic approach is a more accurate tool for assessing their competitiveness. In conclusion, the authors, В настоящем исследовании проводится оценка конкурентного статуса ПАО «Газпром» по итогам первой половины 2015 г. Авторами показано, что несовершенство применяемой методики ранжирования не позволяет использовать существующие рейтинги в целях оценки текущей конкурентоспособности хозяйствующих субъектов. В силу указанного делается вывод о том, что оценка влияния рецессионных явлений в экономике на показатели крупнейших отечественных компаний может быть осуществлена только посредством применения специальных методов оценки конкурентоспособности предприятий. Проанализированы основные методы оценки конкурентоспособности предприятий, выявлены их достоинства и недостатки. Авторы обосновали, что для оперативной оценки конкурентного статуса множества хозяйствующих субъектов наиболее целесообразным является применение динамического метода оценки конкурентоспособности предприятий. Проведено усовершенствование математической модели динамического подхода к оценке конкурентоспособности предприятий, приведен математический аппарат и алгоритм анализа, раскрываются теоретические и методологические принципы, лежащие в основе динамического подхода. Сформулированы методологические и методические преимущества динамического подхода по сравнению с традиционными методами оценки конкурентоспособности предприятий. Рассматриваются практические аспекты оценки и анализа конкурентоспособности предприятий на основе динамического метода. Приведены расчеты оценки конкурентоспособности ПАО «Газпром» по итогам первой половины 2015 г. Выявлены конкурентные преимущества и недостатки компании. Проведен анализ конкурентоспособности в отраслевом разрезе. Показано, что в отличие от традиционных рейтингов, которые, как правило, основываются только на одном показателе (чаще всего - выручке или капитализации хозяйствующего субъекта), взятом за один отчетный период, ранжирование компаний с использованием динамического подхода является более точным инструментом оценки их конкурентоспособности. В заключение автора

High-resolution Resonance Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS) is a technique that allows us to probe the electronic excitations of complex materials with unprecedented precision. However, the RIXS process has a low cross section, compounded by the fact that the optical spectrometers used to analyze the scattered photons can only collect a small solid angle and overall have a small efficiency. Here we present a method to significantly increase the throughput of RIXS systems, by energy multiplexing, so that a complete RIXS map of scattered intensity versus photon energy in and photon energy out can be recorded simultaneously1. This parallel acquisition scheme should provide a gain in throughput of over 100.. A system based on this principle, QERLIN, is under construction at the Advanced Light Source (ALS).

The TAIGA project is aimed at solving the fundamental problems of gamma-ray astronomy and physics of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays with the help of the complex of detectors, located in the Tunka valley (Siberia, Russia). TAIGA includes a wide-angle large area Tunka-HiSCORE array, designed to detect gamma-rays of ultrahigh energies in the range 20 - 1000 TeV and charged cosmic rays with energies of 100 TeV - 100 PeV, large area muon detector to improve the rejection of background EAS protons and nuclei and a network of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes for gamma radiation detection. We discuss the goals and objectives of the complex features of each detector and the results obtained in the first stage of the HiSCORE installation., Peer Reviewed

В настоящем исследовании проводится оценка конкурентного статуса ведущих компаний РФ по итогам первой половины 2015 г. с целью выявления наиболее конкурентоспособных компаний в условиях макроэкономической нестабильности. Авторами показано, что недостаточная актуальность, а также несовершенство применяемой методики ранжирования, не позволяет использовать существующие рейтинги в целях оценки текущей конкурентоспособности хозяйствующих субъектов. В силу указанного делается вывод о том, что оценка влияния рецессионных явлений в экономике на показатели крупнейших отечественных компаний может быть осуществлена только посредством применения специальных методов оценки конкурентоспособности предприятий. Проанализированы основные методы оценки конкурентоспособности предприятий, выявлены их достоинства и недостатки. Авторы обосновали, что для оперативной оценки конкурентного статуса множества хозяйствующих субъектов наиболее целесообразным является применение динамического метода оценки конкурентоспособности предприятий. Изложены основные положения динамического подхода к оценке конкурентоспособности предприятий, приведен математический аппарат и алгоритм анализа, раскрываются теоретические и методологические принципы, лежащие в основе динамического подхода. Сформулированы методологические и методические преимущества динамического подхода по сравнению с традиционными методами оценки конкурентоспособности предприятий. Рассматриваются практические аспекты оценки и анализа конкурентоспособности предприятий на основе динамического метода. Проведены расчеты по оценке конкурентоспособности крупнейших компаний РФ по итогам первой половины 2015 г. Выявлены предприятия с наибольшим и наименьшим уровнем конкурентоспособности. Проведен анализ конкурентоспособности в отраслевом разрезе. Определены лидирующие компании в каждой из отраслевых групп. Показано, что в отличие от традиционных рейтингов, которые, как правило, основываются только на одном показателе (чаще всего - выручке или капит, The article assesses the competitive status of leading Russian companies in the first half of 2015 with the aim of identifying the most competitive companies in the context of macroeconomic instability. The authors have shown that a lack of relevance, and the imperfection of applied methods of ranking makes it possible to use existing ratings to assess the current competitiveness of economic entities. It was therefore concluded that assessment of the impact of recession occurrences on the performance of the largest domestic companies may be made only by applying specific estimation methods of competitiveness of enterprises. The main methods for assessing the competitiveness of enterprises were analyzed and their strengths and weaknesses were identified. The authors proved that the most appropriate method for rapid assessment of the competitive status of many businesses is that of dynamic evaluation of enterprise competitiveness. The paper sets out the main provisions of the dynamic approach to the assessment of the competitiveness of enterprises; presents the mathematical apparatus and algorithm analysis and describes the theoretical and methodological principles underlying the dynamic approach. The methodological and methodical advantages of the dynamic approach are compared to traditional methods of assessing the competitiveness of enterprises. Practical aspects of assessment and analysis of the competitiveness of enterprises on the basis of a dynamic method are discussed. Calculations of the competitiveness of the largest companies in Russia by the end of the first half of 2015 revealed companies with the highest and lowest level of competitiveness. The analysis of competitiveness by industry was performed and leading companies in each industry group were identified. It is shown that unlike traditional ratings, which, as a rule, are based on one indicator only (usually the revenue or capitalization of the entity) taken as one accounting period, the ranking of com

The gamma-ray energy regime beyond 10 TeV is crucial for the search for the most energetic Galactic accelerators. The energy spectra of most known gamma-ray emitters only reach up to few 10s of TeV, with 80 TeV from the Crab Nebula being the highest energy so far observed significantly. Uncovering their spectral shape up to few 100 TeV could answer the question whether some of these objects are cosmic ray Pevatrons, i.e. Galactic PeV accelerators. Sensitive observations in this energy range and beyond require very large effective detector areas of several 10s to 100 square-km. While imaging air Cherenkov telescopes have proven to be the instruments of choice in the GeV to TeV energy range, very large area telescope arrays are limited by the number of required readout channels per instrumented square-km (due to the large number of channels per telescope). Alternatively, the shower-front sampling technique allows to instrument large effective areas and also naturally provides large viewing angles of the instrument. Solely measuring the shower front light density and timing (hence timing- arrays), the primary particle properties are reconstructed on the basis of the measured lateral density function and the shower front arrival times. This presentation gives an overview of the technique, its goals, and future perspective., Peer Reviewed

Up to several 10s of TeV, Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) have proven to be the instruments of choice for GeV/TeV gamma-ray astronomy due to their good reconstrucion quality and gamma-hadron separation power. However, sensitive observations at and above 100 TeV require very large effective areas (10 km2 and more), which is difficult and expensive to achieve. The alternative to IACTs are shower front sampling arrays (non-imaging technique or timing-arrays) with a large area and a wide field of view. Such experiments provide good core position, energy and angular resolution, but only poor gamma-hadron separation. Combining both experimental approaches, using the strengths of both techniques, could optimize the sensitivity to the highest energies. The TAIGA project plans to combine the non-imaging HiSCORE [8] array with small (∼10m2) imaging telescopes. This paper covers simulation results of this hybrid approach., Peer Reviewed, 24th European Cosmic Ray Symposium (ECRS2014)

В статье рассматриваются практические аспекты оценки и анализа конкурентоспособности субъектов РФ на основе динамического подхода. Показано, что конкурентоспособность региона имеет социальные и экономические аспекты. Обоснован выбор ключевых показателей, отражающих социальное и экономическое развитие субъекта РФ. Предложена математическая модель, позволяющая осуществлять экспресс-оценку конкурентоспособности территориально-производственных комплексов. Осуществлена апробация динамического метода в ходе оценки конкурентоспособности субъектов РФ за период с 2009 по 2011 г., The article discusses the practical aspects of evaluation and analysis of the competitiveness of the regions of the Russian Federation on the basis of the dynamic approach. It is shown that the region’s competitiveness includes social and economic aspects. In this publication the choice of the key indicators that reflect the social and economic development of the regions of the Russian Federation. The article suggests the mathematical model that allows for rapid assessment of competitiveness of industrial clusters. The Author has carried out approbation of the dynamic method in the course of evaluation of the competitiveness of regions of the Russian Federation for the period from 2009 to 2011.

Many technologies based on cells containing alkali-metal atomic vapor benefit from the use of anti-relaxation surface coatings in order to preserve atomic spin polarization. In particular, paraffin has been used for this purpose for several decades and has been demonstrated to allow an atom to experience up to 10,000 collisions with the walls of its container without depolarizing, but the details of its operation remain poorly understood. We apply modern surface and bulk techniques to the study of paraffin coatings, in order to characterize the properties that enable the effective preservation of alkali spin polarization. These methods include Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, atomic force microscopy, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We also compare the light-induced atomic desorption yields of several different paraffin materials. Experimental results include the determination that crystallinity of the coating material is unnecessary, and the detection of C=C double bonds present within a particular class of effective paraffin coatings. Further study should lead to the development of more robust paraffin anti-relaxation coatings, as well as the design and synthesis of new classes of coating materials., Published in the Journal of Chemical Physics, v133 n144703 p1-12, 14 October 2010. Prepared in cooperation with S. I. Vavilov State Optical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia; Princeton University, Princeton, NJ; Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Paris, France; California State University, Hayward, CA; National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD; U.S. Naval Air Systems Command, Patuxet River, MD; and Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India. The original document contains color images.