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To study the nonlinear saturation mechanism in turbulent plasmas, we plan to obseve ion temperature gradient (ITG) modes in the Plasma Assembly for Nonlinear Turbulence Analysis (PANTA). Linear growth rates of ITG modes in the linear device are analyzed to determine their excitation conditions using a three-field fluid model to describe the ion motion. Parameter scans of the linear growth rate show the threshold for ITG mode excitation, and the typical plasma parameters of the PANTA are found in the unstable domain., source:https://doi.org/10.1585/pfr.8.2403133

Overcoming the consequences of future scarcity of P is crucial to ensure agriculture sustainability. This requires decision-making processes depending on data on the P status of agricultural fields, commonly conducted with soil P tests (SPTs), and efficient use of the resource on a societal scale following a circular economy approach. All this will decrease the P losses and the subsequent environmental impact. However, SPTs are not universal and, even for a given SPT, the definition of threshold values for fertilizer response is not accurate. This work aimed to define models to predict Olsen P threshold values, allowing the identification of P-responsive sites at the European scale as a basis for more accurate and sustainable P fertilization schemes based on a circular economy approach. To this end, a data set was compiled based on a literature review that describes the Olsen P threshold values for different crops under field conditions. Subsequently, an analysis of potential P fertilizer requirements was performed on agricultural soils of the European Union (EU) using the data set of the LUCAS project and how this need can be covered with a circular economy approach. Environmental factors were more relevant than crops to explain the variation in threshold values. A regression model involving soil pH and clay content and annual average rainfall as independent variables explained 61% of the variance in Olsen P threshold values. When soil pH and clay content were the only explanatory variables, the explained variance was 49%. This reveals the need to take into account factors related to P buffer and sorption capacity to estimate accurate threshold values. We detected that only 27.8% of EU cropland soils and 42.7% of grassland soils were P-responsive. We can conclude that a more precise allocation of the resource is possible in Presponsive sites and also that most of the European demand for P could be covered by recycling P from manure, wastewater, and municipal solid

Overcoming the consequences of future scarcity of P is crucial to ensure agriculture sustainability. This requires decision-making processes depending on data on the P status of agricultural fields, commonly conducted with soil P tests (SPTs), and efficient use of the resource on a societal scale following a circular economy approach. All this will decrease the P losses and the subsequent environmental impact. However, SPTs are not universal and, even for a given SPT, the definition of threshold values for fertilizer response is not accurate. This work aimed to define models to predict Olsen P threshold values, allowing the identification of P-responsive sites at the European scale as a basis for more accurate and sustainable P fertilization schemes based on a circular economy approach. To this end, a data set was compiled based on a literature review that describes the Olsen P threshold values for different crops under field conditions. Subsequently, an analysis of potential P fertilizer requirements was performed on agricultural soils of the European Union (EU) using the data set of the LUCAS project and how this need can be covered with a circular economy approach. Environmental factors were more relevant than crops to explain the variation in threshold values. A regression model involving soil pH and clay content and annual average rainfall as independent variables explained 61% of the variance in Olsen P threshold values. When soil pH and clay content were the only explanatory variables, the explained variance was 49%. This reveals the need to take into account factors related to P buffer and sorption capacity to estimate accurate threshold values. We detected that only 27.8% of EU cropland soils and 42.7% of grassland soils were P-responsive. We can conclude that a more precise allocation of the resource is possible in Presponsive sites and also that most of the European demand for P could be covered by recycling P from manure, wastewater, and municipal solid

In the search for green energy to combat climatechange, a shift from conventional energy sources such as coal,oil, and nuclear towards Renewable Energy Sources (RES) isneeded. This shift poses a threat to the stability of the powergrids as RES do not contribute with rotating mass in the system.A lack of rotating mass, or in other words inertia, jeopardizesthe ability of power systems to counteract large disturbances.Frequency Containment Reserves (FCR) units are responsiblefor controlling the frequency in power systems by regulatingthe balance between the generated and consumed power. If thefrequency deviates outside of the defined range from the nominalvalue, it can lead to system separation, blackouts, and systemequipment damage. The frequency deviations are faster in lowinertia systems, making it more difficult for FCR to keep thefrequency within accepted ranges. Hydro turbines are often usedas FCR units, but additional means of support could be neededfor low inertia systems. Viable support could be battery systems.This project investigates the change towards low inertia and thepossible implementation of a battery system as fast step-wisepower support with a frequency trigger. The investigation is donethrough case studies of simulated system models in Matlab andSimulink., I jakten på grön energi för att bekämpa klimatförändringarna behövs en övergång från konventionella energikällor som kol, olja och kärnkraft mot förnyelsebara energikällor. Denna övergång utgör ett hot mot kraftnätens stabilitet då förnyelsebara energikällor inte bidrar med roterande massa. Brist på roterande massa eller med andra ord tröghet äventyrar kraftsystemens förmåga att motverka stora störningar. Frequency Containment Reserves (FCR) är system som aktivt arbetar med att styra frekvensen i kraftsystemet genom att reglera balansen mellan den producerade och konsumerade effekten. Om detta misslyckas och frekvensen avviker för mycket från den nominella frekvensen kan detta leda till systemseparation, strömavbrott eller skada hos systemkomponenter. I ett system med låg tröghet blir frekvensavvikelserna snabbare. Detta gör det svårare att använda sig av FCR för att hålla frekvensen inom accepterade intervall. Vattenkraftverk används ofta som FCR enheter, men för system med låg tröghet kan ytterliggare stöd behövas. Ett möjligt effektstöd kan vara batterisystem. Detta projekt undersöker förändringen till lägre tröghet i ett kraftsystem och möjlig implementering av ett batterisystem med ett snabbt stegsvar för effektstöd, vilket aktiveras vid en förbestämd frekvens. Undersökningen görs genom studier av specifika fall med en linjäriserad modell av ett kraftsystemet, lerade i Matlab och Simulink., Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2021, KTH, Stockholm

In the search for green energy to combat climatechange, a shift from conventional energy sources such as coal,oil, and nuclear towards Renewable Energy Sources (RES) isneeded. This shift poses a threat to the stability of the powergrids as RES do not contribute with rotating mass in the system.A lack of rotating mass, or in other words inertia, jeopardizesthe ability of power systems to counteract large disturbances.Frequency Containment Reserves (FCR) units are responsiblefor controlling the frequency in power systems by regulatingthe balance between the generated and consumed power. If thefrequency deviates outside of the defined range from the nominalvalue, it can lead to system separation, blackouts, and systemequipment damage. The frequency deviations are faster in lowinertia systems, making it more difficult for FCR to keep thefrequency within accepted ranges. Hydro turbines are often usedas FCR units, but additional means of support could be neededfor low inertia systems. Viable support could be battery systems.This project investigates the change towards low inertia and thepossible implementation of a battery system as fast step-wisepower support with a frequency trigger. The investigation is donethrough case studies of simulated system models in Matlab andSimulink., I jakten på grön energi för att bekämpa klimatförändringarna behövs en övergång från konventionella energikällor som kol, olja och kärnkraft mot förnyelsebara energikällor. Denna övergång utgör ett hot mot kraftnätens stabilitet då förnyelsebara energikällor inte bidrar med roterande massa. Brist på roterande massa eller med andra ord tröghet äventyrar kraftsystemens förmåga att motverka stora störningar. Frequency Containment Reserves (FCR) är system som aktivt arbetar med att styra frekvensen i kraftsystemet genom att reglera balansen mellan den producerade och konsumerade effekten. Om detta misslyckas och frekvensen avviker för mycket från den nominella frekvensen kan detta leda till systemseparation, strömavbrott eller skada hos systemkomponenter. I ett system med låg tröghet blir frekvensavvikelserna snabbare. Detta gör det svårare att använda sig av FCR för att hålla frekvensen inom accepterade intervall. Vattenkraftverk används ofta som FCR enheter, men för system med låg tröghet kan ytterliggare stöd behövas. Ett möjligt effektstöd kan vara batterisystem. Detta projekt undersöker förändringen till lägre tröghet i ett kraftsystem och möjlig implementering av ett batterisystem med ett snabbt stegsvar för effektstöd, vilket aktiveras vid en förbestämd frekvens. Undersökningen görs genom studier av specifika fall med en linjäriserad modell av ett kraftsystemet, lerade i Matlab och Simulink., Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2021, KTH, Stockholm

В материалах монографии рассмотрены аспекты деятельности основных сегментов системы финансовой безопасности Казахстана, ее критерии и индикаторы, проблемы устойчивости финансовой системы страны, реальные и потенциальные угрозы ее безопасности. Уделяется внимание приоритетным направлениям политики обеспечения финансовой безопасности Казахстана. На основе анализа критериев безопасности бюджетной системы, денежной системы, банковского сектора, внешнеэкономической деятельности выявлены позитивные и негативные факторы и их влияние на безопасность функционирования финансовой системы страны, The aspects of the main segments activity of the Kazakhstan financial security system, its criteria and indicators, the problems of the financial system stability of the country, real and potential threats to its security are considered in the article of the monograph. Special attention is paid to key priority orientations of the policy that ensure the financial security of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Based on the analysis of the security criteria of the budget system, the monetary system, the banking sector, foreign economic activity, positive and negative factors and their impact on the financial system security of the country were identified.

The present study aims to compare the quality of soil of different region of Haridwar with reference to physicochemical and heavy metal parameters. To fulfill the objectives of present study, soil sampling was performed in forest (control site), industrial, residential and agricultural areas in and around Haridwar. Soil samples were analyzed for different physicochemical and heavy metal parameters. Values of all the studied soil parameters were found highest (an increase of 32% in temperature (16.63 to 21.640C), 121% in soil moisture (13.05 to 28.39%), 29.02% in soil porosity (37.56 to 49.03%), and 19.6% in the water holding capacity (36.22 to 43.58%), 74.18% in conductivity (0.25 to 0.40 µMhos/cm), and 203.78% in chloride (16.67 to 53.97mg/gm)) at the industrial area in comparison to other sites. During the course of the study, an increasing trend in all the parameters at all the sites was observed this may be due to the dumping of industrial solid waste and effluent. Although no negative impact was observed on the soil quality but continuous dumping will results in harmful impacts due to the accumulation of pollutants. Therefore there is a need for safe and proper disposal and utilization techniques to manage the enormous quantity of industrial waste. All the heavy metals (such as copper (0.050 to 0.055mg/gm), manganese (0.232 to 0.242mg/gm), nickel (0.035 to 0.036mg/gm), lead (0.039mg/gm), and iron (1.19 to 1.22) were found in higher concentration during the study period while cadmium was found absent during the study period.

The present study aims to compare the quality of soil of different region of Haridwar with reference to physicochemical and heavy metal parameters. To fulfill the objectives of present study, soil sampling was performed in forest (control site), industrial, residential and agricultural areas in and around Haridwar. Soil samples were analyzed for different physicochemical and heavy metal parameters. Values of all the studied soil parameters were found highest (an increase of 32% in temperature (16.63 to 21.640C), 121% in soil moisture (13.05 to 28.39%), 29.02% in soil porosity (37.56 to 49.03%), and 19.6% in the water holding capacity (36.22 to 43.58%), 74.18% in conductivity (0.25 to 0.40 µMhos/cm), and 203.78% in chloride (16.67 to 53.97mg/gm)) at the industrial area in comparison to other sites. During the course of the study, an increasing trend in all the parameters at all the sites was observed this may be due to the dumping of industrial solid waste and effluent. Although no negative impact was observed on the soil quality but continuous dumping will results in harmful impacts due to the accumulation of pollutants. Therefore there is a need for safe and proper disposal and utilization techniques to manage the enormous quantity of industrial waste. All the heavy metals (such as copper (0.050 to 0.055mg/gm), manganese (0.232 to 0.242mg/gm), nickel (0.035 to 0.036mg/gm), lead (0.039mg/gm), and iron (1.19 to 1.22) were found in higher concentration during the study period while cadmium was found absent during the study period.

The present study aims to compare the quality of soil of different region of Haridwar with reference to physicochemical and heavy metal parameters. To fulfill the objectives of present study, soil sampling was performed in forest (control site), industrial, residential and agricultural areas in and around Haridwar. Soil samples were analyzed for different physicochemical and heavy metal parameters. Values of all the studied soil parameters were found highest (an increase of 32% in temperature (16.63 to 21.640C), 121% in soil moisture (13.05 to 28.39%), 29.02% in soil porosity (37.56 to 49.03%), and 19.6% in the water holding capacity (36.22 to 43.58%), 74.18% in conductivity (0.25 to 0.40 µMhos/cm), and 203.78% in chloride (16.67 to 53.97mg/gm)) at the industrial area in comparison to other sites. During the course of the study, an increasing trend in all the parameters at all the sites was observed this may be due to the dumping of industrial solid waste and effluent. Although no negative impact was observed on the soil quality but continuous dumping will results in harmful impacts due to the accumulation of pollutants. Therefore there is a need for safe and proper disposal and utilization techniques to manage the enormous quantity of industrial waste. All the heavy metals (such as copper (0.050 to 0.055mg/gm), manganese (0.232 to 0.242mg/gm), nickel (0.035 to 0.036mg/gm), lead (0.039mg/gm), and iron (1.19 to 1.22) were found in higher concentration during the study period while cadmium was found absent during the study period.

The present study aims to compare the quality of soil of different region of Haridwar with reference to physicochemical and heavy metal parameters. To fulfill the objectives of present study, soil sampling was performed in forest (control site), industrial, residential and agricultural areas in and around Haridwar. Soil samples were analyzed for different physicochemical and heavy metal parameters. Values of all the studied soil parameters were found highest (an increase of 32% in temperature (16.63 to 21.640C), 121% in soil moisture (13.05 to 28.39%), 29.02% in soil porosity (37.56 to 49.03%), and 19.6% in the water holding capacity (36.22 to 43.58%), 74.18% in conductivity (0.25 to 0.40 µMhos/cm), and 203.78% in chloride (16.67 to 53.97mg/gm)) at the industrial area in comparison to other sites. During the course of the study, an increasing trend in all the parameters at all the sites was observed this may be due to the dumping of industrial solid waste and effluent. Although no negative impact was observed on the soil quality but continuous dumping will results in harmful impacts due to the accumulation of pollutants. Therefore there is a need for safe and proper disposal and utilization techniques to manage the enormous quantity of industrial waste. All the heavy metals (such as copper (0.050 to 0.055mg/gm), manganese (0.232 to 0.242mg/gm), nickel (0.035 to 0.036mg/gm), lead (0.039mg/gm), and iron (1.19 to 1.22) were found in higher concentration during the study period while cadmium was found absent during the study period.

Permanent inflow of foreign direct investment is a powerful driver of economic development in developing countries. However, the country's underdeveloped institutional environment imposes additional costs on the investors. We identified the specificity of the institutional environment's impact on attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries with different levels of economic development. Based on the heterogeneity of the studied countries, we hypothesised that in developing countries institutions become an active determinant of FDI after exceeding a certain threshold. In other words, institutional factors do not affect FDI inflows into relatively underdeveloped countries among a group of developing countries whose level of economic development does not exceed the threshold. To test this hypothesis, we simulated an intra-group economic modelling based on the data of the World Bank, the Heritage Foundation and the For Peace Foundation for the period from 2005 to 2015. The main tool of econometric analysis was a panel regression with fixed effects at the country level and a two-step least squares method with instrumental variables. We used indices of economic freedom and the state insolvency as aggregated indicators of the non-overlapping groups of institutional factors. The study's main results have confirmed the hypothesis that institutional factors affect FDI inflows only in the countries where gross national income per capita is higher than average. Moreover, we defined the threshold value of gross national income per capita that a country needs to achieve in order to make any institutional changes to enhance FDI inflows. Thus, government policies, aimed at increasing the developing countries' attractiveness for foreign investors, should firstly take into account the level of economic development of the recipient country. © 2019 Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved., Представлен обзор исследований оценки влияния институциональных факторов на привлечение прямых иностранных инвестиций в зависимости от используемых ими показателей оценки институциональной среды. Проведено внутригрупповое моделирование влияния институциональных факторов на приток прямых иностранных инвестиций в развивающиеся страны. Разработана методика выявления порогового уровня развития страны.

Permanent inflow of foreign direct investment is a powerful driver of economic development in developing countries. However, the country's underdeveloped institutional environment imposes additional costs on the investors. We identified the specificity of the institutional environment's impact on attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries with different levels of economic development. Based on the heterogeneity of the studied countries, we hypothesised that in developing countries institutions become an active determinant of FDI after exceeding a certain threshold. In other words, institutional factors do not affect FDI inflows into relatively underdeveloped countries among a group of developing countries whose level of economic development does not exceed the threshold. To test this hypothesis, we simulated an intra-group economic modelling based on the data of the World Bank, the Heritage Foundation and the For Peace Foundation for the period from 2005 to 2015. The main tool of econometric analysis was a panel regression with fixed effects at the country level and a two-step least squares method with instrumental variables. We used indices of economic freedom and the state insolvency as aggregated indicators of the non-overlapping groups of institutional factors. The study's main results have confirmed the hypothesis that institutional factors affect FDI inflows only in the countries where gross national income per capita is higher than average. Moreover, we defined the threshold value of gross national income per capita that a country needs to achieve in order to make any institutional changes to enhance FDI inflows. Thus, government policies, aimed at increasing the developing countries' attractiveness for foreign investors, should firstly take into account the level of economic development of the recipient country. © 2019 Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Landfills are one of the most recurrent sources of groundwater contamination worldwide. In order to limit their impacts on groundwater resources, current environmental regulations impose the adoption of proper measures for the protection of groundwater quality. For instance, in the EU member countries, the calculation of trigger levels for identifying significant adverse environmental effects on groundwater generated by landfills is required by the Landfill Directive 99/31/EC. Although the derivation of trigger levels could be relatively easy when groundwater quality data prior to the construction of a landfill are available, it becomes challenging when these data are missing and landfills are located in areas that are already impacted by historical contamination. This work presents a methodology for calculating trigger levels for groundwater quality in landfills located in areas where historical contaminations have deteriorated groundwater quality prior to their construction. This method is based on multivariate statistical analysis and involves 4 steps: (a) implementation of the conceptual model, (b) landfill monitoring data collection, (c) hydrochemical data clustering and (d) calculation of the trigger levels. The proposed methodology was applied on a case study in northern Italy, where a currently used lined landfill is located downstream of an old unlined landfill and others old unmapped waste deposits. The developed conceptual model stated that groundwater quality deterioration observed downstream of the lined landfill is due to a degrading leachate plume fed by the upgradient unlined landfill. The methodology led to the determination of two trigger levels for COD and NH4-N, the former for a zone representing the background hydrochemistry (28 and 9 mg/L for COD and NH4-N, respectively), the latter for the zone impacted by the degrading leachate plume from the upgradient unlined landfill (89 and 83 mg/L for COD and NH4-N, respectively) This work presents a met

The article falls under research category. One of the tasks of managing highly qualified personnel is the improvement of attestation system which nowadays is testing the approach based on delegating the right to awarding academic degrees directly to universities. Transition to such system should be gradual and based on solid decisions concerning delegation of such rights to the organizations. The article looks into the problem of forming performance indicators list that would be based on performance indicators used in monitoring efficacy of higher education institutions that might get the right to award academic degrees. The number of possible performance indicators for higher educational institutions’ activities is over 100. The use of all indicators does not seem reasonable as some of them do not affect the ability to get the right of awarding academic degrees and some indicators correlate with each other In order to solve the problem at the first stage 14 most significant indicators of research activities efficacy at educational institutions were chosen from the list of indicators presented in the reports from organizations provided within the framework of monitoring higher educational institutions activities efficacy. These indicators can be divided into 3 groups. On the basis of the data for 2015 a list of higher educational institutions taking the firs 10 positions in terms of overall integral indicator was formed. In order to make the indicators list shorter an analysis of correlation links between indicators within each group was made based on which one indicator was taken from each group. The research employed the methods of system analysis and correlation analysis. The rating of organizations built on three indicators demonstrated that the decrease of data size did no influence the quality of the rating. It lead to the conclusion that three chosen indicators can be recommended for forming the list of higher education institutions allowed to award academic, Статья относится к категории исследовательских статей. Одной из задач менеджмента кадров высшей научной квалификации является совершенствование системы аттестации кадров высшей научной квалификации, где в настоящее время происходит апробация подхода, основанного на предоставлении образовательным организациям права самостоятельного присуждения ученых степеней. Переход к такой системе аттестации должен быть постепенным и опираться на взвешенные решения в части предоставления организациям таких прав. В статье рассматривается проблема формирования перечня показателей из числа показателей мониторинга эффективности деятельности образовательных организаций высшего образования, а также их пороговых значений для формирования перечня потенциальных образовательных организаций высшего образования, которым может быть предоставлено право самостоятельного присуждения ученой степени. Число возможных показателей эффективности деятельности образовательных организаций высшего образования превышает сотню. Использование всех показателей представляется нецелесообразным, так как некоторые показатели не влияют на возможность получения права самостоятельного присуждения ученых степеней, другие показатели коррелируют между собой. Для решения проблемы на первом этапе были отобраны 14 наиболее существенных показателей результативности научной деятельности образовательных организаций высшего образования из числа показателей, представленных в отчетах организаций в рамках мониторинга эффективности деятельности образовательных организаций высшего образования. Эти показатели можно распределить по трем группам. На основе данных за 2015 г. был сформирован перечень из образовательных организаций высшего образования, занимающих первые 10 позиций по величине общего интегрального показателя. Для сокращения числа показателей был проведен анализ корреляционной связи показателей внутри каждой из трех групп, по результатам которого из каждой группы было выделено по одному показателю. В ходе исследования прим

The purpose of the study is to analyze the possibility of transition of the Russian Federation and its regions to sustainable development. The study proposed a classification of sustainability and attempted interpretation of Morin’s tetrahedron Morena for the regional economy theory. Ensuring economic security of the Russian Federation under modern conditions is considered in the context of the model of “new normal”, which was brought about by the system crisis. The opportunity of transition to sustainable development under the conditions of “new reality” is analyzed through a prism of methodological approaches to the definition of the concept “stability”. The article presents a classification of definitions of stability, and a classification of the types of stability. The “new reality” has found an adequate reflection in the methodology of complexity at the heart of which lies basic heterogeneity, unevenness and diversity of development. For fuller understanding of vectors of changes in complex systems it is necessary to consider them in dynamics, in interaction with “chaos” and “order”. The Morin model of a tetrahedron and a pyramid of sustainable development are considered as analogs on the basis of similar triadic structure. Under modern conditions for ensuring an acceptable level of economic security in regions as well as the country in general it is extremely important to be guided by critical indicators of threats, whose specific values predetermine destructive processes in the economy. Critical parameters are formed on the basis of estimates of crisis situations and show how profitable or unprofitable this or that field of activity is. The development of critical parameters (threshold values) of economic security, that, if exceeded, raise a call about the emergence of threats to economic security, allows for creating a tool for assessment of the state of the regional economy. The article also presents indicators describing the state of economic security of t, Цель исследования состоит в анализе возможности перехода Российской Федерации и ее регионов к устойчивому развитию. В результате исследования предложена классификация видов устойчивости и сделана попытка интерпретации тетраэдра Морена для теории региональной экономики. Обеспечение экономической безопасности Российской Федерации в современных условиях рассматривается в контексте модели new normal, обусловленной системным кризисом. Возможность перехода к устойчивому развитию в условиях «новой реальности» анализируется через призму методологических подходов к определению понятия «устойчивость». Приводится классификация определений устойчивости, а также классификация видов устойчивости. Адекватным отображением «новой реальности» является методология сложности, в основе которой принципиальная неоднородность, неравномерность и поливариантность развития. Для более полного понимания векторов изменений в сложных системах необходимо рассматривать их в динамике, во взаимодействии с «хаосом» и «порядком». Модель тетраэдра Морена и пирамида устойчивого развития рассматриваются как аналоги на основании общности триадической структуры. Экономическая безопасность государства представляет собой многоуровневую систему, одним из уровней в этой системе является регион. Региональная экономическая безопасность представляет собой состояние региональной экономики, при котором за счет внутренних ресурсов обеспечивается требуемый уровень жизни, полная занятость, устойчивость экономического развития, компенсация экзогенных воздействий внешней среды. В современных условиях в целях обеспечения должного уровня экономической безопасности как отдельных регионов, так и страны в целом крайне важно ориентироваться на критические показатели угроз, такие их значения, достижение которых предопределяет разрушительные процессы в экономике. Критические параметры формируются на основании оценок кризисных ситуаций и показывают насколько рентабельной или убыточной является та или иная сфера деятельности. Разр

It is considered a possibility of build of communication system, which can function in conditions of influence of pulse or concentrated interference with enough great level in compare to useful signal. For increase of noise-immunity of such systems we propose an interrupted operating mode, when information is transmitted only in case of signal-to-noise ratio is greater than definite threshold value. It is represented calculation of the system proposed efficiency in compare to known ones.

В статье представлен авторский методический подход к ранжированию инвестиционных рисков по уровню их опасности и оценки влияния на процесс принятия инвестиционных решений. Использован математический аппарат анализа многомерных данных, позволяющий решить проблему субъективности при реализации поставленных задач, которые направлены на повышение инвестиционной привлекательности энергогенерирующих компаний., The article presents the author’s methodical approach to investment risks ranking on the level of its threat and evaluation of the impact to investment decision process. There used the mathematical apparatus of multivariate data analysis, allowing to resolve the problem of subjectivism in financial decision making. It direct to increase of the powergenerating companies investor attractiveness.

This paper presents a multi-level error protection for H.264/AVC video frames based on the importance of macroblocks.It is basically accomplished by comparing motion activities of macroblocks with their neighbouring areas. Thosemacroblocks having higher motion activities than their neighbouring areas are highly protected. Two-level error protectionformed by this comparison is extended to construct a multi-level error protection for the video frames. In this case, an algorithm is implemented, which considers motion activities of macroblocks in two consecutive frames. Conducted analysis and simulation results express that the newly presented multi-level protection significantly improves the video performance compared to other motion-based error protection techniques, while similar code rates for channel codes are applied.

A fielded, rules-based weather effects decision support tool (DST) is limited in the detail of its display and the means by which it assesses the severity of the meteorological impacts. A prototype DST is described in this report that: (1) adds significant granularity to the weather impacts display; (2) accounts for the magnitude of the forecast weather parameters; and (3) allows for a quantitative comparison between friendly and enemy forces as to which side will be most impacted by adverse weather conditions. Currently, the rule impacts (favorable, marginal, or unfavorable) used by the Integrated Weather Effects Decision Aid (IWEDA) are shown on color-coded (green/yellow/red) weather effects matrices and map overlays. Transitions between these coarse-granularity, color-coded impacts are set up as step functions that do not portray a continuum of values, as would be expected in real-atmosphere transitions. Impacts rules are essentially equally-weighted and entirely system/sub-system/component-oriented, affording the commander no options to adjust for specific mission needs. No distinction is made in the impacts display for how many rules fired, with only the single, worst case bubbling-up to be displayed; nor is any adjustment made to account for how greatly the threshold values were exceeded. The goal of the Quantitative Weather Impacts project is to develop a series of interrelated methodologies, including Cell Impact Scores, a Parameter Weighting Scheme, and an Impact Magnitude Gradation Scheme, which will enable quantitative and highly granular weather impacts to be computed and displayed. Also, there is presently no quantitative means of assessing Friendly and Threat weather impacts concurrently using the IWEDA system. Manual comparisons between separate IWEDA runs are qualitative, time-consuming, difficult to visualize, and possibly inaccurate. Ultimately these new methodologies will enable an automated assessment of which force on the battlefield holds, The original document contains color images.

To study the nonlinear saturation mechanism in turbulent plasmas, we plan to obseve ion temperature gradient (ITG) modes in the Plasma Assembly for Nonlinear Turbulence Analysis (PANTA). Linear growth rates of ITG modes in the linear device are analyzed to determine their excitation conditions using a three-field fluid model to describe the ion motion. Parameter scans of the linear growth rate show the threshold for ITG mode excitation, and the typical plasma parameters of the PANTA are found in the unstable domain.

English: In crop production phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for crop growth, and hence P fertilization is necessary to achieve optimum yields. However, this can induces in soil a P concentration which may contributes to eutrophication of fresh water bodies. Soil P tests are therefore considered very useful in setting threshold values important for both agronomic and environmental management purposes. Soil P tests developed from a water pollution protection point unlike agronomic P tests are not easily adapted for use on a routine basis because they are not considered, for this purpose, and this could make agronomic P tests more practical for routine environmental P assessment also. Determination of appropriate agronomic P tests for this purpose however, involves evaluating the potential use of the tests for environmental purposes. Hence, the objective of this study was to review the current methods used to determine the agronomic and environmental P status of soils, and to establish whether P extracted from a range of soils by various agronomic and/or environmental P determination methods are related or not. Soil samples from the orthic A horison were collected in three cropping areas in the Free State province, namely Jacobsdal, Bloemfontein, and Ficksburg. These samples were treated with K2HPO4 to induce different phosphorus concentration levels and then incubated at room temperature for three months. During incubation the samples were subjected to several wetting and drying cycles to ensure that the applied phosphorus equilibrated. The samples were then analysed for P using the extractants of Olsen, Bray 1, Truog, ISFEI and citric acid commonly employed for routine analysis to establish the agronomic P status of soils. In order to establish the environmental P status of the soils, the samples were analysed for using the extractants calcium chloride (CaCl2) and ammonium oxalate [(NH4)2C2O4.H2O]. The latter was used to calculate the degree of phosphorus sat, Afrikaans: In gewasproduksie is fosfor (P) ‘n essensiële voedingstof vir gewasgroei en daarom is P bemesting nodig om optimum opbrengste te kry. Nietemin, dit kan in grond ‘n P konsentrasie induseer wat mag bydrae tot die eutrofikasie van varswaterliggame. Grond P toetse word daarom as nuttig beskou om drumpelwaardes vir agronomiese en omgewingsbestuur daar te stel. Grond P toetse wat ontwikkel is met die oog daarop om waterbesoedeling te verhoed word nie oorwag om soos agronomiese P toetse op ‘n roetine basis gebruik te word nie, en dit maak agronomiese P toetse moontlik geskik vir roetine omgewing P assessering ook. Dus was die doel met die studie om ‘n oorsig te kry van die huidige metodes wat gebruik word om die agronomiese en omgewing P status van gronde te bepaal, en vas te stel of die geëkstraheerde P deur die verskillende agronomiese en omgewing P bepalingsmetodes verwant is of nie. Grondmonsters van die ortiese A horison is in drie gewasverbouiingsgebiede in die Vrystaat provinsie ingesamel, naamlik Jacobsdal, Bloemfontein en Ficksburg. Hierdie monsters is met K2HPO4 behandel om fosforkonsentrasievlakke te induseer en daarna by kamertemperatuur vir drie maande geïnkubeer. Gedurende inkubasie is die monsters aan verskeie benatting- en uitdrogingsiklusse onderwerp om te verseker dat die toegediende fosfor ewewig bereik. Die monsters is daarna vir P ontleed deur die ekstraheermiddels van Olsen, Bray 1, Truog, ISFEI en sitroensuur te gebruik omdat hulle algemeen vir roetine ontledings aangewend word om die agronomiese P status van gronde vas te stel. Om die omgewing P status van die gronde vas te stel, is die ekstraheermiddels kalsiumchloried (CaCl2) en ammoniumoksalaat [(NH4)2C2O4.H2O] gebruik. Laasgenoemde is gebruik om die graad van fosforversading (DPSox) te berken. Die resultate het getoon dat daar tussen die agronomiese P toetse betekenisvolle verwantskappe is wanneer die data van die indiwiduele gronde ontleed is (r2 = 0.65-0.99), en wanneer die data van, Inkaba yeAfrica, UFS Cluster

Recently, several checklists systematically assessed factors that affect the transferability of costeffectiveness (CE) studies between jurisdictions. The role of the threshold value for a QALY has been given little consideration in these checklists, even though the importance of a factor as a cause of between country differences in CE depends on this threshold. In this paper, we study the impact of the willingness-to-pay (WTP) per QALY on the importance of transferability factors in the case of smoking cessation support (SCS). We investigated, for several values of the WTP, how differences between six countries affect the incremental net monetary benefit (INMB) of SCS. The investigated factors were demography, smoking prevalence, mortality, epidemiology and costs of smokingrelated diseases, resource use and unit costs of SCS, utility weights and discount rates. We found that when the WTP decreased, factors that mainly affect health outcomes became less important and factors that mainly effect costs became more important. With a WTP below €1,000, the factors most responsible for between country differences in INMB were resource use and unit costs of SCS and the costs of smoking-related diseases. Utility values had little impact. At a threshold above €10,000, between country differences were primarily due to different discount rates, utility weights and epidemiology of smoking-related diseases. Costs of smoking-related diseases had little impact. At all thresholds, demography had little impact. We concluded that, when judging the transferability of a CE study, we should consider the between country differences in WTP threshold values.

The effects of selected aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids on the development of off-flavours in water were studied. Combinations of hexanal, octanal, 2-octanone, 5-nonanone, hexanoic acid and nonanoic acid were rated by the off-flavour intensities they created in water at concentrations just at or below the threshold value of each analyte. Two different sensory panels evaluated the off-flavours induced by different combinations of the analytes. The observations of the two panels agreed well. From these studies, it could be concluded that aldehydes play an important role in the development of off-flavours intensities in water. There were synergistic effects between aldehydes and ketones, as well as between aldehydes and carboxylic acids. Small amounts of aldehydes and carboxylic acids – well below their respective threshold values – caused an increase in the off-flavour intensity. No synergism between ketones and carboxylic acids could be observed

This paper introduced the Extreme Value Theory (EVT) for analysis of network traffic. The role of EVT is to allow the development of procedures that are scientifically and statistically rational to estimate the extreme behavior of random processes. In this paper, we propose an EVT_based procedure to fit a model to the traffic trace. We have performed some simulation experiments on real-traffic traces such as video data to study the feasibility of our proposed method. Our experiments showed that the EVT method can be applied to statistical analysis of real traffic. Furthermore, since only the data greater than the threshold are processed, the computation overhead is reduced greatly. It indicates that EVT method could be applied to real time network control.

This paper introduced the Extreme Value Theory (EVT) for analysis of network traffic. The role of EVT is to allow the development of procedures that are scientifically and statistically rational to estimate the extreme behavior of random processes. In this paper, we propose an EVT_based procedure to fit a model to the traffic trace. We have performed some simulation experiments on real-traffic traces such as video data to study the feasibility of our proposed method. Our experiments showed that the EVT method can be applied to statistical analysis of real traffic. Furthermore, since only the data greater than the threshold are processed, the computation overhead is reduced greatly. It indicates that EVT method could be applied to real time network control.

This paper introduced the Extreme Value Theory (EVT) for analysis of network traffic. The role of EVT is to allow the development of procedures that are scientifically and statistically rational to estimate the extreme behavior of random processes. In this paper, we propose an EVT_based procedure to fit a model to the traffic trace. We have performed some simulation experiments on real-traffic traces such as video data to study the feasibility of our proposed method. Our experiments showed that the EVT method can be applied to statistical analysis of real traffic. Furthermore, since only the data greater than the threshold are processed, the computation overhead is reduced greatly. It indicates that EVT method could be applied to real time network control.

The influence of microstructure i.e. nodules (voids) on the fatigue threshold value in nodular cast iron is numerically investigated. It is qualitatively shown that the fatigue threshold value is unaffected by the individual nodules and that the threshold value is proportional to the bulk Young's modulus. Furthermore it is shown that nodules (voids) do not influence the crack tip conditions (stress-intensity factor and crack tip opening displacement) if the voids do not lie very close to the tip for physically long cracks. It is concluded that linear elastic fracture mechanics is valid for these types of materials and no influence of the nodules need be taken into count for fatigue calculations when dealing with long cracks., QC 20100525

This is the second report of the results of experiments, named Experiments 6, which aims to determine the threshold values of NaCl concentrations in concrete for steel bar rusting, where corrosion inhibitors exist in concrete. In Experiments 6, there have been small dosages of NaCl in concrete specimens and corrosion inhibitors are also dosed in some specified values. The following results about steel bar rusting are obtained when 12 months have passed after steel bars had been embedded into concrete. 1. There have been found very small rusting spots on one bar at nine and twelve months after embedding, respectively. The bars above are embedded in the concrete of 0.033% NaCl dosage and no corrosion inhibitor. 2. There have been no sign of corrosion on the surface of the bars in the specimens contained 0.033% NaCl and the specified values of corrosion inhibitors. 3. Steel bars in the concrete contained 0.067% of NaCl by weight do not also corroded yet except one bar, where adequate amounts of corrosion inhibitors are added into the concrete. 4. In case of the standard specified dosage of corrosion inhibitors, there have been some amounts of rusting areas on steel bar surfaces embedded in the concrete of 0.100% NaCl concentration, and appreciable amounts of corrosion areas of rusting in the concrete of 0.133% NaCl concentration. The above rusting areas have both increased as the time has passed. 5. Two-fold dosage of corrosion inhibitors in concrete has significant effects on inhibiting corrosion of steel bars in the concrete of 0.100% and 0.133% NaCl concentration, but in that case, emergence of steel bar corrosion itself can not be interrupted. 6. There can be said at the time when one year has passed after embedding steel bars that "threshold" value of NaCl concentration in concrete on rusting of steel bars is 0.067% by weight of concrete where adequate amounts of corrosion inhibitors exists, and that the value can be raised as much as 0.100%.

Hintergrund: Im klinischen Arbeitsalltag ist ein fachgerechter, den Rechtsvorschriften des Arbeitsschutzes entsprechender Umgang mit cancerogenen, mutagenen und reproduktionstoxischen (CMR) Substanzen unerlässlich, um den Schutz des Lebens und der Gesundheit der Arbeitnehmer/innen bei ihrer beruflichen Tätigkeit zu gewährleisten. In den letzten fünfzehn Jahren hat sich im Gesundheitswesen die konkrete Umsetzung diesbezüglicher Vorkehrungsmaßnahmen weltweit verbessert, in Österreich maßgeblich durch die Veröffentlichung der „Standards für das Gebrauchsfertigmachen, die Applikation und die Entsorgung von Zytostatika“ (gem. § 2 Z 12 Gesundheitsqualitätsgesetz (GQG)) 2011. Laut dem National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) stellen vorrangig die Indikationsgruppen der Steroidhormone, antineoplastisch wirksame Mittel wie Zytostatika und monoklonale Antikörper, Virustatika, bestimmte Antibiotika und Anabolika ein mögliches CMR Potenzial dar. Am Beispiel der am Landeskrankenhaus Innsbruck Universitätskliniken eingesetzten Arzneimittel war es Ziel dieser Diplomarbeit das CMR Potenzial dieser Arzneistoffe zu ermitteln, eine möglich auftretende Exposition in Zusammenhang mit Expositionsgrenzwerten zu beurteilen sowie in einer Expositions-Risiko Bewertung (ERB) darzustellen. Methoden: Ausgehend von den laut NIOSH vorrangigen relevanten Indikationsgruppen wurden die Wirkstoffe entsprechend ihrer anatomisch-therapeutisch-chemischen (ATC) Klassifizierung in einer Tabelle aufgelistet. Zur Auswertung des CMR Potenzials wurden Sicherheitsdatenblätter (SDB) des C&L Verzeichnisses, der Hersteller und der European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM) verwendet, die mit International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), NIOSH, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Schwangerschaftskategorien, der Publikation für „Medikamente in der Tumortherapie“ der deutschen Berufsgenossenschaft für Gesundheitsdienst und Wohlfahrtspflege (BGW) sowie mit deren Projekt Bereits, Background: The correct handling of cancerogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic (CMR) substances in daily clinical routine is necessary to ensure the safety and occupational health of hospital employees. Over the last fifteen years, the implementation of appropriate measures in the public health sector has improved on a global scale. In Austria, for example, the “Standards für das Gebrauchsfertigmachen, die Applikation und die Entsorgung von Zytostatika“ (gem. § 2 Z 12 “Gesundheitsqualitätsgesetz” (GQG)) was published in 2011. According to the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), especially the group of steroid hormones, antineoplastic active substances such as cytostatic drugs and monoclonal antibodies, antivirals, specific antibiotics, and anabolic drugs have CMR potential. The aim of this diploma thesis was to establish the CMR potential of the drugs, which are used at the Landeskrankenhaus Innsbruck Universitätskliniken. Based on those findings, the possibility of potential exposure in relation to the corresponding threshold value will be established and finally, an exposure-risk assessment will be presented. Methods: Based on these most relevant indication groups according to NIOSH, substances were listed in a table pursuant to their Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Codes from the World Health Organization (WHO). Safety data sheets (SDB) of the classification and labelling (C&L) inventory, the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM) and companies were analyzed and compared with the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), NIOSH, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) pregnancy categories, the project “Bereitstellung von sicherheitsrelevanten Informationen zu Arzneistoffen und damit verbundenen Tätigkeiten” (BESI) and the German Trade Association of Health Service and Welfare Work (BGW) publication of “Medikamente in der Tumortherapie”. If needed the specialist information of “Österreichische Arzneispezialitätenre, in englischer Sprache, Diplomarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2019

As an alternative to traditional contracting, pavement warranty has been adopted in Mississippi since 2000, aimed to, enhance pavement performance and protect the investment in pavement construction. Currently, a manual distress survey, method and the associated deduct point-based pavement condition rating approach are employed to monitor the, performance of warranty pavements (maintained projects). The main objective of this study is to evaluate the, appropriateness of using the current deduct points and distress thresholds to monitor the performance of the maintained, projects in Mississippi. In the study, a comprehensive literature review and online survey were conducted to review the, recent state of practice of pavement warranty in North America. The analytical section of the study employed pavement, distress and riding quality data collected from warranty pavements and the corresponding data of non-warranty pavements, stored in MDOT’s Pavement Management System (PMS) for the statistical analysis. Using raw data, converted deduct, points, and composite index as performance indicators, basic statistics were developed to investigate the distribution of, performance indicators at various service times and the corresponding percentiles associated with the existing threshold, values. In addition, pairwise comparisons were conducted to examine the evolvement of distress over time for warranted, and non-warranted pavements. Further, two sample t-tests were performed to compare the performance of warranted and, non-warranted pavements at the same service time. The survey study has shown that most other pavement warranty, programs in other states use direct measurements of pavement distresses or densities of pavement distresses for their, distress indicators and thresholds while the pavement warranty program at MDOT employs deduct points based distress, thresholds which are quantities converted from measurements of pavement distresses. The analytical results show that the, performance of the warranty pavements is significantly better than that of the non-warranty pavements at the same service, time level, and warranty pavements can maintain at high service levels for a longer time than non-warranty pavements., The pavement warranty program adopted by MDOT has improved pavement performance, and is effective in practice., However, the current distress thresholds adopted by MDOT are inconsistent with regard to the various corresponding, percentile levels for different distress types at a same service time, and the different increase rates of the percentile level, for different distress types over service time. It is suggested that direct measurements of pavement distresses or distress, densities be used as distress thresholds, and consistent threshold levels be implemented for all distress types.

As an alternative to traditional contracting, pavement warranty has been adopted in Mississippi since 2000, aimed to, enhance pavement performance and protect the investment in pavement construction. Currently, a manual distress survey, method and the associated deduct point-based pavement condition rating approach are employed to monitor the, performance of warranty pavements (maintained projects). The main objective of this study is to evaluate the, appropriateness of using the current deduct points and distress thresholds to monitor the performance of the maintained, projects in Mississippi. In the study, a comprehensive literature review and online survey were conducted to review the, recent state of practice of pavement warranty in North America. The analytical section of the study employed pavement, distress and riding quality data collected from warranty pavements and the corresponding data of non-warranty pavements, stored in MDOT’s Pavement Management System (PMS) for the statistical analysis. Using raw data, converted deduct, points, and composite index as performance indicators, basic statistics were developed to investigate the distribution of, performance indicators at various service times and the corresponding percentiles associated with the existing threshold, values. In addition, pairwise comparisons were conducted to examine the evolvement of distress over time for warranted, and non-warranted pavements. Further, two sample t-tests were performed to compare the performance of warranted and, non-warranted pavements at the same service time. The survey study has shown that most other pavement warranty, programs in other states use direct measurements of pavement distresses or densities of pavement distresses for their, distress indicators and thresholds while the pavement warranty program at MDOT employs deduct points based distress, thresholds which are quantities converted from measurements of pavement distresses. The analytical results show that the, performance of the warranty pavements is significantly better than that of the non-warranty pavements at the same service, time level, and warranty pavements can maintain at high service levels for a longer time than non-warranty pavements., The pavement warranty program adopted by MDOT has improved pavement performance, and is effective in practice., However, the current distress thresholds adopted by MDOT are inconsistent with regard to the various corresponding, percentile levels for different distress types at a same service time, and the different increase rates of the percentile level, for different distress types over service time. It is suggested that direct measurements of pavement distresses or distress, densities be used as distress thresholds, and consistent threshold levels be implemented for all distress types.