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El término ‘revolución’ se ha convertido en usual para designar las grandes discontinuidades que separan largos períodos de permanencias estructurales. La aproximación al abastecimiento de agua de Barcelona en la larga duración confirma una profunda discontinuidad, después de siglos de gran estabilidad tecnológica y ambiental. De modo que, dentro del amplio cúmulo de cambios que hemos convenido en etiquetar como ‘revolución industrial’, podemos postular la existencia de una ‘revolución del agua’. De hecho, una transición inacabada de ciento cincuenta años que ha transformado radicalmente nuestra vida cotidiana y ha llevado al actual reto medioambiental. Con todo, abordar un estudio de caso no busca simplemente verificar un esquema teórico previo o una hipótesis de partida. El propósito es poner el foco sobre un caso concreto que permita desvelar aspectos contextuales específicos, relaciones imprevistas, cambios en los factores críticos y nuevas cuestiones a tomar en cuenta. Con esta intención, partiendo de una investigación netamente empírica, la selección de las cuestiones y su periodización son interpretativas, y tiene el propósito de ampliar la paleta de interrogantes y contribuir a las aproximaciones comparadas., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Many industries and their offerings have fallen victim to managerial shortsightedness. Firms often believe they are invincible and see themselves as immune to threats from seemingly unrelated technologies. There seemed to be no apparent link between bound paper books and the emerging internet, no discernible ties between the video rental business and streaming technologies, and no obvious connections between photography and cellular phones. When these associations were established by means of other, newer technologies, major incumbent firms such as Barnes & Noble, Blockbuster, and Kodak came crashing down. CRISPR is the technology of the moment, one that will enable the programming of evolution. While we might think about gene editing in terms of cures for diseases, its repercussions will impact almost every domain of human and planetary development, and sooner than one might think. In this installment of On The Horizon, we adopt an evolutionary perspective to understand the impact of the genetic revolution on firms regardless of industry., QC 20230722

Pensar la educación del futuro es también entender la tecnología como un eje transversal para la sociedad. Vivimos en un mundo en el que esta ya es una parte casi inseparable de las actividades humanas y de los negocios, por lo tanto, las organizaciones y las universidades deben transformarse y propiciar el desarrollo de las competencias y las capacidades necesarias para emplearla en la solución de los retos importantes. En este capítulo nos acompaña Mauricio Ferrer, ingeniero de sistemas eafitense, emprendedor y apasionado por la tecnología, quien además es el vicepresidente de Tecnología, Innovación y Servicio al cliente en Protección; para avanzar en esta conversación permanente en la que nos preguntamos sobre cómo construimos el futuro, y cómo hacemos que la tecnología nos ayude a complementar la concepción de lo que somos sin perder nuestra esencia humana

Is there a digital constitutionalism? This is a question whose answer is it still in a construction process in the national and foreign doctrine. This text purpose is to discuss critically the imprecisions surrounding the expression “digital constitutionalism”, proposing a reflection concerning the sense that the “digital” apparatus gives to the notion of “constitucionalism”. Would the adjective have become more relevant than the substantive itself? To confront this regard, after a problematization (section I), the origins of the constitutionalism phenomenon and its forms of manifestation are retrieved (section II). From that, is speculated the possibility of a technical revolution constitute a constitutional moment (section III) in following the meanings concerning digital constitutionalism (section IV). As a conclusion, always provisional, it points out the theoretical fragility involving the concept and its application, whose reflexes may affect the paradigm of democratic constitutionalism section V). Ending with a resort to fantastic literature to metaphorically illustrate the critic formulated to the digital constitutionalism (section IV). The used methodological approach is analytic-descriptive, exiting in bibliographic investigation in an exploratory bias. This essay is the partial result of a deployment from the research project entitled “The normativity and it’s form of expression: different languages, other knowledges, new approaches”. In the extent of the technological innovations in the constitutional state research group linked to the Univel., Existe um constitucionalismo digital? Essa é uma questão cuja resposta ainda está em processo de construção na doutrina nacional e estrangeira. O propósito deste texto é discutir, criticamente, as imprecisões em torno da expressão “constitucionalismo digital”, propondo uma reflexão sobre o sentido que o dispositivo “digital” confere à noção de “constitucionalismo”. Teria o adjetivo se tornado mais relevante do que o próprio substantivo? Para enfrentar esse tema, após sua problematização (Seção I), resgatam-se as origens do fenômeno do constitucionalismo e suas formas de manifestação (Seção II). A partir disso, especulam-se a possibilidade de a revolução tecnológica constituir um momento constitucional (Seção III) e, em seguida, os sentidos em torno do constitucionalismo digital (Seção IV). À guisa de conclusão, aponta-se a fragilidade teórica em torno do conceito e sua aplicação, cujos reflexos podem afetar o paradigma do constitucionalismo democrático (Seção V). Ao final, é oferecido um breve epílogo, no qual se recorre à literatura fantástica para, metaforicamente, ilustrar a crítica então formulada ao constitucionalismo digital (Seção VI). O método de abordagem utilizado, para tanto, é o analítico-descritivo, consistente em investigação bibliográfica, de viés exploratório. Este ensaio é o resultado parcial de um desdobramento do projeto de pesquisa intitulado “A normatividade e suas formas de expressão: diferentes linguagens, outros saberes, novas abordagens”, no âmbito do Grupo de Pesquisa Inovações Tecnológicas e Estado Constitucional, vinculado ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da Univel.

The article presents biological, social and technological-cultural evolution and biological-technological and purely cultural evolution. The last two are accompanied by the ideology of transhumanism and their basis is the new integrated technologies used in the current fourth industrial revolution and the planned fifth. Transhumanism seems to be replacing the traditional humanities. It aims to affirm the technicisation of inorganic and biological structures, including the human being, first bionised, then cyborgised and finally virtualised. The natural and social environment is to be technicised. Ontic and ethical problems arising in the face of the symbiosis of natural and technical entities are pointed out., W artykule przedstawia się ewolucję: biologiczną, społeczną i technologiczno-kulturową oraz biologiczno-technologiczną i czysto kulturową. Dwóm ostatnim towarzyszy ideologia transhumanizmu, a ich podstawą są nowe zintegrowane technologie stosowane w czwartej rewolucji przemysłowej i planowanej piątej. Transhumanizm zdaje się zastępować tradycyjne nauki humanistyczne. Ma na celu afi rmację technicyzacji struktur nieorganicznych i biologicznych, w tym człowieka najpierw bionizowanego, następnie cyborgizowanego, aż do jego wirtualizacji. Technicyzacji ma podlegać otoczenie przyrodnicze i społeczne. Wskazuje się na powstające problemy ontyczne i etyczne w obliczu symbiozy bytów naturalnych i technicznych.

The term industry 4.0 is present in academia, the business sector, and the media. It is associated with a new technological revolution characterized by the interrelation of various technologies, whose main elements are cyber-physical systems, artificial intelligence, and global connectivity. Although there is abundant literature on the subject, most of it is oriented from a technical and business perspective, and it is optimistic in terms of expected advantages. However, this article analyzes the potential for altering the traditional terms of the contradictory capital-labor relationship. Through an extensive literature review, industry 4.0 is described in its historical-economic context, highlighting the trends it drives. While most authors emphasize connectivity and technical interaction, this text emphasizes the distinctive economic aspect of this revolution. It highlights how the involvement of disruptive technologies to achieve high automation represents a clear trend towards the disappearance of salaried employment, with the exception of the minimal occupation of skilled labor and services. The union of this type of technologies represents a qualitative leap due to the elimination of downtime between individual companies and along all production chains. It concludes by showing the radical alteration in labor relations if industry 4.0 expands., O termo Indústria 4.0 está presente no meio acadêmico, no setor empresarial e na mídia. Está associado a uma nova revolução tecnológica caracterizada pela inter-relação de várias tecnologias, cujos principais elementos são os sistemas ciberfísicos, a inteligência artificial e a conectividade global. Embora haja farta literatura sobre o assunto, a maior parte é orientada do ponto de vista técnico e empresarial, enaltecendo em termos dos benefícios esperados. No entanto, este artigo analisa o potencial de alterar os termos tradicionais da relação contraditória capital-trabalho. No decorrer de uma extensa revisão de literatura, descreve-se a Indústria 4.0 em seu contexto histórico-econômico, destacando as tendências que impulsiona. Enquanto a generalidade dos autores enfatiza a conectividade e a interação técnica, neste texto se acentua o aspecto econômico distintivo dessa revolução. Destaca-se como o envolvimento de tecnologias disruptivas para alcançar uma intensa automação representa uma clara tendência ao desaparecimento do emprego assalariado, com exceção de uma ocupação mínima de trabalho e serviços qualificados. A união desse tipo de tecnologia representa um salto qualitativo devido à eliminação de paradas entre empresas individuais e em todas as cadeias produtivas. Conclui-se mostrando a alteração radical nas relações de trabalho da Indústria 4.0 em expansão., El término Industria 4.0 está presente en la academia, el sector empresarial y los medios de comunicación. Se asocia a una nueva revolución tecnológica caracterizada por la interrelación de diversas tecnologías, cuyos principales elementos son los sistemas ciberfísicos, la inteligencia artificial y la conectividad global. Aunque existe abundante literatura sobre el tema, la mayoría está orientada desde una perspectiva técnica y de negocios; halagüeña en cuanto a las ventajas esperadas. Sin embargo, en este artículo se analizan las potencialidades para alterar los términos tradicionales de la relación contradictoria capital-trabajo. Mediante una amplia revisión bibliográfica, se describe a la Industria 4.0 en su contexto histórico-económico resaltando las tendencias que impulsa. Mientras que la generalidad de los autores enfatiza en la conectividad e interacción técnica, en el presente texto se acentúa el aspecto económico distintivo de esta revolución. Se destaca cómo el involucramiento de tecnologías disruptivas para lograr la alta automatización representa una clara tendencia a la desaparición del empleo asalariado, con la excepción de una mínima ocupación de trabajo calificado y de servicios. La unión de este tipo de tecnologías supone un salto cualitativo debido a la eliminación de los tiempos muertos entre empresas individuales y a lo largo de todas las cadenas de producción. Se concluye mostrando la radical alteración en las relaciones laborales de expandirse la Industria 4.0.

O objetivo da pesquisa é estudar a respeito da influência da tecnologia da informação sobre os relacionamentos amorosos presentes na sociedade ocidental atual. Parte-se do pressuposto de que, ao longo dos anos, o conceito de amor, bem como as relações têm se modificado. A metodologia utilizada foi de levantamento bibliográfico em autores da área da psicologia e afins. Buscou-se, a partir da bibliografia levantada, realizar uma discussão sobre o conceito de amor, a formação e desenvolvimento da sociedade, modernidade líquida, a revolução tecnológica, a psicanálise como modo de ligação e compreensão do cenário e as questões pesquisadas. Como resultados, obteve-se que o mal-estar amoroso da atualidade pode decorrer de diversos fatores como: dificuldade do aprofundamento das relações relacionados ao pensamento em rede; excesso de alimentação do narcisismo (dificuldade em tolerar frustração); relação com o tempo alteradas (associadas ao excesso de expectativa de um relacionamento feliz, sem a capacidade de maturação do mesmo) e modelos anteriores considerados fracassados., The aim of the research is to study the influence of information technology on the love relationships present in Western society today. It is based on the assumption that, over the years, the concept of love, as well as relationships, have changed. The methodology used was a bibliographic survey of authors in the field of psychology and the like. It was sought, from the bibliography raised, to carry out a discussion on the concept of love, the formation and development of society, liquid modernity, the technological revolution, psychoanalysis as a way of connecting and understanding the scenario and the researched issues. As a result, it was found that the current malaise of love can result from several factors such as: difficulty in deepening relationships related to network thinking; over-eating narcissism (difficulty tolerating frustration); altered relationship with time (associated with the excessive expectation of a happy relationship, without the maturation capacity of the same) and previous models considered unsuccessful., El objetivo de la investigación es estudiar la influencia de la tecnología de la información en las relaciones amorosas presentes en la sociedad occidental de hoy. Se basa en el supuesto de que, a lo largo de los años, el concepto de amor, así como las relaciones, han cambiado. La metodología utilizada fue una encuesta bibliográfica de autores en el campo de la psicología y similares. Se buscó, a partir de la bibliografía planteada, llevar a cabo una discusión sobre el concepto de amor, la formación y desarrollo de la sociedad, la modernidad líquida, la revolución tecnológica, el psicoanálisis como forma de conectar y comprender el escenario y los temas investigados. Como resultado de ello, se constató que el actual malestar amoroso puede ser el resultado de varios factores como: la dificultad para profundizar las relaciones relacionadas con el pensamiento de red; el narcisismo sobrealimentado (dificultad para tolerar la frustración); la relación alterada con el tiempo (asociada a la expectativa excesiva de una relación feliz, sin la capacidad de maduración de la misma) y los modelos anteriores considerados infructuosos.

O objetivo da pesquisa é estudar a respeito da influência da tecnologia da informação sobre os relacionamentos amorosos presentes na sociedade ocidental atual. Parte-se do pressuposto de que, ao longo dos anos, o conceito de amor, bem como as relações têm se modificado. A metodologia utilizada foi de levantamento bibliográfico em autores da área da psicologia e afins. Buscou-se, a partir da bibliografia levantada, realizar uma discussão sobre o conceito de amor, a formação e desenvolvimento da sociedade, modernidade líquida, a revolução tecnológica, a psicanálise como modo de ligação e compreensão do cenário e as questões pesquisadas. Como resultados, obteve-se que o mal-estar amoroso da atualidade pode decorrer de diversos fatores como: dificuldade do aprofundamento das relações relacionados ao pensamento em rede; excesso de alimentação do narcisismo (dificuldade em tolerar frustração); relação com o tempo alteradas (associadas ao excesso de expectativa de um relacionamento feliz, sem a capacidade de maturação do mesmo) e modelos anteriores considerados fracassados., The aim of the research is to study the influence of information technology on the love relationships present in Western society today. It is based on the assumption that, over the years, the concept of love, as well as relationships, have changed. The methodology used was a bibliographic survey of authors in the field of psychology and the like. It was sought, from the bibliography raised, to carry out a discussion on the concept of love, the formation and development of society, liquid modernity, the technological revolution, psychoanalysis as a way of connecting and understanding the scenario and the researched issues. As a result, it was found that the current malaise of love can result from several factors such as: difficulty in deepening relationships related to network thinking; over-eating narcissism (difficulty tolerating frustration); altered relationship with time (associated with the excessive expectation of a happy relationship, without the maturation capacity of the same) and previous models considered unsuccessful., El objetivo de la investigación es estudiar la influencia de la tecnología de la información en las relaciones amorosas presentes en la sociedad occidental de hoy. Se basa en el supuesto de que, a lo largo de los años, el concepto de amor, así como las relaciones, han cambiado. La metodología utilizada fue una encuesta bibliográfica de autores en el campo de la psicología y similares. Se buscó, a partir de la bibliografía planteada, llevar a cabo una discusión sobre el concepto de amor, la formación y desarrollo de la sociedad, la modernidad líquida, la revolución tecnológica, el psicoanálisis como forma de conectar y comprender el escenario y los temas investigados. Como resultado de ello, se constató que el actual malestar amoroso puede ser el resultado de varios factores como: la dificultad para profundizar las relaciones relacionadas con el pensamiento de red; el narcisismo sobrealimentado (dificultad para tolerar la frustración); la relación alterada con el tiempo (asociada a la expectativa excesiva de una relación feliz, sin la capacidad de maduración de la misma) y los modelos anteriores considerados infructuosos.

In Paraguay, where the employed labor force is mainly in agriculture and services, in a few years more than half of current jobs can disappear. The irruption of the technological revolution is producing great changes in all sectors and in these two mentioned in particular, on an international scale. The perspective of the current productive organization is that it can dispense with labor in an accelerated manner, especially the low-skilled. The new emerging situation implies challenges for peasant organizations and workers' unions, for governments and their educational and agricultural programs, and for the strategic planning of the national economy. Social scientists are faced with an urgent need to study this process and to make forecasts, foresee consequences and guide with recommendations., En el Paraguay, donde la mano de obra ocupada está mayoritariamente en la agricultura y los servicios, en pocos años pueden desaparecer más de la mitad de los empleos actuales. La irrupción de la revolución tecnológica está produciendo grandes cambios en todos los sectores y en estos dos citados en particular, a escala internacional. La perspectiva de la organización productiva actual es que puede prescindir de la mano de obra de manera acelerada, sobre todo de la poco calificada. La nueva situación emergente implica desafíos para las organizaciones campesinas y sindicatos de trabajadores, para los gobiernos y sus programas educativos, agrarios y para la planificación estratégica de la economía nacional. Los científicos sociales tienen ante sí la necesidad urgente de estudiar este proceso y de realizar pronósticos, prever consecuencias y orientar con recomendaciones.

Supporting the hypothesis of the hegemonic transition characterized by the scenario of the dispute with the United States, the article analyzes the emergence of the People’s Republic of China as an international economic power. First, the conceptual framework is presented within the evolutionary theory of technology revolutions for the interpretation of the current stage of a global transformation. Secondly, the paper advances on the analysis of the Chinese trajectory towards consolidation as the protagonist of the international system reviewing the empirical path through the main scientific and technological indicators that explain its rise. In this context, its commercial dispute with the United States is analyzed as an expression of the broad conflict over the appropriation of the benefits of the current technological revolution. Lastly, the characterization of the uncertainty scenario regarding the institutionality of the new global economic order is presented., Este artículo analiza el surgimiento de la República Popular China como potencia económica internacional sosteniendo la hipótesis de transición hegemónica caracterizada por el escenario de disputa con Estados Unidos. En primer lugar, se presenta el marco conceptual dentro de la teoría evolucionista de las revoluciones tecnológicas para la interpretación de la etapa actual de transformación global. A partir de allí, se avanza en el análisis de la trayectoria china hacia la consolidación como protagonista del sistema internacional y el recorrido empírico por los principales indicadores científicos y tecnológicos que explican su ascenso. En este marco, se analiza la disputa comercial con Estados Unidos como expresión del conflicto amplio en torno a la apropiación de los beneficios de la actual revolución tecnológica. Como conclusión, se expone la caracterización del escenario de incertidumbre en torno a la institucionalidad del nuevo orden económico global.

O objetivo da pesquisa é estudar a respeito da influência da tecnologia da informação sobre os relacionamentos amorosos presentes na sociedade ocidental atual. Parte-se do pressuposto de que, ao longo dos anos, o conceito de amor, bem como as relações têm se modificado. A metodologia utilizada foi de levantamento bibliográfico em autores da área da psicologia e afins. Buscou-se, a partir da bibliografia levantada, realizar uma discussão sobre o conceito de amor, a formação e desenvolvimento da sociedade, modernidade líquida, a revolução tecnológica, a psicanálise como modo de ligação e compreensão do cenário e as questões pesquisadas. Como resultados, obteve-se que o mal-estar amoroso da atualidade pode decorrer de diversos fatores como: dificuldade do aprofundamento das relações relacionados ao pensamento em rede; excesso de alimentação do narcisismo (dificuldade em tolerar frustração); relação com o tempo alteradas (associadas ao excesso de expectativa de um relacionamento feliz, sem a capacidade de maturação do mesmo) e modelos anteriores considerados fracassados., The aim of the research is to study the influence of information technology on the love relationships present in Western society today. It is based on the assumption that, over the years, the concept of love, as well as relationships, have changed. The methodology used was a bibliographic survey of authors in the field of psychology and the like. It was sought, from the bibliography raised, to carry out a discussion on the concept of love, the formation and development of society, liquid modernity, the technological revolution, psychoanalysis as a way of connecting and understanding the scenario and the researched issues. As a result, it was found that the current malaise of love can result from several factors such as: difficulty in deepening relationships related to network thinking; over-eating narcissism (difficulty tolerating frustration); altered relationship with time (associated with the excessive expectation of a happy relationship, without the maturation capacity of the same) and previous models considered unsuccessful., El objetivo de la investigación es estudiar la influencia de la tecnología de la información en las relaciones amorosas presentes en la sociedad occidental de hoy. Se basa en el supuesto de que, a lo largo de los años, el concepto de amor, así como las relaciones, han cambiado. La metodología utilizada fue una encuesta bibliográfica de autores en el campo de la psicología y similares. Se buscó, a partir de la bibliografía planteada, llevar a cabo una discusión sobre el concepto de amor, la formación y desarrollo de la sociedad, la modernidad líquida, la revolución tecnológica, el psicoanálisis como forma de conectar y comprender el escenario y los temas investigados. Como resultado de ello, se constató que el actual malestar amoroso puede ser el resultado de varios factores como: la dificultad para profundizar las relaciones relacionadas con el pensamiento de red; el narcisismo sobrealimentado (dificultad para tolerar la frustración); la relación alterada con el tiempo (asociada a la expectativa excesiva de una relación feliz, sin la capacidad de maduración de la misma) y los modelos anteriores considerados infructuosos.

The aim of the article is to conceptualize, that is, to explain, analyze the meaning and indicate the framework for the interpretation of the concept of “cryptocurrency” in social sciences, including political science. As issue an interdisciplinary, polysemic and at the same time novum technological novelty, cryptocurrencies are a challenge for representatives of the world of science. The proposed heuristic model of concept analysis based on the technological, legal and economic aspect indicates that in the broad sense of cryptocurrencies it should be understood as: decentralized, functioning in a network with a peer-to-peer architecture, cryptographically secured, based on trust and consensus, type of virtual currency, that meets some of the functions of money. Explaining the content by one aspect of the functioning of cryptocurrencies is its narrowing down., Celem artykułu jest konceptualizacja, to znaczy wyjaśnienie, analiza znaczenia i wskazanie ram interpretacji pojęcia „kryptowaluty” na gruncie nauk społecznych, w tym politologii. Jako zagadnienie interdyscyplinarne, polisemiczne, a zarazem novum technologiczne, kryptowaluty stanowią wyzwanie dla przedstawicieli świata nauki. Zaproponowany heurystyczny model analizy pojęcia oparty o aspekt technologiczny, prawny oraz ekonomiczny wskazuje, że w szerokim ujęciu kryptowalut należy rozumieć jako: zdecentralizowany, funkcjonujący w sieci o architekturze peer-to-peer, zabezpieczony kryptograficznie, oparty na zaufaniu i konsensusie, typ waluty wirtualnej, spełniający w sposób niepełny niektóre funkcje pieniądza. Wyjaśnienie treści poprzez jeden z aspektów funkcjonowania kryptowalut stanowi jego zawężenie.

O objetivo da pesquisa é estudar a respeito da influência da tecnologia da informação sobre os relacionamentos amorosos presentes na sociedade ocidental atual. Parte-se do pressuposto de que, ao longo dos anos, o conceito de amor, bem como as relações têm se modificado. A metodologia utilizada foi de levantamento bibliográfico em autores da área da psicologia e afins. Buscou-se, a partir da bibliografia levantada, realizar uma discussão sobre o conceito de amor, a formação e desenvolvimento da sociedade, modernidade líquida, a revolução tecnológica, a psicanálise como modo de ligação e compreensão do cenário e as questões pesquisadas. Como resultados, obteve-se que o mal-estar amoroso da atualidade pode decorrer de diversos fatores como: dificuldade do aprofundamento das relações relacionados ao pensamento em rede; excesso de alimentação do narcisismo (dificuldade em tolerar frustração); relação com o tempo alteradas (associadas ao excesso de expectativa de um relacionamento feliz, sem a capacidade de maturação do mesmo) e modelos anteriores considerados fracassados., The aim of the research is to study the influence of information technology on the love relationships present in Western society today. It is based on the assumption that, over the years, the concept of love, as well as relationships, have changed. The methodology used was a bibliographic survey of authors in the field of psychology and the like. It was sought, from the bibliography raised, to carry out a discussion on the concept of love, the formation and development of society, liquid modernity, the technological revolution, psychoanalysis as a way of connecting and understanding the scenario and the researched issues. As a result, it was found that the current malaise of love can result from several factors such as: difficulty in deepening relationships related to network thinking; over-eating narcissism (difficulty tolerating frustration); altered relationship with time (associated with the excessive expectation of a happy relationship, without the maturation capacity of the same) and previous models considered unsuccessful., El objetivo de la investigación es estudiar la influencia de la tecnología de la información en las relaciones amorosas presentes en la sociedad occidental de hoy. Se basa en el supuesto de que, a lo largo de los años, el concepto de amor, así como las relaciones, han cambiado. La metodología utilizada fue una encuesta bibliográfica de autores en el campo de la psicología y similares. Se buscó, a partir de la bibliografía planteada, llevar a cabo una discusión sobre el concepto de amor, la formación y desarrollo de la sociedad, la modernidad líquida, la revolución tecnológica, el psicoanálisis como forma de conectar y comprender el escenario y los temas investigados. Como resultado de ello, se constató que el actual malestar amoroso puede ser el resultado de varios factores como: la dificultad para profundizar las relaciones relacionadas con el pensamiento de red; el narcisismo sobrealimentado (dificultad para tolerar la frustración); la relación alterada con el tiempo (asociada a la expectativa excesiva de una relación feliz, sin la capacidad de maduración de la misma) y los modelos anteriores considerados infructuosos.

Objective: To present the results obtained from the construction of an index to analyze the intelligence and sustainability of five cities in Mexico. Three of them are the largest in the country such as Mexico City, Guadalajara and Monterrey, and two smaller cities, but no less important, as is the case of Aguascalientes and Querétaro. Methodology: Quantitative, using a weighted index with four dimensions of analysis constructed from secondary information sources (official data from Mexico). Results: Measurement and analysis of selected cities in the dimensions Social, Economic, Environmental and ICT Access-Use. Limitations: Cross-sectional study with secondary sources of information, and it was not possible to include other relevant variables due to lack of information. Conclusions: It is relevant to try to measure, and analyze cities in developing countries. This within the framework of Smart and Sustainable Cities, highlighting that Mexico City is the best located, but it also emphasizes that medium and small cities such as Querétaro and Aguascalientes, due to their characteristics, have elements of this type of model and, therefore, their transition can be faster and more efficient., Objetivo: presentar los resultados obtenidos de la construcción de un índice para analizar la inteligencia y sostenibilidad de cinco ciudades de México. Tres de ellas son las más grandes del país: Ciudad de México, Guadalajara y Monterrey y dos más pequeñas, pero no menos importantes, como es el caso de Aguascalientes y Querétaro. Metodología: cuantitativa, mediante un índice ponderado con cuatro dimensiones de análisis construido a partir de fuentes de información secundaria (cifras oficiales de México). Resultados: medición y análisis de las ciudades seleccionadas en las dimensiones Social, Económica, Ambiental y Acceso-Uso de TIC. Limitaciones: es un estudio de corte transversal con fuentes de información secundarias, y no se logró incluir otras variables relevantes por falta de información. Conclusiones: resulta relevante tratar de medir y analizar a ciudades de países en desarrollo en el marco de las Ciudades Inteligentes y Sostenibles, destacando que la Ciudad de México es la mejor ubicada, pero además se enfatiza que ciudades medianas y pequeñas como es el caso de Querétaro y Aguascalientes por sus características cuentan con elementos de este tipo de modelos y, por lo tanto, les puede resultar más rápido y eficiente su transición.

[EN] Objectives The present work aims to study the need for a more knowledge-intensive economy, especially technologically based, that allows to face the challenge of the so-called 4th technological revolution, contributing to the development of a more competitive society as well as with values. Thus, this work aims to do a revision of the reality of the spanish university and its role facing the technological challenge. In addition, it aims to make an analysis of the presence and weight of the social economy in the sectors most identified with the so-called fourth industrial revolution, to establish if there are economic and financial differences that explain the higher presence of the investor owned firms versus social economy enterprises. Design and methodology In addition to the literature revision, we have used SABI database, in order to identify social economy companies that operate in technological sectors, specifically those related to digital economy and the fourth industrial revolution. Financial and economic variables of both have been analyzed and compared. Results and conclusions From the literature review and the analysis carried out, this work concludes that the presence of social economy companies in technological sectors related to the digital economy is smaller than the one of the investor owned companies, and in addition this presence is decreasing over the years. On the other hand, there are no differences in their economic and financial indicators that support a greater preference for investor owned enterprises capital compared to social economy enterprises. We conclude that in order to advance in this competitive economy with values, the role of the university is crucial, fostering and developing an innovative, intelligent and with values entrepreneurship. In the last four decades the social economy has undergone significant progress in quantitative and qualitative terms, and so has entrepreneurship. However, it is still necessary to promote th, [ES] Hoy en día se reconocen las sociedades más desarrolladas por contar con un emprendimiento innovador que hace un uso intensivo del conocimiento y utiliza las tecnologías más avanzadas. Estas sociedades, si además de economías competitivas pretenden ser sociedades más justas, solidarias y sostenibles deben también emprender con valores que les conduzcan a ello. El presente trabajo pretende abordar la necesidad de avanzar en una economía más intensiva en conocimiento, especialmente tecnológico, que permita afrontar el reto que supone la llamada 4ª revolución tecnológica, contribuyendo al desarrollo de una sociedad más competitiva y al mismo tiempo con valores. Así, este trabajo realiza una revisión de la realidad de la universidad española, y de su papel ante el reto tecnológico. Además, efectúa un análisis de la presencia y peso de la economía social en aquellos sectores más identificados con la llamada cuarta revolución industrial, y establece que no existen diferencias de ámbito económico-financiero que puedan explicar la previamente constatada menor presencia de las fórmulas de economía social frente a las de capital. De la revisión y el análisis efectuado, este trabajo concluye que para que se avance en esta economía competitiva y con valores, es crucial el papel de la universidad, fomentando y desarrollando un emprendimiento innovador, inteligente y con valores. En las últimas cuatro décadas la Economía Social ha experimentado un importante avance en términos cuantitativos y cualitativos, y también lo ha hecho el emprendimiento, en particular, el universitario, contribuyendo a avanzar en la generación de una economía con mayor uso del conocimiento y, sobre todo, con valores. Sin embargo, continúa siendo necesario impulsar el uso de fórmulas de Economía Social en el emprendimiento derivado del ecosistema universitario, y con ello su grado de presencia en los sectores tecnológicos más avanzados, y en particular en los más estrechamente vinculados a la llamada

[ES] El impacto de la actual revolución tecnológica alcanza diversos ámbitos, pero el económico seguramente sea uno de los más afectados. Esto se ve reflejado, en primer lugar, en las múltiples consecuencias financieras que ha traído consigo. El sector financiero se ha visto transformado desde que las GAFAM (Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple y Microsoft), las compañías más potentes en cuanto a capitalización bursátil han cobrado un nivel de poder sin precedentes y cambiado los tradicionales criterios de inversión, desbancando así a sectores antes líderes, como el petrolífero, el automovilístico y el propio sistema bancario. La expansión provocada por la revolución tecnológica se extiende también al ámbito del consumo, que se ha visto marcado por la aparición y conquista del comercio electrónico. Esto, a su vez, ha contribuido a la creación de nuevos métodos publicitarios que giran en torno al marketing digital, así como de nuevos empleos. A pesar de la abundancia de estos, las compañías del sector tecnológico no parecen revertir sus enormes beneficios a la sociedad. Aunque en menor medida, el auge de las nuevas tecnologías también ha dejado su huella en el mercado inmobiliario, redefiniéndolo a un ritmo cada vez más avanzado, y generado un inmenso impacto en el medio ambiente, que se promete minimizar a través de prácticas más sostenibles por parte de las empresas culpables., [EN] The impact of the current technological revolution reaches several fields, but the economic is surely one of the most affected. This is reflected, first of all, in the multiple financial consequences that it has brought along with it. The financial sector has been transformed since the GAFAMs -Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple and Microsoft-, the most powerful companies in terms of market capitalization, have acquired an unprecedented level of power and changed traditional investment criteria, thus unseating formerly leading sectors, such as the oil and gas industry, the automobile sector and the banking system itself. The expansion caused by the technological revolution also extends to the field of consumption, which has been marked by the emergence and conquest of electronic commerce. This, in turn, has contributed to the creation of new advertising methods that revolve around digital marketing, as well as new jobs. Despite the abundance of these, companies in the technological sector do not seem to revert their enormous benefits to society. Although to a lesser extent, the rise of new technologies has also left its mark on the real estate market, redefining it at an increasingly advanced rate, and generating an immense impact on the environment, which it promises to minimize through more sustainable practices by the guilty companies., [CA] L'impacte de l'actual revolució tecnològica assoleix diversos àmbits, però l'econòmic segurament siga un dels més afectats. Açò es veu reflectit, en primer lloc, en les múltiples conseqüències financeres que ha comportat. El sector financer s'ha vist transformat des que les GAFAM (Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple i Microsoft) , les companyies més potents quant a capitalització borsària, han cobrat un nivell de poder sense precedents i han canviat els tradicionals criteris d'inversió, desbancant així a sectors abans líders, com el petrolífer, l'automobilístic i el propi sistema bancari. L'expansió provocada per la revolució tecnològica s'estén també a l'àmbit del consum, que s'ha vist marcat per l'aparició i conquista del comerç electrònic. Açò, al seu torn, ha contribuït a la creació de nous mètodes publicitaris que giren entorn del màrqueting digital, així com de noves ocupacions. A pesar de l'abundància d'estos, les companyies del sector tecnològic no pareixen revertir els seus enormes beneficis a la societat. Encara que en menor grau, l'auge de les noves tecnologies també ha deixat la seua empremta en el mercat immobiliari, redefinint-lo a un ritme cada vegada més avançat, i generat un immens impacte en el medi ambient, que es promet minimitzar a través de pràctiques més sostenibles per part de les empreses culpables.

[EN] Objectives The present work aims to study the need for a more knowledge-intensive economy, especially technologically based, that allows to face the challenge of the so-called 4th technological revolution, contributing to the development of a more competitive society as well as with values. Thus, this work aims to do a revision of the reality of the spanish university and its role facing the technological challenge. In addition, it aims to make an analysis of the presence and weight of the social economy in the sectors most identified with the so-called fourth industrial revolution, to establish if there are economic and financial differences that explain the higher presence of the investor owned firms versus social economy enterprises. Design and methodology In addition to the literature revision, we have used SABI database, in order to identify social economy companies that operate in technological sectors, specifically those related to digital economy and the fourth industrial revolution. Financial and economic variables of both have been analyzed and compared. Results and conclusions From the literature review and the analysis carried out, this work concludes that the presence of social economy companies in technological sectors related to the digital economy is smaller than the one of the investor owned companies, and in addition this presence is decreasing over the years. On the other hand, there are no differences in their economic and financial indicators that support a greater preference for investor owned enterprises capital compared to social economy enterprises. We conclude that in order to advance in this competitive economy with values, the role of the university is crucial, fostering and developing an innovative, intelligent and with values entrepreneurship. In the last four decades the social economy has undergone significant progress in quantitative and qualitative terms, and so has entrepreneurship. However, it is still necessary to promote th, [ES] Hoy en día se reconocen las sociedades más desarrolladas por contar con un emprendimiento innovador que hace un uso intensivo del conocimiento y utiliza las tecnologías más avanzadas. Estas sociedades, si además de economías competitivas pretenden ser sociedades más justas, solidarias y sostenibles deben también emprender con valores que les conduzcan a ello. El presente trabajo pretende abordar la necesidad de avanzar en una economía más intensiva en conocimiento, especialmente tecnológico, que permita afrontar el reto que supone la llamada 4ª revolución tecnológica, contribuyendo al desarrollo de una sociedad más competitiva y al mismo tiempo con valores. Así, este trabajo realiza una revisión de la realidad de la universidad española, y de su papel ante el reto tecnológico. Además, efectúa un análisis de la presencia y peso de la economía social en aquellos sectores más identificados con la llamada cuarta revolución industrial, y establece que no existen diferencias de ámbito económico-financiero que puedan explicar la previamente constatada menor presencia de las fórmulas de economía social frente a las de capital. De la revisión y el análisis efectuado, este trabajo concluye que para que se avance en esta economía competitiva y con valores, es crucial el papel de la universidad, fomentando y desarrollando un emprendimiento innovador, inteligente y con valores. En las últimas cuatro décadas la Economía Social ha experimentado un importante avance en términos cuantitativos y cualitativos, y también lo ha hecho el emprendimiento, en particular, el universitario, contribuyendo a avanzar en la generación de una economía con mayor uso del conocimiento y, sobre todo, con valores. Sin embargo, continúa siendo necesario impulsar el uso de fórmulas de Economía Social en el emprendimiento derivado del ecosistema universitario, y con ello su grado de presencia en los sectores tecnológicos más avanzados, y en particular en los más estrechamente vinculados a la llamada

[ES] El impacto de la actual revolución tecnológica alcanza diversos ámbitos, pero el económico seguramente sea uno de los más afectados. Esto se ve reflejado, en primer lugar, en las múltiples consecuencias financieras que ha traído consigo. El sector financiero se ha visto transformado desde que las GAFAM (Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple y Microsoft), las compañías más potentes en cuanto a capitalización bursátil han cobrado un nivel de poder sin precedentes y cambiado los tradicionales criterios de inversión, desbancando así a sectores antes líderes, como el petrolífero, el automovilístico y el propio sistema bancario. La expansión provocada por la revolución tecnológica se extiende también al ámbito del consumo, que se ha visto marcado por la aparición y conquista del comercio electrónico. Esto, a su vez, ha contribuido a la creación de nuevos métodos publicitarios que giran en torno al marketing digital, así como de nuevos empleos. A pesar de la abundancia de estos, las compañías del sector tecnológico no parecen revertir sus enormes beneficios a la sociedad. Aunque en menor medida, el auge de las nuevas tecnologías también ha dejado su huella en el mercado inmobiliario, redefiniéndolo a un ritmo cada vez más avanzado, y generado un inmenso impacto en el medio ambiente, que se promete minimizar a través de prácticas más sostenibles por parte de las empresas culpables., [EN] The impact of the current technological revolution reaches several fields, but the economic is surely one of the most affected. This is reflected, first of all, in the multiple financial consequences that it has brought along with it. The financial sector has been transformed since the GAFAMs -Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple and Microsoft-, the most powerful companies in terms of market capitalization, have acquired an unprecedented level of power and changed traditional investment criteria, thus unseating formerly leading sectors, such as the oil and gas industry, the automobile sector and the banking system itself. The expansion caused by the technological revolution also extends to the field of consumption, which has been marked by the emergence and conquest of electronic commerce. This, in turn, has contributed to the creation of new advertising methods that revolve around digital marketing, as well as new jobs. Despite the abundance of these, companies in the technological sector do not seem to revert their enormous benefits to society. Although to a lesser extent, the rise of new technologies has also left its mark on the real estate market, redefining it at an increasingly advanced rate, and generating an immense impact on the environment, which it promises to minimize through more sustainable practices by the guilty companies., [CA] L'impacte de l'actual revolució tecnològica assoleix diversos àmbits, però l'econòmic segurament siga un dels més afectats. Açò es veu reflectit, en primer lloc, en les múltiples conseqüències financeres que ha comportat. El sector financer s'ha vist transformat des que les GAFAM (Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple i Microsoft) , les companyies més potents quant a capitalització borsària, han cobrat un nivell de poder sense precedents i han canviat els tradicionals criteris d'inversió, desbancant així a sectors abans líders, com el petrolífer, l'automobilístic i el propi sistema bancari. L'expansió provocada per la revolució tecnològica s'estén també a l'àmbit del consum, que s'ha vist marcat per l'aparició i conquista del comerç electrònic. Açò, al seu torn, ha contribuït a la creació de nous mètodes publicitaris que giren entorn del màrqueting digital, així com de noves ocupacions. A pesar de l'abundància d'estos, les companyies del sector tecnològic no pareixen revertir els seus enormes beneficis a la societat. Encara que en menor grau, l'auge de les noves tecnologies també ha deixat la seua empremta en el mercat immobiliari, redefinint-lo a un ritme cada vegada més avançat, i generat un immens impacte en el medi ambient, que es promet minimitzar a través de pràctiques més sostenibles per part de les empreses culpables.

[ES] El impacto de la actual revolución tecnológica alcanza diversos ámbitos, pero el económico seguramente sea uno de los más afectados. Esto se ve reflejado, en primer lugar, en las múltiples consecuencias financieras que ha traído consigo. El sector financiero se ha visto transformado desde que las GAFAM (Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple y Microsoft), las compañías más potentes en cuanto a capitalización bursátil han cobrado un nivel de poder sin precedentes y cambiado los tradicionales criterios de inversión, desbancando así a sectores antes líderes, como el petrolífero, el automovilístico y el propio sistema bancario. La expansión provocada por la revolución tecnológica se extiende también al ámbito del consumo, que se ha visto marcado por la aparición y conquista del comercio electrónico. Esto, a su vez, ha contribuido a la creación de nuevos métodos publicitarios que giran en torno al marketing digital, así como de nuevos empleos. A pesar de la abundancia de estos, las compañías del sector tecnológico no parecen revertir sus enormes beneficios a la sociedad. Aunque en menor medida, el auge de las nuevas tecnologías también ha dejado su huella en el mercado inmobiliario, redefiniéndolo a un ritmo cada vez más avanzado, y generado un inmenso impacto en el medio ambiente, que se promete minimizar a través de prácticas más sostenibles por parte de las empresas culpables., [EN] The impact of the current technological revolution reaches several fields, but the economic is surely one of the most affected. This is reflected, first of all, in the multiple financial consequences that it has brought along with it. The financial sector has been transformed since the GAFAMs -Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple and Microsoft-, the most powerful companies in terms of market capitalization, have acquired an unprecedented level of power and changed traditional investment criteria, thus unseating formerly leading sectors, such as the oil and gas industry, the automobile sector and the banking system itself. The expansion caused by the technological revolution also extends to the field of consumption, which has been marked by the emergence and conquest of electronic commerce. This, in turn, has contributed to the creation of new advertising methods that revolve around digital marketing, as well as new jobs. Despite the abundance of these, companies in the technological sector do not seem to revert their enormous benefits to society. Although to a lesser extent, the rise of new technologies has also left its mark on the real estate market, redefining it at an increasingly advanced rate, and generating an immense impact on the environment, which it promises to minimize through more sustainable practices by the guilty companies., [CA] L'impacte de l'actual revolució tecnològica assoleix diversos àmbits, però l'econòmic segurament siga un dels més afectats. Açò es veu reflectit, en primer lloc, en les múltiples conseqüències financeres que ha comportat. El sector financer s'ha vist transformat des que les GAFAM (Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple i Microsoft) , les companyies més potents quant a capitalització borsària, han cobrat un nivell de poder sense precedents i han canviat els tradicionals criteris d'inversió, desbancant així a sectors abans líders, com el petrolífer, l'automobilístic i el propi sistema bancari. L'expansió provocada per la revolució tecnològica s'estén també a l'àmbit del consum, que s'ha vist marcat per l'aparició i conquista del comerç electrònic. Açò, al seu torn, ha contribuït a la creació de nous mètodes publicitaris que giren entorn del màrqueting digital, així com de noves ocupacions. A pesar de l'abundància d'estos, les companyies del sector tecnològic no pareixen revertir els seus enormes beneficis a la societat. Encara que en menor grau, l'auge de les noves tecnologies també ha deixat la seua empremta en el mercat immobiliari, redefinint-lo a un ritme cada vegada més avançat, i generat un immens impacte en el medi ambient, que es promet minimitzar a través de pràctiques més sostenibles per part de les empreses culpables.

The article describes the main parameters of the national project “Digital Economy” and its possible impact on the Russian labor market. The main problems that could adversely affect the successful implementation of this project have been identified., В статье рассматриваются основные параметры национального проекта «Цифровая экономика» и его возможное влияние на российский рынок труда. Выявлены основные проблемы, которые могут негативно повлиять на успешную реализацию данного проекта.

The city is in a throes of a gigantic transformation process, due to modernisation, globalisation, technological innovation, urbanisation, explosive population growth and climate change (Brotchie, Newton, Hall, & Nijkamp, n.d.; Cohen, 2006). Within a time of change, whereas technology integrates progressively in our lifestyle, and where man is increasingly designing its environment according towards its own needs – the development and future expansion of the city is becoming a challenge. This lead to the main problem statement: What is the new kind of future habitat that can respond to the socio-technological dimensions, recognising the uncertainties of the future? In order to answer the main problem statement, the project will start with a literature study, followed by a case-study / prototype design. The literature study consists of two part: 1) Starting with the technological revolution, the first part will try to reveal the changing dynamics ofthe socio-techno system (within the global urban context) and which consequences these changing dynamics has on our lifestyle and on a broader scope, 2) Secondly, the aim of literature study is to expose the spatial implications of this socio-techno transformation on the urban structure of the global city. Firstly, we have seen that technology is a part of growth, acceleration and the expansion of the city. Technology has facilitated us with increased speed and a more inclusive network ever seen. Users of this network, supported by communication and information technologies, become singular nodes, isolated but connected through screens and the virtual world. For those connected to the network, the concept of time and place changes entirely. The connected urban population is not just bound together by the physical infrastructure of a city anymore, but starts to merge with it, annihilating time, and killing distance. In order to protect oneself, from the increase in physical and informational speed, man will increasingly, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Explorelab

The digital world has been inserted into everyday life in an accelerated way compared to the development of media, such as the newspaper, radio or television, in the nineteenth and twentieth century. This digital world is emanating from the technological advancement that is increasingly greater in quantity and less in time of appearance, assimilation and obsolescence. However, it is their totalizing insertion that originates the present study because it has been covered as a field of action, of demand and even of freedom, leaving aside the effects that derive from the interactions that emanate from its economic, political, communicative and social base. Hence, the present analysis is based on the theoretical body of the Political Economy of Communication (EPC) as it materializes the digital sphere, analyzes it in its constituent parts and exerts a criticism against the progressive position that has been assigned to this digital world., El mundo digital se ha insertado dentro de la vida cotidiana de manera acelerada en comparación al desarrollo de los medios de comunicación, como el periódico, la radio y la televisión en los siglos diecinueve y veinte. Este mundo digital se encuentra emanado del adelanto tecnológico que cada vez es mayor en cantidad y menor en tiempo de aparición, asimilación y obsolescencia. No obstante, es su inserción totalizante lo que origina el presente estudio debido a que se ha revestido como un campo de acción, de reivindicación e incluso de libertad, dejando de lado los efectos que derivan de las interacciones que emanan de su base económica, política, comunicativa y social. De allí que el presente análisis descanse en el cuerpo teórico de la Economía Política de la Comunicación (EPC), en tanto materializa la esfera digital, la analiza en sus partes constituyentes y ejerce una crítica contra la postura progresista que se la ha asignado a este mundo digital.

The importance of the technological revolution for the progress of society and the state, as well as the threats it causes to social policy, are emphasized. The emphasis is on the likelihood of significant changes in the labor market through the introduction of robotic technology and the emergence of a platform economy. It is emphasized that the latest technologies are radically changing the structure of employment and other areas related to the social policy of the state. Attention is drawn to the need for greater attention from emerging countries on the effects of technological advancement, as they can deepen inequalities and foster social tension. It is argued that in the short term, technology will determine the boundaries of social policy. It is stated that in the conditions of changes in the labor market, the institute of the welfare state may be faced with the challenge of financial insolvency to fulfill its obligations. Therefore, the authors draw attention to the reform scenarios: the introduction of a tax on robotic machinery, the introduction of unconditional basic income, the improvement of taxation of income derived from the functioning of the platform economy, etc. It is emphasized that technological advances can also reduce social costs: technical innovation will make it easier to care for the elderly and the sick; available advanced medical technologies will facilitate rapid diagnosis and recovery, and the like. It was stated that it is advisable for governments to review the financial base of the welfare state as soon as possible, in order to prevent a significant budget deficit.The authors emphasize that technological advances open both new opportunities and increase risks for the welfare state. If governments introduce technological innovation taxes, tax new forms of income for citizens, the prospect of preventing erosion of existing social protection systems is not ruled out, and digital structural changes can even strengthen the sustainability o, Наголошено на значенні технологічної революції для прогресу суспільства та держави, а також на тих загрозах, які вона зумовлює для соціальної політики. Акцентовано на ймовірності значних змін на ринку праці через впровадження роботизованої техніки та появи платформової економіки. Підкреслено, що новітні технології кардинально видозмінюють структуру зайнятості та інші сфери, пов’язані зі соціальною політикою держави. Звернено увагу на потребу більшої уваги новітніх держав до питань наслідків технологічного прогресу, оскільки вони можуть поглибити нерівності, сприяти росту соціальної напруги. Аргументовано, що в близькій перспективі технології будуть визначати межі соціальної політики. Висловлено застереження, що в умовах змін на ринку праці інститут соціальної держави може опинитися перед викликом фінансової неспроможності для виконання взятих на себе зобов’язань. Відтак автори звертають увагу на сценарії реформ: запровадження податку на роботизовану техніку, впровадження безумовного базового доходу, удосконалення оподаткування доходів, отриманих від функціонування платформової економіки та ін. Підкреслено, що водночас технологічний прогрес може й зменшити витрати на соціальну сферу: технічні інновації спростять догляд за людьми похилого віку та хворими; доступні передові медичні технології сприятимуть швидкій діагностиці та одужанню тощо. Констатовано, що урядам доцільно якнайшвидше переглянути фінансову основу соціальної держави, щоб запобігти значному дефіциту державного бюджету.Автори підкреслюють, що технологічний прогрес відкриває як нові можливості, так і посилює ризики для соціальної держави. Якщо уряди впроваджуватимуть податки на технологічні новації, налагодять оподаткування нових форм отримання громадянами доходів, то не виключена перспектива запобігання ерозії чинних систем соціального захисту, а цифрові структурні зміни можуть навіть посилити стійкість державних фінансів.

The city is in a throes of a gigantic transformation process, due to modernisation, globalisation, technological innovation, urbanisation, explosive population growth and climate change (Brotchie, Newton, Hall, & Nijkamp, n.d.; Cohen, 2006). Within a time of change, whereas technology integrates progressively in our lifestyle, and where man is increasingly designing its environment according towards its own needs – the development and future expansion of the city is becoming a challenge. This lead to the main problem statement: What is the new kind of future habitat that can respond to the socio-technological dimensions, recognising the uncertainties of the future? In order to answer the main problem statement, the project will start with a literature study, followed by a case-study / prototype design. The literature study consists of two part: 1) Starting with the technological revolution, the first part will try to reveal the changing dynamics ofthe socio-techno system (within the global urban context) and which consequences these changing dynamics has on our lifestyle and on a broader scope, 2) Secondly, the aim of literature study is to expose the spatial implications of this socio-techno transformation on the urban structure of the global city. Firstly, we have seen that technology is a part of growth, acceleration and the expansion of the city. Technology has facilitated us with increased speed and a more inclusive network ever seen. Users of this network, supported by communication and information technologies, become singular nodes, isolated but connected through screens and the virtual world. For those connected to the network, the concept of time and place changes entirely. The connected urban population is not just bound together by the physical infrastructure of a city anymore, but starts to merge with it, annihilating time, and killing distance. In order to protect oneself, from the increase in physical and informational speed, man will increasingly, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Explorelab

This article attempts to rationalize the current trend of Russia‘s technological development and its social consequences in the light of Marxist theory., В статье предпринята попытка, опираясь на теоретическое наследие марксизма, рационально понять современные тенденции технологического развития России и их социальные последствия.

The importance of the technological revolution for the progress of society and the state, as well as the threats it causes to social policy, are emphasized. The emphasis is on the likelihood of significant changes in the labor market through the introduction of robotic technology and the emergence of a platform economy. It is emphasized that the latest technologies are radically changing the structure of employment and other areas related to the social policy of the state. Attention is drawn to the need for greater attention from emerging countries on the effects of technological advancement, as they can deepen inequalities and foster social tension. It is argued that in the short term, technology will determine the boundaries of social policy. It is stated that in the conditions of changes in the labor market, the institute of the welfare state may be faced with the challenge of financial insolvency to fulfill its obligations. Therefore, the authors draw attention to the reform scenarios: the introduction of a tax on robotic machinery, the introduction of unconditional basic income, the improvement of taxation of income derived from the functioning of the platform economy, etc. It is emphasized that technological advances can also reduce social costs: technical innovation will make it easier to care for the elderly and the sick; available advanced medical technologies will facilitate rapid diagnosis and recovery, and the like. It was stated that it is advisable for governments to review the financial base of the welfare state as soon as possible, in order to prevent a significant budget deficit.The authors emphasize that technological advances open both new opportunities and increase risks for the welfare state. If governments introduce technological innovation taxes, tax new forms of income for citizens, the prospect of preventing erosion of existing social protection systems is not ruled out, and digital structural changes can even strengthen the sustainability o, Наголошено на значенні технологічної революції для прогресу суспільства та держави, а також на тих загрозах, які вона зумовлює для соціальної політики. Акцентовано на ймовірності значних змін на ринку праці через впровадження роботизованої техніки та появи платформової економіки. Підкреслено, що новітні технології кардинально видозмінюють структуру зайнятості та інші сфери, пов’язані зі соціальною політикою держави. Звернено увагу на потребу більшої уваги новітніх держав до питань наслідків технологічного прогресу, оскільки вони можуть поглибити нерівності, сприяти росту соціальної напруги. Аргументовано, що в близькій перспективі технології будуть визначати межі соціальної політики. Висловлено застереження, що в умовах змін на ринку праці інститут соціальної держави може опинитися перед викликом фінансової неспроможності для виконання взятих на себе зобов’язань. Відтак автори звертають увагу на сценарії реформ: запровадження податку на роботизовану техніку, впровадження безумовного базового доходу, удосконалення оподаткування доходів, отриманих від функціонування платформової економіки та ін. Підкреслено, що водночас технологічний прогрес може й зменшити витрати на соціальну сферу: технічні інновації спростять догляд за людьми похилого віку та хворими; доступні передові медичні технології сприятимуть швидкій діагностиці та одужанню тощо. Констатовано, що урядам доцільно якнайшвидше переглянути фінансову основу соціальної держави, щоб запобігти значному дефіциту державного бюджету.Автори підкреслюють, що технологічний прогрес відкриває як нові можливості, так і посилює ризики для соціальної держави. Якщо уряди впроваджуватимуть податки на технологічні новації, налагодять оподаткування нових форм отримання громадянами доходів, то не виключена перспектива запобігання ерозії чинних систем соціального захисту, а цифрові структурні зміни можуть навіть посилити стійкість державних фінансів.

The article suggests an original uniquely designed model based on the entropic approach and the method determining the synergizing effect from the convergence of information spaces in the context of the digital economy. The model includes a 3D-modeling-built surface characterizing the reduction of the entropy of information systems clusters in the regional information space, which occurs in the process of network convergence. This model defines the entropy changes for the information systems clusters with the most typical parameters based on “The State Information System Registry of St. Petersburg” in terms of the number of modules, general typology, and functional purpose. Moreover, the model considers ranges of specific indicators characterizing the real regional information systems of St. Petersburg. We have concluded that the synergetic effects of convergence in the context of the digital economy lead to a reduction in the regional information space entropy. We have discovered that the increasing number of the converged clusters of information spaces leads to a stable entropy decrease in them. These features allow numerically describing the discovered convergence effects and estimating the effect of digital structural transformations of the economic system on the information space of a region in terms of its management efficiency. We have concluded that increasing the number of information systems involved in the digital convergence processes causes a more considerable entropy reduction and, consequently, a more significant increase in the effectiveness of regional system management. The research has revealed a relevant area of cross-disciplinary research, which consists in the emergence of a whole class of new neural network in the modern digital neural network economy. This research is of practical significance in developing new management algorithms and making effective managerial decisions in the conditions of large-scale digitalization and networking of reg, Проанализированы процессы структурных трансформаций и сетевой конвергенции отрасли информатизации и соответствующих региональных институтов регулирования. Дано определение цифровой экономики. Рассмотрена структура информационного пространства исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга.

Global changes in the modern world cannot be adequately described on the basis of neoliberal thinking and require a new approach. It can be formed on the basis of the cyclical-wave characterization of the development of mankind. The hypothesis about the wave-like development of the world economy with a certain cyclicity lies at the heart of thisresearch. The authors determined the economic basis of the formation, development and change of these waves (technological ways and technical revolutions). These changes reflect in the cyclical fluctuations of the world economy.The mechanism of these fluctuations is described by the theory of "large cycles of the economic conjuncture" by N. Kondratiev. The authors propose a methodology and methodological tools for analyzing and forecasting cyclic-wave processes in the economic development. The study has concluded that it is the regularities of K-cycles that allow one to correctly assess the ongoing processes in the world economy, to forecast possible variants of their development. The authors came to the conclusion that the development of the world economic structure is necessarily accompanied by a cyclical shift in the instruments of capital accumulation (material and financial expansion). These processes are reflected in the periodic replacement of scientific paradigms of economic development and management. The state always takes an active part in the phase of the dominance of productive capital, and the ideological paradigm is of a directing nature. While in the phase of domination of financial capital the liberal paradigm becomes dominant. We have substantiated the thesis about the transition from the American to the Asian systemic cycle of capital accumulation, which would inevitably lead in the middle of the 21st century to the shift of the center of the world economy from the West to the East. The paper concludes that the world is facing a change from the Monopolistic world economic structure to the Integrated world e

Metal cutting is a very complex process. In the cutting process, the related knowledge and theories of physics, chemistry, mechanics, materials science, vibration, tribology, heat transfer and other fields are involved. The cutting process control has been the focus of the cutting research. With the development of machining technology and the coming of the Industry 4. 0, researchers are getting more concerned with the intelligent machining technology. It is an inevitable trend to apply the intelligent machining technology in the cutting process. The connotation and the application process of intelligent machining technology is expounded to investigate the critical technology in intelligent manufacturing. The research results in the simulation and optimization, cutting process condition monitoring, and optimization control are reviewed. Through analyzing the application prospect and problems of intelligent machining technology, the main scientific problems and key technologies to be solved are proposed. Intelligent machining is the development direction of processing technology. The application of intelligent machining technology in the cutting process will bring another technological revolution in the manufacturing industry., QC 20190423

It is paid attention to the call challenges, arising before a society, in connection with the 4-th technological revolution. Bases accepted to realization in Russia the National technological initiative are described. The accent on necessity of changes for the educational policy in view of new technological problems is done, Обращено внимание на вызовы, возникающие перед обществом, в связи с 4-й технологической революцией. Описываются основы принятой к реализации в России Национальной технологической инициативы. Делается акцент на необходимость изменений в образовательной политике с учетом новых технологических задач

La llamada globalización tiene su origen en el predominio del capitalismo financiero, que provoca, en apariencia, el escape al Estado de los flujos económicos, y a la consecuente predisposición normativa. Las causas del escape son la revolución tecnológica y el predominio de concepciones políticas y económicas de cuño ultra liberal-conservador: ideología neocon y escuela económica monetarista que abonan la idea de la inevitabilidad de las decisiones de los mercados. Sin embargo no hay: mercado sin reglas jurídicas salvo por el rehúse del Estado. Así nace el Derecho de la globalización como fruto exclusivo de las instancias del poder privado Los resultados: crisis institucional por vacío del poder político jurídico del Estado; aparición de modos de producción del Derecho sin legitimación política; de ello son vehículos la nueva lex mercatoria, el contrato y el arbitraje. Se debe notar que el Derecho global no es Derecho solo transfronterizo, sino que sus soluciones se trasladan al ámbito estatal. Vienen así a la existencia de dos dimensiones jurídicas, una desregulada, otra subalterna de la desregulación, alumbrando un mundo de grandes incertidumbres., The so-called globalization stems from the predominance of financial capitalism, which causes an apparent escape for the state of economic flows and your consequent regulation. The causes of the escape are the technological revolution and the prevalence of political and economic conceptions of ultra-liberal-conservative stamp: neocon ideology and monetarist school of economics. This analysis supports the idea of the inevitability of the decisions of the markets. However, there is not market without legal rules; there is the refusal of the state power. Thus, borns the globalization law as the exclusive product of instances of private power. It is results an institutional vacuum of legal political power of the state; and the emergence of modes of production of law without political legitimacy; vehicles of this are the new lex mercatoria, the contract and arbitration. It should be noted that the so called law of globalization is not only transboundary but their solutions are transferred to the state leve!. So, comes to the existence of two legal dimensions, one unregulated, another subordinate to deregulation, arising a world of great uncertainty.

Researchers have observed that the growth of hourly compensation in the U.S. has lagged behind the labour productivity growth since 1970 (Fleck, Glaser, & Sprague, 2011). The disparity between productivity and compensation, which is known as the productivity-compensation gap (Mishel & Gee, 2011), suggests that workers do not benefit directly from the increase in the productivity growth. The dynamism between labour productivity and compensation may be influenced by the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). By raising labour productivity, ICT saves (labour) costs - in this thesis, the money that is saved due to productivity growth, or freed by productivity growth, is called ‘freed capital’. In principle, the freed capital can in turn be used to expand the production and create new jobs for those whose work is made redundant by ICT. But is this the best possible societal option for the use of the freed capital? While increasing labour productivity, ICT may also reduce work and/or alter work relationships, implying significant shifts in responsibility and hence in remuneration. Following this, two main research questions are formulated: First, what is the impact of ICT on the productivity-compensation gap? Second, what principle that should guide the use of freed capital? In particular, could it be used to counter the impact of ICT on the productivity-compensation gap? Does a theoretical principle exist that would support such use of freed capital? In the end, this thesis finds that the impact of ICT on the productivity-compensation gap is hard to be measured, mainly because the impact of ICT on the hours worked is still inconclusive. Nonetheless, this thesis provides two insights that shows ICT still have influences on works: first, ICT contributes to around $ 1.06 trillion (in constant 2005 US$) of the U.S. value added in period 1970-2005. This means that while, apparently, ICT does not have significant impact on the total hours worked, it still incre, Management of Technology, Economics of Technology and Innovation, Technology, Policy and Management

With the advent of smart machines, ICT revolution is moving towards a relatively unknown territory. Economic theories play important role in shaping the direction and effect of this technological change to the lives of everyone. The acceleration of unemployment and dualism which the ICT revolution is expected to create has raised concerns regarding the social benefit of technological progress, and raises the question whether existing theoretical frameworks are adequate to deal with the societal consequences of technological revolution. The objective of this thesis is therefore to explore how and under what conditions technological revolution would create overall societal benefit. This study explores and analyzes five economic perspectives: neoclassical, (Neo)-Schumpeterian, Marxian, (Post)-Keynesian, and Aristotelian economics to understand the impact of technological revolution to productivity growth its economic consequences. Empirical study is also conducted to estimate the impact of ICT revolution from 1970 to 2007 in seven advanced economies: Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Germany, The Netherlands, The U.K., and The U.S. The various economic perspectives explored in this thesis seem to agree that technological revolution could give rise to savings (neoclassical), profits (Schumpeter), or surplus value (Marx). The empirical observation examines the impact of ICT to productivity growth in the seven advanced economies. This gain in productivity gives rise to productivity dividend, either in the form of more goods produced or reduced working hours. The econometric analysis of panel data from EU KLEMS database from 1990 to 2007 suggests that this productivity dividend, if expressed in money terms, is estimated to contribute U.S.$ 5.4 trillion (in 2007 value) as profit before taxes. The empirical result, however, does not satisfactorily answer whether the use of this productivity dividend has led to societal benefit, prompting further theoretical work. The result of furth, Economics of innovation, Technology, Policy and Management

La llamada globalización tiene su origen en el predominio del capitalismo financiero, que provoca, en apariencia, el escape al Estado de los flujos económicos, y a la consecuente predisposición normativa. Las causas del escape son la revolución tecnológica y el predominio de concepciones políticas y económicas de cuño ultra liberal-conservador: ideología neocon y escuela económica monetarista que abonan la idea de la inevitabilidad de las decisiones de los mercados. Sin embargo no hay: mercado sin reglas jurídicas salvo por el rehúse del Estado. Así nace el Derecho de la globalización como fruto exclusivo de las instancias del poder privado Los resultados: crisis institucional por vacío del poder político jurídico del Estado; aparición de modos de producción del Derecho sin legitimación política; de ello son vehículos la nueva lex mercatoria, el contrato y el arbitraje. Se debe notar que el Derecho global no es Derecho solo transfronterizo, sino que sus soluciones se trasladan al ámbito estatal. Vienen así a la existencia de dos dimensiones jurídicas, una desregulada, otra subalterna de la desregulación, alumbrando un mundo de grandes incertidumbres., The so-called globalization stems from the predominance of financial capitalism, which causes an apparent escape for the state of economic flows and your consequent regulation. The causes of the escape are the technological revolution and the prevalence of political and economic conceptions of ultra-liberal-conservative stamp: neocon ideology and monetarist school of economics. This analysis supports the idea of the inevitability of the decisions of the markets. However, there is not market without legal rules; there is the refusal of the state power. Thus, borns the globalization law as the exclusive product of instances of private power. It is results an institutional vacuum of legal political power of the state; and the emergence of modes of production of law without political legitimacy; vehicles of this are the new lex mercatoria, the contract and arbitration. It should be noted that the so called law of globalization is not only transboundary but their solutions are transferred to the state leve!. So, comes to the existence of two legal dimensions, one unregulated, another subordinate to deregulation, arising a world of great uncertainty.

La llamada globalización tiene su origen en el predominio del capitalismo financiero, que provoca, en apariencia, el escape al Estado de los flujos económicos, y a la consecuente predisposición normativa. Las causas del escape son la revolución tecnológica y el predominio de concepciones políticas y económicas de cuño ultra liberal-conservador: ideología neocon y escuela económica monetarista que abonan la idea de la inevitabilidad de las decisiones de los mercados. Sin embargo no hay: mercado sin reglas jurídicas salvo por el rehúse del Estado. Así nace el Derecho de la globalización como fruto exclusivo de las instancias del poder privado Los resultados: crisis institucional por vacío del poder político jurídico del Estado; aparición de modos de producción del Derecho sin legitimación política; de ello son vehículos la nueva lex mercatoria, el contrato y el arbitraje. Se debe notar que el Derecho global no es Derecho solo transfronterizo, sino que sus soluciones se trasladan al ámbito estatal. Vienen así a la existencia de dos dimensiones jurídicas, una desregulada, otra subalterna de la desregulación, alumbrando un mundo de grandes incertidumbres., The so-called globalization stems from the predominance of financial capitalism, which causes an apparent escape for the state of economic flows and your consequent regulation. The causes of the escape are the technological revolution and the prevalence of political and economic conceptions of ultra-liberal-conservative stamp: neocon ideology and monetarist school of economics. This analysis supports the idea of the inevitability of the decisions of the markets. However, there is not market without legal rules; there is the refusal of the state power. Thus, borns the globalization law as the exclusive product of instances of private power. It is results an institutional vacuum of legal political power of the state; and the emergence of modes of production of law without political legitimacy; vehicles of this are the new lex mercatoria, the contract and arbitration. It should be noted that the so called law of globalization is not only transboundary but their solutions are transferred to the state leve!. So, comes to the existence of two legal dimensions, one unregulated, another subordinate to deregulation, arising a world of great uncertainty.

This project aims to investigate related processes, routes, and issues associated with the exchange and spread of the philosophy of technology. Using textual analysis, an examination of historical phases and spatial theory, and comparative research on schools of thought, this study investigates the international exchange and spread of the philosophy of technology. This article analyzes the critical approaches, theories, programs, and contributions of scholar schools, the eastward spread of Western culture as intercultural exchange and spread process, and the theme of technological revolution. This paper further explores the various barriers and reasons for this exchange and reception, thus proposing a global philosophy of technology with an intercultural technology program and an intercultural exchange and reception mode with endogenous and exogenous approaches. The technological development is led by the philosophy of technology and motivated by technological policies. An empirical turn and an ethical turn in the philosophy of technology are conducive to change and eliminate the survival and ecological crisis of nature. This study helps to improve the international communication and the practice of learning from each other about the philosophy of technology. Therefore, it strengthens the internationalization course and a disciplinary progress to achieve success for a great future., QC 20160304

Researchers have observed that the growth of hourly compensation in the U.S. has lagged behind the labour productivity growth since 1970 (Fleck, Glaser, & Sprague, 2011). The disparity between productivity and compensation, which is known as the productivity-compensation gap (Mishel & Gee, 2011), suggests that workers do not benefit directly from the increase in the productivity growth. The dynamism between labour productivity and compensation may be influenced by the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). By raising labour productivity, ICT saves (labour) costs - in this thesis, the money that is saved due to productivity growth, or freed by productivity growth, is called ‘freed capital’. In principle, the freed capital can in turn be used to expand the production and create new jobs for those whose work is made redundant by ICT. But is this the best possible societal option for the use of the freed capital? While increasing labour productivity, ICT may also reduce work and/or alter work relationships, implying significant shifts in responsibility and hence in remuneration. Following this, two main research questions are formulated: First, what is the impact of ICT on the productivity-compensation gap? Second, what principle that should guide the use of freed capital? In particular, could it be used to counter the impact of ICT on the productivity-compensation gap? Does a theoretical principle exist that would support such use of freed capital? In the end, this thesis finds that the impact of ICT on the productivity-compensation gap is hard to be measured, mainly because the impact of ICT on the hours worked is still inconclusive. Nonetheless, this thesis provides two insights that shows ICT still have influences on works: first, ICT contributes to around $ 1.06 trillion (in constant 2005 US$) of the U.S. value added in period 1970-2005. This means that while, apparently, ICT does not have significant impact on the total hours worked, it still incre, Management of Technology, Economics of Technology and Innovation, Technology, Policy and Management

With the advent of smart machines, ICT revolution is moving towards a relatively unknown territory. Economic theories play important role in shaping the direction and effect of this technological change to the lives of everyone. The acceleration of unemployment and dualism which the ICT revolution is expected to create has raised concerns regarding the social benefit of technological progress, and raises the question whether existing theoretical frameworks are adequate to deal with the societal consequences of technological revolution. The objective of this thesis is therefore to explore how and under what conditions technological revolution would create overall societal benefit. This study explores and analyzes five economic perspectives: neoclassical, (Neo)-Schumpeterian, Marxian, (Post)-Keynesian, and Aristotelian economics to understand the impact of technological revolution to productivity growth its economic consequences. Empirical study is also conducted to estimate the impact of ICT revolution from 1970 to 2007 in seven advanced economies: Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Germany, The Netherlands, The U.K., and The U.S. The various economic perspectives explored in this thesis seem to agree that technological revolution could give rise to savings (neoclassical), profits (Schumpeter), or surplus value (Marx). The empirical observation examines the impact of ICT to productivity growth in the seven advanced economies. This gain in productivity gives rise to productivity dividend, either in the form of more goods produced or reduced working hours. The econometric analysis of panel data from EU KLEMS database from 1990 to 2007 suggests that this productivity dividend, if expressed in money terms, is estimated to contribute U.S.$ 5.4 trillion (in 2007 value) as profit before taxes. The empirical result, however, does not satisfactorily answer whether the use of this productivity dividend has led to societal benefit, prompting further theoretical work. The result of furth, Economics of innovation, Technology, Policy and Management

La llamada globalización tiene su origen en el predominio del capitalismo financiero, que provoca, en apariencia, el escape al Estado de los flujos económicos, y a la consecuente predisposición normativa. Las causas del escape son la revolución tecnológica y el predominio de concepciones políticas y económicas de cuño ultra liberal-conservador: ideología neocon y escuela económica monetarista que abonan la idea de la inevitabilidad de las decisiones de los mercados. Sin embargo no hay: mercado sin reglas jurídicas salvo por el rehúse del Estado. Así nace el Derecho de la globalización como fruto exclusivo de las instancias del poder privado Los resultados: crisis institucional por vacío del poder político jurídico del Estado; aparición de modos de producción del Derecho sin legitimación política; de ello son vehículos la nueva lex mercatoria, el contrato y el arbitraje. Se debe notar que el Derecho global no es Derecho solo transfronterizo, sino que sus soluciones se trasladan al ámbito estatal. Vienen así a la existencia de dos dimensiones jurídicas, una desregulada, otra subalterna de la desregulación, alumbrando un mundo de grandes incertidumbres., The so-called globalization stems from the predominance of financial capitalism, which causes an apparent escape for the state of economic flows and your consequent regulation. The causes of the escape are the technological revolution and the prevalence of political and economic conceptions of ultra-liberal-conservative stamp: neocon ideology and monetarist school of economics. This analysis supports the idea of the inevitability of the decisions of the markets. However, there is not market without legal rules; there is the refusal of the state power. Thus, borns the globalization law as the exclusive product of instances of private power. It is results an institutional vacuum of legal political power of the state; and the emergence of modes of production of law without political legitimacy; vehicles of this are the new lex mercatoria, the contract and arbitration. It should be noted that the so called law of globalization is not only transboundary but their solutions are transferred to the state leve!. So, comes to the existence of two legal dimensions, one unregulated, another subordinate to deregulation, arising a world of great uncertainty.

As a result of adaption to the First Bronze Revolution, early states emerged from the preceding kin-based communities through the intermediate stage of chiefdom. Increase in net-benefits gained by the adaption motivated chieftains to change the chiefdom system into an early state. Since, however, the early state is also one form of the society, in order to claim the legitimacy of the power it had to actualize the ultimate purposes of the society － the survival of its members. It is shown that the main synthetic propositions derived from the early state are also applicable to other forms of the states.

The strength and weakness of nanotechnologies are considered. The strength of nanotechnologies lay in three main aspects. First, in the possibility of building products more efficient than the ones we know nowadays. Second, in the possibility of making multifunctional products. Third, in reducing and substituting the amount of raw material in several industrial sectors; and even meliorating the environment. But changes do not came without unintended consequences. And there is where the weaknesses of nanotechnology appear. Also in this case three main aspects should be considered. Firstly, the fact that matter when manipulated in nanoscale has unknown toxicological properties. Secondly, is the question of whose health will be affected by these technologies. Thirdly, is the fact that employment and division of labor will change significantly, at regional, national and international scale., Se exponen las fortalezas y debilidades de las nanotecnologías como revolución tecnológica. La fortaleza de las nanotecnologías reside en tres aspectos. Primero, en la posibilidad de hacer más eficientes los productos que hoy en día conocemos. La segunda fortaleza está en la posibilidad de hacer productos multifuncionales. La tercera fortaleza consiste en reducir y sustituir significativamente la cantidad de materia prima en muchas ramas industriales. Y, quien sabe, mejorar el medio ambiente. Pero estos cambios no se dan sin efectos enlazados, colaterales, imprevisibles. Y, aquí residen las debilidades de las nanotecnologías. También en este caso podemos reducir a tres las principales debilidades. Primero, el hecho de que la materia trabajada en nanoescala tiene propiedades toxicológicas desconocidas. En un segundo lugar está la cuestión de quién se verá afectado en cuanto a la salud, por esas tecnologías. En un tercer lugar anotamos la cuestión del empleo y la división social del trabajo, tanto a nivel regional, nacional e internacional.

The strength and weakness of nanotechnologies are considered. The strength of nanotechnologies lay in three main aspects. First, in the possibility of building products more efficient than the ones we know nowadays. Second, in the possibility of making multifunctional products. Third, in reducing and substituting the amount of raw material in several industrial sectors; and even meliorating the environment. But changes do not came without unintended consequences. And there is where the weaknesses of nanotechnology appear. Also in this case three main aspects should be considered. Firstly, the fact that matter when manipulated in nanoscale has unknown toxicological properties. Secondly, is the question of whose health will be affected by these technologies. Thirdly, is the fact that employment and division of labor will change significantly, at regional, national and international scale., Se exponen las fortalezas y debilidades de las nanotecnologías como revolución tecnológica. La fortaleza de las nanotecnologías reside en tres aspectos. Primero, en la posibilidad de hacer más eficientes los productos que hoy en día conocemos. La segunda fortaleza está en la posibilidad de hacer productos multifuncionales. La tercera fortaleza consiste en reducir y sustituir significativamente la cantidad de materia prima en muchas ramas industriales. Y, quien sabe, mejorar el medio ambiente. Pero estos cambios no se dan sin efectos enlazados, colaterales, imprevisibles. Y, aquí residen las debilidades de las nanotecnologías. También en este caso podemos reducir a tres las principales debilidades. Primero, el hecho de que la materia trabajada en nanoescala tiene propiedades toxicológicas desconocidas. En un segundo lugar está la cuestión de quién se verá afectado en cuanto a la salud, por esas tecnologías. En un tercer lugar anotamos la cuestión del empleo y la división social del trabajo, tanto a nivel regional, nacional e internacional.

The framework of this paper is a proposal to analyze and clarify the notion of nanotechnology from the perspective of a study of scientific practice. This article also tries to offer a general view of the m a in problems and benefits of nanotechnologies., Este texto se inscribe en una propuesta de análisis y clarificación de la noción de la nanotecnología desde la perspectiva de un estudio de la práctica científica. A su vez, este artículo pretende ofrecer un panorama general de los principales problemas y beneficios de las nanotecnologías.

Throughout the last years we have witnessed a debate about new model of public library our society requires. The current public library is not considered as an institution of a purely cultural character, but one that must favour its revitalizing character as an element of social development and become a big centre of information for the local community; all these take us to new tasks and aims. The library can develop and foster the integration of the people in the community it serves and there are many ways of doing it. At this stage i think that if we do not stop to think about it, libraries are in danger of losing their main aims and turn into any thing, as their sphere of activity is more and more open, and although this is a positive thing, i think that everything is no good if it is not carried out with an aim or a real approach of service.

The framework of this paper is a proposal to analyze and clarify the notion of nanotechnology from the perspective of a study of scientific practice. This article also tries to offer a general view of the m a in problems and benefits of nanotechnologies., Este texto se inscribe en una propuesta de análisis y clarificación de la noción de la nanotecnología desde la perspectiva de un estudio de la práctica científica. A su vez, este artículo pretende ofrecer un panorama general de los principales problemas y beneficios de las nanotecnologías.

Throughout the last years we have witnessed a debate about new model of public library our society requires. The current public library is not considered as an institution of a purely cultural character, but one that must favour its revitalizing character as an element of social development and become a big centre of information for the local community; all these take us to new tasks and aims. The library can develop and foster the integration of the people in the community it serves and there are many ways of doing it. At this stage i think that if we do not stop to think about it, libraries are in danger of losing their main aims and turn into any thing, as their sphere of activity is more and more open, and although this is a positive thing, i think that everything is no good if it is not carried out with an aim or a real approach of service.

What conception of social features and what models of communication allow us to insert the research in the processes of transformation of the political and cultural life of our countries today? The answer to this question is currently darker and more complex, since now we do not rely on the safeguards that the functionalist, marxist or structuralist totalizing paradigms offered us. Neither do the features of the social entity, nor the models of communication allow them-selves to be thought in such unified way today. The explosion of this unit is the topic of the debate on the relevance and sense of a theory of communication in a world where globalization "reconverts" in the market the means and the processes. The text draws the map of this debate. Because of that, it is important to take into account two periods of time: the first one, the opening by sociologists of Leicester and Madrid in the late eighties, and the second period, in the nineties, when the idea of the information society emerged, substituting the post-industrial one., ¿Qué concepciones de lo social y qué modelos de comunicación nos permiten insertar hoy la investigación en los procesos de transformación de la vida política y cultural de nuestros países? La respuesta a esa pregunta es actualmente bastante más oscura y compleja, ya que ahora no contamos con las seguridades que nos ofrecían los paradigmas totalizadores del funcionalismo, el marxismo o el estructuralismo. Ni las figuras de lo social ni los modelos de comunicación se dejan pensar hoy tan unificadamente. Del estallido de esa unidad habla el debate sobre la pertinencia y el sentido de la teoría de la comunicación en un mundo en el que la globalización “reconvierte” mercadológicamente los medios y los procesos. El texto traza el mapa de ese debate. Para ello, se remite a dos tiempos: el de su apertura por sociólogos de Leicester y de Madrid ya a fines de los años ochenta, y un segundo tiempo, el que ya entrados los noventa emerge el paso de la idea de una sociedad postindustrial a la de sociedad de la información.

What conception of social features and what models of communication allow us to insert the research in the processes of transformation of the political and cultural life of our countries today? The answer to this question is currently darker and more complex, since now we do not rely on the safeguards that the functionalist, marxist or structuralist totalizing paradigms offered us. Neither do the features of the social entity, nor the models of communication allow them-selves to be thought in such unified way today. The explosion of this unit is the topic of the debate on the relevance and sense of a theory of communication in a world where globalization "reconverts" in the market the means and the processes. The text draws the map of this debate. Because of that, it is important to take into account two periods of time: the first one, the opening by sociologists of Leicester and Madrid in the late eighties, and the second period, in the nineties, when the idea of the information society emerged, substituting the post-industrial one., ¿Qué concepciones de lo social y qué modelos de comunicación nos permiten insertar hoy la investigación en los procesos de transformación de la vida política y cultural de nuestros países? La respuesta a esa pregunta es actualmente bastante más oscura y compleja, ya que ahora no contamos con las seguridades que nos ofrecían los paradigmas totalizadores del funcionalismo, el marxismo o el estructuralismo. Ni las figuras de lo social ni los modelos de comunicación se dejan pensar hoy tan unificadamente. Del estallido de esa unidad habla el debate sobre la pertinencia y el sentido de la teoría de la comunicación en un mundo en el que la globalización “reconvierte” mercadológicamente los medios y los procesos. El texto traza el mapa de ese debate. Para ello, se remite a dos tiempos: el de su apertura por sociólogos de Leicester y de Madrid ya a fines de los años ochenta, y un segundo tiempo, el que ya entrados los noventa emerge el paso de la idea de una sociedad postindustrial a la de sociedad de la información.