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Das Konstrukt Führungsstil beschreibt die Art und Weise, wie Lehrkräfte im Unterricht über eine Vielzahl an Situationen hinweg auf das Interagieren von Schüler*innen einwirken, um ein lehr-lernbezogenes Interaktionsgeschehen im Klassenzimmer zu verstetigen. In psychologischen Studien wird dieses Konstrukt als Prädiktor für den Lernerfolg von Schüler*innen beforscht. Darüber, wie Führungsstile durch die Realisierung von Interaktionspraktiken hergestellt werden, ist allerdings wenig bekannt. Der vorliegende Beitrag greift dieses Desiderat auf, indem Grundlinien eines Forschungsansatzes skizziert werden, der es ermöglicht, Stile interaktiven Führungshandelns als soziale Praxis im Umgang mit situativen Anforderungen der Interaktionssteuerung zu rekonstruieren. Vor dem Hintergrund einer kommunikationstheoretischen Beschreibung pädagogischen Handelns als Kontingenzbearbeitung werden gesprächsanalytische Vorschläge zur Analyse von Stilen interaktiven Führungshandelns adaptiert und für die mikroethnografische Untersuchung videographierter Unterrichtsinteraktionen aufgeschlossen. Anhand der Kontrastierung zweier Fallbeispiele wird gezeigt, wie mit einem solchen Ansatz neue Einsichten in die mikrologische Konstitution von Führungsstilen generiert und empirische Befunde zu situationsübergreifenden Selektionspräferenzen gewonnen werden können, die das Handeln von Lehrkräften in Auseinandersetzung mit alltäglichen Herausforderungen der Klassenführung kennzeichnen., The construct leadership style describes ways in which teachers deal with student behaviors across a variety of situations in order to produce educational interactions in classrooms. In psychological studies, this construct is seen as a predictor of student learning success. However, little is known about how different styles of leadership are produced by means of interactional practices. This article addresses this question by outlining the basics of a research approach that offers the possibility to analyze styles of leadership in classrooms as social practice in dealing with situational demands of classroom management. Against the background of a communication-theoretical description of pedagogical action as dealing with contingency, conversation-analytical approaches for analyzing styles of leadership action are adapted and opened up for the microethnographic investigation of videotaped classroom interactions. By contrasting two case studies, it is shown how such an approach can generate new insights into the micrological constitution of leadership styles, providing empirical findings on cross-situational preferences that characterize teachers' actions in dealing with everyday challenges of classroom management.

Ausgehend von der Beobachtung, dass Anfänge von Schulklassen an weiterführenden Schulen vermehrt aktiv gestaltet und so zum Gegenstand pädagogischer Bearbeitung gemacht werden, haben wir die ersten Tage neuer Klassen aus praxistheoretischer Perspektive untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der ethnografischen Beobachtungen an zwei Schulen stellen wir als Variationen einer Anfangsgestaltung dar, mit der die pädagogischen Herausforderungen der Herstellung neuer Schulklassen und die Bearbeitung dieser erkennbar werden. Herausgearbeitet wird, wie in den Adressierungen der Schüler*innen und dem Vollzug von Praktiken des 'Kennenlernens' eine über unterrichtliche Belange hinausgehende Ansprechbarkeit der Schüler*innen füreinander, eine Verantwortlichkeit aller für eine regelkonforme und kompetente "Mitspielfähigkeit" (Alkemeyer/Buschmann 2017, S. 272) in der Klasse und eine Imagination der Klasse als Klasse grundgelegt wird. Abschließend wird diskutiert, wie in weitergehenden Untersuchungen zur Herstellung der Klasse als pädagogischer Ressource den hier als konstitutiv für die Anfangstage rekonstruierten Praktiken gefolgt werden kann., Based on the observation that beginnings of school classes in secondary schools are actively designed and thus made the object of pedagogical intervention, we examined the first days of new classes from a practice-theoretical perspective. We present the results of ethnographic research at two schools as variations of a design of the beginning, with which the pedagogical challenges of creating new school classes and processing them become recognizable. We elaborate on how the addressing of students and the enactment of practices of 'getting to know each other' ground a responsiveness of students to each other that goes beyond instructional concerns, evolve a responsibility of all for a rule-compliant and competent "play-ability" (Alkemeyer/Buschmann 2017, p. 272) in the class, and create an imagining of the class as a discrete and specific group. Finally, it is discussed how in further studies on the production of the class as a pedagogical resource the practices reconstructed here as constitutive for the early days can be followed.

Although the school-class is known to be an important setting for adolescent risk behavior, little is known about how the ethnic composition of a school-class impacts substance use among pupils with a migration background. Moreover, the few existing studies do not distinguish between co-ethnic density (i.e., the share of immigrants belonging to one’s own ethnic group) and immigrant density (the share of all immigrants). This is all the more surprising since a high co-ethnic density can be expected to protect against substance use by increasing levels of social support and decreasing acculturative stress, whereas a high immigrant density can be expected to do the opposite by facilitating inter-ethnic conflict and identity threat. This study analyses how co-ethnic density and immigrant density are correlated with smoking among pupils of Portuguese origin in Luxembourg. A multi-level analysis is used to analyze data from the Luxembourg Health Behavior in School-Aged Children study (N = 4268 pupils from 283 classes). High levels of co-ethnic density reduced current smoking. In contrast, high levels of immigrant density increased it. Thus, in research on the health of migrants, the distinction between co-ethnic density and immigrant density should be taken into account, as both may have opposite effects.

Es handelt sich um eine Replik zum Beitrag von Bernd Tesch "Zur Rekonstruktion der Verständigung im fremdsprachlichen Klassenzimmer - Methodologische Grundlagen, blinde Flecken und empirische Herausforderungen" (https://doi.org/10.21241/ssoar.70921).

Although the school-class is known to be an important setting for adolescent risk behavior, little is known about how the ethnic composition of a school-class impacts substance use among pupils with a migration background. Moreover, the few existing studies do not distinguish between co-ethnic density (i.e., the share of immigrants belonging to one’s own ethnic group) and immigrant density (the share of all immigrants). This is all the more surprising since a high co-ethnic density can be expected to protect against substance use by increasing levels of social support and decreasing acculturative stress, whereas a high immigrant density can be expected to do the opposite by facilitating inter-ethnic conflict and identity threat. This study analyses how co-ethnic density and immigrant density are correlated with smoking among pupils of Portuguese origin in Luxembourg. A multi-level analysis is used to analyze data from the Luxembourg Health Behavior in School-Aged Children study (N = 4268 pupils from 283 classes). High levels of co-ethnic density reduced current smoking. In contrast, high levels of immigrant density increased it. Thus, in research on the health of migrants, the distinction between co-ethnic density and immigrant density should be taken into account, as both may have opposite effects.

Although the school-class is known to be an important setting for adolescent risk behavior, little is known about how the ethnic composition of a school-class impacts substance use among pupils with a migration background. Moreover, the few existing studies do not distinguish between co-ethnic density (i.e., the share of immigrants belonging to one’s own ethnic group) and immigrant density (the share of all immigrants). This is all the more surprising since a high co-ethnic density can be expected to protect against substance use by increasing levels of social support and decreasing acculturative stress, whereas a high immigrant density can be expected to do the opposite by facilitating inter-ethnic conflict and identity threat. This study analyses how co-ethnic density and immigrant density are correlated with smoking among pupils of Portuguese origin in Luxembourg. A multi-level analysis is used to analyze data from the Luxembourg Health Behavior in School-Aged Children study (N = 4268 pupils from 283 classes). High levels of co-ethnic density reduced current smoking. In contrast, high levels of immigrant density increased it. Thus, in research on the health of migrants, the distinction between co-ethnic density and immigrant density should be taken into account, as both may have opposite effects.

Although the school-class is known to be an important setting for adolescent risk behavior, little is known about how the ethnic composition of a school-class impacts substance use among pupils with a migration background. Moreover, the few existing studies do not distinguish between co-ethnic density (i.e., the share of immigrants belonging to one’s own ethnic group) and immigrant density (the share of all immigrants). This is all the more surprising since a high co-ethnic density can be expected to protect against substance use by increasing levels of social support and decreasing acculturative stress, whereas a high immigrant density can be expected to do the opposite by facilitating inter-ethnic conflict and identity threat. This study analyses how co-ethnic density and immigrant density are correlated with smoking among pupils of Portuguese origin in Luxembourg. A multi-level analysis is used to analyze data from the Luxembourg Health Behavior in School-Aged Children study (N = 4268 pupils from 283 classes). High levels of co-ethnic density reduced current smoking. In contrast, high levels of immigrant density increased it. Thus, in research on the health of migrants, the distinction between co-ethnic density and immigrant density should be taken into account, as both may have opposite effects.

This study investigates the relationship between the ethnic classroom composition and interethnic attitudes of adolescents of the native majority and several ethnic minorities in the Netherlands, Germany, England and Sweden. It contributes to prior research by examining the underlying theoretical features of contact opportunities and levels of threat across multiple ethnic groups more accurately, using group-specific measures. Based on Intergroup Contact Theory and Ethnic Group Conflict Theory, contrasting hypotheses on how the ethnic classroom composition affects out-group and in-group attitudes of adolescents are tested with multilevel regression analyses. Across ethnic groups and countries, we consistently find a moderate to substantial relation between ethnic classroom composition and interethnic attitudes in line with Intergroup Contact Theory: a relatively larger out-group size, compared to the in-group, relates positively to out-group attitudes. At the same time, in several cases, a relatively larger in-group size relates to more positive in-group attitudes. The findings point to the significance of balanced ethnic classroom compositions for promoting favourable attitudes between multiple ethnic groups – benefitting especially those who face high levels of prejudice from others and those who are prejudiced towards others – without compromising positive in-group attitudes.

Background and aims: The school-class context is a crucial social environment for young people but substance use researchers have largely overlooked potential influences operating at this level. This study explores associations between school-class and individual-level factors and cannabis use in Swedish youth. Data and methods: Data comprised four waves (2012–2015) of the Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs’ (CAN) nationally representative school surveys among individuals in 9th and 11th grade. For the present analyses, we had data on totally 28,729 individuals from 2377 unique school classes. Multilevel logistic regressions predicted lifetime and 10+ times use of cannabis from both individual-level predictors and school-class-level measures derived from the individual-level variables. Results: There were individual-level associations between most predictor variables and cannabis use. An early debut of tobacco use and binge drinking as well as low cannabis related risk perceptions had strong associations with cannabis use. Conversely, several school-class-level variables had aggregate relationships with cannabis use, most notably the overall level of risk perceptions in the school class. Some of the school-class factors predicted cannabis use over and above the individual-level covariates, suggesting the presence of contextual effects. Surprisingly, while female gender was negatively related with cannabis use at the individual level, a higher proportion of females in the classroom increased the odds for lifetime cannabis use even after controlling for individual and other contextual-level covariates. Conclusions: Youth cannabis use is related to various factors at both the individual and school-class level in Sweden. Truancy and perceived risk related to cannabis use had contextual associations with cannabis use. The positive contextual association between a higher proportion of females in the classroom and lifetime use should be explored fur

The ability to communicate effectively is the optimum goal of learning English. Class participation plays a pivotal role in improving oral communication. Some obstacles prevent students from reaching class participation which may halt student' potent communication. Oral communication apprehension has been found to be the most important factor affecting the class participation. With all the differences separating males and females, it is no surprise that communication apprehension would be affected by gender differences. The goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between learners' gender differences and oral communication apprehension with respect to class participation. To achieve this goal, 140 undergraduate students including 70 males and 70 females majoring in English literature, translation and teaching from Sheik-Bahai University were selected. This sample was chosen by means of simple random sampling procedure. A questionnaire was utilized as the instrument to examine the relationships between learners' gender differences and oral communication apprehension. The data accumulated by means of the questionnaire were analyzed to ascertain the answers to the research question. In general, the findings showed that female students tend to be more apprehensive than men regarding the class participation.

Loneliness is a public health concern that increases the risk for several health, behavioral and academic problems among adolescents. Some studies have suggested that adolescents with an ethnic minority background have a higher risk for loneliness than adolescents from the majority population. The increasing numbers of migrant youth around the world mean growing numbers of heterogeneous school environments in many countries. Even though adolescents spend a substantial amount of time at school, there is currently very little non-U.S. research that has examined the importance of the ethnic composition of school classes for loneliness in adolescence. The present research aimed to address this gap by exploring the association between loneliness and three dimensions of the ethnic composition in the school class: (1) membership of ethnic majority in the school class, (2) the size of own ethnic group in the school class, and (3) the ethnic diversity of the school class. We used data from the Danish 2014 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey: a nationally representative sample of 4383 (51.2 % girls) 11-15-year-olds. Multilevel logistic regression analyses revealed that adolescents who did not belong to the ethnic majority in the school class had increased odds for loneliness compared to adolescents that belonged to the ethnic majority. Furthermore, having more same-ethnic classmates lowered the odds for loneliness. We did not find any statistically significant association between the ethnic diversity of the school classes and loneliness. The study adds novel and important findings to how ethnicity in a school class context, as opposed to ethnicity per se, influences adolescents' loneliness.

Research on the influence of the number of ethnic minority group classmates on majority group students' interethnic attitudes produced conflicting results. With data from 728 early adolescents, we found that the effect of the ethnic class composition depends on two opposing student-level mechanisms. First, majority group students who liked a larger number of minority group classmates developed more positive attitudes toward minority groups. Second, students who disliked a larger number of outgroup classmates developed more negative outgroup attitudes. In our sample, these two effects neutralized each other because the sample consisted of about the same number of students that liked most of their outgroup classmates and students that disliked most outgroup classmates. Results were consistent in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. These results support a new interpretation of the mixed findings in past research, suggesting that past studies may have differed in the number of students who liked and disliked outgroup classmates.

Bakalářská práce se zabývá problematikou týkající se osobnosti učitele a jejím vlivem na sociální klima třídy. Teoretická část je rozdělena na tři kapitoly. První kapitola objasňuje čtenáři základní poznatky pojednávající o klimatu třídy, jeho determinantech a o definici školní třídy. Druhá kapitola pojednává o profesi učitele a o učiteli jako spolutvůrci sociálního klimatu ve třídě. Poslední kapitola se zabývá osobností učitele, jeho temperamentem a charakterem. Je zde také vymezen pětifaktorový model osobnosti - Big 5. Praktická část obsahuje výsledky výzkumu provedeného prostřednictvím dotazníkového šetření na základních školách ve Zlínském kraji. Hlavním cílem je zjistit, zda je souvislost mezi vybranými osobnostními vlastnostmi učitele a sociálním klimatem třídy., This bachelor thesis inquiries into topic of teacher's personality and its influence towards the social climate in a class. Theoretical part is divided into three chapters. The first clarifies basic findings about class climate, its determinants and definition of a school class. The second elaborates on profession of a teacher and teacher as co-creator of social climate in the class. The last chapter deals with personality of a teacher, his temperament and character. It also describes five-factor-model of personality Big 5. The applied part of this thesis contains results of survey carried out by means of questionnaire at primary schools of the region of Zlin. The main goal is to find out, whether there is any link between choosed personal characteristics of a teacher and social climate of the class., Ústav pedagogických věd

"Kindliches Medienverhalten ist heute zunehmend geprägt durch die Hinwendung zu digitalen Medien, insbesondere zu Spielen auf mobilen Endgeräten. Damit nehmen Kinder Teil an einem medialen und gesellschaftlichen Wandel, in dem Mobilität von zentraler Bedeutung ist. Zur Nutzung und Verarbeitung mobiler Spiele durch Kinder liegen allerdings sowohl national wie international bisher kaum sozialwissenschaftliche oder psychologische Untersuchungen vor. Erziehungswissenschaftlich ausgerichtete Studien, die herangezogen werden können, thematisieren vornehmlich Lernaspekte. In diesem Beitrag werden daher erstmals Daten über Nutzung und Bedeutung von digitalen Spielen auf mobilen Endgeräten bei Kindern im Alter von 6 bis 13 Jahren vorgelegt, mit besonderem Fokus auf den Stellenwert des Mobilen beim digitalen Spielen. Es handelt sich um erste Ergebnisse eines triangulativ angelegten zweijährigen Forschungsprojekts der Universität zu Köln und Fachhochschule Köln. Als zentrale Ergebnisse zeigen sich: Mobiles Spielen ist ein fester Bestandteil der heutigen Lebenswelt von Kindern. Dabei nimmt die Mobilität einen wichtigen Stellenwert beim digitalen Spielen ein." (Autorenreferat), "The media behavior of today's children is increasingly informed by an orientation towards digital media, especially towards gaming on mobile devices. Therefore, children are actively participating in a change within society and the media landscape, in which mobility is taking a central position. As of now, there are very few national or international studies in the fields of social science and psychology that deal with children's use and their psychological processing of mobile games. In the context of educational science, all available studies mainly focus on aspects of learning. This article provides initial data on the use and relevance of digital games on mobile devices among 6- to 13-year-old children and especially focuses on the significance of mobility in digital gaming. It encompasses the first results of a two-year research project that uses the method of triangulation and is being conducted by the University of Cologne and the Cologne University of Applied Sciences. The central findings are that mobile gaming is a consistent part of the environment of today's children and that within children's digital gaming, mobility has an important status." (author's abstract)

BACKGROUND: Feeling accepted by peers is important for young people's health but few studies have examined the overall degree of acceptance in school and its health consequences. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether health complaints among Swedish students can be attributed to the acceptance climate in their school class even when the health effects of their own (individual) acceptance score have been taken into account. METHODS: The data used were from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study for the years 2001 to 2002, 2005 to 2006, and 2009 to 2010, consisting of 13,902 5th-, 7th-, and 9th-grade Swedish students nested into 742 school classes. The statistical analyses were performed by means of linear regression multilevel analysis. RESULTS: The results indicated that the variation in subjective health complaints could be ascribed partly to the school-class level (boys: 5.0%; girls: 13.5%). Peer acceptance at the individual level demonstrated a clear association with health: the lower the acceptance, the higher the complaint scores. For girls, but not for boys, the overall degree of peer acceptance in the school class demonstrated a contextual effect on health, net of acceptance at the student level. Interaction analyses also revealed an increasingly favorable health among poorly accepted girls as the acceptance climate in the school class declined. CONCLUSIONS: A lower overall degree of peer acceptance in the school class is associated with poorer health among girls. However, girls who, AuthorCount: 3

"In this study, I estimate the average causal treatment effect of grade retention on several educational outcome variables, such as completion of upper secondary school, graduation grades in math and German, as well as average final grade using a data set from Germany. The analysis relies on Conditional Independence Assumption. I use doubly robust method, regression adjustment and inverse propensity score weighting. The results of the empirical study show that grade retention does not improve the students' educational achievement." (author's abstract)

"Der Aufsatz prüft die im deutschen Sprachraum bislang kaum thematisierte Hypothese, wonach ein Schulwechsel während des Schuljahres die Schulleistungen beeinträchtigt. In einer Schweizer Längsschnittstudie wurde dieser Zusammenhang bei insgesamt 169 Schulwechslern unter Einbezug des sozio-ökonomischen Hintergrunds, der Schulleistungen und der elterlichen Bildungsaspirationen untersucht. Im Ergebnis zeigen sich gemischte Befunde. So wechselten Kinder aus privilegierten Familien öfters in Schulen außerhalb, Kinder aus eher bescheidenen Verhältnissen jedoch eher innerhalb der näheren Umgebung. Nach fünf Schuljahren hatten mobile Kinder zwar häufiger Klassen wiederholt, mehr Spezialförderung erhalten und schlechtere Schulnoten erzielt als stabile Kinder, aber viele der Unterschiede fielen bei Kontrolle der Schulleistungen des ersten Schuljahres und anderer Hintergrundmerkmale weg. In der Konsequenz erlaubt die Analyse zwar nur eine moderate Unterstützung der Hypothese, dass außerplanmäßige Schulwechsel leistungsbeeinträchtigend wirken. Sie richtet den Blick jedoch auf andere, vor allem häusliche Merkmale, welche Kinder und ihre Familien zu mobilem Verhalten bewegen." (Autorenreferat), "This article examines a hypothesis that has so far barely been discussed in the German-speaking area, namely that a school transfer during the school year impairs school performance. In a Swiss longitudinal study, this relationship was investigated in a sample of 169 transfer students, taking into consideration their socioeconomic background and their parents' educational aspirations. The findings were mixed. For instance, children from privileged families frequently changed schools outside their local neighborhood, while children from more modest backgrounds more likely changed to schools within the local neighborhood. After five school years mobile children had more frequently repeated school years, received more special support, and achieved poorer grades than stable children, but many of these differences disappeared when corrections were for school performance in the first school year and other background variables. Therefore, the analysis permits only modest support for the hypothesis. However, it does bring into the focus other attributes, above all domestic, which bring about mobile behavior in children and their families." (author's abstract)

BACKGROUND Feeling accepted by peers is important for young people's health but few studies have examined the overall degree of acceptance in school and its health consequences. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether health complaints among Swedish students can be attributed to the acceptance climate in their school class even when the health effects of their own (individual) acceptance score have been taken into account. METHODS The data used were from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study for the years 2001 to 2002, 2005 to 2006, and 2009 to 2010, consisting of 13,902 5th-, 7th-, and 9th-grade Swedish students nested into 742 school classes. The statistical analyses were performed by means of linear regression multilevel analysis. RESULTS The results indicated that the variation in subjective health complaints could be ascribed partly to the school-class level (boys: 5.0%; girls: 13.5%). Peer acceptance at the individual level demonstrated a clear association with health: the lower the acceptance, the higher the complaint scores. For girls, but not for boys, the overall degree of peer acceptance in the school class demonstrated a contextual effect on health, net of acceptance at the student level. Interaction analyses also revealed an increasingly favorable health among poorly accepted girls as the acceptance climate in the school class declined. CONCLUSIONS A lower overall degree of peer acceptance in the school class is associated with poorer health among girls. However, girls who themselves feel poorly accepted are not as negatively affected health-wise by a poor acceptance climate, as are well-accepted girls.

Práce se zabývá integrací nedoslýchavých studentů v běžných školách. Důraz je kladen na vztahy a vzájemnou spolupráci nedoslýchavého studenta se slyšícími spolužáky. Práce se zabývá porovnáním české a zahraniční literatury. Výzkumné šetření odpovídá na otázky, zda dochází ve třídě ke komunikační bariéře., The work deals with the hard of hearing students integration in common schools. The emphasis is put on the relationship and mutual co-operation between the hearing-impaired students and his / her hearing schoolmates. The work deals with the comparison between Czech and foreign literature. The research answers questions about the fact whether a communication barrier in the class exists., Katedra sociálních věd

The aim of the present thesis is to examine various aspects of the school-class structure and their links to health in a life-course perspective. The empirical studies are based on two longitudinal data materials of cohorts born in the 1950s, followed up until middle age. In the first study, the overall status distribution in the school class was shown to be associated with both minor psychiatric disorder in childhood and self-rated health in adulthood. Thus, ill-health was more common among individuals who attended school classes less equal in terms of status. The second study demonstrated that it was more common among those who had fewer mutual friendships in the school class to report poorer health as adults. Socioeconomic career emerged as the primary explanation for men while, for women, these findings were largely unaccounted for by any of the included child and adult circumstances. Findings from the third study suggested the child’s status position in the school class, i.e. peer status, to be related to a wide range of health outcomes in adulthood. In particular, lower peer status was linked to an excess risk of mental and behavioural disorders, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Childhood social class did not confound these associations to any large extent. The fourth study examined two types of social isolation in the school class: marginalisation (low peer status) and friendlessness. Hospitalisation due to any disease was more common among marginalised children compared to among non-isolates, whereas no corresponding association was found for the friendless. For both types of isolates, the number of hospitalisations was greater than among non-isolated individuals. Of the studied childhood factors, scholastic ability emerged as an important mechanism. In sum, this thesis points to the relevance of the school class for health development across the life course and to the complexity of pathways through which influences of the school class may operate., At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Submitted. Paper 2: Accepted.

Empirical evidence of long-term health effects of social isolation in young people is limited. In childhood, the school class emerges as a central context, wherein social disadvantages may be detrimental for health development. The purpose of this study was to examine social isolation in the school class and its association with adult disease. Data was derived from a longitudinal study using a 1953 cohort born in Stockholm, Sweden (n = 14,294). Two types of social isolation in the classroom, friendlessness and marginalisation, were sociometrically assessed in 6th grade (1966). Information on adult health was gathered through registry-data on in-patient care (1973–2003). Analyses were based on logistic regression and Poisson regression. The results demonstrated that both types of social isolation in the school class were related to various adverse individual, school-related and family-related aspects. Moreover, while marginalisation was associated with the odds of becoming hospitalised, friendlessness was not. However, if ever being hospitalised, both types of isolates had significantly more hospital care events. These results were largely unexplained by the included individual, school-related and family-related aspects.

Little is known about the health consequences of the school class as a social network. The present study asked whether overall school-class structure has contextual effects on psychiatric problems in childhood and adult self-rated health. From longitudinal data on a Scottish cohort, measures of school-class structure (centralisation, degree of reciprocity and proportion of isolates) were constructed based on sociometric information. Multilevel analysis demonstrated significant effects of centralisation on both health outcomes. It is suggested that highly centralised classes are characterised by inequality, resulting in a low level of integration, with subsequent negative consequences for health.

The aim of the present thesis is to examine various aspects of the school-class structure and their links to health in a life-course perspective. The empirical studies are based on two longitudinal data materials of cohorts born in the 1950s, followed up until middle age. In the first study, the overall status distribution in the school class was shown to be associated with both minor psychiatric disorder in childhood and self-rated health in adulthood. Thus, ill-health was more common among individuals who attended school classes less equal in terms of status. The second study demonstrated that it was more common among those who had fewer mutual friendships in the school class to report poorer health as adults. Socioeconomic career emerged as the primary explanation for men while, for women, these findings were largely unaccounted for by any of the included child and adult circumstances. Findings from the third study suggested the child’s status position in the school class, i.e. peer status, to be related to a wide range of health outcomes in adulthood. In particular, lower peer status was linked to an excess risk of mental and behavioural disorders, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Childhood social class did not confound these associations to any large extent. The fourth study examined two types of social isolation in the school class: marginalisation (low peer status) and friendlessness. Hospitalisation due to any disease was more common among marginalised children compared to among non-isolates, whereas no corresponding association was found for the friendless. For both types of isolates, the number of hospitalisations was greater than among non-isolated individuals. Of the studied childhood factors, scholastic ability emerged as an important mechanism. In sum, this thesis points to the relevance of the school class for health development across the life course and to the complexity of pathways through which influences of the school class may operate., At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Submitted. Paper 2: Accepted.

The aim of the present thesis is to examine various aspects of the school-class structure and their links to health in a life-course perspective. The empirical studies are based on two longitudinal data materials of cohorts born in the 1950s, followed up until middle age. In the first study, the overall status distribution in the school class was shown to be associated with both minor psychiatric disorder in childhood and self-rated health in adulthood. Thus, ill-health was more common among individuals who attended school classes less equal in terms of status. The second study demonstrated that it was more common among those who had fewer mutual friendships in the school class to report poorer health as adults. Socioeconomic career emerged as the primary explanation for men while, for women, these findings were largely unaccounted for by any of the included child and adult circumstances. Findings from the third study suggested the child’s status position in the school class, i.e. peer status, to be related to a wide range of health outcomes in adulthood. In particular, lower peer status was linked to an excess risk of mental and behavioural disorders, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Childhood social class did not confound these associations to any large extent. The fourth study examined two types of social isolation in the school class: marginalisation (low peer status) and friendlessness. Hospitalisation due to any disease was more common among marginalised children compared to among non-isolates, whereas no corresponding association was found for the friendless. For both types of isolates, the number of hospitalisations was greater than among non-isolated individuals. Of the studied childhood factors, scholastic ability emerged as an important mechanism. In sum, this thesis points to the relevance of the school class for health development across the life course and to the complexity of pathways through which influences of the school class may operate., At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Submitted. Paper 2: Accepted.

'Dem Beitrag liegen ethnographische Beobachtungen im Klassenzimmer zugrunde. Fokussiert wird auf die Schülerperspektive und insbesondere auf die Strukturiertheit des Raumes. Im Anschluss an Überlegungen zur Raumsoziologie (Löw 2001) werden räumliche Verhältnisse nicht (nur) als Bedingung, sondern auch als Produkt des Handelns aufgefasst. Für die Analyse werden visuelle, akustische und haptische Räume unterschieden und auf ihre je spezifische Strukturiertheit hin untersucht. Im Bereich visueller Räume besteht die grundlegende Differenzierung in der Platzierung der Beteiligten und in deren sich überschneidenden Gesichtsfeldern. In der Dimension der Akustik kann die Regulierung der Lautstärke der eigenen Äußerungen als die entscheidende Form der Strukturierung von Räumen gelten. Strategien zur Erweiterung des haptischen Raums richten sich auf die Mobilisierung von Objekten und Körpern. Insgesamt macht die Raumanalyse auf die Gleichzeitigkeit diversen Geschehens innerhalb des Klassenzimmers aufmerksam, das sich in unterschiedlichen und zum Teil voneinander unabhängigen Räumen abspielt. Der Beitrag schlägt vor, die Beobachtung von Unterricht und Schülerverhalten um die differenzierte Analyse räumlicher Bedingungen und Effekte der Unterrichtssituation zu erweitern.' (Autorenreferat), 'This article is founded on participant observation in the classroom. The focus is on the pupils perspective and especially on the structuring of space. Referring to conceptions concerning the sociology of space (Löw 2001), spatial conditions are not (only) considered as cause but also as the effect of action. Visual, acoustic and haptic types of space are examined. In the case of visual space, the most important conditions lie in the seating arrangements and the participants' view. In the dimension of acoustics, the control of the volume of one's own voice is considered to be the most important factor, while in haptic spaces it is the mobilization of objects and bodies. In general, the analysis indicates that in classrooms various actions take place simultaneously in different and sometimes independent spaces. The article suggests that research on lessons and pupil behaviour should be extended by a differentiated analysis of spatial conditions in the classroom.' (author's abstract)

'Trotz der beachtlichen Reichweite der Videografie in den Sozialwissenschaften steht eine methodologische Reflexion hinsichtlich der spezifischen Qualität des videografischen Materials und der Methoden der Videoanalyse erst am Anfang. Als ein Verfahren, das sowohl auditive als auch visuelle, auf Körperlichkeit, ikonische Szenerien und Prozesse bezogene 'Daten' konserviert, zeichnet sich die Videografie dadurch aus, die in sozialen Situationen vorzufindende Verschränkung von Sequenzialität und Simultaneität weitgehend zu bewahren. Auf der Grundlage einer empirischen Studie zur Performativität ritueller Praxen von Kindern in der Grundschule wird in dem Beitrag die Methode der Dokumentarischen Videointerpretation als ein mikroanalytisches Verfahren vorgestellt, das neben der Sequenzialität auch explizit die im Material vorzufindende Simultanstruktur berücksichtigt und darauf gerichtet ist, die mehrdimensionale, performative Einbindung der Akteure in konjunktive Erfahrungsräume und in institutionelle Kontexte herauszuarbeiten.' (Autorenreferat), 'Despite the extensive and increasing use of video recording in the social sciences, methodological reflection on the particular quality of video material and on the methods of video analysis is still in the early stages of development. Videography allows us to preserve audio as well as visual data, and to record information relating to physical behavior as well as iconic scenery and processes. One of the main advantages of video is that it makes it possible to record both the sequential structure and the simultaneity occurring in social situations. Based on an empirical study concerning the performativity of elementary school children's ritual practices, this article presents documentary video interpretation as a microanalytical method which considers not only sequential structure, but also the structure of simultaneity in video material. The multidimensional, performative involvement of social actors in conjunctive collective practices and institutional contexts is analysed.' (author's abstract)

"Using the approach of qualitative social network research, this article focuses on two ‘systems of social inequality’ on the basis of which learning is organized: one is the institutional and organizational framework structuring the encounters between teachers and students, the other is a system of social inequality incorporated at the level of emotions and affections. Both systems seem to be virtually inevitable and, due to the tacit nature of their workings in class interactions, escape attempts at deliberate control. The article demonstrates how the web of social relationships in the early grades acts to reinforce both systems of social inequality and how they mutually affect one another in the class setting. Two first grade classes were studied for this purpose using mixed methods. The findings clearly support these conclusions: in both classes under study, a configuration of relationships consisting of a range of distinct (student) positions has emerged, and all parties involved have a similar perception of this social configuration. These social positions, each of which offer different opportunities for learning, are reflected both in interactions (as evidenced by video analysis) and the students’ stories (as evidenced in interviews). Such stabilization processes determine student careers early on and render the class setting 'porous' as a space of learning." [author's abstract]

The aim of the present thesis is to examine various aspects of the school-class structure and their links to health in a life-course perspective. The empirical studies are based on two longitudinal data materials of cohorts born in the 1950s, followed up until middle age. In the first study, the overall status distribution in the school class was shown to be associated with both minor psychiatric disorder in childhood and self-rated health in adulthood. Thus, ill-health was more common among individuals who attended school classes less equal in terms of status. The second study demonstrated that it was more common among those who had fewer mutual friendships in the school class to report poorer health as adults. Socioeconomic career emerged as the primary explanation for men while, for women, these findings were largely unaccounted for by any of the included child and adult circumstances. Findings from the third study suggested the child’s status position in the school class, i.e. peer status, to be related to a wide range of health outcomes in adulthood. In particular, lower peer status was linked to an excess risk of mental and behavioural disorders, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Childhood social class did not confound these associations to any large extent. The fourth study examined two types of social isolation in the school class: marginalisation (low peer status) and friendlessness. Hospitalisation due to any disease was more common among marginalised children compared to among non-isolates, whereas no corresponding association was found for the friendless. For both types of isolates, the number of hospitalisations was greater than among non-isolated individuals. Of the studied childhood factors, scholastic ability emerged as an important mechanism. In sum, this thesis points to the relevance of the school class for health development across the life course and to the complexity of pathways through which influences of the school class may operate., At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Submitted. Paper 2: Accepted.

The aim of the present thesis is to examine various aspects of the school-class structure and their links to health in a life-course perspective. The empirical studies are based on two longitudinal data materials of cohorts born in the 1950s, followed up until middle age. In the first study, the overall status distribution in the school class was shown to be associated with both minor psychiatric disorder in childhood and self-rated health in adulthood. Thus, ill-health was more common among individuals who attended school classes less equal in terms of status. The second study demonstrated that it was more common among those who had fewer mutual friendships in the school class to report poorer health as adults. Socioeconomic career emerged as the primary explanation for men while, for women, these findings were largely unaccounted for by any of the included child and adult circumstances. Findings from the third study suggested the child’s status position in the school class, i.e. peer status, to be related to a wide range of health outcomes in adulthood. In particular, lower peer status was linked to an excess risk of mental and behavioural disorders, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Childhood social class did not confound these associations to any large extent. The fourth study examined two types of social isolation in the school class: marginalisation (low peer status) and friendlessness. Hospitalisation due to any disease was more common among marginalised children compared to among non-isolates, whereas no corresponding association was found for the friendless. For both types of isolates, the number of hospitalisations was greater than among non-isolated individuals. Of the studied childhood factors, scholastic ability emerged as an important mechanism. In sum, this thesis points to the relevance of the school class for health development across the life course and to the complexity of pathways through which influences of the school class may operate., At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Submitted. Paper 2: Accepted.

Bakalářská práce pojednává o problematice integrace žáka s handicapem do běžné školy (obor SOU). Teoretická část je charakteristická rozdělením jednotlivých postižení, problematikou integrace a socializace dětí s handicapem, přijetím těchto dětí základní sociální skupinou-školní třídou, možné postoje rodiny, učitelů a zdravých spolužáků. V praktické části jsem se snažila pomocí dotazníku SORAD zjistit, jaký je postoj spolužáků ke spolužákovi s handicapem a do jaké míry ho jsou spolužáci schopni přijmout mezi sebe a pomoci tak jeho integraci do kolektivu, Bachalor work ?Analysis of social relations at class? is dissert on problem of integration of classmate with handicap to common school (college). Theoretic part is characteristic of devission of handicap level integration problem and socializing of children with handicap, acceptation of these children as general social class ? school class, posible bearings of parents, teachers and non-handicapped classmates. In practical part I was trying to discover by questionnaire SORAD find out what is the classmate's bearing to classmate with handicap and how much classmates do accept handicapped classmates and help to integrate them to common colective., Institut mezioborových studií, obhájeno

"Kern des pädagogischen Handelns in der Schule ist der Unterricht, da dort die eigentliche Vermittlung von Wissen, Normen und Kulturtechniken stattfindet. Daher ist die fallrekonstruktive Erschließung von möglichst genau protokolliertem realem Unterrichtsgeschehen besonders geeignet, näheren Aufschluss über diesen Kern der schulischen Praxis, wie sie heute vorzufinden ist, zu geben. Dies soll im Rahmen dieses Vortrages in Gestalt der Rekonstruktion von protokollierten Sequenzen der komplexen Lehrer-Schüler-Interaktion in einer Unterrichtstunde einer ersten Schulklasse aufgezeigt werden. Im Vordergrund wird dabei die Frage nach der Professionalisierungsbedürftigkeit und Nicht-Professionalisiertheit inklusive der damit verbundenen Folgen für das Unterrichtsgeschehen und die Aufgabe der Wissensvermittlung stehen. Es werden auch die damit im Zusammenhang stehenden Fragen nach der Existenz und Verfasstheit der Arbeitsbündnisse zwischen Lehrer und Schüler und zwischen Lehrer und Klasse berührt. Des Weiteren soll es thematisch auch um Lösungen pädagogischer Probleme gehen, die aus der individuellen Berufserfahrung und Berufspraxis des jeweiligen Lehrers resultieren, und deren 'Hebung' für die Pädagogik von Interesse ist. Der Unterricht einer ersten Grundschulklasse ist in mehreren Hinsichten für die Rekonstruktion eines Modells des realen schulpädagogischen Handelns und für die Frage der Professionalisierungsbedürftigkeit und Nicht-Professionalisiertheit des Lehrerhandelns von besonders aufschlussreich: In der Grundschule hat das pädagogische Moment des Lehrerhandelns seine größte Bedeutung, weil die Kinder dort erst in die Schülerrolle einsozialisiert werden. Darüber hinaus werden bereits in der Grundschule entscheidende Weichenstellungen für die Schulkarriere vorgenommen. Dies gilt für eine erste Klasse noch einmal gesteigert. Aus Sicht der Professionalisierungstheorie ist der Lehrer hier besonders gefordert, da sich ein Arbeitsbündnis mit den einzelnen Schülern, der Kla

Ausgangspunkt des Beitrags ist das bildungspolitische Ziel der Vergrößerung von Chancengleichheit, d.h. die Verbesserung der schulischen Erfolgschancen für Kinder aus den sozio-ökonomischen Unterschichten. Es werden der Hintergrund für die sogenannte deutsche Bildungskatastrophe und die daraus folgenden bildungspolitischen Reformen zu Beginn der 70er Jahre beschrieben. Mit dem Beispiel der Schuleingangsstufe (Schuleintritt mit 5 Jahren) wird ein Reformmodell für den Bereich Vorschulerziehung vorgestellt. Das Material für die vorliegende Analyse stammt aus Protokollen, die zu einer 1974 durchgeführten Untersuchung gehören, bei der in teilnehmender Beobachtung mit Tonbandaufzeichnung das Verhalten von 50 Kinder aus Berliner Eingangsstufen in nach sozio-ökonomischen Indikatoren kontrastierenden Einzugsgebieten analysiert wurde. Als Grundlage wird eine Szene aus einem Unterrichtsabschnitt dargestellt. Beginnend mit dem ersten Satz werden sämtliche protokollierten Interakte in der Reihenfolge ihres Auftretens kumulativ interpretiert. Die Interpretationen folgen dem Prinzip der extensiven Sinnauslegung, d.h. für jeden Interakt werden alle möglichen Bedeutungsgehalte expliziert. Dabei wird nicht nur der subjektiv gemeinte Sinn des Handelnden erschlossen. Es geht vor allem darum die objektiven, wenngleich in der Regel latent bleibenden Sinnstrukturen zu rekonstruieren. Damit werden die objektiven Beziehungsstrukturen zwischen Lehrern und Schülern sowie der Schüler untereinander erfaßt. Die Textinterpretation ist auf die Frage zugeschnitten, inwiefern die progressive pädagogische Interaktion dem Ziel der kompensatorischen Erziehung gerecht wird. (RW)

"In einer Untersuchung an Berliner Grundschulen (zehn Schulklassen der 3. und 5. Jahrgangstufe, N=232) konnte gezeigt werden, dass es einen Zusammenhang zwischen der unter Kindern in Schulklassen entstehenden Ungleichheit in Beliebtheit und Einfluss und dem Notenerfolg gibt. Dieser Zusammenhang bleibt erhalten, wenn man für den unter anderem in der PISA-Studie festgestellten Einfluss des Familienhintergrundes einschließlich des Migrationshintergrundes auf den Schulerfolg kontrolliert. Die soziale Ungleichheit der Familien einschließlich der ethnischen Herkunft und die von den Kindern selbst erzeugte Ungleichheit in der Kinderwelt wirken sich in gleicher Richtung auf die Chancen der Kinder in der Schule und damit auch auf die zukünftigen Lebenschancen aus. Geht man in die Einzelheiten für die Ausländerkinder, dann zeigt sich, dass die Familien mit ausländischen Eltern signifikant weniger Bücher besitzen und dass die Kinder mehr fernsehen und über mehr Taschengeld verfügen als die Kinder mit deutschen Eltern. Was die Ungleichheit in der Schulklasse anbetrifft, so sind Ausländerkinder im Durchschnitt weniger beliebt und haben weniger Einfluss. Außerdem werden ihnen von ihren Klassenkameraden seltener gute Ideen zugetraut. Die Benachteiligung der Ausländerkinder liegt demnach nach unseren Ergebnissen weniger an den Schul- und Berufsabschlüssen der Eltern und am Einkommen als an der fehlenden (deutschen) Literalität und an Aspekten des Erziehungsstils. Bedeutsamer scheint uns noch zu sein, dass die Kinder ausländischer Eltern in der Welt der Gleichaltrigen geringere Chancen auf Anerkennung haben. Die Gründe für diese Zusammenhänge zwischen Migrationshintergrund, Peerakzeptanz und Schulerfolg werden diskutiert." (Autorenreferat)

In this article we present the results of a narrative inquiry into the construction of subjectivity in primary schools. In this study the researchers' own subjectivities came under the same scrutiny as those who were the focus of the research, and were placed in relation to them. We will discuss the doubts that arose as we carried out our research as well as how our positions as researchers changed over the course of the study. We will also describe our attempts to give voice to teachers and learners through our narratives. This goal led us to produce an account of subjectivity that was relational, process-based, and, sometimes, fragmented. Our interpretation of the representation of childhood/learners and learning in school is based upon how the teachers we have worked with shared a reflective, integral, cooperative, and community view of learning. We will also discuss how learners develop forms of positioning, identification, and differentiation depending on their relationships with others. In this way we have been able to reconstruct the way in which learners' subjectivities are formed by narrating scenes observed in classrooms with different groups of peers, and in other areas of the school where these groups carry out different activities., In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse einer narrativen Studie zur Konstruktion von Wissen durch Grundschulschüler/innen skizziert. Da in einer solchen Studie Forschende als soziale Subjekte mit ihren Forschungspartner/innen interagieren, wird in dem Prozess des Experimentierens mit Niedergeschriebenem im Verlauf des ethnografischen Arbeitens auch sichtbar, in welcher Weise sie andere – Schüler/innen und Lehrer/innen – repräsentieren. In der eigenen Studie wurden so viele Momente des Zweifelns sichtbar, ebenso Störungen und Änderungen unserer Position als Forscherinnen im Verlauf des Forschens. Wir haben auch versucht zu vermeiden, die Lernenden zu objektivieren und zu fixieren, um einen relationalen, prozessorientierten und manchmal auch fragmentierten Blick auf Subjektivität werfen zu können. In die sich sukzessive konturierende Repräsentation von Kindheit und Lernen in der Schule versuchten wir die Perspektive der Lehrer/innen, mit denen wir gearbeitet haben, einzubeziehen, was zumeist davon abhängig war, ob sie unser reflexives, auf Integration zielendes, kooperatives und gemeinschaftsbezogenes Schüler/innenbild teilten. Wir haben auch beobachtet und zu interpretieren versucht, wie Schülerinnen Wege der Positionierung, Identifikation und Differenzierung entwickelten, abhängig von den konkreten sozialen Beziehungen, in die sie eingebunden waren. Auf diese Weise haben wir die Prozesse nachvollzogen, in denen Schüler/innensubjektivität sich bildete und formierte, im Klassenraum mit den Mitschüler/innen oder an anderen schulischen Orten, in denen die Schüler/innen sich bewegten., Este artículo presenta los principales resultados de una investigación narrativa sobre la construcción de la subjetividad en la escuela primaria. Dado que en este tipo de investigación, el investigador es considerado un sujeto social en relación con otros, el proceso de escritura de los diarios durante el trabajo de campo etnográfico muestra las tentativas para incluir a los otros en la representación, los diversos momentos de duda, y hace visibles las interrupciones y giros en nuestras posiciones investigadoras. Además, hemos tratado de escapar de la objetivación y fijación del sujeto, planteando una visión relacional y procesual de la subjetividad, a veces incluso fragmentada. Para ello, hemos interpretado la representación de la infancia y del aprendizaje en la escuela, cómo las maestras y los maestros con quienes trabajamos comparten una visión reflexiva, integral, cooperativa y comunitaria del sujeto escolar. También hemos observado e interpretado cómo los niños y niñas desarrollan formas de posicionamiento, identificación y diferenciación desde la relación con los otros. Así, hemos reconstruido cómo se forma la subjetividad infantil a partir de narrar escenas observadas en las aulas de diferentes grupos de niños y niñas y en otros espacios de la escuela donde estos grupos desarrollan diferentes actividades.

In antagonistischen Konstellationen zwischen Angehörigen der Aufnahmegesellschaft und Zuwanderer/innen besteht eine starke Tendenz zur Fokussierung dessen, was als das sozial oder kulturell Trennende angesehen wird, Differenzorientierung aber lässt Prozesse des Fremdverstehens prekär werden. Diese Studie untersucht am Beispiel eines Konfliktes zwischen freikirchlichen Spätaussiedler/innen und der schon länger ansässigen Bevölkerung, wie gruppenbezogene Differenzorientierung in interpretativen Verarbeitungen von Sinnsetzungen der jeweils anderen entfaltet wird. Zwischen diesen beiden Gruppen hat eine Auseinandersetzung stattgefunden, die sich an der Pflicht zur Teilnahme an Klassenfahrten entzündete, für die aber auch fundamentalere Differenzen ausschlaggebend waren. Das empirische Material, in dem diese Auseinandersetzung dokumentiert ist, besteht aus Leserbriefen. Die sequenzielle Geordnetheit eines Teils dieser Leserbriefe macht es möglich, nach den darin realisierten interpretativen Verarbeitungen der von den jeweils anderen ausgehenden Sinnsetzungen zu fragen. Gezeigt wird, wie vorgängige Sinnsetzungen der jeweils anderen zur Ausarbeitung eigener Positionen (in pädagogischen, religiösen und integrationspolitischen Fragen) aufgegriffen werden. In verstehenstheoretischer Untersuchungsperspektive wird ferner der Frage nachgegangen, wie ausgeprägte Orientierungen an kultureller Differenz und antagonistischen Positionen auf Prozesse des Fremdverstehens durchschlagen. Unterschieden werden drei interpretative Bearbeitungsmuster, die sich durch unterschiedliche Grade von Verstehensbereitschaft auszeichnen., Antagonism between members of a host society and immigrants is characterized by a powerful tendency to focus on what is regarded as socially or culturally divisive. However, an orientation that centers on differences makes attempts at understanding social or cultural differences rather challenging them. Using the example of a conflict between Free Church repatriates of German origin and a local population, this study examines how such a group-related, difference-based orientation affects the interpretation of activities and positions of the others. The conflict taking place between the two groups was primarily caused by the obligation to participate in class trips; however, there were also more fundamental differences. The evidence of this conflict is documented in letters to the editors of newspapers. Due to the sequential order of some parts of these letters, it is possible to ask how the system of values and norms of the others was interpreted. This study illustrates how the value system of a host society is used to elaborate positions concerning pedagogical, religious, and integration-related questions. The study asks to what extent orientations that are focused on cultural differences and antagonistic positions affect the processes of understanding the stranger of the other culture. Three interpretive approaches are differentiated. They are characterized by the variety of ways individuals attempt to understand cultural differences., El antagonismo entre los nativos de una sociedad y los inmigrantes está caracterizado por una poderosa tendencia a poner el acento en aquello que es considerado como social o culturalmente divisorio. Sin embargo, una orientación que se centra en las diferencias hace intentos por entender las diferencias sociales y culturales en lugar de desafiarlas. Usando el ejemplo de un conflicto entre repatriados de la iglesia libre, de origen alemán, y poblaciones locales, este estudio examina cómo la orientación basada en las diferencias, relacionadas al grupo, afecta la interpretación de las actividades y de las posiciones de los otros. El conflicto que tiene lugar entre los dos grupos fue causado básicamente por la obligación de participar en viajes escolares, no obstante hubo también diferencias más fundamentales. La evidencia de este conflicto se documenta en cartas a los editores de periódicos. Dado el orden secuencial de algunas partes de esas cartas, es posible preguntar cómo se interpretó el sistema de normas y valores de los otros. Este estudio ilustra cómo el sistema de valores de una sociedad anfitriona se utiliza para elaborar posiciones concernientes a cuestiones pedagógicas, religiosas y de integración. El estudio se pregunta en qué medida las orientaciones, que se focalizan en diferencias culturales y posiciones antagónicas afectan al proceso de entendimiento de otra cultura por el extranjero. Tres aproximaciones interpretativas son diferenciadas. Ellas están caracterizadas por la variedad de formas en la que los individuos intentan comprender las diferencias culturales.

Wir diskutieren in diesem Beitrag, unter welchen Umständen kogenerative Dialoge ein(e) feministische(s) Pädagogik|Forschungsmittel darstellen (können) und unter welchen Umständen dies nicht der Fall ist. Wenn kogenerative Dialoge als feministische Pädagogik|Forschung betrachtet werden, dann werden die unbewussten und grundlegenden Strukturen aufgezeigt und diskutiert, die – besonders für Mädchen und Frauen – Ungleichheiten sowohl innerhalb als auch außerhalb des Klassenzimmers erzeugen. Wir stellen Forschern und Forscherinnen ethische Fragen, damit sie überlegen, wann und wie kogenerative Dialoge zu Ungleichheiten und zum Verstummen von Schülern und Schülerinnen führen bzw. wann und wie bestehende Machtunterschiede zwischen Lehrern/Lehrerinnen und Schüler/Schülerinnen verstärkt werden. Schließlich werden Vorschläge für die Richtung zukünftiger Forschung angeboten., We discuss when cogenerative dialogues are a feminist pedagogy|research tool and also the circumstances when this is not the case. When viewed as a feminist pedagogy|research, cogenerative dialogues expose and discuss the unconscious and underlying structures that cause inequities both within and outside the classroom, particularly for girls and women. We raise ethical issues for researchers to consider how and when cogenerative dialogues may cause inequities by silencing students or reinforcing existing power differentials between teachers and students and offer suggestions for future research directions., Discutimos cuando los diálogos cogenerativos son una herramienta de pedagogía|investigación feminista y también las circunstancias cuando esto no es asi. Cuando los diálogos cogenerativos se ven como pedagogía|investigación feminista, éstos exponen y discuten las estructuras inconcientes que causan desigualidades dentro y fuera de clase, en particular para muchachas y mujeres. Establecemos temas éticos para investigadores para que se considere como y cuando los diálogos cogenerativos pueden causar desigualidades al silenciar alumnos o reforzar diferencias existentes de poder entre maestros y alumnos y ofrecemos sugerencias para investigaciones futuras.

Schriftliche Befragungen im Klassenverband sind heute in der empirischen Jugendforschung weit verbreitet, ohne dass die methodischen Aspekte dieser Erhebungsform als ausreichend untersucht gelten können. Ziel dieses Beitrages ist es daher, anhand eines Vergleiches der beiden maßgeblichen Erhebungsmethoden der quantitativen Jugendforschung - einer schriftlichen Schulbefragung und einer haushaltsbasierten mündlichen Befragung - bei derselben Grundgesamtheit und demselben Erhebungsinstrument Unterschiede in den Befragungsergebnissen hinsichtlich von Häufigkeiten und Zusammenhängen zu untersuchen; dieser Vergleich erfolgt am Beispiel des Themas 'selbstberichtete Delinquenz'. Die Ausschöpfungsrate der schulbasierten Befragung liegt erheblich höher als die der haushaltsbasierten Befragung, und insbesondere Personen aus unteren sozialen Schichten werden besser erreicht. Am Beispiel der selbstberichteten Delinquenz ergibt der Vergleich der Befragungsergebnisse erhebliche Unterschiede sowohl in den Prävalenzen als auch in den Korrelationen mit anderen Variablen. In der haushaltsbasierten Befragung liegen die Prävalenzraten der selbstberichteten Delinquenz ungefähr 20 bis 50 Prozent niedriger als in der schulbasierten Befragung. Während wir die unterschiedlichen Prävalenzraten eher mit den Selektionseffekten der Stichprobenverfahren erklären, deuten die unterschiedlichen Korrelationsmuster möglicherweise auf Kontexteffekte der jeweiligen Erhebungssituationen hin. (JA)

Der Bericht entwickelt einen inferenzstatistischen Ansatz zur Konstruktion von Indices, der exemplarisch am Beispiel der Integration ausländischer Schüler in ihrer Schulklasse beschrieben wird. Als Datenmaterial sind die von den Lehrern der untersuchten Klassen erstellten Klassenspiegel zur Sitzplatzkonstruktion verwendet worden. Die Berechnung erfolgt aus den Abständen der Plätze zueinander. Eine zufällige Nummerierung der Plätze durch die Konstruktion einer zufälligen Permutation ist durch die Generierung eines n-dimensionalen Zufallsvektor erzeugt worden. Hiervon wurde der Rangvektor konstruiert. Beide Operationen sind in der verwendeten statistischen Programmiersprache GAUSS implementiert. In jedem Monte-Carlo-Schritt wurden gleichzeitig die unilaterale und bilaterale Heterogenität für alle interessierenden Teilpopulationen bestimmt. Nach den auf diese Weise gewonnenen realisierten Indices ist kaum eine Abweichung von der Gleichverteilungsannahme in der Sitzordnung festzustellen. Weitere Anwendung könnte das Konzept bei der Erfassung von Gruppenstrukturen und bei der Auswertung von Netzwerkstudien finden. (HN)