Search

The storage proteins influence technological quality value of grain wheat, dough quality traits and loaf quality. The aim of this study estimation of variability grain protein content, sedimentation volume, dry gluten content, loaf volume and their relationships with encoding allele of gliadin and glutenins. For investigation used wheat genotypes grown in two vegetation season (2015/16 and 2016/17). The analysed technological quality traits varied in wheat genotypes within and between vegetation season. In both vegetation season were established the highest grain protein content in G-3627-1 (14.40% and 14.60%), the highest protein sedimentation volume in G-3606-5 (46.0 ml and 52.0 ml), the highest dry gluten content in G-3621-1 (30.23% and 31.15%) and the highest value of loaf volume in the G-3621-1 (530 ml and 540 ml). In both vegetation were found the least protein sedimantation volume in genotypes G-3636-3 (34.0 ml snd 36. ml), the least grain protein content in G-3606-4 (13.10% and 13.00%), the least dry gluten content was in G-3606-6 (25.42% and 25.98%) and the least loaf volume in G-3606-6 (380 ml and 390 ml). The composition of gliadin and glutenin alleles at the analyzed wheat geneotypes was different. In analysed wheat genotypes at six Gli- loci were identified 24 alleles and at three Glu-1 loci eight alleles. Genotypes carrying Gli-B1b, Gli-D1b, Gli-D2b and Glu-A1b, Glu-B1c, Glu-D1d had the highest sedimentation volume, genotype that carried Gli-B1l and Glu-A1b, Glu-B1c, Glu-D1d had high volume of bread. The results showed relationships of gliadin and glutenin alleles with analysed grain, flour and bread traits quality.

The cultivation wheat in past century influenced that varieties have acquired certain specific forms of adaptation and changed their hereditary basis. Farmers, have their priorities in selecting a variety for traits yield, lodging resistance, and protein content. Wheat breeders pay more attention to balance those traits with others, like nutritional quality, disease resistance into a combination going to be attractive to a grower. Aim of this study is estimation of share of old wheat varieties in improving yield, quality and adaptation of developed modern bread wheat varieties. İn this investigation analyzed diversity and fluctuation wheat varieties which grown in Serbia from 19 to 21 century. İn the end of 19th century farmers grown indigeneous population, introduced foreign genotypes, local populations, old varieties approved after period of Green Revolution and modern wheat varieties. Also in study presented work on collection old wheat genotypes and local population, and distribution genotypes on localities were collected as well İnstitution where collected genotypes deposited. The differences between old and modern wheat varieties were established for yield, protein content, quality, resistance to diseases, resistance and susceptibility to low temperature, lodging etc. On the base of analysis can be concluded that old varieties and local populations are valuable resources of desirable genes for further wheat breeding for improving yield, quality and adaptability of further varieties which will be create.

The cultivation wheat in past century influenced that varieties have acquired certain specific forms of adaptation and changed their hereditary basis. Farmers, have their priorities in selecting a variety for traits yield, lodging resistance, and protein content. Wheat breeders pay more attention to balance those traits with others, like nutritional quality, disease resistance into a combination going to be attractive to a grower. Aim of this study is estimation of share of old wheat varieties in improving yield, quality and adaptation of developed modern bread wheat varieties. İn this investigation analyzed diversity and fluctuation wheat varieties which grown in Serbia from 19 to 21 century. İn the end of 19th century farmers grown indigeneous population, introduced foreign genotypes, local populations, old varieties approved after period of Green Revolution and modern wheat varieties. Also in study presented work on collection old wheat genotypes and local population, and distribution genotypes on localities were collected as well İnstitution where collected genotypes deposited. The differences between old and modern wheat varieties were established for yield, protein content, quality, resistance to diseases, resistance and susceptibility to low temperature, lodging etc. On the base of analysis can be concluded that old varieties and local populations are valuable resources of desirable genes for further wheat breeding for improving yield, quality and adaptability of further varieties which will be create.

Životinjama su mikroelementi potrebni u malim količinama i učestvuju u skoro svim fiziološkim i biohemijskim procesima. Resorpcija mikroelemenata ne zavisi samo od sadržaja u hrani, nego i od starosti životinje, elektrohemijske reakcije u crevima i oblika u kome se mikroelement nalazi. Izbor izvora mikroelementa se zasniva na njihovom sadržaju u čistom stanju, rastvorljivosti u organizmu, dostupnosti i iskoristivosti. Oksidi, hloridi i karbonati su slabo rastvorljivi, a pored toga, hloridi su higroskopni, a karbonati brzo oksidišu. Sulfati su postojane soli, lake za prečišćavanje, a sulfatni jon se lako izlučuje iz organizma. Pored neorganskih formi mineralnih materija, danas se sve više koriste, takozvani “helatni” oblici, odnosno organski vezani mikroelementi. Minerali vezani sa amino-kiselinama ili peptidima su bolje zaštićeni za vreme pasaže kroz želudac, a resorpcija helatne forme bakra je znatno veća od resorpcije iz sulfata. Resorpcija organski vezanih mikroelemenata se ne odvija konvencionalno (nosač/dufuzija), pa direktna homeostatska kontrola na nivou enterocita ne postoji, a retencija i biološki poluživot helatnog oblika su veći kod anorganske forme. Korišćenjem smeša za brojlere sa organski vezanim mikroelementima, postižu se značajno veći dnevni prirasti (za 12,78 procenata) pri boljoj konzumaciji (za 5,81 procenata) i uz bolju konverziju hrane za 16,7 procenata. Dodavanje organskih oblika cinka, bakra, mangana i gvožđa u hranu za svinje utiče na bolju svarljivost i retenciju ovih mikroelemenata, ali i smanjuje fekalno izlučivanje ovih mikrominerala i P u poređenju sa hranom za svinje koja sadrži neorganske forme minerala. Uključivanje ovih organskih mikroelemenata u ishranu sa visokim sadržajem fitata može biti korisnije nego u ishrani sa malo fitata.

Grain spike index indicate wheat productivity and can be used as criterion in wheat selection in the wheat breeding program. Aim of this investigation is study of variability of grain spike index in wheat cultivars grown under different environmental condition. Ten genetically divergent winter wheat cultivars were included in two year investigation in field experiment in randomized block design in three replications. The seeds of varieties were sown at the distance of 0.10 m in rows of 1.0 m length with the distance of 0.2 m. For analysis of grain spike index determined in proportion of grain mass spike-1/mass of spike, 60 plants in full maturity stage (20 plants per replication) were used. On the base of analysis of variance by using MSTAT C (5.0 version) and computed F-test values, differences among cultivars according to value of grain mass spike-1, mass of spike and also, spike harvest index were established. In the first year the highest spike harvest index was 0.82 (Fortuna) and the lowest 0.76 in Ljubičevka, with average for all varieties 0.79, while in the second year the highest spike index was 0.83 in Somborka, and the lowest 0.77 in Ljubičevka, with average value 0.80. The different values of spike harvest index indicate response of genotypes to environmental factors as well as interaction of genotype/environment.

The stem height of wheat has impact on grain yield. Variability of height of wheat stem depends from environment and genetic structure of varieties. The aim of this study was estimation of impact of genetic components and environmental conditions on variability of stem height in 10 genetically divergent wheat varieties. The experiment was set up as a randomised block design in three replications. Obtained results indicated differences in average values of stem height among tested wheat varieties in each year of experiment. In the first year of study, the least stem height had Danica variety (44.87 cm) and the highest stem height had wheat variety Ljubičevka (64.73 cm. In the second year stem height varied between 64.37 cm in Danica variety and 87.97 cm in Šumadija variety. In average for all varieties the height of stem was higher in the second year than in the first year of experiment. Also, in average the value of height of stem was higher in second year than in the first year, in all analysed wheat varieties. The highest height of stem, expressed Šumadija variety in average (87.97 cm) in the second year. The least value of stem height (44.87 cm) in average had Danica variety in the first year of experiment. Based on the results significant differences between the wheat varieties according to stem height was established and impact of genetic factors prevailing compare to impact of environmental factors.

Variability of length of spike and number of spikelets spike-1 have share in forming of grain yield of wheat. The aim of this study was estimation of variability of length of spike and number of spikelets spike-1 in 20 genetically divergent wheat cultivars grown in different environmental conditions. The experiment was set up as a randomised block design in three replications. Obtained results indicated differences in average values of length of spike and number of spikelets spike-1 among tested cultivars in both years of experiment. In average for all cultivars length of spike was higher in the second year than in first year of experiment. Also, average value of number of spikelets spike-1 was higher in second year at the analysed wheat cultivars. The wheat cultivar Dejana expressed the longest spike (12.50cm) in the second experimental year while the wheat cultivar Sumadinka had the shortest spike (8.91cm) in the first year. On the base of results were established variability of both analysed spike traits in wheat cultivars. Also, this results showed significant differences among wheat cultivars according to length of spike and number of spikelets spike-1 , which are determined by genetic and environmental factors

Variability of length of spike and number of spikelets spike-1 have share in forming of grain yield of wheat. The aim of this study was estimation of variability of length of spike and number of spikelets spike-1 in 20 genetically divergent wheat cultivars grown in different environmental conditions. The experiment was set up as a randomised block design in three replications. Obtained results indicated differences in average values of length of spike and number of spikelets spike-1 among tested cultivars in both years of experiment. In average for all cultivars length of spike was higher in the second year than in first year of experiment. Also, average value of number of spikelets spike-1 was higher in second year at the analysed wheat cultivars. The wheat cultivar Dejana expressed the highest length of spike (12.50cm) in average in the second experimental year while the wheat cultivar Sumadinka had the least length of spike (8.91cm) in average in the first year. Based on the results was established, variability of wheat cultivars for the both analysed traits of spike, as well as, significant differences between the wheat cultivars according to length of spike and number of spikelets spike-1 , which are in dependence of genetic and environmental factors.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different marinade solution on the microbiome of chicken breast fillets packaged under vacuum and stored at 4°C. Three types of marinade were tested. A total of 120 chicken breast fillets were marinated in control (6% NaCl) or three different marinades: 6% NaCl and 2% sodium tripolyphosphate; 6% NaCl and 2% sodium citrate, and; 6% NaCl, 1% sodium tripolyphosphate and 1% sodium citrate. Microorganisms were enumerated on the first day of testing (day 0) and on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 of chilled storage. Marination resulted in significant differences (p<0.05) in the numbers of total viable counts, Enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria and anaerobic bacteria counts. The combination of 6% NaCl and 2% sodium citrate is the most appropriate marinade option for reducing the growth of the examined bacterial groups in vacuum-packaged marinated chicken breast fillets during chilled storage., Cilj ovog rada bio je da se utvrdi uticaj različitog načina mariniranja na mikrobiotu fileta grudi brojlera pakovanih u vakuum i čuvanih pri 4°C. Ispitivane su tri vrste marinade. Ukupno 120 uzoraka (korišćenih za dva ponavljanja) marinirano je u kontrolnom (6% NaCl) i tri različita tretmana: 6% NaCl i 2% natrijum tripolifosfat (E1), 6% NaCl i 2% natrijum citrat (E2) i rastvor sa 6% NaCl, 1% natrijum tripolifosfata i 1% natrijum citrata (E3). Brojanje mikroorganizama vršeno je prvog dana (0 dan), 7., 14., 21. i 28. dana skladištenja. Utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike (P<0,05) između mariniranih uzoraka u ukupnom broju mezofilnih bakterija, Enterobacteriaceae, bakterijama mlečne kiseline i anaerobnim bakterijama. Utvrđeno je da je kombinacija 6% NaCl i 2% natrijum citrata najprikladnija za redukciju rasta ispitivanih grupa bakterija u mariniranim filetima grudi brojlera pakovanih u vakuum i skladištenih pri 4°C.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different marinade solution on the microbiome of chicken breast fillets packaged under vacuum and stored at 4°C. Three types of marinade were tested. A total of 120 chicken breast fillets were marinated in control (6% NaCl) or three different marinades: 6% NaCl and 2% sodium tripolyphosphate; 6% NaCl and 2% sodium citrate, and; 6% NaCl, 1% sodium tripolyphosphate and 1% sodium citrate. Microorganisms were enumerated on the first day of testing (day 0) and on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 of chilled storage. Marination resulted in significant differences (p<0.05) in the numbers of total viable counts, Enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria and anaerobic bacteria counts. The combination of 6% NaCl and 2% sodium citrate is the most appropriate marinade option for reducing the growth of the examined bacterial groups in vacuum-packaged marinated chicken breast fillets during chilled storage., Cilj ovog rada bio je da se utvrdi uticaj različitog načina mariniranja na mikrobiotu fileta grudi brojlera pakovanih u vakuum i čuvanih pri 4°C. Ispitivane su tri vrste marinade. Ukupno 120 uzoraka (korišćenih za dva ponavljanja) marinirano je u kontrolnom (6% NaCl) i tri različita tretmana: 6% NaCl i 2% natrijum tripolifosfat (E1), 6% NaCl i 2% natrijum citrat (E2) i rastvor sa 6% NaCl, 1% natrijum tripolifosfata i 1% natrijum citrata (E3). Brojanje mikroorganizama vršeno je prvog dana (0 dan), 7., 14., 21. i 28. dana skladištenja. Utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike (P<0,05) između mariniranih uzoraka u ukupnom broju mezofilnih bakterija, Enterobacteriaceae, bakterijama mlečne kiseline i anaerobnim bakterijama. Utvrđeno je da je kombinacija 6% NaCl i 2% natrijum citrata najprikladnija za redukciju rasta ispitivanih grupa bakterija u mariniranim filetima grudi brojlera pakovanih u vakuum i skladištenih pri 4°C.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different marinade solution on the microbiome of chicken breast fillets packaged under vacuum and stored at 4°C. Three types of marinade were tested. A total of 120 chicken breast fillets were marinated in control (6% NaCl) or three different marinades: 6% NaCl and 2% sodium tripolyphosphate; 6% NaCl and 2% sodium citrate, and; 6% NaCl, 1% sodium tripolyphosphate and 1% sodium citrate. Microorganisms were enumerated on the first day of testing (day 0) and on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 of chilled storage. Marination resulted in significant differences (p<0.05) in the numbers of total viable counts, Enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria and anaerobic bacteria counts. The combination of 6% NaCl and 2% sodium citrate is the most appropriate marinade option for reducing the growth of the examined bacterial groups in vacuum-packaged marinated chicken breast fillets during chilled storage., Cilj ovog rada bio je da se utvrdi uticaj različitog načina mariniranja na mikrobiotu fileta grudi brojlera pakovanih u vakuum i čuvanih pri 4°C. Ispitivane su tri vrste marinade. Ukupno 120 uzoraka (korišćenih za dva ponavljanja) marinirano je u kontrolnom (6% NaCl) i tri različita tretmana: 6% NaCl i 2% natrijum tripolifosfat (E1), 6% NaCl i 2% natrijum citrat (E2) i rastvor sa 6% NaCl, 1% natrijum tripolifosfata i 1% natrijum citrata (E3). Brojanje mikroorganizama vršeno je prvog dana (0 dan), 7., 14., 21. i 28. dana skladištenja. Utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike (P<0,05) između mariniranih uzoraka u ukupnom broju mezofilnih bakterija, Enterobacteriaceae, bakterijama mlečne kiseline i anaerobnim bakterijama. Utvrđeno je da je kombinacija 6% NaCl i 2% natrijum citrata najprikladnija za redukciju rasta ispitivanih grupa bakterija u mariniranim filetima grudi brojlera pakovanih u vakuum i skladištenih pri 4°C.

Biological yield (biomass) in terms of dry-matter (straw+grain) yield and grain yield measured in weight per unit area (g m-2, kg ha-2), variate in dependence of genotype, environments and interaction of genotype/environment (Fischer et al., 2012). Breeders are focused on increasing above ground biomass and grain yield. Genetic constitution of cultivars, soil fertility, nutrient, efficiency of absorption of mineral elements and water are in relationships to synthesis of organic matter, translocation and reutilization for production of dry matter i.e. biological and economics yield are important factors (Katsura et al., 2010; Knežević et al., 2015). The aim of this study was to evaluate the variability of mass of plant (biological yield) and grain mass plant-1 (economics yield) in genetically divergent wheat cultivars grown in different environmental conditions

Variability of length of spike and number of spikelets spike-1 have share in forming of grain yield of wheat. The aim of this study was estimation of variability of length of spike and number of spikelets spike-1 in 20 genetically divergent wheat cultivars grown in different environmental conditions. The experiment was set up as a randomised block design in three replications. Obtained results indicated differences in average values of length of spike and number of spikelets spike-1 among tested cultivars in both years of experiment. In average for all cultivars length of spike was higher in the second year than in first year of experiment. Also, average value of number of spikelets spike-1 was higher in second year at the analysed wheat cultivars. The wheat cultivar Dejana expressed the longest spike (12.50cm) in the second experimental year while the wheat cultivar Sumadinka had the shortest spike (8.91cm) in the first year. On the base of results were established variability of both analysed spike traits in wheat cultivars. Also, this results showed significant differences among wheat cultivars according to length of spike and number of spikelets spike-1, which are determined by genetic and environmental factors.

Advantages or disadvantages of intercropping system can estimate through expression of components of yield on the base of values of productive organs (spike, pod). The aim of this work was study of variation of spike index in cereals species and pods index in pea of spring intercropping. For investigation included spring species of small grains: wheat, triticale, oat and spring legume pea. The investigation was carried out in field condition in experiment with randomised block design of 5m2 plots, with 4 replications. Each species (cereals and pea) were sown sole and in intercrops wheat+pea, triticale+pea and oat+pea. At the maturity stage used 40 plants (10 plants/replication) for determining harvest index of spike in cereal species and index of pea pods on the base of analysis of spike mass and pod mass and seed mass spike-1 and seed mass pod-1 . Seed mass spike-1 of small grains species genotypes variate in ratio of 0.85 g (wheat+pea) and 1.59 g (oat intercrops) with average 1.19 g for all crops of cereals and variant of cultivation. The spike mass variate in range of 1.37 g (triticale intercrop) and 2.23 g (wheat intercrops) with average 1.72 g for all cereals and variant of cultivation. Harvest index of spike variate between 62.5% (triticale sole) and 89.2% (oat sole). The value of spike mass was the higher in wheat intercrops than in wheat sole, while for triticale and oat spike mass is lower in intercrops. In the same of analyzed small grain species, seed mass was the higher in sole crops than in mixture with pea. The spike index, only in intercrop triticale+pea (63.2%) was slightly higher than in single crop of triticale (62.5%). Pod mass and seed mass pod-1 of pea was the higher in pea intercrops than in pea sole. The highest pod mass was in intercrop pea+triticale (0.72 g) and the least in single crop of pea (0.45 g) with average 0.62 g for all crops. The highest seed mass pod-1 was the highest intercrop pea+triticale (0.56g) and the least in monocrop of p, Prednosti i nedostaci združenih useva mogu se oceniti prema ispoljavanja komponenti prinosa na osnovu vrednosti produktivnih organa (klas, mahuna). Cilj ovog rad je izučavanje varijabilnosti žetvenog indeksa klasa pšenice, tritikalea, ovsa i žetvenog indeksa mahune kod graška gajenim u pojedinačnim i združenim usevima. U istraživanja je uključen po jedan genotip jarih formi pšenice, tritikalea, ovsa i graška. Eksperiment je izveden na oglednom polju Rimski šančevi u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo Novi Sad. Genotipovi strnih žita i graška su sejani na parcelicama 5 m2 u 4 ponavljanja u monokulturi i u združenoj setvi pšenica + grašak, tritikale + grašak i ovas+grašak. U vreme fiziološke zrelosti vršena je žetva biljke koje su korišćene za analizu osobina klasa i metlice kod strnih žita i osobina mahune kod graška. Za analize je korišćeno 40 biljaka (10 biljaka po ponavljanju) za svaki genotip iz pojedinačnih i združenih useva. Analizirane su osobine: masa klasa, masa semena po klasu, masa mahune i masa semena po mahuni. Na osnovu vrednosti ovih osobina izračunat je žetveni indeks klasa kod pšenice, tritikalea i ovsa kao i žetveni indeks mahune kod graška. Masa klasa je varirala između 1.37 g kod tritikalea u združenom usevu sa graškom, do 2.23 g kod pšenice u združenom usevu sa graškom, a prosečna masa klasu za sve genotipove u obe varijante gajenja je iznosila 1.72 g. Masa semena po klasu je varirala od 0.85 g kod pšenice u združenom usevu (pšenica+grašak) i u do 1.52 g kod ovsa u združenom usevu sa graškom, a prosečna masa semena po klasu za sve genotipove u obe varijante gajenja je iznosila 1.19 g. Žetveni indeks klasa je bio najmanji 62.5% kod tritikalea u pojedinačnm usevu a najveći kod ovsa 86.5% takodje u monokulturi. Vrednosti mase klasa i mase semena po klasu su bile različite u zavisnosti od vrste strnih žita i načina setve i gajenja useva. Masa klasa kod pšenice u združenom usevu sa graškom je bila veća nego kod pšenice u pojedinačnom usevu. Kod trit

Advantages or disadvantages of intercropping system can estimate through expression of components of yield on the base of values of productive organs (spike, pod). The aim of this work was study of variation of spike index in cereals species and pods index in pea of spring intercropping. For investigation included spring species of small grains: wheat, triticale, oat and spring legume pea. The investigation was carried out in field condition in experiment with randomised block design of 5m2 plots, with 4 replications. Each species (cereals and pea) were sown sole and in intercrops wheat+pea, triticale+pea and oat+pea. At the maturity stage used 40 plants (10 plants/replication) for determining harvest index of spike in cereal species and index of pea pods on the base of analysis of spike mass and pod mass and seed mass spike-1 and seed mass pod-1 . Seed mass spike-1 of small grains species genotypes variate in ratio of 0.85 g (wheat+pea) and 1.59 g (oat intercrops) with average 1.19 g for all crops of cereals and variant of cultivation. The spike mass variate in range of 1.37 g (triticale intercrop) and 2.23 g (wheat intercrops) with average 1.72 g for all cereals and variant of cultivation. Harvest index of spike variate between 62.5% (triticale sole) and 89.2% (oat sole). The value of spike mass was the higher in wheat intercrops than in wheat sole, while for triticale and oat spike mass is lower in intercrops. In the same of analyzed small grain species, seed mass was the higher in sole crops than in mixture with pea. The spike index, only in intercrop triticale+pea (63.2%) was slightly higher than in single crop of triticale (62.5%). Pod mass and seed mass pod-1 of pea was the higher in pea intercrops than in pea sole. The highest pod mass was in intercrop pea+triticale (0.72 g) and the least in single crop of pea (0.45 g) with average 0.62 g for all crops. The highest seed mass pod-1 was the highest intercrop pea+triticale (0.56g) and the least in monocrop of p, Prednosti i nedostaci združenih useva mogu se oceniti prema ispoljavanja komponenti prinosa na osnovu vrednosti produktivnih organa (klas, mahuna). Cilj ovog rad je izučavanje varijabilnosti žetvenog indeksa klasa pšenice, tritikalea, ovsa i žetvenog indeksa mahune kod graška gajenim u pojedinačnim i združenim usevima. U istraživanja je uključen po jedan genotip jarih formi pšenice, tritikalea, ovsa i graška. Eksperiment je izveden na oglednom polju Rimski šančevi u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo Novi Sad. Genotipovi strnih žita i graška su sejani na parcelicama 5 m2 u 4 ponavljanja u monokulturi i u združenoj setvi pšenica + grašak, tritikale + grašak i ovas+grašak. U vreme fiziološke zrelosti vršena je žetva biljke koje su korišćene za analizu osobina klasa i metlice kod strnih žita i osobina mahune kod graška. Za analize je korišćeno 40 biljaka (10 biljaka po ponavljanju) za svaki genotip iz pojedinačnih i združenih useva. Analizirane su osobine: masa klasa, masa semena po klasu, masa mahune i masa semena po mahuni. Na osnovu vrednosti ovih osobina izračunat je žetveni indeks klasa kod pšenice, tritikalea i ovsa kao i žetveni indeks mahune kod graška. Masa klasa je varirala između 1.37 g kod tritikalea u združenom usevu sa graškom, do 2.23 g kod pšenice u združenom usevu sa graškom, a prosečna masa klasu za sve genotipove u obe varijante gajenja je iznosila 1.72 g. Masa semena po klasu je varirala od 0.85 g kod pšenice u združenom usevu (pšenica+grašak) i u do 1.52 g kod ovsa u združenom usevu sa graškom, a prosečna masa semena po klasu za sve genotipove u obe varijante gajenja je iznosila 1.19 g. Žetveni indeks klasa je bio najmanji 62.5% kod tritikalea u pojedinačnm usevu a najveći kod ovsa 86.5% takodje u monokulturi. Vrednosti mase klasa i mase semena po klasu su bile različite u zavisnosti od vrste strnih žita i načina setve i gajenja useva. Masa klasa kod pšenice u združenom usevu sa graškom je bila veća nego kod pšenice u pojedinačnom usevu. Kod trit

There are three main types of hazards significant for feed safety that can be transmitted from feed and animals to human food (meat, milk and eggs) and these are: biological, chemical and physical hazards. As people's health could be endangered by these hazards, also biological, chemical and physical hazards can affect animal health too. In recent years contamination of feed with chemical hazards is becoming more pronounced, considering that the chemical industry is rapidly evolving, and therefore the number of potentially toxic substances increases. Unlike previous years, the sheer volume, frequency, manner and duration of intoxication is quite changed. Frequently toxic substance intake is at the minimum, which leads to the less pronounced, but lasting effects. Such actions are exposed to both domestic and wild animals, bees and humans. A man can be exposed by the direct impact of toxins or by residual effects of many chemical substances that are lagging in animal products (milk. meat, eggs, fish), but which originate from contaminated feed. These include heavy metals and metalloids, pesticides, industrial contaminants, salt in large amounts, the ingredients of rancid fats, solanine, surplus or deficit of a nutrient, veterinary drugs, fertilisers, radionuclides.

There are three main types of hazards significant for feed safety that can be transmitted from feed and animals to human food (meat, milk and eggs) and these are: biological, chemical and physical hazards. As people's health could be endangered by these hazards, also biological, chemical and physical hazards can affect animal health too. In recent years contamination of feed with chemical hazards is becoming more pronounced, considering that the chemical industry is rapidly evolving, and therefore the number of potentially toxic substances increases. Unlike previous years, the sheer volume, frequency, manner and duration of intoxication is quite changed. Frequently toxic substance intake is at the minimum, which leads to the less pronounced, but lasting effects. Such actions are exposed to both domestic and wild animals, bees and humans. A man can be exposed by the direct impact of toxins or by residual effects of many chemical substances that are lagging in animal products (milk. meat, eggs, fish), but which originate from contaminated feed. These include heavy metals and metalloids, pesticides, industrial contaminants, salt in large amounts, the ingredients of rancid fats, solanine, surplus or deficit of a nutrient, veterinary drugs, fertilisers, radionuclides.

In this paper was investigated variability of percentage content of seeds first-class (thickness of seeds >2.5mm) in four divergent barley cultivars (Jagodinac, Premium, NS 489 and NS 495) originated from different breeding centres in Serbia. These cultivars investigated during two years on experimental field on plots 5m2 and four replications under four different rate of nitrogen treatments (control N0=0, N1=20, N2=40 and N3=60 kg ha-1). The variability of content of seeds first-class was established in both years of experiment and under all nitrogen rate of supplied N fertilizer. According to percentage of content first-class (thickness of seeds >2.5mm) were found differences among the cultivars in each years of experiment and all variant of nitrogen nutrition. In average, content of seeds first-class for all cultivars and all treatments was higher in second year 82.34% than in first experimental year 80.03%. The average value of percentage content of seeds first-class in both growing seasons and under N treatment was the highest in barley cultivar NS 595 (82.70%) and the lowest in barley cultivar Premium (78.79%). For all investigated cultivars, content of seeds first-class increased with increasing nitrogen rate. This indicate that content of seeds first-class mostly affected by mineral nitrogen nutrition and to a much lesser degree by cultivar.

Predmet istraţivanja ove doktorske disertacije je odreĊivanje znaĉaja preduzetništva kao faktora razvoja agro(privrede) Republike Srpske. Preduzetništvo je vaţan element ekonomskog razvoja i konkurentnosti privrede, gde je Republika Srpska tipiĉan primer zemlje tranziciji. Stoga je aspekt preduzetništva posmatran na makro nivou, da bi se uspešno moglo sagledati i na jednom segmentu privrede – agroprivreda, a zatim i mikro nivou. U konkretnom primeru Republike Srpske, kao tranzicione zemlje, postoje još uvek odreĊena ograniĉenja da bi se uspešno sprovela reforma i agrarnog i prehrambenog sektora. Glavna ograniĉenja u daljem razvoju ova dva sektora su: nezadovoljavajuća agrarna struktura, nerešeno agrarno zakonodavstvo, nekonkurentnost proizvoda, slaba iskorišćenost proizvodnih kapaciteta i sl. U prelaznoj fazi kod transformisanja agrarnog i prehrambenog sektora u savremeniji trţišni model odluĉujuću ulogu ima agro(preduzetništvo). Rezultat ovog istraţivanja ukazuje da Republika Srpska ima znaĉajne potencijale za razvoj oba sektora, ali su nedovoljno razvijeni. Naime, sadašnji agrarni i prehrambeni sektor zadovoljava potrebe domaćeg stanovništva. Sa druge strane postoje znaĉajni potencijali za takav razvoj agroprivrede koji bi obezbedio plasman ovih proizvoda na inostranom trţištu. Rezultati istraţivanja ukazuju da je potrebno dinamiĉnije razviti sektor malih i srednjih preduzeća u agroprivredi Republike Srpske. U prilog tome govore rezultati sprovedene ankete za potrebu istraţivanja u disertaciji. Naime, rezultati ukazuju da znaĉajniji udeo u preduzetništvu agroprivrede Republike Srpske imaju mikro preduzeća u odnosu na mala i srednja preduzeća. U tom kontekstu je opravdanije formiranje malih i srednjih preduzeća u primarnoj proizvodnji, dok u prehrambenoj proizvodnji je opravdanije formiranje srednjih preduzeća. TakoĊe, za uspešno poslovanje MSP sektora u agroprivredi Republike Srpske potrebno je povoljno makroekonomsko okruţenje (bruto društveni proizvod, inflacija, Subject of this dissertation is to determine the importance of entrepreneurship as a factor in the development of agro(business) of Republic of Srpska. Entrepreneurship is an important element of economic development and competitiveness of the economy, and Republic of Srpska is typical example of a country in transition. Therefore, the aspect of entrepreneurship monitored on a macro level, in order to successfully be seen in a segment of the economy - agrobusiness, and then the micro level. In the specific case of the Republic of Serbian, as well as a country in transition, there are still some limitations in order to successfully implement the reform of agricultural and food sector. The main limitations to the further development of these two sectors are unsatisfactory agrarian structure, unresolved agrarian legislation, deficiency of product competitiveness, low utilization of production capacity, etc. In the transitional phase of transformation the agricultural and food sector in the modern market model the crucial role is played by agro(entrepreneurship). The results of this study indicate that in Republic of Srpska has significant potential in both sectors, but they are under-developed. The current agricultural and food sector satisfies the nutritional needs of the local population. On the other hand, there is significant potential for development of agrobusiness which would be provided distribution of these products on the international market. The results indicate the need for more dynamic develop of sector of small and medium-sized enterprises in agrobusiness in Republic of Srpska This assertion confirmed by the results of the survey for the need of research in this dissertation. The results indicate that more signigicant share in agroentrepreneurship in Republic of Srspka have micro- enterprises than small and medium-sized enterprises. In this context, it is justifiable to formation of small and medium enterprises in primary production, while food productio

U cilju ispitivanja uticaja različitih stimulatora rasta u ishrani brojlera na zdravstveno stanje i proizvodne rezultate organizovan je ogled po grupno-kontrolnom sistemu. Ogled je izveden na ukupno 236 jedinki podeljenih u 4 grupe. Ogled je trajao 42 dana, a podeljen je u tri faze. Prva faza trajala je 21, druga 14, a treća 7 dana. Na početku ogleda uzeti su uzoraci potpunih smeša za analizu. Tokom ogleda izvršena su kontrolna merenja telesne mase brojlera i količine konzumirane hrane. Brojleri su hranjeni sa tri vrste potpunih smeša za ishranu brojlera u tovu standardnog sirovinskog i hemijskog sastava koje su u potpunosti zadovoljavale potrebe brojlera u različitim fazama tova. Potpuna smeša za početni tov brojlera korišćena je 1–21 dan, a potpune smeša za završni tov 21–35, odnosno 35–42 dana ogleda. Tokom ogleda kontrolna grupa brojlera hranjena je smešama bez stimulatora rasta, dok su ogledne grupe, po redosledu (O-I, O-II, O-III), dobijale hranu sa dodatkom antibiotika (Flavomycin), probiotika (All-Lac) ili prebiotika (Bio-Mos). Brojleri kontrolne i oglednih grupa bili su skladne telesne građe, pravilno razvijenog koštanog i mišićnog tkiva, živahnog temperamenta i dobre kondicije. Perje, koža i vidljive sluznice bile su bez vidljivih promena. Apetit je bio dobar, a feces uobičajeno formiran. Sposobnost aktivnog kretanja i koordinacija pokreta bili su usklađeni, a mišićni tonus normalno izražen. Tokom ogleda nije bilo uginuća oglednih životinja. Kontrolna grupa brojlera hranjena smešama bez dodatog stimulatora rasta postigla je uobičajene proizvodne rezultate za provenijenciju, dužinu tova i uslove držanja, a primenom antibiotika kao stimulatora rasta postižu se pozitivni efekti što se zasniva na većem prirastu (oko 5%), boljoj konzumaciji i boljoj konverziji hrane (oko 6%) prosečno. Upotrebom probiotika (prirast 43,17±5,02 g; konzumacija 83,50 g; konverzija 1,934 kg) i prebiotika (prirast 44,58±4,76 g; konzumacija 81,84 g; konverzija 1,836 kg) postižu se slič, The 42 day long trial was performed in order to evaluate the influence of different growth promoters (GP) in broiler nutrition on health status and performance. The trial was carried out on 236 broilers divided into four groups. The experiment was divided into three phases, which lasted 21, 14 and 7 days, respectively. At the beginning of the trial samples of feed mixtures were taken for analysis. During the experiment body weights were measured. The broilers were fed with complete feed mixtures containing standard ingredients and chemical compounds for broiler nutrition. Complete starter feed were used from 1-21st day, while growing and finishing feeds were used from 21-35th and 35-42nd day of trial. Control group of broilers was fed mixture without GP, while broilers in experimental groups, in the order (O-I, O-II, O-III), were fed mixtures with antibiotic (Flavomycin), probiotic (All-Lac) or prebiotic (Bio-Mos). Broilers of both control and experimental groups, were of harmonically physique, regularly developed bone and muscle tissue, vivaciously tempers and good condition. Feather, skin and visible mucous tissues didn’t have visible changes. Appetite was good, feces normally formed. Ability of locomotion and motion coordination were harmonic, muscle tonus normally marked. There were no losses during experiment due to death of animals. Control group (C) of broilers fed mixtures without growth promoters showed standard performance for provenience, duration of fattening and environmental conditions, but using antibiotics as growth promoters gave positive effect with increased weight gain (approximately 5%), consumption and better feed conversion (approx. 6%). Use of probiotics (gain 43,17±5,02 g; consumption 83,50 g; conversion 1,934 kg) and prebiotics (gain 44,58±4,76 g; consumption 81,84 g; conversion 1,836 kg) has shown similar performances as obtained by use of antibiotics, but undesirable effects were eliminated (residues, withdrawal period, resistance, allerg

U cilju ispitivanja uticaja različitih stimulatora rasta u ishrani brojlera na zdravstveno stanje i proizvodne rezultate organizovan je ogled po grupno-kontrolnom sistemu. Ogled je izveden na ukupno 236 jedinki podeljenih u 4 grupe. Ogled je trajao 42 dana, a podeljen je u tri faze. Prva faza trajala je 21, druga 14, a treća 7 dana. Na početku ogleda uzeti su uzoraci potpunih smeša za analizu. Tokom ogleda izvršena su kontrolna merenja telesne mase brojlera i količine konzumirane hrane. Brojleri su hranjeni sa tri vrste potpunih smeša za ishranu brojlera u tovu standardnog sirovinskog i hemijskog sastava koje su u potpunosti zadovoljavale potrebe brojlera u različitim fazama tova. Potpuna smeša za početni tov brojlera korišćena je 1–21 dan, a potpune smeša za završni tov 21–35, odnosno 35–42 dana ogleda. Tokom ogleda kontrolna grupa brojlera hranjena je smešama bez stimulatora rasta, dok su ogledne grupe, po redosledu (O-I, O-II, O-III), dobijale hranu sa dodatkom antibiotika (Flavomycin), probiotika (All-Lac) ili prebiotika (Bio-Mos). Brojleri kontrolne i oglednih grupa bili su skladne telesne građe, pravilno razvijenog koštanog i mišićnog tkiva, živahnog temperamenta i dobre kondicije. Perje, koža i vidljive sluznice bile su bez vidljivih promena. Apetit je bio dobar, a feces uobičajeno formiran. Sposobnost aktivnog kretanja i koordinacija pokreta bili su usklađeni, a mišićni tonus normalno izražen. Tokom ogleda nije bilo uginuća oglednih životinja. Kontrolna grupa brojlera hranjena smešama bez dodatog stimulatora rasta postigla je uobičajene proizvodne rezultate za provenijenciju, dužinu tova i uslove držanja, a primenom antibiotika kao stimulatora rasta postižu se pozitivni efekti što se zasniva na većem prirastu (oko 5%), boljoj konzumaciji i boljoj konverziji hrane (oko 6%) prosečno. Upotrebom probiotika (prirast 43,17±5,02 g; konzumacija 83,50 g; konverzija 1,934 kg) i prebiotika (prirast 44,58±4,76 g; konzumacija 81,84 g; konverzija 1,836 kg) postižu se slič, The 42 day long trial was performed in order to evaluate the influence of different growth promoters (GP) in broiler nutrition on health status and performance. The trial was carried out on 236 broilers divided into four groups. The experiment was divided into three phases, which lasted 21, 14 and 7 days, respectively. At the beginning of the trial samples of feed mixtures were taken for analysis. During the experiment body weights were measured. The broilers were fed with complete feed mixtures containing standard ingredients and chemical compounds for broiler nutrition. Complete starter feed were used from 1-21st day, while growing and finishing feeds were used from 21-35th and 35-42nd day of trial. Control group of broilers was fed mixture without GP, while broilers in experimental groups, in the order (O-I, O-II, O-III), were fed mixtures with antibiotic (Flavomycin), probiotic (All-Lac) or prebiotic (Bio-Mos). Broilers of both control and experimental groups, were of harmonically physique, regularly developed bone and muscle tissue, vivaciously tempers and good condition. Feather, skin and visible mucous tissues didn’t have visible changes. Appetite was good, feces normally formed. Ability of locomotion and motion coordination were harmonic, muscle tonus normally marked. There were no losses during experiment due to death of animals. Control group (C) of broilers fed mixtures without growth promoters showed standard performance for provenience, duration of fattening and environmental conditions, but using antibiotics as growth promoters gave positive effect with increased weight gain (approximately 5%), consumption and better feed conversion (approx. 6%). Use of probiotics (gain 43,17±5,02 g; consumption 83,50 g; conversion 1,934 kg) and prebiotics (gain 44,58±4,76 g; consumption 81,84 g; conversion 1,836 kg) has shown similar performances as obtained by use of antibiotics, but undesirable effects were eliminated (residues, withdrawal period, resistance, allerg

U cilju ispitivanja uticaja različitih stimulatora rasta u ishrani brojlera na zdravstveno stanje i proizvodne rezultate organizovan je ogled po grupno-kontrolnom sistemu. Ogled je izveden na ukupno 236 jedinki podeljenih u 4 grupe. Ogled je trajao 42 dana, a podeljen je u tri faze. Prva faza trajala je 21, druga 14, a treća 7 dana. Na početku ogleda uzeti su uzoraci potpunih smeša za analizu. Tokom ogleda izvršena su kontrolna merenja telesne mase brojlera i količine konzumirane hrane. Brojleri su hranjeni sa tri vrste potpunih smeša za ishranu brojlera u tovu standardnog sirovinskog i hemijskog sastava koje su u potpunosti zadovoljavale potrebe brojlera u različitim fazama tova. Potpuna smeša za početni tov brojlera korišćena je 1–21 dan, a potpune smeša za završni tov 21–35, odnosno 35–42 dana ogleda. Tokom ogleda kontrolna grupa brojlera hranjena je smešama bez stimulatora rasta, dok su ogledne grupe, po redosledu (O-I, O-II, O-III), dobijale hranu sa dodatkom antibiotika (Flavomycin), probiotika (All-Lac) ili prebiotika (Bio-Mos). Brojleri kontrolne i oglednih grupa bili su skladne telesne građe, pravilno razvijenog koštanog i mišićnog tkiva, živahnog temperamenta i dobre kondicije. Perje, koža i vidljive sluznice bile su bez vidljivih promena. Apetit je bio dobar, a feces uobičajeno formiran. Sposobnost aktivnog kretanja i koordinacija pokreta bili su usklađeni, a mišićni tonus normalno izražen. Tokom ogleda nije bilo uginuća oglednih životinja. Kontrolna grupa brojlera hranjena smešama bez dodatog stimulatora rasta postigla je uobičajene proizvodne rezultate za provenijenciju, dužinu tova i uslove držanja, a primenom antibiotika kao stimulatora rasta postižu se pozitivni efekti što se zasniva na većem prirastu (oko 5%), boljoj konzumaciji i boljoj konverziji hrane (oko 6%) prosečno. Upotrebom probiotika (prirast 43,17±5,02 g; konzumacija 83,50 g; konverzija 1,934 kg) i prebiotika (prirast 44,58±4,76 g; konzumacija 81,84 g; konverzija 1,836 kg) postižu se slič, The 42 day long trial was performed in order to evaluate the influence of different growth promoters (GP) in broiler nutrition on health status and performance. The trial was carried out on 236 broilers divided into four groups. The experiment was divided into three phases, which lasted 21, 14 and 7 days, respectively. At the beginning of the trial samples of feed mixtures were taken for analysis. During the experiment body weights were measured. The broilers were fed with complete feed mixtures containing standard ingredients and chemical compounds for broiler nutrition. Complete starter feed were used from 1-21st day, while growing and finishing feeds were used from 21-35th and 35-42nd day of trial. Control group of broilers was fed mixture without GP, while broilers in experimental groups, in the order (O-I, O-II, O-III), were fed mixtures with antibiotic (Flavomycin), probiotic (All-Lac) or prebiotic (Bio-Mos). Broilers of both control and experimental groups, were of harmonically physique, regularly developed bone and muscle tissue, vivaciously tempers and good condition. Feather, skin and visible mucous tissues didn’t have visible changes. Appetite was good, feces normally formed. Ability of locomotion and motion coordination were harmonic, muscle tonus normally marked. There were no losses during experiment due to death of animals. Control group (C) of broilers fed mixtures without growth promoters showed standard performance for provenience, duration of fattening and environmental conditions, but using antibiotics as growth promoters gave positive effect with increased weight gain (approximately 5%), consumption and better feed conversion (approx. 6%). Use of probiotics (gain 43,17±5,02 g; consumption 83,50 g; conversion 1,934 kg) and prebiotics (gain 44,58±4,76 g; consumption 81,84 g; conversion 1,836 kg) has shown similar performances as obtained by use of antibiotics, but undesirable effects were eliminated (residues, withdrawal period, resistance, allerg