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In addition to having a negative impact on the health of people and domestic animals, rodents often cause enormous damage to the environment by disrupting natural biodiversity. The negative impacts of rodents in urban and rural areas have required intensive use of rodentcides in spite of the proven risk of secondary poisoning of non-target predators and scavengers. Continuous and intensive use of rodenticides has led to environmental pollution through their retention in the environment. Commensal rodents are predominantly managed with anticoagulant rodenticides, which are very persistent in the environment and move up the food chain and accumulate in the bodies of predators and scavengers. Generally, the use of anticoagulant rodenticides continues, and there is a need to take appropriate measures to reduce their harmful impact. The efficacy of second generation anticoagulants (bromadiolone, difenacoum and brodifacoum), combined either mutually or with chlorophacinone at reduced doses (0.001 % and 0.0008 %), in controlling brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) was tested in a four-day no-choice feeding test. Combinations of second generation anticoagulants were more effective than the combination of chlorophacinone and second generation anticoagulants. The results indicate that combinations of different anticoagulants at multifold lower doses than the standard may provide a successful tool for brown rat control and a more environment-friendly method of rodent control and protection of non-target animals.

BACKGROUND: Resistance to rodenticides has been reported globally and poses a considerable problem for efficacy in pest control. The most-documented resistance to rodenticides in commensal rodents is associated with mutations in the Vkorc1 gene, in particular in codon 139. Resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides has been reported in the Netherlands since 1989. A study from 2013 showed that 25% of 169 Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) had a mutation at codon 139 of the Vkorc1 gene. To gain insight in the current status of rodenticide resistance amongst R. norvegicus and house mice Mus musculus in the Netherlands, we tested these rodents for mutations in codon 139 of the Vkorc1 gene. In addition, we collected data from pest controllers on their use of rodenticides and experience with rodenticide resistance. RESULTS: A total of 1801 rodent samples were collected throughout the country consisting of 1404 R. norvegicus and 397 M. musculus. In total, 15% of R. norvegicus [95% confidence interval (CI): 13–17%] and 38% of M. musculus (95% CI: 33–43%) carried a genetic mutation at codon 139 of the Vkorc1 gene. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates genetic mutations at codon 139 of the Vkorc1 gene in M. musculus in the Netherlands. Resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides is present in R. norvegicus and M. musculus in multiple regions in the Netherlands. The results of this comprehensive study provide a baseline and facilitate trend analyses of Vkorc1 codon 139 mutations and evaluation of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies as these are enrolled in the Netherlands.

The androgenic hormone testosterone protects against pharmacological-induced damage to pancreatic islets in rodent models of diabetes. The increased production of reactive oxygen species damage the pancreatic islets through oxidative stress and apoptosis. The precise protective mechanism of testosterone has yet to be determined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of post-gonadectomy testosterone substitution on the expression of two key antioxidant enzymes, Mn-dependent superoxide dismutase and catalase. The protein expression of the enzymes was examined by immunohistochemistry in male rats: intact, gonadectomized, and gonadectomized followed by testosterone substitution. mRNA expression was analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction on pancreatic islets cultured with testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or the vehicle. Testosterone increased the protein level of MnSOD in pancreatic tissue and its mRNA expression in cultured pancreatic islets. DHT (a non-aromatizing androgen) had similar effects. For catalase, only the mRNA expression increased by testosterone treatment. Testosterone induced overexpression of MnSOD protein and mRNA in pancreatic islets through a mechanism unrelated to androgen aromatization, most likely involving androgen receptors, demonstrating the implications of testosterone in preventing damage to insulin-producing cells by oxidative stress., El aumento de la producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno daña a los islotes pancreáticos por estrés oxidativo y apoptosis en algunos modelos de diabetes en roedores. Se ha observado que la testosterona los protege contra este daño, sin embargo, no se conoce el mecanismo por el cual esta hormona ejerce su protección. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la administración de testosterona a ratas macho gonadectomizadas sobre la expresión de las enzimas antioxidantes, superóxido dismutasa dependiente de Mn (MnSOD) y catalasa. La expresión de las enzimas a nivel de la proteína, se estudió por inmunohistoquímica en ratas macho intactas, gonadectomizadas y gonadectomizadas tratadas con testosterona. La expresión del ARNm se analizó por retrotranscripción y reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real, en islotes pancreáticos cultivados con testosterona, dihidrotestosterona (DHT) o vehículo. En el caso de la catalasa, el tratamiento con testosterona solamente aumentó la expresión del ARNm. La testosterona indujo la sobreexpresión de la proteína de MnSOD y del ARNm en los islotes pancreáticos a través de un mecanismo no relacionado con la aromatización androgénica, en el que muy probablemente intervienen los receptores de andrógenos, lo que demuestra la participación de la testosterona en la prevención de los daños causados por el estrés oxidativo en las células productoras de insulina.

The androgenic hormone testosterone protects against pharmacological-induced damage to pancreatic islets in rodent models of diabetes. The increased production of reactive oxygen species damage the pancreatic islets through oxidative stress and apoptosis. The precise protective mechanism of testosterone has yet to be determined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of post-gonadectomy testosterone substitution on the expression of two key antioxidant enzymes, Mn-dependent superoxide dismutase and catalase. The protein expression of the enzymes was examined by immunohistochemistry in male rats: intact, gonadectomized, and gonadectomized followed by testosterone substitution. mRNA expression was analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction on pancreatic islets cultured with testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or the vehicle. Testosterone increased the protein level of MnSOD in pancreatic tissue and its mRNA expression in cultured pancreatic islets. DHT (a non-aromatizing androgen) had similar effects. For catalase, only the mRNA expression increased by testosterone treatment. Testosterone induced overexpression of MnSOD protein and mRNA in pancreatic islets through a mechanism unrelated to androgen aromatization, most likely involving androgen receptors, demonstrating the implications of testosterone in preventing damage to insulin-producing cells by oxidative stress., El aumento de la producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno daña a los islotes pancreáticos por estrés oxidativo y apoptosis en algunos modelos de diabetes en roedores. Se ha observado que la testosterona los protege contra este daño, sin embargo, no se conoce el mecanismo por el cual esta hormona ejerce su protección. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la administración de testosterona a ratas macho gonadectomizadas sobre la expresión de las enzimas antioxidantes, superóxido dismutasa dependiente de Mn (MnSOD) y catalasa. La expresión de las enzimas a nivel de la proteína, se estudió por inmunohistoquímica en ratas macho intactas, gonadectomizadas y gonadectomizadas tratadas con testosterona. La expresión del ARNm se analizó por retrotranscripción y reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real, en islotes pancreáticos cultivados con testosterona, dihidrotestosterona (DHT) o vehículo. En el caso de la catalasa, el tratamiento con testosterona solamente aumentó la expresión del ARNm. La testosterona indujo la sobreexpresión de la proteína de MnSOD y del ARNm en los islotes pancreáticos a través de un mecanismo no relacionado con la aromatización androgénica, en el que muy probablemente intervienen los receptores de andrógenos, lo que demuestra la participación de la testosterona en la prevención de los daños causados por el estrés oxidativo en las células productoras de insulina.

Highlights: Sodium diclofenac is one of NSAID a common treatment to relieve pain associated with bone fractures. Sodium diclofenac with a some dose of body weight could decrease the callus quality on fracture healing. Abstract: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as diclofenac sodium, are standard treatments to relieve pain associated with bone fractures. The bone healing process consists of four stages: inflammation, soft callus formation, complex callus formation, and bone remodeling. Previous studies mentioned that intake of NSAIDs (sodium diclofenac) could inhibit the bone healing process. This study examined the effect of diclofenac sodium intake on callus formation in fracture healing. In this study, thirty-six rats (Rattus Norvegicus) with fractures were used and divided into two groups, namely 18 rats for the control and 18 rats for the treatment group. In the treatment group, each rat was given 1.8 mg sodium diclofenac/150 grams of body weight per day. In the control group, each rat was given CMC-Na 0.5% with equal volume as diclofenac sodium in the treatment group. After 28 days, all the rats were stunned until dead, and the diameter and strength of their calluses were measured. In the treatment group with diclofenac sodium1.8 mg/ 150 grams BW/ 28 days after the tibia bone callus was pressed using the Shimadzu tool, the lowest callus strength was found to be 56.500 N, and the highest callus strength was 59.000 N. The lowest callus diameter in the treatment group was 4 mm, the highest was 5 mm. In the control group, the lowest callus strength was 76 N, and the highest callus strength was 77 N. The lowest callus diameter in the control group was 6 mm, and the highest was 8 mm. The strongest callus in the treatment group was found in the sixth observation, with a value of 59 N and a diameter of 4 mm. In the control group, the highest callus strength was 77 N, with a diameter of 7-8 mm. These measurements were found on the 5th, 7th, 8th, 9th

Norbormide is a uniquely selective rat toxicant for Rattus species, with rats being 100- to 150-fold more sensitive to norbormide toxicity than most other mammals and birds. Previously we reported that on completion of a 10-year program of targeted fundamental and applied synthetic chemistry and toxicology, taste aversion associated with this compound had been overcome. In 2020-2022, trials have been successfully completed on poultry farms with Norway rats and larger scale field trials were undertaken targeting ship rats using 1% norbormide paste baits. Firstly, the efficacy of norbormide-containing paste baits targeting rat infestations on poultry farms was proven with a 100% reduction of Norway rat populations on three different farms. Secondly, 100% reduction in ship rat abundance was achieved at two large field test sites; and no reduction was achieved at the untreated control site. These larger field trials are described in depth in this publication. Plans are progressing to complete product development and registration.

Background: Liver disease is still a health problem in the world. In Indonesia, liver disease is dominated by liver cirrhosis. One of the causes of liver damage is an increase in the number of free radicals in the body. This will result in damage and death of liver cells and cause fibrotic tissue. A decrease in the number of liver cells will result in impaired overall liver function. Giving antioxidants can reduce free radicals that enter the body. One of the plants that contain antioxidants is the terung pipit (Solanum torvum). Objectives: This study aims to determine the antioxidant efficacy of terung pipit root (Solanum torvum) against liver damage by CCL4 induction in Rattus norvegicus. Methods: This research is experimental using a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) design. The research process was carried out for 11 days by dividing the experimental animals into 6 groups with 5 individuals in each group. Each treatment group will be induced with CCL4 for 5 days and followed by 7 days of administration of terung pipit root (Solanum torvum) with different doses (0.5; 1.0; 1.5 mg/grBB/day). The parameters used are the levels of SGOT-SGPT and bilirubin in the blood. Results: The results showed a decrease in the levels of SGOT-SGPT and bilirubin in the blood in the group given the terung pipit root (p≤0,05). Increasing the dose of terung pipit root administration further decreased the research parameters, although it did not reach the value of the negative control group. Conclusions: The antioxidant content in terung pipit root (Solanum torvum) can decrease in SGOT-SGPT and bilirubin levels in the blood due to liver damage in experimental animals induced by CCL4., Latar belakang: Peningkatan penyakit hati masih menjadi permasalahan kesehatan di dunia. Di Indonesia, sebagian besar penyakit hati didominasi oleh sirosis hepatis. Salah satu penyebab kerusakan hati adalah peningkatan jumlah radikal bebas dalam tubuh. Hal ini akan mengakibatkan kerusakan dan kematian sel hati serta menimbulkan jaringan fibrotik. Penurunan jumlah sel hati akan mengakibatkan gangguan fungsi hati secara keseluruhan. Pemberian antioksidan dapat mengurangi radikal bebas yang masuk ke dalam tubuh. Salah satu tanaman yang memiliki kandungan antioksidan adalah terung pipit (Solanum torvum). Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efikasi antioksidan pada rebusan akar terung pipit (Solanum torvum) terhadap kerusakan hati dengan induksi CCL4 pada Rattus norvegicus. Metode: Pada penelitian ini adalah eksperimental dengan menggunakan desain Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). Proses penelitian dilakukan selama 11 hari dengan membagi hewan coba menjadi 6 kelompok dengan masing-masing kelompok berjumlah 5 ekor. Setiap kelompok perlakuan akan dilakukan 5 hari diinduksi dengan CCL4 dan dilanjutkan dengan 7 hari pemberian rebusan akar terung pipit (Solanum torvum) dengan dosis berbeda (0,5; 1,0; 1,5 mg/grBB/hari). Parameter yang digunakan adalah kadar SGOT-SGPT dan bilirubin dalam darah. Hasil: Penelitian memperlihatkan adanya penurunan kadar SGOT-SGPT dan bilirubin dalam darah pada kelompok yang diberikan rebusan akar terung pipit (p≤0,05). Peningkatan dosis pemberian akar terung pipit semakin menurunkan parameter penelitian, walaupun tidak mencapai nilai kelompok kontrol negatif. Simpulan: Kandungan antioksidan pada rebusan akar terung pipit (Solanum torvum) dapat mengurangi penurunan kadar SGOT-SGPT dan bilirubin dalam darah akibat kerudakan hepar pada hewan coba yang diinduksi CCL4.

Highlights: Sodium diclofenac is one of NSAID a common treatment to relieve pain associated with bone fractures. Sodium diclofenac with a some dose of body weight could decrease the callus quality on fracture healing. Abstract: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as diclofenac sodium, are standard treatments to relieve pain associated with bone fractures. The bone healing process consists of four stages: inflammation, soft callus formation, complex callus formation, and bone remodeling. Previous studies mentioned that intake of NSAIDs (sodium diclofenac) could inhibit the bone healing process. This study examined the effect of diclofenac sodium intake on callus formation in fracture healing. In this study, thirty-six rats (Rattus Norvegicus) with fractures were used and divided into two groups, namely 18 rats for the control and 18 rats for the treatment group. In the treatment group, each rat was given 1.8 mg sodium diclofenac/150 grams of body weight per day. In the control group, each rat was given CMC-Na 0.5% with equal volume as diclofenac sodium in the treatment group. After 28 days, all the rats were stunned until dead, and the diameter and strength of their calluses were measured. In the treatment group with diclofenac sodium1.8 mg/ 150 grams BW/ 28 days after the tibia bone callus was pressed using the Shimadzu tool, the lowest callus strength was found to be 56.500 N, and the highest callus strength was 59.000 N. The lowest callus diameter in the treatment group was 4 mm, the highest was 5 mm. In the control group, the lowest callus strength was 76 N, and the highest callus strength was 77 N. The lowest callus diameter in the control group was 6 mm, and the highest was 8 mm. The strongest callus in the treatment group was found in the sixth observation, with a value of 59 N and a diameter of 4 mm. In the control group, the highest callus strength was 77 N, with a diameter of 7-8 mm. These measurements were found on the 5th, 7th, 8th, 9th

The Effect of Treatment Using Stingless Bee Propolis Extract on Burn Wound Healing in Rattus norvegicus Burn would occurs as a result of direct or indirect fire burns, exposure to sunlight and chemicals. This study aims to analyze the effect of stingless bee propolis extract (Tetragonula fuscobalteata) on the burn wound healing of the back skin of Rattus norvegicus. An experimental research was carried out using the control and experimental groups. Twenty five R. norvegicus were divided into 5 groups: the negative control group was given 70% ethanol, the positive control group was given Bioplacenton® and 3 groups were treated with propolis extract with a concentration of 50%, 70% and 100%. Measurement of burn diameter was carried out every 2 days for 21 days. Data were analyzed statistically using the one way Anova method. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the stingless bee propolis extract contained flavonoids, phenolics, tannins and saponins. The test of the effectiveness of propolis extract against burn wound obtained a sig value of 0.00 (< 0.05). stingless bee propolis extract could heal burn wound in R. norvegicus. Luka bakar dapat terjadi akibat terbakar api secara langsung atau tidak langsung, paparan sinar matahari dan bahan kimia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh ekstrak propolis lebah tanpa sengat (Tetragonula fuscobalteata) terhadap penyembuhan luka bakar pada kulit punggung Rattus norvegicus. Metode yang digunakan merupakan penelitian true experimental menggunakan kelompok kontrol dan eksperimen. Dua puluh lima ekor R. norvegicus dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok: kelompok kontrol negatif diberi etanol 70%, kontrol positif diberi Bioplacenton®, dan 3 kelompok perlakuan ekstrak propolis dengan konsentrasi 50%, 70%, dan 100%. Pengukuran diameter luka bakar dilakukan setiap 2 hari selama 21 hari. Data dianalisa secara statistik menggunakan metode Anova satu arah. Hasil skrining fitokimia ekstrak propolis lebah tanpa sengat po

Selen je mikroelement od velikog značaja za ljudsko zdravlje. Ima ulogu u biološkim procesima poput inhibiranja procesa apoptoze, pravilnog funkcionisanja imunskog sistema i drugih. Brojne studije pokazale su da nedostatak ovog elementa može biti povezan sa kardiovaskularnim poremećajima, određenim tipovima malignih oboljenja, degeneracijom hrskavice zgloba (disk), disfunkcijom štitaste žlezde i drugih. Takođe je utvrđeno da nedostatak selena može negativno uticati na razvoj embriona. Mnoge studije su pokazale da jedinjenja selena mogu biti toksična. Toksičnost selena ne zavisi samo od unete količine, već i od njegovog hemijskog oblika. Studije na životinjama pokazale su da je neorganski selen otrovniji od selenata i elementarnog selena. Uticaj toksičnosti određenih elemenata se ispituje na životinjama. U laboratorijama se najčešće koriste miševi i pacovi kao modeli životinja za biomedicinska istraživanja. Oni imaju dosta sličnosti sa ljudima u pogledu anatomije i fiziologije. Pacovi, miševi i ljudi imaju otprilike oko 30,000 gena, a od toga oko 95% su zajednički za sve tri vrste. Nano-selen predstavlja elementarni selen, oksidacionog stanja 0, koji je reda veličine 20-60 nm. Nano-selen privlači dosta pažnje zahvaljujući visokoj bioraspoloživosti i nižoj toksičnosti u odnosu na druge oblike Se. Koristi se kao sredstvo za hemoprevenciju, kao antioksidans i dr. Cilj ovog rada bio je kvantifikacija akumuliranog selena u različitim uzorcima solidnih tkiva i krvi odraslih ženki miševa vrste Rattus norvegicus i transplacentalnog prelaza na tkivo fetusa.

Selen je mikroelement od velikog značaja za ljudsko zdravlje. Ima ulogu u biološkim procesima poput inhibiranja procesa apoptoze, pravilnog funkcionisanja imunskog sistema i drugih. Brojne studije pokazale su da nedostatak ovog elementa može biti povezan sa kardiovaskularnim poremećajima, određenim tipovima malignih oboljenja, degeneracijom hrskavice zgloba (disk), disfunkcijom štitaste žlezde i drugih. Takođe je utvrđeno da nedostatak selena može negativno uticati na razvoj embriona. Mnoge studije su pokazale da jedinjenja selena mogu biti toksična. Toksičnost selena ne zavisi samo od unete količine, već i od njegovog hemijskog oblika. Studije na životinjama pokazale su da je neorganski selen otrovniji od selenata i elementarnog selena. Uticaj toksičnosti određenih elemenata se ispituje na životinjama. U laboratorijama se najčešće koriste miševi i pacovi kao modeli životinja za biomedicinska istraživanja. Oni imaju dosta sličnosti sa ljudima u pogledu anatomije i fiziologije. Pacovi, miševi i ljudi imaju otprilike oko 30,000 gena, a od toga oko 95% su zajednički za sve tri vrste. Nano-selen predstavlja elementarni selen, oksidacionog stanja 0, koji je reda veličine 20-60 nm. Nano-selen privlači dosta pažnje zahvaljujući visokoj bioraspoloživosti i nižoj toksičnosti u odnosu na druge oblike Se. Koristi se kao sredstvo za hemoprevenciju, kao antioksidans i dr. Cilj ovog rada bio je kvantifikacija akumuliranog selena u različitim uzorcima solidnih tkiva i krvi odraslih ženki miševa vrste Rattus norvegicus i transplacentalnog prelaza na tkivo fetusa.

Exploratory behavior is a commonly used instrument in the study of animal behavior in the laboratory, usually using rodents. The goal of the present study was to investigate the exploratory behavior of woodlice (Armadillidium vulgare) and compare to the behavior of rats (Rattus norvegicus). For this, we used two of two common rat laboratory tests: the square open-field and another inspired in the rat Light/Dark box. In a first test, rats were submitted to a square open-field; woodlice were also submitted to an open-field adapted to their size. In a second test, rats were submitted to a Light/Dark box and the woodlice were submitted to a Dry/Moist box designed to be equivalent to the rat apparatus but adapted to woodlice size. Results of the first test showed both rats and woodlice explored the square open-fields in similar ways, both in terms of frequencies of entries in the areas and also in terms of the time spent in them. Subjects of both species occupied the corners more than the areas close to the walls and these more than the central areas. Results of the second test showed a striking resemblance: Both species spent more time in the safe areas (dark or moist) and less time in the aversive areas (light or dry). Given this similarity, woodlice could be used as laboratory animals for behavioral studies with the advantages of occupying little room in animal places, are easy to catch in many places around university campuses and cost little to be fed.

Exploratory behavior is a commonly used instrument in the study of animal behavior in the laboratory, usually using rodents. The goal of the present study was to investigate the exploratory behavior of woodlice (Armadillidium vulgare) and compare to the behavior of rats (Rattus norvegicus). For this, we used two of two common rat laboratory tests: the square open-field and another inspired in the rat Light/Dark box. In a first test, rats were submitted to a square open-field; woodlice were also submitted to an open-field adapted to their size. In a second test, rats were submitted to a Light/Dark box and the woodlice were submitted to a Dry/Moist box designed to be equivalent to the rat apparatus but adapted to woodlice size. Results of the first test showed both rats and woodlice explored the square open-fields in similar ways, both in terms of frequencies of entries in the areas and also in terms of the time spent in them. Subjects of both species occupied the corners more than the areas close to the walls and these more than the central areas. Results of the second test showed a striking resemblance: Both species spent more time in the safe areas (dark or moist) and less time in the aversive areas (light or dry). Given this similarity, woodlice could be used as laboratory animals for behavioral studies with the advantages of occupying little room in animal places, are easy to catch in many places around university campuses and cost little to be fed.

The Effect of Treatment Using Stingless Bee Propolis Extract on Burn Wound Healing in Rattus norvegicus Burn would occurs as a result of direct or indirect fire burns, exposure to sunlight and chemicals. This study aims to analyze the effect of stingless bee propolis extract (Tetragonula fuscobalteata) on the burn wound healing of the back skin of Rattus norvegicus. An experimental research was carried out using the control and experimental groups. Twenty five R. norvegicus were divided into 5 groups: the negative control group was given 70% ethanol, the positive control group was given Bioplacenton® and 3 groups were treated with propolis extract with a concentration of 50%, 70% and 100%. Measurement of burn diameter was carried out every 2 days for 21 days. Data were analyzed statistically using the one way Anova method. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the stingless bee propolis extract contained flavonoids, phenolics, tannins and saponins. The test of the effectiveness of propolis extract against burn wound obtained a sig value of 0.00 (< 0.05). stingless bee propolis extract could heal burn wound in R. norvegicus. Luka bakar dapat terjadi akibat terbakar api secara langsung atau tidak langsung, paparan sinar matahari dan bahan kimia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh ekstrak propolis lebah tanpa sengat (Tetragonula fuscobalteata) terhadap penyembuhan luka bakar pada kulit punggung Rattus norvegicus. Metode yang digunakan merupakan penelitian true experimental menggunakan kelompok kontrol dan eksperimen. Dua puluh lima ekor R. norvegicus dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok: kelompok kontrol negatif diberi etanol 70%, kontrol positif diberi Bioplacenton®, dan 3 kelompok perlakuan ekstrak propolis dengan konsentrasi 50%, 70%, dan 100%. Pengukuran diameter luka bakar dilakukan setiap 2 hari selama 21 hari. Data dianalisa secara statistik menggunakan metode Anova satu arah. Hasil skrining fitokimia ekstrak propolis lebah tanpa sengat po

The Effect of Treatment Using Stingless Bee Propolis Extract on Burn Wound Healing in Rattus norvegicus Burn would occurs as a result of direct or indirect fire burns, exposure to sunlight and chemicals. This study aims to analyze the effect of stingless bee propolis extract (Tetragonula fuscobalteata) on the burn wound healing of the back skin of Rattus norvegicus. An experimental research was carried out using the control and experimental groups. Twenty five R. norvegicus were divided into 5 groups: the negative control group was given 70% ethanol, the positive control group was given Bioplacenton® and 3 groups were treated with propolis extract with a concentration of 50%, 70% and 100%. Measurement of burn diameter was carried out every 2 days for 21 days. Data were analyzed statistically using the one way Anova method. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the stingless bee propolis extract contained flavonoids, phenolics, tannins and saponins. The test of the effectiveness of propolis extract against burn wound obtained a sig value of 0.00 (< 0.05). stingless bee propolis extract could heal burn wound in R. norvegicus. Luka bakar dapat terjadi akibat terbakar api secara langsung atau tidak langsung, paparan sinar matahari dan bahan kimia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh ekstrak propolis lebah tanpa sengat (Tetragonula fuscobalteata) terhadap penyembuhan luka bakar pada kulit punggung Rattus norvegicus. Metode yang digunakan merupakan penelitian true experimental menggunakan kelompok kontrol dan eksperimen. Dua puluh lima ekor R. norvegicus dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok: kelompok kontrol negatif diberi etanol 70%, kontrol positif diberi Bioplacenton®, dan 3 kelompok perlakuan ekstrak propolis dengan konsentrasi 50%, 70%, dan 100%. Pengukuran diameter luka bakar dilakukan setiap 2 hari selama 21 hari. Data dianalisa secara statistik menggunakan metode Anova satu arah. Hasil skrining fitokimia ekstrak propolis lebah tanpa sengat po

The Effect of Treatment Using Stingless Bee Propolis Extract on Burn Wound Healing in Rattus norvegicus Burn would occurs as a result of direct or indirect fire burns, exposure to sunlight and chemicals. This study aims to analyze the effect of stingless bee propolis extract (Tetragonula fuscobalteata) on the burn wound healing of the back skin of Rattus norvegicus. An experimental research was carried out using the control and experimental groups. Twenty five R. norvegicus were divided into 5 groups: the negative control group was given 70% ethanol, the positive control group was given Bioplacenton® and 3 groups were treated with propolis extract with a concentration of 50%, 70% and 100%. Measurement of burn diameter was carried out every 2 days for 21 days. Data were analyzed statistically using the one way Anova method. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the stingless bee propolis extract contained flavonoids, phenolics, tannins and saponins. The test of the effectiveness of propolis extract against burn wound obtained a sig value of 0.00 (< 0.05). stingless bee propolis extract could heal burn wound in R. norvegicus. Luka bakar dapat terjadi akibat terbakar api secara langsung atau tidak langsung, paparan sinar matahari dan bahan kimia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh ekstrak propolis lebah tanpa sengat (Tetragonula fuscobalteata) terhadap penyembuhan luka bakar pada kulit punggung Rattus norvegicus. Metode yang digunakan merupakan penelitian true experimental menggunakan kelompok kontrol dan eksperimen. Dua puluh lima ekor R. norvegicus dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok: kelompok kontrol negatif diberi etanol 70%, kontrol positif diberi Bioplacenton®, dan 3 kelompok perlakuan ekstrak propolis dengan konsentrasi 50%, 70%, dan 100%. Pengukuran diameter luka bakar dilakukan setiap 2 hari selama 21 hari. Data dianalisa secara statistik menggunakan metode Anova satu arah. Hasil skrining fitokimia ekstrak propolis lebah tanpa sengat po

The Effect of Treatment Using Stingless Bee Propolis Extract on Burn Wound Healing in Rattus norvegicus Burn would occurs as a result of direct or indirect fire burns, exposure to sunlight and chemicals. This study aims to analyze the effect of stingless bee propolis extract (Tetragonula fuscobalteata) on the burn wound healing of the back skin of Rattus norvegicus. An experimental research was carried out using the control and experimental groups. Twenty five R. norvegicus were divided into 5 groups: the negative control group was given 70% ethanol, the positive control group was given Bioplacenton® and 3 groups were treated with propolis extract with a concentration of 50%, 70% and 100%. Measurement of burn diameter was carried out every 2 days for 21 days. Data were analyzed statistically using the one way Anova method. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the stingless bee propolis extract contained flavonoids, phenolics, tannins and saponins. The test of the effectiveness of propolis extract against burn wound obtained a sig value of 0.00 (< 0.05). stingless bee propolis extract could heal burn wound in R. norvegicus. Luka bakar dapat terjadi akibat terbakar api secara langsung atau tidak langsung, paparan sinar matahari dan bahan kimia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh ekstrak propolis lebah tanpa sengat (Tetragonula fuscobalteata) terhadap penyembuhan luka bakar pada kulit punggung Rattus norvegicus. Metode yang digunakan merupakan penelitian true experimental menggunakan kelompok kontrol dan eksperimen. Dua puluh lima ekor R. norvegicus dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok: kelompok kontrol negatif diberi etanol 70%, kontrol positif diberi Bioplacenton®, dan 3 kelompok perlakuan ekstrak propolis dengan konsentrasi 50%, 70%, dan 100%. Pengukuran diameter luka bakar dilakukan setiap 2 hari selama 21 hari. Data dianalisa secara statistik menggunakan metode Anova satu arah. Hasil skrining fitokimia ekstrak propolis lebah tanpa sengat po

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that occurs in all areas of the environment, including the food chain. In the body, it causes oxidative stress by producing free radicals that are harmful to the cells. Grape seed extract (GSE) contains a wide range of biologically active components that help to neutralize the adverse effects of free radicals. In this study, the effects of GSE prepared form semi-resistant grapevine cultivar Cerason, which is rich in phenolics, on biochemical markers of brown rats exposed to the effects of cadmium were monitored. GSE increased the plasma antioxidant activity and, in the kidneys and the liver, Cd content was significantly lowered by GSE co-administration. Accordingly, the increase in creatinine content and alanine aminotransferase activity and the decrease of catalase and superoxide dismutase activities caused by cadmium were slowed down by GSE co-administration. The results of this work reveal that grape seed extract offers a protective effect against the intake of heavy metals into the organism., info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that occurs in all areas of the environment, including the food chain. In the body, it causes oxidative stress by producing free radicals that are harmful to the cells. Grape seed extract (GSE) contains a wide range of biologically active components that help to neutralize the adverse effects of free radicals. In this study, the effects of GSE prepared form semi-resistant grapevine cultivar Cerason, which is rich in phenolics, on biochemical markers of brown rats exposed to the effects of cadmium were monitored. GSE increased the plasma antioxidant activity and, in the kidneys and the liver, Cd content was significantly lowered by GSE co-administration. Accordingly, the increase in creatinine content and alanine aminotransferase activity and the decrease of catalase and superoxide dismutase activities caused by cadmium were slowed down by GSE co-administration. The results of this work reveal that grape seed extract offers a protective effect against the intake of heavy metals into the organism., info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that occurs in all areas of the environment, including the food chain. In the body, it causes oxidative stress by producing free radicals that are harmful to the cells. Grape seed extract (GSE) contains a wide range of biologically active components that help to neutralize the adverse effects of free radicals. In this study, the effects of GSE prepared form semi-resistant grapevine cultivar Cerason, which is rich in phenolics, on biochemical markers of brown rats exposed to the effects of cadmium were monitored. GSE increased the plasma antioxidant activity and, in the kidneys and the liver, Cd content was significantly lowered by GSE co-administration. Accordingly, the increase in creatinine content and alanine aminotransferase activity and the decrease of catalase and superoxide dismutase activities caused by cadmium were slowed down by GSE co-administration. The results of this work reveal that grape seed extract offers a protective effect against the intake of heavy metals into the organism., info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that occurs in all areas of the environment, including the food chain. In the body, it causes oxidative stress by producing free radicals that are harmful to the cells. Grape seed extract (GSE) contains a wide range of biologically active components that help to neutralize the adverse effects of free radicals. In this study, the effects of GSE prepared form semi-resistant grapevine cultivar Cerason, which is rich in phenolics, on biochemical markers of brown rats exposed to the effects of cadmium were monitored. GSE increased the plasma antioxidant activity and, in the kidneys and the liver, Cd content was significantly lowered by GSE co-administration. Accordingly, the increase in creatinine content and alanine aminotransferase activity and the decrease of catalase and superoxide dismutase activities caused by cadmium were slowed down by GSE co-administration. The results of this work reveal that grape seed extract offers a protective effect against the intake of heavy metals into the organism.

Selen je mikroelement od velikog značaja za ljudsko zdravlje. Ima ulogu u biološkim procesima poput inhibiranja procesa apoptoze, pravilnog funkcionisanja imunskog sistema i drugih. Brojne studije pokazale su da nedostatak ovog elementa može biti povezan sa kardiovaskularnim poremećajima, određenim tipovima malignih oboljenja, degeneracijom hrskavice zgloba (disk), disfunkcijom štitaste žlezde i drugih. Takođe je utvrđeno da nedostatak selena može negativno uticati na razvoj embriona. Mnoge studije su pokazale da jedinjenja selena mogu biti toksična. Toksičnost selena ne zavisi samo od unete količine, već i od njegovog hemijskog oblika. Studije na životinjama pokazale su da je neorganski selen otrovniji od selenata i elementarnog selena. Uticaj toksičnosti određenih elemenata se ispituje na životinjama. U laboratorijama se najčešće koriste miševi i pacovi kao modeli životinja za biomedicinska istraživanja. Oni imaju dosta sličnosti sa ljudima u pogledu anatomije i fiziologije. Pacovi, miševi i ljudi imaju otprilike oko 30,000 gena, a od toga oko 95% su zajednički za sve tri vrste. Nano-selen predstavlja elementarni selen, oksidacionog stanja 0, koji je reda veličine 20-60 nm. Nano-selen privlači dosta pažnje zahvaljujući visokoj bioraspoloživosti i nižoj toksičnosti u odnosu na druge oblike Se. Koristi se kao sredstvo za hemoprevenciju, kao antioksidans i dr. Cilj ovog rada bio je kvantifikacija akumuliranog selena u različitim uzorcima solidnih tkiva i krvi odraslih ženki miševa vrste Rattus norvegicus i transplacentalnog prelaza na tkivo fetusa.

Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), inulin and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are widely recognized prebiotics that profoundly affect the intestinal microbiota, including stimulation of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, and are reported to elicit several health benefits. The combination of dietary FOS and inulin with calcium-phosphate was reported to stimulate commensal Lactobacillus populations and protect the host against pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae, but little is known about the effects of GOS in diets with a different level of calcium. Here we investigate the microbiome changes elicited by dietary supplementation with GOS or inulin (40 g/kg) using diets with high (100 mmol/kg) and low (30 mmol/kg) calcium levels in adult Wistar rats. Feeding rats non-supplemented (no prebiotic-added) diets revealed that diets rich in calcium favored members of the Firmicutes and increased fecal lactic, succinic, acetic, propionic and butyric acid levels. In contrast, relatively low dietary calcium levels promoted the abundance of mucin degrading genera like Akkermansia and Bacteroides, and resulted in increased fecal propionic acid levels and modest increases in lactic and butyric acid levels. Irrespective of the calcium levels, supplementation with GOS or inulin strongly stimulated Bifidobacterium, while only high calcium diets increased the endogenous Faecalibaculum populations. Despite the prebiotic’s substantial difference in chemical structure, sugar composition, oligomer size and the microbial degradation pathway involved in their utilization, inulin and GOS modulated the gut microbiota very similarly, in a manner that strongly depended on the dietary calcium level.

Enrichment for laboratory animals is widely discussed and it is getting more commonly known as something that can help with increasing the animal welfare. However, more studies are needed in how enrichment is used and how it affects animal behaviour. Seventeen male rats of the strain Lewis were given three different types of temporary enrichment types; cardboard, paper and fabric. The rats were filmed during three weeks and their behaviours were analysed. An ethogram was used to determine if there was a difference regarding interaction with enrichment types, activity levels and negative behaviours. The rats interacted with the temporary enrichment differently during the two weeks when temporary enrichment was offered, compared to the first control week where no extra enrichment was given. During the first week with temporary enrichment the rats interacted the most with cardboard, but during the second week they interacted the most with the fabric. Resting behaviours where the highest during the week where the animals did not have access to extra enrichment. Active behaviours where the highest during the first week with extra enrichment, and the lowest the second week with enrichment. When the rats did not have access to temporary enrichment they had more negative social behaviours than positive social behaviour. When the temporary enrichment was introduced the positive social behaviours increased whereas the negative social behaviours decreased during both weeks. Enrichment should be used in a laboratory setting to increase the animal welfare. It is important that different types of enrichment is being offered to increase the opportunity of performing a more broad spectra of natural behaviours in the rats., Berikning för försöksdjur är ett allmänt diskussionsämne och det blir allt vanligare att det ses som ett verktyg för att öka djurens välfärd. Det behövs dock fler studier kring hur berikning används och hur det kan påverka djurens beteende. Sjutton hanråttor av stammen Lewis fick tre olika typer av temporära berikningar; kartong, papper och tyg. Råttorna filmades under tre veckor och deras beteenden analyserades. Ett etogram användes för att avgöra om det fanns skillnad vad gäller interaktion med berikningstyperna, aktivitetsnivåer och negativt beteende. Råttorna interagerade annorlunda med den tillfälliga berikningen under de två veckorna då den erbjöds, jämfört med den första kontrollveckan där ingen extra berikning gavs. Under den första veckan med tillfällig berikning interagerade råttorna mest med kartong, men under den andra veckan interagerade de mest med tyget. Andelen beteenden som räknades som ej aktiva var högst under veckan där djuren inte hade tillgång till extra berikning. Andelen aktiva beteenden var högst under den första veckan med extra berikning och lägst den andra veckan med extra berikning. När råttorna inte hade tillgång till tillfällig berikning hade de mer negativa sociala beteenden än positiva sociala beteenden. När den tillfälliga berikningen infördes ökade de positiva sociala beteendena medan de negativa sociala beteendena minskade under båda veckorna. Berikning bör därför användas i laboratoriemiljöer för att öka djurens välbefinnande. Det är viktigt att olika typer av berikning erbjuds för att öka möjligheten att utföra ett bredare spektrum av naturligt beteende hos råttorna.

Field trials are reported in this paper on a new bait containing 1% norbormide. Two separate field trials were recently completed on commercial chicken farms in South Auckland, New Zealand. Norway rats were abundant both inside the farm sheds and around the surrounding farmland. Monitoring undertaken before toxic baiting recorded high levels of rat activity. Post-treatment monitoring found no rat paw prints in any of the tracking tunnels from Site 1, and in only one tunnel at Site 2. The decrease of 100% and 96%, respectively, represented a marked reduction in the Norway rat population at both sites.

BackgroundThe commonly used laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus, is unique in having multiple Sry gene copies found on the Y chromosome, with different copies encoding amino acid variations that influence the resulting protein function. It is not clear which Sry genes are expressed at the onset of testis differentiation or how their expression correlates with that of other genes in testis-determination pathways.MethodsHere, two independent E11-E14 developmental RNAseq datasets show that multiple Sry genes are expressed at E12-E13.ResultsThe identified copies expressed during testis initiation include Sry4A, Sry1, and Sry3C, which are conserved in every strain of Rattus norvegicus with genomes sequenced to date.ConclusionsThis work represents a first step in defining the complex environment of rat testis differentiation that can open the door for generating sex reversal model systems using embryo manipulation techniques that have been available in the mouse but not the rat.

The City of Oakland is the largest city within Alameda County, the 8th largest city in California, and the 45th largest in the United States. Due to various socioeconomic factors, the number of homeless encampments within Oakland has been increasing over the past few years. A recently completed survey showed that there has been a 47.45% increase in the number of homeless living within the city limits. Approximately 4,071 people are now living in various encampments around the city, primarily concentrated underneath freeway/infrastructure overpasses and on adjoining lands. Surveillance by our staff found that several of these encampments also had active Norway rat populations as indicated by active burrows within and adjacent to the camps, as well as resident reports. Beginning in the fall of 2017, District biologists began live-trapping at a few of the larger encampments to try and ascertain the composition and load of ectoparasites on corresponding Norway rat populations. We specifically looked at flea abundance and species composition, as they are vectors of diseases, such as Murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi), flea-borne typhus (Rickettsia felis), and plague (Yersinia pestis). We trapped at four different camps in Oakland over a nine-month period and found that the flea, mite, and louse abundance, along with species composition, varied between the camps. To date, we have yet to determine the causes of these differences, but fleas tested at two of the four camps have come back as positive for R. felis. We are continuing to trap at these camps and are expanding our trapping program to include additional camps in an effort to determine what variables affect the ectoparasite composition on Norway rat populations within the City of Oakland.

As of January 2019, a survey of homeless people in Alameda County, CA, documented 8,022 homeless individuals countywide, including 6,312 unsheltered people. Dozens of homeless encampments exist throughout the County, and most lack sanitation facilities (e.g., rodent-proof garbage storage and weekly waste removal; sanitary toilets; and running water for hand washing, showering, or laundry). This situation represents a breakdown of the sanitation interventions that can lead to the outbreak of vector-borne disease (e.g., 2020 outbreaks of flea-borne typhus in southern California). Some characteristics of surveyed encampments make them more or less suitable for Norway rat population establishment and the exhibition of problems associated with rodent ectoparasites. Many urban encampments are in parts of Oakland that have old infrastructure including sewers that support an endemic population of Norway rats and where there may be undetected sewer breaks that allow these rats into these homeless encampments. Anecdotally, before the introduction of unmanaged leftover food sources (garbage), rats would go virtually unnoticed due to their low population, but with a regular supply of food, their populations apparently skyrocketed. Unmanaged rodent populations at homeless encampments are a major public health concern for local public health, particularly considering that ectoparasites such as fleas are potential rodent-borne disease vectors.

Homeless encampments are a persistent feature in the city of Oakland, California. Unsanitary conditions in these camps can contribute to large populations of Norway rats and associated vector-borne disease. Alameda County Vector Control Services District has developed a surveillance program for safe and efficient data collection in these encampments. This program includes outreach to residents, effective live-trap ping, ectoparasite collection, vector species suppression, and coordinating with other agencies. The District’s operations around Oakland’s pilot “Tuff Shed” homeless shelter strategy are presented as a case study for Norway rat and Oriental rat flea risk assessment and control.

As of January 2019, a survey of homeless people in Alameda County, CA, documented 8,022 homeless individuals countywide, including 6,312 unsheltered people. Dozens of homeless encampments exist throughout the County, and most lack sanitation facilities (e.g., rodent-proof garbage storage and weekly waste removal; sanitary toilets; and running water for hand washing, showering, or laundry). This situation represents a breakdown of the sanitation interventions that can lead to the outbreak of vector-borne disease (e.g., 2020 outbreaks of flea-borne typhus in southern California). Some characteristics of surveyed encampments make them more or less suitable for Norway rat population establishment and the exhibition of problems associated with rodent ectoparasites. Many urban encampments are in parts of Oakland that have old infrastructure including sewers that support an endemic population of Norway rats and where there may be undetected sewer breaks that allow these rats into these homeless encampments. Anecdotally, before the introduction of unmanaged leftover food sources (garbage), rats would go virtually unnoticed due to their low population, but with a regular supply of food, their populations apparently skyrocketed. Unmanaged rodent populations at homeless encampments are a major public health concern for local public health, particularly considering that ectoparasites such as fleas are potential rodent-borne disease vectors.

The City of Oakland is the largest city within Alameda County, the 8th largest city in California, and the 45th largest in the United States. Due to various socioeconomic factors, the number of homeless encampments within Oakland has been increasing over the past few years. A recently completed survey showed that there has been a 47.45% increase in the number of homeless living within the city limits. Approximately 4,071 people are now living in various encampments around the city, primarily concentrated underneath freeway/infrastructure overpasses and on adjoining lands. Surveillance by our staff found that several of these encampments also had active Norway rat populations as indicated by active burrows within and adjacent to the camps, as well as resident reports. Beginning in the fall of 2017, District biologists began live-trapping at a few of the larger encampments to try and ascertain the composition and load of ectoparasites on corresponding Norway rat populations. We specifically looked at flea abundance and species composition, as they are vectors of diseases, such as Murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi), flea-borne typhus (Rickettsia felis), and plague (Yersinia pestis). We trapped at four different camps in Oakland over a nine-month period and found that the flea, mite, and louse abundance, along with species composition, varied between the camps. To date, we have yet to determine the causes of these differences, but fleas tested at two of the four camps have come back as positive for R. felis. We are continuing to trap at these camps and are expanding our trapping program to include additional camps in an effort to determine what variables affect the ectoparasite composition on Norway rat populations within the City of Oakland.

Homeless encampments are a persistent feature in the city of Oakland, California. Unsanitary conditions in these camps can contribute to large populations of Norway rats and associated vector-borne disease. Alameda County Vector Control Services District has developed a surveillance program for safe and efficient data collection in these encampments. This program includes outreach to residents, effective live-trap ping, ectoparasite collection, vector species suppression, and coordinating with other agencies. The District’s operations around Oakland’s pilot “Tuff Shed” homeless shelter strategy are presented as a case study for Norway rat and Oriental rat flea risk assessment and control.

Field trials are reported in this paper on a new bait containing 1% norbormide. Two separate field trials were recently completed on commercial chicken farms in South Auckland, New Zealand. Norway rats were abundant both inside the farm sheds and around the surrounding farmland. Monitoring undertaken before toxic baiting recorded high levels of rat activity. Post-treatment monitoring found no rat paw prints in any of the tracking tunnels from Site 1, and in only one tunnel at Site 2. The decrease of 100% and 96%, respectively, represented a marked reduction in the Norway rat population at both sites.

BackgroundThe commonly used laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus, is unique in having multiple Sry gene copies found on the Y chromosome, with different copies encoding amino acid variations that influence the resulting protein function. It is not clear which Sry genes are expressed at the onset of testis differentiation or how their expression correlates with that of other genes in testis-determination pathways.MethodsHere, two independent E11-E14 developmental RNAseq datasets show that multiple Sry genes are expressed at E12-E13.ResultsThe identified copies expressed during testis initiation include Sry4A, Sry1, and Sry3C, which are conserved in every strain of Rattus norvegicus with genomes sequenced to date.ConclusionsThis work represents a first step in defining the complex environment of rat testis differentiation that can open the door for generating sex reversal model systems using embryo manipulation techniques that have been available in the mouse but not the rat.

Triazophos (TZ) at the level of Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) (0.01 mg/kg bw/day) and 10í—ADI (0.1 mg/kg bw/day) was given to the female albino rats to examine its effects on their reproductive system. In this study, the pregnant female albino rats were divided into three groups, each group comprising of six rats. The first group was gavaged with olive oil (control group), the second group was administered with ADI level of TZ (ADI group) and the third group was treated with 10í—ADI level of TZ (10í—ADI group). The dose was given through oral intubation until the end of pregnancy. At the end of gestational period, the reproductive parameters of dams were examined, however, the females which did not breed were dissected for uterine examination. The results of the present study revealed non-significant decrease in the body weight gain of females treated with ADI and 10í—ADI in comparison with controls. The analysis of reproductive index depicts significant decrease in percentage pregnancy, litter size and pup survival, however, significant increase in gestational length of ADI group females as compared to controls. The examination of organ weight indicated significant decrease in weight of liver, however, significant increase in weight of thyroid, ovary, uterus and oviduct of 10í—ADI group females in comparison to control. The levels of biochemical constituents viz. protein and Alanine transaminase (ALT) were significantly increased in plasma, however, the levels of Alkaline Phosphatase (AKP) significantly increased in ovaries of 10í—ADI group females as compared to control. Histological studies of ovaries revealed significantly enhanced percentage of follicular atresia, however, significantly decreased diameter of ovarian follicles in 10í—ADI group females. Histological examination of liver indicates distorted central vein, vacuolization of hepatocytes, dilated sinusoids with intense mono nuclear inflammatory cells and infiltration in ADI and 10í—ADI group females as

Risk assessment on pig farms aims to determine the presence, spreading and influence of Rattus norvegicus on pig health, identifying certain important points in the technological process and on different locations designated as CCPs. Thresholds in assessment criteria are defined for these points, considering animal welfare and initial rodent control data. Gray rat (Rattus norvegicus), is a synanthropic rodent species and a regular inhabitant of pig housing facilities. The present study assessed animal health risks, and identified critical control points (CCPs) in production facilities. The criteria for risk assessment were: pig feeding and watering, maintenance, animal health, behaviour and risk assessment records. The results show a close association between the number of identified CCPs and the number of trapped animals (20 CCPs and 29 trapped rats in facility A, and 9 CCPs and 7 rats in facility B).

The important cells in wound healing process are the fibroblast cells and the density of collagen fibers. The Senggani leaves (Melastoma candidum D.Don) contains some active compound of flavonoids / phenols, triterpenoid / steroid, saponins, tannins and glycosides. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of gel ethanolic of Senggani leaves (Melastoma candidum D.Don) towards increased number of fibroblast cells and collagen density score in the process of wound healing after tooth extraction on male white rats (Rattus noevegicus). The research design was purely experimental in vivo, design post test only control group and non – randomly or non – probability sampling using the sample of 25 Wistar rats. Male white rats anesthetized intra-peritoneal (IP) using ketamine 100 mg / 1 ml at a dose of 20-40 mg/kg body weight of the rat, then extraction of the mandibular left incisor using a sharp excavator and pulling the pliers off, then Dental sockets are irrigated with a sterile was given Aloclair Plus gel ®, the treatment group was given 1% EDS, 5% EDS and 10% EDS twice a day with a frequency of 12 times the treatment. On the seventh day, euthanasia was carried out, the rats were put into a closed box containing ether cotton until suffocation, followed by histological tissue making. Histology preparations were seen with the Boeco Binocular microscope BM-180 SP model, with the help of MDCE-5A digital microscope camera connected to a binocular microscope through the eyepiece entry hole, and using a 10 x objective lens and analyzed using Adobe Photoshop CS 6.0 software to view a number of fibroblast cells and density of collagen fibers. Calculations were carried out with 5 fields of view then calculated how many fibroblasts and collagen density scores in each field of view so that they were clearly visible. From the field of view 1 to 5 it is added up, taken the average. The results of descriptive analysis of the number of fibroblast cells and collagen fiber densit

Cadmium effects on body weight, the activity of AST, ALT, and creatinine histological changes in the liver and testis Sprague Dawley Rattus norvegicus was evaluated. The experimental evaluation was performed at the Laboratory of Animal Physiology of the Academic Department of Biology of the UNSA Arequipa, during the months of January to June 2015. Control (Distilled water), Group 2 (5 mg / kg of cadmium chloride), Group 3 (. 10 mg / kg of cadmium chloride) and Group 4 (20: 24 Sprague Dawley Rattus norvegicus allocated in four treatment groups mg / Kg. of cadmium chloride) for 4 weeks. It significant difference (p <0.05) was found in body weight of rats in different groups of evaluation. When applying postcomparación Tukey test it was found that in the treatment with cadmium chloride at doses of 20 mg / kg / day, body weights of rats treated decreased significantly. It significant difference (p <0.01) was observed in the activity of SGOT, SGPT creatinine of rats in different groups of evaluation. When applying postcomparación Tukey test revealed that in treatments with cadmium chloride at doses of 10 and 20 mg / kg / day levels of GOT, GPT and creatinine intoxicated rats increased significantly. Chronic exposure to cadmium chloride caused congestion with mild hepatic sinusoidal dilation and alteration of architectural arrangement of hepatocytes; vascular congestion and increased glomerular cellularity of moderate to severe hyaline degeneration of tubular epithelium in rats that were administered cadmium chloride at doses of 10, 20 mg / kg / day for 30 days., Se evaluó los efectos del cadmio sobre el peso corporal, la actividad de TGO, TGP, creatinina y los cambios histológicos en hígado y riñón de Rattus norvegicus variedad Sprague Dawley. La evaluación experimental se realizó en el Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal del Departamento Académico de Biología de la U.N.S.A.-Arequipa, durante los meses de Enero a Junio 2015. Se utilizaron 24 Rattus norvegicus variedad Sprague Dawley asignados en cuatro grupos:Control (Agua destilada), Grupo 2 (5 mg/Kg de cloruro de cadmio), Grupo 3 (10 mg/Kg. de cloruro de cadmio) y Grupo 4 (20 mg/Kg. de cloruro de cadmio) durante 4 semanas. Se encontró diferencia significativa (p<0,05) en el peso corporal de las ratas en los diferentes grupos de evaluación. Al aplicar la prueba de postcomparación de Tukey se encontró que en el tratamiento con cloruro de cadmio en dosis de 20 mg/kg/día, los pesos corporales de las ratas intoxicadas disminuyeron significativamente. Se observó diferencia significativa (p<0.01) en la actividad de TGO, TGP creatinina de las ratas en los diferentes grupos de evaluación. Al aplicar la prueba de postcomparación de Tukey, se encontró que en los tratamientos con cloruro de cadmio en dosis de 10 y 20 mg/kg/día los niveles de TGO, TGP y creatinina de las ratas intoxicadas se incrementaron significativamente. La exposición crónica de cloruro de cadmioprovocó congestión leve con dilatación de los sinusoides hepáticos y alteración del arreglo arquitectural de los hepatocitos; congestión vascular y aumento de la celularidad glomerular de moderado a severo, degeneración hialina del epitelio tubular en el riñón de las ratas que se les administró cloruro de cadmio en dosis de 10, 20 mg/kg/día durante 30 días.

Cadmium effects on body weight, the activity of AST, ALT, and creatinine histological changes in the liver and testis Sprague Dawley Rattus norvegicus was evaluated. The experimental evaluation was performed at the Laboratory of Animal Physiology of the Academic Department of Biology of the UNSA Arequipa, during the months of January to June 2015. Control (Distilled water), Group 2 (5 mg / kg of cadmium chloride), Group 3 (. 10 mg / kg of cadmium chloride) and Group 4 (20: 24 Sprague Dawley Rattus norvegicus allocated in four treatment groups mg / Kg. of cadmium chloride) for 4 weeks. It significant difference (p <0.05) was found in body weight of rats in different groups of evaluation. When applying postcomparación Tukey test it was found that in the treatment with cadmium chloride at doses of 20 mg / kg / day, body weights of rats treated decreased significantly. It significant difference (p <0.01) was observed in the activity of SGOT, SGPT creatinine of rats in different groups of evaluation. When applying postcomparación Tukey test revealed that in treatments with cadmium chloride at doses of 10 and 20 mg / kg / day levels of GOT, GPT and creatinine intoxicated rats increased significantly. Chronic exposure to cadmium chloride caused congestion with mild hepatic sinusoidal dilation and alteration of architectural arrangement of hepatocytes; vascular congestion and increased glomerular cellularity of moderate to severe hyaline degeneration of tubular epithelium in rats that were administered cadmium chloride at doses of 10, 20 mg / kg / day for 30 days., Se evaluó los efectos del cadmio sobre el peso corporal, la actividad de TGO, TGP, creatinina y los cambios histológicos en hígado y riñón de Rattus norvegicus variedad Sprague Dawley. La evaluación experimental se realizó en el Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal del Departamento Académico de Biología de la U.N.S.A.-Arequipa, durante los meses de Enero a Junio 2015. Se utilizaron 24 Rattus norvegicus variedad Sprague Dawley asignados en cuatro grupos:Control (Agua destilada), Grupo 2 (5 mg/Kg de cloruro de cadmio), Grupo 3 (10 mg/Kg. de cloruro de cadmio) y Grupo 4 (20 mg/Kg. de cloruro de cadmio) durante 4 semanas. Se encontró diferencia significativa (p<0,05) en el peso corporal de las ratas en los diferentes grupos de evaluación. Al aplicar la prueba de postcomparación de Tukey se encontró que en el tratamiento con cloruro de cadmio en dosis de 20 mg/kg/día, los pesos corporales de las ratas intoxicadas disminuyeron significativamente. Se observó diferencia significativa (p<0.01) en la actividad de TGO, TGP creatinina de las ratas en los diferentes grupos de evaluación. Al aplicar la prueba de postcomparación de Tukey, se encontró que en los tratamientos con cloruro de cadmio en dosis de 10 y 20 mg/kg/día los niveles de TGO, TGP y creatinina de las ratas intoxicadas se incrementaron significativamente. La exposición crónica de cloruro de cadmioprovocó congestión leve con dilatación de los sinusoides hepáticos y alteración del arreglo arquitectural de los hepatocitos; congestión vascular y aumento de la celularidad glomerular de moderado a severo, degeneración hialina del epitelio tubular en el riñón de las ratas que se les administró cloruro de cadmio en dosis de 10, 20 mg/kg/día durante 30 días.

The important cells in wound healing process are the fibroblast cells and the density of collagen fibers. The Senggani leaves (Melastoma candidum D.Don) contains some active compound of flavonoids / phenols, triterpenoid / steroid, saponins, tannins and glycosides. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of gel ethanolic of Senggani leaves (Melastoma candidum D.Don) towards increased number of fibroblast cells and collagen density score in the process of wound healing after tooth extraction on male white rats (Rattus noevegicus). The research design was purely experimental in vivo, design post test only control group and non – randomly or non – probability sampling using the sample of 25 Wistar rats. Male white rats anesthetized intra-peritoneal (IP) using ketamine 100 mg / 1 ml at a dose of 20-40 mg/kg body weight of the rat, then extraction of the mandibular left incisor using a sharp excavator and pulling the pliers off, then Dental sockets are irrigated with a sterile was given Aloclair Plus gel ®, the treatment group was given 1% EDS, 5% EDS and 10% EDS twice a day with a frequency of 12 times the treatment. On the seventh day, euthanasia was carried out, the rats were put into a closed box containing ether cotton until suffocation, followed by histological tissue making. Histology preparations were seen with the Boeco Binocular microscope BM-180 SP model, with the help of MDCE-5A digital microscope camera connected to a binocular microscope through the eyepiece entry hole, and using a 10 x objective lens and analyzed using Adobe Photoshop CS 6.0 software to view a number of fibroblast cells and density of collagen fibers. Calculations were carried out with 5 fields of view then calculated how many fibroblasts and collagen density scores in each field of view so that they were clearly visible. From the field of view 1 to 5 it is added up, taken the average. The results of descriptive analysis of the number of fibroblast cells and collagen fiber densit

Risk assessment on pig farms aims to determine the presence, spreading and influence of Rattus norvegicus on pig health, identifying certain important points in the technological process and on different locations designated as CCPs. Thresholds in assessment criteria are defined for these points, considering animal welfare and initial rodent control data. Gray rat (Rattus norvegicus), is a synanthropic rodent species and a regular inhabitant of pig housing facilities. The present study assessed animal health risks, and identified critical control points (CCPs) in production facilities. The criteria for risk assessment were: pig feeding and watering, maintenance, animal health, behaviour and risk assessment records. The results show a close association between the number of identified CCPs and the number of trapped animals (20 CCPs and 29 trapped rats in facility A, and 9 CCPs and 7 rats in facility B).

The important cells in wound healing process are the fibroblast cells and the density of collagen fibers. The Senggani leaves (Melastoma candidum D.Don) contains some active compound of flavonoids / phenols, triterpenoid / steroid, saponins, tannins and glycosides. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of gel ethanolic of Senggani leaves (Melastoma candidum D.Don) towards increased number of fibroblast cells and collagen density score in the process of wound healing after tooth extraction on male white rats (Rattus noevegicus). The research design was purely experimental in vivo, design post test only control group and non – randomly or non – probability sampling using the sample of 25 Wistar rats. Male white rats anesthetized intra-peritoneal (IP) using ketamine 100 mg / 1 ml at a dose of 20-40 mg/kg body weight of the rat, then extraction of the mandibular left incisor using a sharp excavator and pulling the pliers off, then Dental sockets are irrigated with a sterile was given Aloclair Plus gel ®, the treatment group was given 1% EDS, 5% EDS and 10% EDS twice a day with a frequency of 12 times the treatment. On the seventh day, euthanasia was carried out, the rats were put into a closed box containing ether cotton until suffocation, followed by histological tissue making. Histology preparations were seen with the Boeco Binocular microscope BM-180 SP model, with the help of MDCE-5A digital microscope camera connected to a binocular microscope through the eyepiece entry hole, and using a 10 x objective lens and analyzed using Adobe Photoshop CS 6.0 software to view a number of fibroblast cells and density of collagen fibers. Calculations were carried out with 5 fields of view then calculated how many fibroblasts and collagen density scores in each field of view so that they were clearly visible. From the field of view 1 to 5 it is added up, taken the average. The results of descriptive analysis of the number of fibroblast cells and collagen fiber densit

The important cells in wound healing process are the fibroblast cells and the density of collagen fibers. The Senggani leaves (Melastoma candidum D.Don) contains some active compound of flavonoids / phenols, triterpenoid / steroid, saponins, tannins and glycosides. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of gel ethanolic of Senggani leaves (Melastoma candidum D.Don) towards increased number of fibroblast cells and collagen density score in the process of wound healing after tooth extraction on male white rats (Rattus noevegicus). The research design was purely experimental in vivo, design post test only control group and non – randomly or non – probability sampling using the sample of 25 Wistar rats. Male white rats anesthetized intra-peritoneal (IP) using ketamine 100 mg / 1 ml at a dose of 20-40 mg/kg body weight of the rat, then extraction of the mandibular left incisor using a sharp excavator and pulling the pliers off, then Dental sockets are irrigated with a sterile was given Aloclair Plus gel ®, the treatment group was given 1% EDS, 5% EDS and 10% EDS twice a day with a frequency of 12 times the treatment. On the seventh day, euthanasia was carried out, the rats were put into a closed box containing ether cotton until suffocation, followed by histological tissue making. Histology preparations were seen with the Boeco Binocular microscope BM-180 SP model, with the help of MDCE-5A digital microscope camera connected to a binocular microscope through the eyepiece entry hole, and using a 10 x objective lens and analyzed using Adobe Photoshop CS 6.0 software to view a number of fibroblast cells and density of collagen fibers. Calculations were carried out with 5 fields of view then calculated how many fibroblasts and collagen density scores in each field of view so that they were clearly visible. From the field of view 1 to 5 it is added up, taken the average. The results of descriptive analysis of the number of fibroblast cells and collagen fiber densit

2-Isopropylthioxanthone (2-ITX), a photoinitiator used in ink for printing of food packaging materials, has been detected in products like milk and fruit beverages. Previous in vitro research demonstrated 2-ITX to 1) exert agonistic effects on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), 2) exert antagonistic effects on both the androgen (AR) and estrogen receptor (ER), and 3) to increase aromatase activity. To validate these findings in vivo, male rats were treated by gavage with 50, 150 or 500 mg 2-ITX/kg b.w. per day from postnatal day 23 to 53. For comparison, other groups were treated with 50 ng TCDD/kg b.w./day (AhR agonist), 30 mg bicalutamide/kg b.w./day (Casodex, AR antagonist) or 50 mg flutamide/kg b.w./day (AhR agonist and AR antagonist). 2-ITX, from the lowest dose onwards, decreased the weight of the ventral prostate, and from the middle dose onwards the weight of the seminal vesicles and coagulating gland. The highest dose of 2-ITX reduced the number of spermatozoa in the cauda of the epididymis. Similar effects, but more severe, were induced by flutamide and bicalutamide. Epididymal weight, caput sperm count and preputial separation were negatively affected by Casodex and flutamide but not by 2-ITX. The two highest doses of 2-ITX as well as TCDD increased liver weight. Whole genome mRNA expression profiling of the liver revealed similarity between the effects of 2-ITX and flutamide. In addition, many genes induced by TCDD were also induced by 2-ITX and flutamide. These results demonstrate 2-ITX to express AhR agonistic and AR antagonistic activities, both in vitro and in vivo

The important cells in wound healing process are the fibroblast cells and the density of collagen fibers. The Senggani leaves (Melastoma candidum D.Don) contains some active compound of flavonoids / phenols, triterpenoid / steroid, saponins, tannins and glycosides. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of gel ethanolic of Senggani leaves (Melastoma candidum D.Don) towards increased number of fibroblast cells and collagen density score in the process of wound healing after tooth extraction on male white rats (Rattus noevegicus). The research design was purely experimental in vivo, design post test only control group and non – randomly or non – probability sampling using the sample of 25 Wistar rats. Male white rats anesthetized intra-peritoneal (IP) using ketamine 100 mg / 1 ml at a dose of 20-40 mg/kg body weight of the rat, then extraction of the mandibular left incisor using a sharp excavator and pulling the pliers off, then Dental sockets are irrigated with a sterile was given Aloclair Plus gel ®, the treatment group was given 1% EDS, 5% EDS and 10% EDS twice a day with a frequency of 12 times the treatment. On the seventh day, euthanasia was carried out, the rats were put into a closed box containing ether cotton until suffocation, followed by histological tissue making. Histology preparations were seen with the Boeco Binocular microscope BM-180 SP model, with the help of MDCE-5A digital microscope camera connected to a binocular microscope through the eyepiece entry hole, and using a 10 x objective lens and analyzed using Adobe Photoshop CS 6.0 software to view a number of fibroblast cells and density of collagen fibers. Calculations were carried out with 5 fields of view then calculated how many fibroblasts and collagen density scores in each field of view so that they were clearly visible. From the field of view 1 to 5 it is added up, taken the average. The results of descriptive analysis of the number of fibroblast cells and collagen fiber densit

Lethal rodenticides and other lethal tools of managing commensal rodent populations long-term are not sustainable due to population rebounds and increasing resistance to rodenticides. The use of integrated pest management (IPM) programs are more prevalent due to consumer desire to decrease rodenticide use and utilize environmentally friendly, humane methods. IPM plans often require multiple tools to control an infestation, such as physical, biological and chemical measures. Here, we propose that rodent population management would benefit from a new tool aimed at targeting the biological source of overabundance: reproduction. SenesTech, Inc. (Flagstaff, AZ USA) has developed ContraPest®, a liquid bait that limits the reproductive capacity of both male and female wild Norway and Roof rats. The two active ingredients, 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) and triptolide, deplete all stages of follicles in the female and disrupt spermatogenesis in the male. Laboratory and field studies reveal that ContraPest® is palatable and repeatedly consumed by rats even when provided with ad libitum food and water. Studies involving laboratory and wild caught rats have demonstrated a 93 - 100% reduction in litter sizes of rats treated with ContraPest® compared to control rats. ContraPest® was tested on free ranging rat populations in agricultural and urban settings. Rat populations on protein production farms decreased by an average of 46% following 100 days of treatment with ContraPest®. In a complex urban environment, where property boundaries limit access to populations and foraging areas, ContraPest® reduced the seasonal population peak by 67% after 133 days of baiting. These studies, combined with all of our field studies and population reduction models, demonstrate that ContraPest® is a highly effective rodent contraceptive bait in a variety of environments. We strongly believe that adding/implementing fertility management via ContraPest® to an IPM program would enhance long-ter

The County Service Area (CSA) 1984-1 for Vector Control was established in June 1984 to serve the public’s needs for providing a comprehensive vector control program throughout Alameda County. In 1987, the City of Oakland recognized that it had a severe rat problem emanating from the sanitary sewers, and in an effort to control them the voters approved a supplemental assessment. For thirty years the CSA has implemented an urban rodent surveillance program focusing on monitoring and controlling commensal rats (Norway and roof rats) and mice in residential, commercial, and business properties. In 2017, the CSA received 2,917 Requests for Service from the public about domestic rodents (2,282 re: rats and 635 re: mice), representing 38.9% of overall service requests. Those 2,917 rodent service requests had staff biologists performing 16,722 field services operations related to rodents. The field service operations included performing smoke and dye tests of sewer lines for breaks; field and residential surveys for rodent activity; recommendations and follow-up evaluations of rodent control measures; and assistance with enforcement actions. In 2017, a total of 8,150 sewer inspections and 1,531 applications of Contrac rodenticide bait were made in the City of Oakland. The CSA is now looking at incorporating rodenticide resistance testing, GIS data analysis, pulse-baiting strategies, and disease surveillance as part of an Integrated Pest Management program as improvements in 2018.

Norbormide is a rat specific toxicant. It causes vasoconstriction of small arteries and vasodilation of large arteries in rats, which results in a rapid fall in blood pressure and death from heart failure. It is an extraordinary compound in that it is only toxic to rats. The lack of toxicity of this compound to birds and other mammals is unique. It was originally researched in the 1960s and initially marketed in the USA. Problems with taste aversion slowed its continued use and sales it and was largely forgotten when anticoagulant rodenticides became more effective and popular. Following the emergence of anticoagulant resistance in some populations of rodents, residues of the second-generation anticoagulants in wildlife and concerns regarding humaneness, interest in non-anticoagulants, such as norbormide, has revived. Research has been conducted to help identify and understand a formulation of norbormide which is palatable, effective, and fast acting in rats. Further research is underway to determine methods for large scale synthesis of an improved form of norbormide. Field trials are planned in 2018/19. The ability to target rats with no risk to non-target species presents considerable advantages in many settings and warrants further investment and completion of the current scale-up phase of research and development.

Effective management of rodent pests requires an ecological understanding of how they move through their environment, and how those movements influence the invasion, persistence, or reinvasion of problematic colonies. Traditional methodologies used to describe rodent movement patterns, such as mark-recapture, are hindered by their time-consuming nature and limited geographic scope. As such, our understanding of how rodents interact with urban environments remains limited. Population genetic principles and tools have the capacity to greatly increase our understanding of rodent population dynamics, ecological relationships, and movements across space but this field is often unapproachable to non-scientist pest management professionals. In this paper we aim to promote collaborative and integrative rodent pest management by introducing relevant population genetic principles, providing examples of their applications in studies of urban brown rats, and proposing future initiatives that link scientific, private, and government entities. Using a densely-sampled brown rat population in the city of Vancouver, BC we show how genetic relationships among individual brown rats can be leveraged to understand the geographic distribution of genetic clusters (i.e., colonies), natural barriers to migration, and the spatial scale of dispersal. We describe how these results can be exploited by PMPs to directly inform the creation of management units and decrease the likelihood of rapid post-treatment reinvasion. Further, we discuss the difficulties inherent in population genetic studies and the potential for high-quality model sites to develop generalizable strategies. Overall, we hope to expand the toolbox of pest management professionals, foster collaboration, and move towards more informed and sustainable management strategies.

Alameda County Vector Control Services District (ACVCSD) receives ‘requests for service’ (RFS) relating to a variety of potential vectors of disease; one of the major program groups is rodents, which include house mice, deer mice, Norway rats, roof rats, wood rats, tree and ground squirrels, and meadow voles. This is an overview of the events of 2016, and some data from 2017, which began with much-needed rain and Alameda County bloomed. Along with an increase in biomass came an overabundance of rodents. The much-needed rainfall has historical correlation to meadow vole RFS and led to new records of meadow vole requests for services, and then to an unprecedented influx of house mice from open fields into neighborhoods. Our 2009 record-high 31 meadow vole requests for service was dwarfed by our 46 requests for service in 2016, which is almost a 50% increase over the 2009 high and over 4 times higher than the 10-year average of 9 RFS (some years had no meadow vole RFS). Additionally, in 2016 we received an astounding 637 house mouse RFS, an increase of over 73% of any of the previous 10 years which averaged 312 per year; the next-highest house mouse year generated 367 RFS. What seems to have accelerated the skyrocketing house mouse calls for service was one severely-affected Livermore neighborhood’s use of a neighborhood-networking website, which a neighborhood activist used to spur the residents to contact us for intervention. Our first indications of unusual problems for residents living in Livermore, and to a lesser extent in Fremont, followed three days of heavy rainstorms in mid-October produced nearly 10 inches of rainfall in some parts of the Bay Area, which exceeding the average monthly rainfall. We subsequently we received 257 rodent-related service requests.