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The Multiple Imputation of Latent Classes (MILC) method combines multiple imputation and latent class analysis to correct for misclassification in combined datasets. Furthermore, MILC generates a multiply imputed dataset which can be used to estimate different statistics in a straightforward manner, ensuring that uncertainty due to misclassification is incorporated when estimating the total variance. In this paper, it is investigated how the MILC method can be adjusted to be applied for census purposes. More specifically, it is investigated how the MILC method deals with a finite and complete population register, how the MILC method can simultaneously correct misclassification in multiple latent variables and how multiple edit restrictions can be incorporated. A simulation study shows that the MILC method is in general able to reproduce cell frequencies in both low- and high-dimensional tables with low amounts of bias. In addition, variance can also be estimated appropriately, although variance is overestimated when cell frequencies are small.

Castilla y León is a region with demographic features different from other Spanish areas. It is characterized by the loss of demographic numbers, the unequal distribution of its inhabitants, the emptying and masculinization of the rural environment and strong aging. All these issues that have been occurring since the mid-twentieth century are considered a priority in the national policy of the demographic challenge that requires new responses from the political action and change the look towards this territory. The objective of this work consisted of analyzing all these characteristics present in the population of this region and which were key for land use planning and for the planning of social resources for the population. For this purpose, various population censuses and registers in Spain were used to analyze the variables mentioned above and to obtain the necessary data for the preparation of maps and graphs that facilitated the understanding of these phenomena through the use of cartographic applications and geographic information systems (GIS). The situation of Castilla y León is complicated by its size since it is the largest region in Spain, and the scenario that emerges after the analysis reflects an increasingly depopulated and territorially unbalanced space: the population is mainly located in the cities, while the rural areas are emptying, with an increasingly aging population, masculinized and without replacement due to the fall in the birth rate. All of these factors have a negative impact on the provision of public services such as health and education, making it difficult to maintain infrastructures and making it more expensive to reach and improve communications. More importantly, the principle of territorial equity is lost and organizational and management problems are produced in the local administrations., Castilla e León é uma região que apresenta características demográficas próprias diferentes de outros espaços espanhóis. Caracteriza-se pela perda de efetivos demográficos, a desigual distribuição de seus habitantes, um esvaziamento e masculinização do meio rural e um forte envelhecimento. Todas estas questões que se têm vindo a verificar desde meados do século XX são consideradas prioritárias na política nacional do desafio demográfico que exige dar novas respostas desde a ação política e mudar o olhar para este território. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em analisar todas estas características presentes na população desta região e que foram chaves para o ordenamento do território e para o planejamento de recursos sociais para a população. Para isso, utilizaram-se diversos censos e padrões de Espanha que permitiram analisar as variáveis enunciadas anteriormente e dos quais se obtiveram os dados necessários para a elaboração de mapas e gráficos que facilitaram a compreensão destes fenômenos mediante o uso de aplicações cartográficas e dos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG). A situação de Castilla e León complica-se devido às suas dimensões, já que é a maior região de Espanha, e o cenário que se vislumbra após a análise reflete um espaço cada vez mais despovoado e desequilibrado territorialmente: a população localiza-se, principalmente nas cidades, enquanto o meio rural se esvazia, com uns habitantes cada vez mais envelhecidos, masculinizados e sem reposição pela queda da natalidade. Todos estes fatores condicionam a redução da prestação de serviços públicos, tais como a saúde e a educação, dificulta a manutenção das infraestruturas e encarece a chegada e a melhoria das comunicações. E, o que é mais importante, perde-se o princípio da equidade territorial e produzem-se problemas organizativos e de gestão nas Administrações locais., Castilla y León es una región que presenta unos rasgos demográficos propios diferentes a otros espacios españoles. Se caracteriza por la pérdida de efectivos demográficos, la desigual distribución de sus habitantes, un vaciamiento y masculinización del medio rural y un fuerte envejecimiento. Todas estas cuestiones que se llevan produciendo desde mediados del siglo XX se contemplan como prioritarias en la política nacional del reto demográfico que exige dar nuevas respuestas desde la acción política y cambiar la mirada hacia este territorio. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en analizar todas estas características presentes en la población de esta región y que fueron claves para la ordenación del territorio y para la planificación de recursos sociales para la población. Para ello se utilizaron diversos censos y padrones de España que permitieron analizar las variables enunciadas anteriormente y de los que se obtuvieron los datos necesarios para la elaboración de mapas y gráficos que facilitaron la comprensión de estos fenómenos mediante el uso de aplicaciones cartográficas y de los sistemas de información geográfica (SIG). La situación de Castilla y León se complica debido a sus dimensiones, ya que es la región más grande de España, y el escenario que se vislumbra tras el análisis refleja un espacio cada vez más despoblado y desequilibrado territorialmente: la población se localiza, principalmente, en las ciudades, mientras que el medio rural se vacía, con unos habitantes cada vez más envejecidos, masculinizados y sin reposición por la caída de la natalidad. Todos estos factores condicionan la reducción en la prestación de servicios públicos tales como los sanitarios y los educativos, dificulta el mantenimiento de las infraestructuras y encarece la llegada y la mejora de las comunicaciones. Y, lo que es más importante, se pierde el principio de equidad territorial y se producen problemas organizativos y de gestión en las Administraciones locales.

Castilla y León is a region with demographic features different from other Spanish areas. It is characterized by the loss of demographic numbers, the unequal distribution of its inhabitants, the emptying and masculinization of the rural environment and strong aging. All these issues that have been occurring since the mid-twentieth century are considered a priority in the national policy of the demographic challenge that requires new responses from the political action and change the look towards this territory. The objective of this work consisted of analyzing all these characteristics present in the population of this region and which were key for land use planning and for the planning of social resources for the population. For this purpose, various population censuses and registers in Spain were used to analyze the variables mentioned above and to obtain the necessary data for the preparation of maps and graphs that facilitated the understanding of these phenomena through the use of cartographic applications and geographic information systems (GIS). The situation of Castilla y León is complicated by its size since it is the largest region in Spain, and the scenario that emerges after the analysis reflects an increasingly depopulated and territorially unbalanced space: the population is mainly located in the cities, while the rural areas are emptying, with an increasingly aging population, masculinized and without replacement due to the fall in the birth rate. All of these factors have a negative impact on the provision of public services such as health and education, making it difficult to maintain infrastructures and making it more expensive to reach and improve communications. More importantly, the principle of territorial equity is lost and organizational and management problems are produced in the local administrations., Castilla e León é uma região que apresenta características demográficas próprias diferentes de outros espaços espanhóis. Caracteriza-se pela perda de efetivos demográficos, a desigual distribuição de seus habitantes, um esvaziamento e masculinização do meio rural e um forte envelhecimento. Todas estas questões que se têm vindo a verificar desde meados do século XX são consideradas prioritárias na política nacional do desafio demográfico que exige dar novas respostas desde a ação política e mudar o olhar para este território. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em analisar todas estas características presentes na população desta região e que foram chaves para o ordenamento do território e para o planejamento de recursos sociais para a população. Para isso, utilizaram-se diversos censos e padrões de Espanha que permitiram analisar as variáveis enunciadas anteriormente e dos quais se obtiveram os dados necessários para a elaboração de mapas e gráficos que facilitaram a compreensão destes fenômenos mediante o uso de aplicações cartográficas e dos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG). A situação de Castilla e León complica-se devido às suas dimensões, já que é a maior região de Espanha, e o cenário que se vislumbra após a análise reflete um espaço cada vez mais despovoado e desequilibrado territorialmente: a população localiza-se, principalmente nas cidades, enquanto o meio rural se esvazia, com uns habitantes cada vez mais envelhecidos, masculinizados e sem reposição pela queda da natalidade. Todos estes fatores condicionam a redução da prestação de serviços públicos, tais como a saúde e a educação, dificulta a manutenção das infraestruturas e encarece a chegada e a melhoria das comunicações. E, o que é mais importante, perde-se o princípio da equidade territorial e produzem-se problemas organizativos e de gestão nas Administrações locais., Castilla y León es una región que presenta unos rasgos demográficos propios diferentes a otros espacios españoles. Se caracteriza por la pérdida de efectivos demográficos, la desigual distribución de sus habitantes, un vaciamiento y masculinización del medio rural y un fuerte envejecimiento. Todas estas cuestiones que se llevan produciendo desde mediados del siglo XX se contemplan como prioritarias en la política nacional del reto demográfico que exige dar nuevas respuestas desde la acción política y cambiar la mirada hacia este territorio. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en analizar todas estas características presentes en la población de esta región y que fueron claves para la ordenación del territorio y para la planificación de recursos sociales para la población. Para ello se utilizaron diversos censos y padrones de España que permitieron analizar las variables enunciadas anteriormente y de los que se obtuvieron los datos necesarios para la elaboración de mapas y gráficos que facilitaron la comprensión de estos fenómenos mediante el uso de aplicaciones cartográficas y de los sistemas de información geográfica (SIG). La situación de Castilla y León se complica debido a sus dimensiones, ya que es la región más grande de España, y el escenario que se vislumbra tras el análisis refleja un espacio cada vez más despoblado y desequilibrado territorialmente: la población se localiza, principalmente, en las ciudades, mientras que el medio rural se vacía, con unos habitantes cada vez más envejecidos, masculinizados y sin reposición por la caída de la natalidad. Todos estos factores condicionan la reducción en la prestación de servicios públicos tales como los sanitarios y los educativos, dificulta el mantenimiento de las infraestructuras y encarece la llegada y la mejora de las comunicaciones. Y, lo que es más importante, se pierde el principio de equidad territorial y se producen problemas organizativos y de gestión en las Administraciones locales.

Este artículo analiza y compara las características socioeconómicas de las tres ciudades principales ecuatorianas en 1840, sobre la base de la recuperación de los primeros empadronamientos realizados en dicho año. La investigación explora los resultados de censos coevos de población, boletines de bautismos/nacimientos, matrimonios, y entierros/defunciones en los casos de Quito y Guayaquil. En el caso de Cuenca, se incluyen también los registros parroquiales. El artículo sugiere el enorme caudal de datos que queda por recuperar sobre los estados y movimientos de las poblaciones del Ecuador decimonónico., The present article examines and compares the socioeconomic features of Ecuador’s three largest cities in 1840 by retrieving the first population census conducted that year. The research explores the outcomes of contemporary population surveys, certificates of baptism/birth, marriage, and burial/death in Quito and Guayaquil. As for Cuenca, parish records are also included. The article suggests there is a huge volume of data on the demographic status and mobility of Ecuador’s population in the nineteenth century that still needs to be retrieved.

This article compares interethnic and interreligious marriages in Russia and Norway during the decades around 1900. State churches dominated religious life in both countries with over 90 percent of the population but both were losing influence during the period we focus on—rapidly in Russia after the 1917 Revolution. The part on Norway employs nominative and aggregate census material which from 1865 asked questions about religious affiliation, while the Russian case study utilizes the database of church microdata being built for Ekaterinburg—a railway hub and an industrial city in the Middle Urals, in Asia—in addition to census aggregates. Our main conclusion is that religion was a stronger regulator of intermarriage than ethnicity. Religious intermarriage was unusual in Ekaterinburg, even if official regulations were softened by the State over time—the exception is during World War I, when there was a deficit of young, Russian men at home and influx of refugees and Austro-Hungarian Prisoners of War (mostly Catholics and Lutherans). The situation was also affected by the 1917 Revolution creating equal rights for all religious denominations. The relatively few religious intermarriages in Norway were mostly between members of different Protestant congregations—nonmembers being the only group who often outmarried. We conclude that representatives of ethnic minorities and new religions seldom outmarry when religion was important for maintaining their identity. © 2020 The Author(s).

Předložená diplomové práce se zabývá analýzou sčítacích operátů vzniklých při sčítání lidu v únoru roku 1921. V rámci výzkumu bude pozornost věnována demografické a sociální struktuře, kterou doplní prezentace životních poměrů obyvatel Pardubic. Práce podrobně rozebírá výsledky analýzy a dává je do souvislosti s obecným společenským a hospodářským vývojem v Pardubicích v prvních letech existence Československé republiky., This diploma thesis deals with the analysis of census papers originated during the population census in February 1921. Demographic and social structure is included in the survey as well as the presentation of living conditions of inhabitants of Pardubice. The diploma thesis researches the results of the analysis in detail and puts them into context with the general social and economic development in Pardubice in the early years of existence of Czechoslovakia., Fakulta filozofická, 1. Představení DP 2. Rekapitulace posudků 3. Diskuse, Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

This article is a historiographical review of the recent Bulgarian historical literature regarding estimates of the number of Russian emigrants in Bulgaria between the 1920s and 1930s. Figures mentioned by contemporary researchers D. Daskalov, L. Spasov, Ts. Keseva, M. Jovanovic, and P. Peykovska estimate that there were from 20,000 to 50,000 Russian migrants in Bulgaria in 1922–1923. In order to explain this discrepancy, the authors of the article analyse different types of sources, i. e. official reports of the Bulgarian authorities, reports of the Office for Russian Refugees under the League of Nations, émigré periodicals, statistical yearbooks, and censuses. Due to the lack of registration of Russian refugees arriving in the country and the interest of different parties in exaggerating the magnitude of the process, working with statistics and censuses seems to be the most promising approach in the study of migration not only in Bulgaria but also in any other country with a Russian diaspora. According to the authors of this brief review, this approach to the analysis of population movement will help correct the thesis of the multi-million Russian diaspora of the interwar period, which is established both in Russian and foreign historiography., Представлен историографический обзор новейшей болгарской исторической литературы по вопросу численности русской эмиграции в Болгарии в 1920–1930-е гг. Сопоставлены выводы современных авторов Д. Даскалова, Л. Спасова, Ц. Кёсевой, М. Йовановича, П. Пейковской. Ученые приводят цифры в диапазоне от 20 до 50 тыс. чел. для количественной оценки российской эмиграции в 1922–1923 гг. Для выявления причин разброса проанализированы основные типы источников: официальные сообщения болгарских властей, отчеты Управления по делам русских беженцев при Лиге Наций, эмигрантская периодическая печать, статистические ежегодники и переписи населения. Ввиду запутанности системы регистрации прибывавших русских беженцев и заинтересованности разных сторон в преувеличении масштабов данного процесса, работа со статистическими данными и переписями населения представляется наиболее перспективной для изучения миграции населения не только в Болгарии. Такой подход при анализе движения населения в мире позволит скорректировать утвердившийся как в отечественной, так и в зарубежной историографии тезис о многомиллионной русской диаспоре межвоенного периода.

En el actual cuerpo de estudios sobre gentrificación en América Latina han predo-minado los estudios de caso centrados en áreas focalizadas y con un tratamiento predominantemente cualitativo. Ante este escenario, uno de los retos presentes es desarrollar metodologías que permitan trabajar en escalas mayores, que sean replicables y que permitan establecer comparaciones, sin por ello renunciar a los estudios de caso en profundidad. La bibliografía internacional muestra las potencialidades de la estadística censal para este menester, la necesidad de combinar variables de estatus social y condiciones de la vivienda, así como la pertinencia de entender el proceso como un cambio relativo de zonas específicas con respecto del conjunto de la ciudad y con una temporalidad amplia. A partir de estas ideas, se re-curre a los censos de población y vivienda en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y se propone una metodología que cumple con la doble función de identificar áreas con indicios de procesos de gentrificación en curso, así como de reconocer posibles características sociohabitacionales que las harían potencialmente más “gentrificables”. El texto concluye señalando la factibilidad de la metodología propuesta, así como la necesidad de examinar las potencialidades y limitaciones de cada censo nacional cuando se realizan comparaciones entre distintos países., Current research on gentrification in Latin America shows a predominance of case studies, most of which focuses on specific areas using qualitative approaches. In this context, one of the main challenges is to develop methodologies to produce replicable and comparable information, enabling larger scales’ analysis. The international literature recognizes the potential of census statistics for meeting this goal, high-lighting the need to combine both variables of social status and housing conditions. It also points out the importance of addressing the process as a local/neighbourhood change that needs to be analyzed in a wholecity scale and with a broad temporality. Based on these ideas, this work explores the population and housing censuses for Buenos Aires autonomous city and proposes a specific methodology to detect potential gentrifying areas, as well as correlated variables that come out to explain what may make these areas more “gentrificable”. The text concludes by evaluating the potentiality of this methodology, as well as warning about the heterogeneities and limitations of each national census when making comparisons between differ-ent countries.

En el actual cuerpo de estudios sobre gentrificación en América Latina han predo-minado los estudios de caso centrados en áreas focalizadas y con un tratamiento predominantemente cualitativo. Ante este escenario, uno de los retos presentes es desarrollar metodologías que permitan trabajar en escalas mayores, que sean replicables y que permitan establecer comparaciones, sin por ello renunciar a los estudios de caso en profundidad. La bibliografía internacional muestra las potencialidades de la estadística censal para este menester, la necesidad de combinar variables de estatus social y condiciones de la vivienda, así como la pertinencia de entender el proceso como un cambio relativo de zonas específicas con respecto del conjunto de la ciudad y con una temporalidad amplia. A partir de estas ideas, se re-curre a los censos de población y vivienda en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y se propone una metodología que cumple con la doble función de identificar áreas con indicios de procesos de gentrificación en curso, así como de reconocer posibles características sociohabitacionales que las harían potencialmente más “gentrificables”. El texto concluye señalando la factibilidad de la metodología propuesta, así como la necesidad de examinar las potencialidades y limitaciones de cada censo nacional cuando se realizan comparaciones entre distintos países., Current research on gentrification in Latin America shows a predominance of case studies, most of which focuses on specific areas using qualitative approaches. In this context, one of the main challenges is to develop methodologies to produce replicable and comparable information, enabling larger scales’ analysis. The international literature recognizes the potential of census statistics for meeting this goal, high-lighting the need to combine both variables of social status and housing conditions. It also points out the importance of addressing the process as a local/neighbourhood change that needs to be analyzed in a wholecity scale and with a broad temporality. Based on these ideas, this work explores the population and housing censuses for Buenos Aires autonomous city and proposes a specific methodology to detect potential gentrifying areas, as well as correlated variables that come out to explain what may make these areas more “gentrificable”. The text concludes by evaluating the potentiality of this methodology, as well as warning about the heterogeneities and limitations of each national census when making comparisons between differ-ent countries.

En el actual cuerpo de estudios sobre gentrificación en América Latina han predo-minado los estudios de caso centrados en áreas focalizadas y con un tratamiento predominantemente cualitativo. Ante este escenario, uno de los retos presentes es desarrollar metodologías que permitan trabajar en escalas mayores, que sean replicables y que permitan establecer comparaciones, sin por ello renunciar a los estudios de caso en profundidad. La bibliografía internacional muestra las potencialidades de la estadística censal para este menester, la necesidad de combinar variables de estatus social y condiciones de la vivienda, así como la pertinencia de entender el proceso como un cambio relativo de zonas específicas con respecto del conjunto de la ciudad y con una temporalidad amplia. A partir de estas ideas, se re-curre a los censos de población y vivienda en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y se propone una metodología que cumple con la doble función de identificar áreas con indicios de procesos de gentrificación en curso, así como de reconocer posibles características sociohabitacionales que las harían potencialmente más “gentrificables”. El texto concluye señalando la factibilidad de la metodología propuesta, así como la necesidad de examinar las potencialidades y limitaciones de cada censo nacional cuando se realizan comparaciones entre distintos países., Current research on gentrification in Latin America shows a predominance of case studies, most of which focuses on specific areas using qualitative approaches. In this context, one of the main challenges is to develop methodologies to produce replicable and comparable information, enabling larger scales’ analysis. The international literature recognizes the potential of census statistics for meeting this goal, high-lighting the need to combine both variables of social status and housing conditions. It also points out the importance of addressing the process as a local/neighbourhood change that needs to be analyzed in a wholecity scale and with a broad temporality. Based on these ideas, this work explores the population and housing censuses for Buenos Aires autonomous city and proposes a specific methodology to detect potential gentrifying areas, as well as correlated variables that come out to explain what may make these areas more “gentrificable”. The text concludes by evaluating the potentiality of this methodology, as well as warning about the heterogeneities and limitations of each national census when making comparisons between differ-ent countries.

La interpretación y valoración de las estadísticas de la población ocupada según el Censo de 1860 requieren, entre otras precauciones, la consulta previa de las normativas censales dictadas por la Comisión de Estadística. En el artículo se alude a las principales normas que podrían introducir distorsiones en las cifras de las profesiones publicadas, a resultas de: definiciones discutibles para algunas profesiones; subregistro del trabajo de las mujeres; inscripción del mismo censado en dos o más profesiones preestablecidas, etc. Las normativas censales también incluyen otras causas indirectas que pudieron alterar los resultados estadísticos de las profesiones, entre las que destaca la perentoriedad extrema exigida por la Comisión a las Juntas provinciales del Censo, acompañada de presiones políticas sobre sus Presidentes. Como parte central del texto se comentan distintos mapas referidos a las estructuras profesionales de la población ocupada, elegidos entre los más representativos o indicativos de la situación económica de España, al mismo tiempo que se valoran sus posibles alteraciones vinculadas a las peculiares normativas censales de la Comisión. Aunque las cifras absolutas de ocupados en 1860 puedan estar deformadas por exceso –dobles inscripciones– y sobre todo por defecto –subregistros por causas múltiples–, o incluso por definiciones inadecuadas de algunas profesiones, su valoración positiva parece variable según profesiones; no obstante la validez de las cifras porcentuales de las profesiones, salvo casos excepcionales, parece más asumible a efectos comparativos y prospectivos., To interpret and assess statistics on the employed population based on Spain’s 1860 Census, it is first necessary, among other precautions, to consult the census regulations issued by the Statistical Commission. The present article refers to the main regulations that possibly distorted figures relating to published professions due to: definitions of certain professions that are debatable; the under-reporting of female work; the registration of the same worker under two or more pre-established professions, etc. The census regulations also contain other indirect causes that may have altered profession statistics, among which, notably, urgent demands by the Commission that Provincial Census Boards were subject to, as well as political pressures on their Chairs. The article centres on a series of maps that describe professional employment structures selected among the most representative of Spain’s economic situation; possible alterations linked to the Commission’s specific census regulations are evaluated. Although the absolute figures of employed persons in 1860 may be distorted due to excess entries –dual registrations– and above all missing registrations –under-reporting based on multiple causes– or even due to certain professions being inadequately defined, the census validity seems to depend on the profession in question; despite inaccuracies, the relative percentages regarding professions can be used for comparative and prospective purposes, except in a few cases.

La interpretación y valoración de las estadísticas de la población ocupada según el Censo de 1860 requieren, entre otras precauciones, la consulta previa de las normativas censales dictadas por la Comisión de Estadística. En el artículo se alude a las principales normas que podrían introducir distorsiones en las cifras de las profesiones publicadas, a resultas de: definiciones discutibles para algunas profesiones; subregistro del trabajo de las mujeres; inscripción del mismo censado en dos o más profesiones preestablecidas, etc. Las normativas censales también incluyen otras causas indirectas que pudieron alterar los resultados estadísticos de las profesiones, entre las que destaca la perentoriedad extrema exigida por la Comisión a las Juntas provinciales del Censo, acompañada de presiones políticas sobre sus Presidentes. Como parte central del texto se comentan distintos mapas referidos a las estructuras profesionales de la población ocupada, elegidos entre los más representativos o indicativos de la situación económica de España, al mismo tiempo que se valoran sus posibles alteraciones vinculadas a las peculiares normativas censales de la Comisión. Aunque las cifras absolutas de ocupados en 1860 puedan estar deformadas por exceso –dobles inscripciones– y sobre todo por defecto –subregistros por causas múltiples–, o incluso por definiciones inadecuadas de algunas profesiones, su valoración positiva parece variable según profesiones; no obstante la validez de las cifras porcentuales de las profesiones, salvo casos excepcionales, parece más asumible a efectos comparativos y prospectivos., To interpret and assess statistics on the employed population based on Spain’s 1860 Census, it is first necessary, among other precautions, to consult the census regulations issued by the Statistical Commission. The present article refers to the main regulations that possibly distorted figures relating to published professions due to: definitions of certain professions that are debatable; the under-reporting of female work; the registration of the same worker under two or more pre-established professions, etc. The census regulations also contain other indirect causes that may have altered profession statistics, among which, notably, urgent demands by the Commission that Provincial Census Boards were subject to, as well as political pressures on their Chairs. The article centres on a series of maps that describe professional employment structures selected among the most representative of Spain’s economic situation; possible alterations linked to the Commission’s specific census regulations are evaluated. Although the absolute figures of employed persons in 1860 may be distorted due to excess entries –dual registrations– and above all missing registrations –under-reporting based on multiple causes– or even due to certain professions being inadequately defined, the census validity seems to depend on the profession in question; despite inaccuracies, the relative percentages regarding professions can be used for comparative and prospective purposes, except in a few cases.

Food forests offer a number of potential benefits and one of those is the ability to sequester carbon and increase terrestrial carbon stocks on urban, peri-urban and rural land. There is little research on the carbon storage capabilities within agroforestry systems let alone food forests and it is considered an underexploited option for carbon storage. This case study quantified the carbon stored within the above and below ground components of all tree layer woody biomass above 2 m in height and greater than 2 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) in the Agroforestry Research Trust's peri-urban food forest in Devon, UK. The study formed a population census, which measured all 528 trees across 68 species within the 0.64 ha food forest. Twenty-three allometric equations were used to estimate above ground biomass (AGB) while the below ground biomass (BGB) was calculated using a root to shoot ratio of 0.18:1. The stored carbon content was calculated as 50% of the total biomass. The temperate food forest case study site was estimated to store 39.53 ± 4.05 Mg C ha−1 in above and below ground living biomass. This result highlights the potential for a food forest stand to store a considerable amount of carbon that is at least within a similar range to other literature sourced urban and peri urban land uses. Thus, a purposely selected food forest assemblage whose primary focus is food production can also be a valuable carbon sink The results offer a promising initial study into the carbon storage potential within a food forest, which is only made more valuable given the other prospective benefits of food forests.

Introduction. Nowadays, in the modern world there is a marked tendency towards increasing mobility of the population. The problem of regular complex monitoring of migration processes is caused by the need for assimilation of representatives of the ethnic minorities arriving to the permanent residence to regions of Russia, which neither geographically, nor linguistically are areas with high concentrations of their native ethnic groups. Unfortunately, statistical information on migrants in the majority of regions is limited to the results of national population censuses. In the meantime, the lack of analytical work does not enable to solve effectively a number of essential social problems, including the field of education where teachers often face problems of training of pupils of multinational composition and have to consider a linguistic identity of ethnic minorities. The aim of the present article is to reveal and describe the principles of determination of linguistic identity of ethnic groups according to their influence on activity of subjects of education and educational policy of the region (the case study of the representatives of various ethnic groups, living in the south of the Tyumen Region, the town of Ishim).Methodology and research methods. The study was based on a comparative historical method of investigation. The main research methods involve: contentanalysis of legislative acts and documents; participant and non-participant observation over the migrants’ children during individual work on teaching the Russian and English languages; qualitative and quantitative analysis; the survey methods, including the expert questionnaires, conducted by specially developed techniques. Results and scientific novelty. The full linguistic representation of the city with the multinational population is given on the basis of the statistical data obtained from official sources and gained during the empirical research. The language strategies used by migrants are describe, Введение. В современном мире заметна тенденция роста мобильности населения. Необходимость ассимиляции представителей национальных меньшинств, прибывающих на постоянное место жительства в регионы России, которые ни географически, ни лингвистически не являются территориями компактного проживания их родных этносов, актуализирует задачу регулярного комплексного мониторинга миграционных процессов. К сожалению, в большинстве регионов статистическая информация о мигрантах ограничена результатами национальных переписей населения. Вместе с тем, отсутствие аналитической работы не позволяет эффективно решать ряд насущных социальных задач, в том числе в области образования, где педагоги часто сталкиваются с проблемами обучения многонационального состава учеников и должны учитывать языковое своеобразие этнических меньшинств. Цель изложенного в статье исследования – на примере национального состава жителей одного из городов юга Тюменской области (г. Ишима) выявить и описать принципы определения языковой идентичности этносов с точки зрения их влияния на деятельность субъектов образования и образовательную политику региона. Методы и методики. Работа выполнялась с опорой на сравнительно-исторический метод. Использовались контент-анализ законодательных актов и документов; невключенное и включенное наблюдение за детьми мигрантов в ходе индивидуальной работы по преподаванию им русского и английского языков; качественный и количественный анализ; опрос, в том числе экспертный, по специально разработанным методикам. Результаты и научная новизна. На основе статистических данных, почерпнутых из официальных источников и полученных в результате эмпирического исследования, дана полная языковая картина города с многонациональным населением. Описаны языковые стратегии, применяющиеся в среде мигрантов. Обозначен комплекс принципов, по которым представители различных этносов устанавливают свое языковое тождество. Позиционирование языковой самоидентичности рассмотрено как фактор, воздействующий на

Статье анализируется проблема социальной обусловленности демографического развития СССР, рассмотрены общественно-политические факторы демографических кризисов в Советском Союзе в начале 1920-х и начале 1930-х гг., In the article the problem of social conditioning of the demographic development of the USSR is analyzed, social and political factors of demographic crises in the Soviet Union were considered in the early 1920s and early 1930s.

Статье анализируется образовательный уровень населения Свердловской области, достигнутый к концу 1950-х гг. Корреляционный метод позволил выявить на основе материалов переписи населения 1959 г. уровень грамотности и образования в регионе в отношении городского и сельского населения, пола и возраста населения. Авторы пришли к выводу о практически поголовной грамотности населения, о переходе к завершению среднего (полного и неполного) образования, о низком уровне высшего образования населения в регионе., The article analyzes the educational level of the population of the Sverdlovsk region, achieved by the end of the 1950s. The correlation method made it possible to determine, on the basis of the materials of the 1959 population census, the level of literacy and education in the region in relation to the urban and rural population, sex and age of the population. The authors came to a conclusion about the almost universal literacy of the population, the transition to the completion of secondary (complete and incomplete) education, and the low level of higher education in the region.

The paper gives a brief review on methods of forecasting of reproductive behavior of women in Russia. The problem of achieving demographic indicators, fixed in a high variant of the forecast, is outlined., В статье представлен краткий обзор методик прогнозирования репродуктивного поведения женщин в России. Обозначена проблема достижения демографических показателей, заложенных в высоком варианте прогноза населения.

The article considers the migration mobility in the regions of Eastern Siberia and Russian Far East. The purpose of the study is to analyze and characterize the migration mobility of the population of the Siberian Federal District (SFD) and the Far Eastern Federal District (EFD) as well as to identify the interregional migration factors that determine the geography of its directions. The main hypothesis of the study is that interregional differences in the social and economic development of regions play a primary role in the formation of the repulsive and attractive factors of migration. We used statistical analysis and mathematical methods, as well as their geographical visualization. We have analyzed data from the Rosstat databases and have shown that migration losses in the SFD regions are significantly higher than in FEFD. However, for FEFD, these losses are more significant. Therefore, poorly populated and depressive regions deserve special attention. In these regions, even minimal migration losses considerably increase socio-demographic risks. We revealed that the indigenous population prevail in these territories. At the same time, the increasing territorial mobility of native inhabitants is observed. In most of the regions, there is a low migrant’s adaptation level. We have proposed the authors’ approach to the study of migration repulsive and attractive factors. It is based on the integration of the methods of multidimensional cluster analysis and geo-information analysis. This approach has allowed to classify the Russian regions in terms of their migration attractiveness as well as to show the geography of the prevailing migration movements for each region of SFD and FEFD. The results of the study have confirmed the dependence of migration mobility on the quality of life in different regions. These data may be applied to elaborate mechanisms for an effective policy of regional socio-economic development in the country. The promising direction for the furth, Проанализирована миграционная мобильность населения Сибирского и Дальневосточного федеральных округов. Представлены экономические факторы миграционной мобильности населения. Предложен подход к исследованию выталкивающих и притягивающих факторов миграции, на основе комплексирования методов многомерного кластерного и геоинформационного анализа.

The VARHS was first implemented in 2002 when it was realized that more information on household resources and the interaction of resources was needed in Viet Nam. From 2006 and onwards, households from twelve provinces are surveyed biennially and data collected. The studies of this book almost exclusively rely on households that are present in all VARHS datasets between 2006 and 2014, which covers 2,162 households being interviewed five times. The sample of VARHS households resembles, to a large extent, the samples in the representative VHLSS datasets and the 2009 population census. This implies that the results put together in this book are likely to apply to a more extensive part of the Vietnamese population than initially planned for.

http://revistes.ub.edu/index.php/ScriptaNova/article/view/18343 Filiació URV: SI Afegir el títol: [Nuevas metodologías para el estudio de la movilidad habitual: El uso de los registros administrativos en la movilidad por motivos de estudio en Catalunya], After the birth of the consumer cooperative in the mid-nineteenth century in Rochdale, this associations spread quickly across Western Europe. In this paper we will analyze how this process was in Spain, in order to put forward some initial results on the following questions: the chronological and geographical development of the consumer cooperative, its ideological orientation, the evolutiand management mechanisms, and the effect these cooperatives had in terms.

The subject matter of research is the internal migration processes of the Russian population in the period from the 1960s to 2010. The research is based on the data about the territorial population flows published in the all-Union census materials of 1970, 1979, and 1989, and in the all-Russia census materials of 2002 and 2010. The basic migration flows and directions are considered. Methodologically, the analysis of migration is based on the use of end-to-end indicators enabling to assess the dynamics of migration processes over a long period. Special attention is paid to rural-urban internal migrations, the volumes, patterns and consequences of which have not been so far properly investigated or assessed. The authors offer and calculate relative indicators that have never been used to assess the processes in question. To make the census materials of the soviet and post-soviet periods comparable, the economic zoning adopted before 2000 is used, and the administrative-territorial network is unified. The authors confirm the hypothesis that from decade to decade the intensity of territorial mobility of both urban and rural population was reduced. Interregional migration flows are considered, and various tendencies and migration intensity for over four decades are de ned. The authors analyze the dynamics in the structure of migrants by the time they lived in the place of their permanent residence in various regions. The research shows that the tendencies developed at that time and persisting continue to adversely affect the territorial re-distribution of population and the regional social and economic development of the country. The research results can be used in adjusting the regional socio-economic and migration policy.

В статье приведены результаты Всесоюзной переписи населения СССР 1939 г. по городу Стерлитамаку и Стерлитамакскому району Башкирской СССР о численности, половом и национальном составе населения города и района. Перепись населения 1939 г. показала, что в Башкирии, как среди сельских, так и городских жителей, преобладало русское население. Аналогичная ситуация была характерна и для города Стерлитамака и Стерлитамакского района БАССР. В городе проживало 27585 русских, 6439 татар, 1317 башкир, 394 чувашей, 1217 мордовцев, 1114 украинцев, 110 белорусов, 18 марийцев, 11 удмуртов, и 581 представителей других национальностей. Несколько отличался от городского состав сельского населения района за счет более высокой доли проживавших в нем украинцев и мордовцев. Анализ полового состава населения показал, что для Стерлитамака была характерна его диспропорция, однако она была выражена не столь явно, как в столице республике., The article presents the results of the all-Union census of the Soviet Union in 1939 in the city of Sterlitamak and Sterlitamak district of the BASSR including the number, sex and national composition of the population of the city and district. The census of 1939 showed that in Bashkiria, among rural and urban residents, the Russian population dominated. A similar situation was typical of the city of Sterlitamak and Sterlitamak region of BASSR. There lived in the city 27585 of Russians, 6439 of Tatars, 1317 of Bashkirs, 394 of Chuvash, 1217 of Mordovs, 1114 of Ukrainians, 110 of Belarusians, 18 of Maris, 11 of Udmurts, 581 representatives of other nationalities. Different from the urban part the rural population of the district was due to the higher proportion of Ukrainians and Mordovs. Analysis of sex composition of population showed that Sterlitamak was char acterized by its imbalance, but it was not expressed so clearly as in the capital of the Republic.

The article considers the Solemn Covenant issued by the Superior Board of Governors of Quito in 1812, and the census directed by To-rivio Montes, in 1813, as the first step of the introduction of the Cadiz Constitution in the Audience of Quito, following the defeat of the Junta of Quito. These two policy instruments are valued in terms of the imaginaries of citizenship that they molded in terms of political representations they attempted to institute and the concept of territory as fundamental in shaping the institutional dynamics of local authorities which have aspirations to centralize power. Both instruments are considered as tools in terms of building central powers., O artigo considera o Pacto Solene promulgado pela Junta Superior de Governo de Quito, em 1812, e o censo fornecido por Torivio Montes em 1813, como primeiro passo da introdução da Constituição de Cádiz na audiência de Quito, após a derrota do experimento juntista. Estes dois instrumentos normativos são avaliados em termos dos imaginários de cidadania que forjaram e o tipo de representação política que intentaram instituir, no que diz respeito da apelação ao território como elemento chave nas dinâmicas institucionais de conformação de poderes locais com potenciais aspirações centralizadoras. Os dois instrumentos são considerados como ferramentas de construção de poderes centrais., El artículo considera el Pacto Solemne promulgado por la Junta Superior de Gobierno de Quito, en 1812, y el censo dispuesto por Torivio Montes en 1813, como primer paso en la introducción de la Constitución de Cádiz en la audiencia de Quito, luego de la derrota del experimento juntista. Estos dos instrumentos normativos son apreciados en términos de los imaginarios de ciudadanía que forjaron y el tipo de representación política que intentaron instituir, en relación con la apelación al territorio como un elemento clave en las dinámicas institucionales de conformación de poderes locales con potenciales aspiraciones centralizadoras. Ambos instrumentos son considerados como herramientas de construcción de poderes centrales.

In the last decades an intensive process of urbanization has taken place in the global scale, giving place to a heterogeneous distribution of the population on the geographical space and propitiating territorial imbalances. The spatial intensity and speed of recent changes in Spain and Portugal provides a paradigmatic example of the rapid shift to a new system of urban-rural relationship in the Duero river international basin. The aim of this research is to analyze the changes in the population distribution of the municipalities located in the Duero river international basin. This is an investigation of a quantitative nature, in its methodological approach, through the use of population census data covering the period 2001-2011. In the study of the municipalities in the Duero river international basin, population size categories are applied. Likewise, the structure of the current population is examined and a predictive model of the population evolution will be performed to enable us to anticipate rationally future trends in the populations analyzed., Au cours des dernières décennies, il a été un processus rapide d’urbanisation à l’échelle mondiale, conduisant à une distribution hétérogène de la population de l’espace géographique et de promouvoir les déséquilibres régionaux. L’intensité spatiale et la vitesse des changements récents en Espagne et le Portugal offrent un exemple paradigmatique du passage rapide à un nouveau système de relations urbaines et rurales de bassin hydrographique international du Duero. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’analyser les changements dans la répartition de la population des municipalités dans le bassin international du Duero. Ce est une enquête de type quantitatif, que l’approche méthodologique, grâce à l’utilisation des données de population du recensement en tenant compte de la période 2001-2011. Dans l’étude des municipalités situées dans les Duero catégories internationales de taille de la population du bassin se appliquer. En outre, la structure de la population actuelle est examinée et un modèle prédictif de l’évolution de la population d’être en mesure d’anticiper les tendances futures rationnelle dans les populations analysées ont été effectuées., En las últimas décadas se ha producido un acelerado proceso de urbanización en la escala global, dando lugar a una heterogénea distribución de la población sobre el espacio geográfico y propiciando desequilibrios territoriales. La intensidad espacial y la rapidez de los cambios recientes en España y Portugal ofrecen un ejemplo paradigmático del cambio rápido hacia un nuevo sistema de relaciones rurales urbanas de la cuenca internacional del río Duero. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las mudanzas acaecidas en la distribución de la población de los municipios ubicados en dicha cuenca. Se trata de una investigación de tipo cuantitativa, en su instrumento metodológico, a través de la utilización de datos censales de población considerando el período 2001-2011. En el estudio de los municipios localizados en la cuenca internacional del río Duero se aplicarán categorías de tamaño de población. Asimismo, se examinará la estructura de la población actual y se realizará un modelo predictivo de la evolución de la población con el fin de podernos anticipar racionalmente a las tendencias futuras de las poblaciones analizadas.

Nowadays, traditional population censuses based on total enumeration of the population are being accompanied by sample surveys. Sampling within censuses allows to reduce costs and workload of authorities involved in censuses operations, along with the statistical burden for the people involved in the enumeration. In this paper, we deal with estimation of multi-way contingency tables involving variables measured both via census and sampling. In this framework, two main issues need to be addressed: first of all, sample size for estimating some of the entries of the contingency tables may be too small, delivering estimates prone to huge sampling variability. On the other hand, since estimates of the joint distribution need to be coherent with the marginal distribution of the variable collected via a census, estimation methods need to be coherent with the constraint imposed by marginal distribution of variables measured via census. The problem is tackled via a model-based approach that allows to comply with all coherence constraints following a fairly simple procedure. The merit of the proposed methodology is illustrated by means of a simulation study.

The article considers the Solemn Covenant issued by the Superior Board of Governors of Quito in 1812, and the census directed by To-rivio Montes, in 1813, as the first step of the introduction of the Cadiz Constitution in the Audience of Quito, following the defeat of the Junta of Quito. These two policy instruments are valued in terms of the imaginaries of citizenship that they molded in terms of political representations they attempted to institute and the concept of territory as fundamental in shaping the institutional dynamics of local authorities which have aspirations to centralize power. Both instruments are considered as tools in terms of building central powers., O artigo considera o Pacto Solene promulgado pela Junta Superior de Governo de Quito, em 1812, e o censo fornecido por Torivio Montes em 1813, como primeiro passo da introdução da Constituição de Cádiz na audiência de Quito, após a derrota do experimento juntista. Estes dois instrumentos normativos são avaliados em termos dos imaginários de cidadania que forjaram e o tipo de representação política que intentaram instituir, no que diz respeito da apelação ao território como elemento chave nas dinâmicas institucionais de conformação de poderes locais com potenciais aspirações centralizadoras. Os dois instrumentos são considerados como ferramentas de construção de poderes centrais., El artículo considera el Pacto Solemne promulgado por la Junta Superior de Gobierno de Quito, en 1812, y el censo dispuesto por Torivio Montes en 1813, como primer paso en la introducción de la Constitución de Cádiz en la audiencia de Quito, luego de la derrota del experimento juntista. Estos dos instrumentos normativos son apreciados en términos de los imaginarios de ciudadanía que forjaron y el tipo de representación política que intentaron instituir, en relación con la apelación al territorio como un elemento clave en las dinámicas institucionales de conformación de poderes locales con potenciales aspiraciones centralizadoras. Ambos instrumentos son considerados como herramientas de construcción de poderes centrales.

In the last decades an intensive process of urbanization has taken place in the global scale, giving place to a heterogeneous distribution of the population on the geographical space and propitiating territorial imbalances. The spatial intensity and speed of recent changes in Spain and Portugal provides a paradigmatic example of the rapid shift to a new system of urban-rural relationship in the Duero river international basin. The aim of this research is to analyze the changes in the population distribution of the municipalities located in the Duero river international basin. This is an investigation of a quantitative nature, in its methodological approach, through the use of population census data covering the period 2001-2011. In the study of the municipalities in the Duero river international basin, population size categories are applied. Likewise, the structure of the current population is examined and a predictive model of the population evolution will be performed to enable us to anticipate rationally future trends in the populations analyzed., Au cours des dernières décennies, il a été un processus rapide d’urbanisation à l’échelle mondiale, conduisant à une distribution hétérogène de la population de l’espace géographique et de promouvoir les déséquilibres régionaux. L’intensité spatiale et la vitesse des changements récents en Espagne et le Portugal offrent un exemple paradigmatique du passage rapide à un nouveau système de relations urbaines et rurales de bassin hydrographique international du Duero. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’analyser les changements dans la répartition de la population des municipalités dans le bassin international du Duero. Ce est une enquête de type quantitatif, que l’approche méthodologique, grâce à l’utilisation des données de population du recensement en tenant compte de la période 2001-2011. Dans l’étude des municipalités situées dans les Duero catégories internationales de taille de la population du bassin se appliquer. En outre, la structure de la population actuelle est examinée et un modèle prédictif de l’évolution de la population d’être en mesure d’anticiper les tendances futures rationnelle dans les populations analysées ont été effectuées., En las últimas décadas se ha producido un acelerado proceso de urbanización en la escala global, dando lugar a una heterogénea distribución de la población sobre el espacio geográfico y propiciando desequilibrios territoriales. La intensidad espacial y la rapidez de los cambios recientes en España y Portugal ofrecen un ejemplo paradigmático del cambio rápido hacia un nuevo sistema de relaciones rurales urbanas de la cuenca internacional del río Duero. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las mudanzas acaecidas en la distribución de la población de los municipios ubicados en dicha cuenca. Se trata de una investigación de tipo cuantitativa, en su instrumento metodológico, a través de la utilización de datos censales de población considerando el período 2001-2011. En el estudio de los municipios localizados en la cuenca internacional del río Duero se aplicarán categorías de tamaño de población. Asimismo, se examinará la estructura de la población actual y se realizará un modelo predictivo de la evolución de la población con el fin de podernos anticipar racionalmente a las tendencias futuras de las poblaciones analizadas.

This paper explores how the recent past and wartime memories have been used as a narrative component during the 2013 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was the country’s first official population count since the violent conflict and mass demographic changes of the early 1990s. It examines narratives employed in debates over the census within the Bosniak group and considers the relationship of these narratives with the Bosniak political position. The paper argues that the 2013 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina was a highly politicized process, imbued with heated debates and aggressive political campaigns surrounding identity questions on ethnonational and religious affiliation and mother tongue.

This paper explores how the recent past and wartime memories have been used as a narrative component during the 2013 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was the country’s first official population count since the violent conflict and mass demographic changes of the early 1990s. It examines narratives employed in debates over the census within the Bosniak group and considers the relationship of these narratives with the Bosniak political position. The paper argues that the 2013 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina was a highly politicized process, imbued with heated debates and aggressive political campaigns surrounding identity questions on ethnonational and religious affiliation and mother tongue.

The fourth archipelago-wide census of Gentoo Penguins Pygoscelis papua breeding at the Falkland Islands was conducted from 24 October to 8 December 2010. The number of Gentoo Penguins breeding in 2010 was estimated to be 132 321 ± 2 015, the highest number of breeding pairs recorded for this species at the Falkland Islands since the first survey in 1933. The global population of Gentoo Penguins is conservatively estimated to be about 384 000 breeding pairs, of which the Falkland Islands accounts for 34%, probably the largest component of the global population. Annually monitored study colonies accounted for 20% of the total number of Gentoo Penguin breeding pairs at the Falkland Islands in 2010 and proved to be a reliable proxy for archipelago-wide changes in the number of breeding pairs. Recent trends at annually monitored study colonies, combined with archipelago-wide trends, indicate that the number of Gentoo Penguins breeding at the Falkland Islands has increased between 2005 to 2010. However, annual monitoring data also revealed large inter-annual variability in the number of breeding pairs, which makes assessing systematic population changes challenging.

This paper analyzes the distribution of specialized subjects devoted to health care in the Argentine territory according to the First National Census (1869). We present statistical estimations and visual resources that contribute to illustrate the logic of the absolute and relative presence of graduates and empirical practitioners. By articulating census data with input from specialized bibliography, the paper provide evidence for certain variables associated with the presence of the State, the differential socio-economic development of the regions, and the rural-urban splits in the long first half of the nineteenth century., Este trabalho analisa a distribuição dos sujeitos especializados dedicados ao cuidado da saúde no território argentino, segundo o Primeiro Censo Nacional (1869). Apresentam-se aproximações estatísticas e recursos gráficos que contribuem para mostrar as lógicas da presença absoluta e relativa dos profissionais e dos estagiários empíricos considerados. A partir da articulação entre dados do dispositivo censitário e contribuições bibliográficas especializadas, evidenciam-se certas variáveis vinculadas à presença estatal, ao desenvolvimento socioeconômico diferencial das regiões e às divisões rural-urbana na longa primeira metade do século XIX., Este trabajo analiza la distribución de los sujetos especializados dedicados al cuidado de la salud en el territorio argentino, según el Primer Censo Nacional (1869). Se presentan aproximaciones estadísticas y recursos gráficos que contribuyen a mostrar las lógicas de la presencia absoluta y relativa de los diplomados y los practicantes empíricos considerados. A partir de la articulación entre datos del dispositivo censal y aportes bibliográficos especializados, se evidencian ciertas variables vinculadas a la presencia estatal, al desarrollo socioeconómico diferencial de las regiones y los clivajes rural-urbano en la larga primera mitad del siglo XIX.

This paper analyzes the distribution of specialized subjects devoted to health care in the Argentine territory according to the First National Census (1869). We present statistical estimations and visual resources that contribute to illustrate the logic of the absolute and relative presence of graduates and empirical practitioners. By articulating census data with input from specialized bibliography, the paper provide evidence for certain variables associated with the presence of the State, the differential socio-economic development of the regions, and the rural-urban splits in the long first half of the nineteenth century., Este trabalho analisa a distribuição dos sujeitos especializados dedicados ao cuidado da saúde no território argentino, segundo o Primeiro Censo Nacional (1869). Apresentam-se aproximações estatísticas e recursos gráficos que contribuem para mostrar as lógicas da presença absoluta e relativa dos profissionais e dos estagiários empíricos considerados. A partir da articulação entre dados do dispositivo censitário e contribuições bibliográficas especializadas, evidenciam-se certas variáveis vinculadas à presença estatal, ao desenvolvimento socioeconômico diferencial das regiões e às divisões rural-urbana na longa primeira metade do século XIX., Este trabajo analiza la distribución de los sujetos especializados dedicados al cuidado de la salud en el territorio argentino, según el Primer Censo Nacional (1869). Se presentan aproximaciones estadísticas y recursos gráficos que contribuyen a mostrar las lógicas de la presencia absoluta y relativa de los diplomados y los practicantes empíricos considerados. A partir de la articulación entre datos del dispositivo censal y aportes bibliográficos especializados, se evidencian ciertas variables vinculadas a la presencia estatal, al desarrollo socioeconómico diferencial de las regiones y los clivajes rural-urbano en la larga primera mitad del siglo XIX.

This chapter demonstrates the use of remote sensing and spatially referenced population data to estimate and model urban sprawl, growth and urban structures. Using spatial analytical tools within a GIS, the typology of urban growth and Dhaka’s spatial structure from 2000 to 2011was quantified. The results revealed a 33 % expansion of urban areas during the study period. Analysis of urban growth types showed that the extension growth type being the dominant followed by leapfrogging development. The amount of low-density development is increasing with time, indicating sprawling development. Investigation of changes in the population per unit area of built-up surface indicated that overcrowding and lack of space in the urban core are compelling people to settle in peripheral areas, thereby exerting tremendous pressure on a limited resource base.

The objective of this chapter is to develop a quality of life (QOL) index atcommunity level in the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) area, which could describethe spatial patterns of QOL. Using remote sensing, census and other spatial data, afactor analysis was carried out to develop the different dimensions of QOL. Threeprincipal factors were extracted from the analysis: environmental, economic anddemographic. These three factors were then combined in a Geographic InformationSystems (GIS) environment to construct a synthetic QOL for the study area. Theresults were subsequently validated using regression analysis, which revealed a betterprediction of QOL based on environmental and socioeconomic variables. Interestingly,only a small portion of the population (1.4 %) in the study area was shown tohave good QOL. As higher urban growth driven by rapid rural-urban migration isexpected in Dhaka in the coming years, this study will be of substantial help for urbanplanners and policymakers in formulating related policies to ensure a better livingenvironment for its inhabitants.

This paper focuses on the origin and main characteristics of the documentary sources preserved in municipal archives suitable for demographic studies on Spanish population, being of great help every legislation approved, from eighteenth century to present day, in order to enumerate the inhabitants of a specific territory. The article also features the origin of the municipal population census and the changes that affected the periodicity (annual or five-year), content and processing of its series of records., En este artículo se analiza el origen y características de las fuentes documentales conservadas en los archivos municipales para el estudio demográfico de la población española, con la ayuda de la normativa aprobada para el empadronamiento de los habitantes desde el siglo XVIII a la actualidad. En el texto se da cuenta del origen de los padrones municipales de habitantes y de los cambios que afectan a esta serie documental tanto en su periodicidad (anual o quinquenal) como en su contenido y tramitación.

This paper focuses on the origin and main characteristics of the documentary sources preserved in municipal archives suitable for demographic studies on Spanish population, being of great help every legislation approved, from eighteenth century to present day, in order to enumerate the inhabitants of a specific territory. The article also features the origin of the municipal population census and the changes that affected the periodicity (annual or five-year), content and processing of its series of records., En este artículo se analiza el origen y características de las fuentes documentales conservadas en los archivos municipales para el estudio demográfico de la población española, con la ayuda de la normativa aprobada para el empadronamiento de los habitantes desde el siglo XVIII a la actualidad. En el texto se da cuenta del origen de los padrones municipales de habitantes y de los cambios que afectan a esta serie documental tanto en su periodicidad (anual o quinquenal) como en su contenido y tramitación.

The study investigates the challenges facing Statistics South Africa in conducting population census project in the Limpopo Province. A special focus is on the Capricorn District Municipality. Literature has been reviewed as secondary sources and primary information was collected from a sample of 70 respondents. The study used both qualitative and quantitative approaches in both data collection and analysis. The results from the study indicate that the major challenges facing Statistics South Africa in conducting population census projects include; lack of proper planning, insufficient budget, under count, over count, refusals, and lack of monitoring strategies. Based on the results, strategic recommendations were made.

Статья содержит сравнительный аналитический материал о языковой ситуации, трансформации языковой идентификации за 30-летний период. Автор, используя данные переписей населения, исследует проблему с социологических позиций, обращая внимание на влияние образовательной политики на языковое поведение представителей малочисленных народов Севера., The article contains the comparative analytical material about the language situation and transformation of language identification for thirty years. Using the census data, the author explores the problem from the sociological position, paying attention to the impact of educational policies on the linguistic behaviour of representatives of indigenous peoples of the North.

Reliable estimates of great ape abundance are needed to assess distribution, monitor population status, evaluate conservation tactics, and identify priority populations for conservation. Rather than using direct counts, surveyors often count ape nests. The standing crop nest count (SCNC) method converts the standing stock of nests into animal densities using a set of parameters, including nest decay rate. Nest decay rates vary greatly over space and time, and it takes months to calculate a site-specific value. The marked nest count (MNC) method circumvents this issue and only counts new nests produced during a defined period. We compared orangutan densities calculated by the two methods using data from studies in Sumatra and Kalimantan, Indonesia. We show how animal densities calculated using nest counts should be cautiously interpreted when used to make decisions about management or budget allocation. Even with site-specific decay rates, short studies using the SCNC method may not accurately reflect the current population unless conducted at a scale sufficient to include wide-ranging orangutan movement. Density estimates from short studies using the MNC method were affected by small sample sizes and by orangutan movement. To produce reliable results, the MNC method may require a similar amount of effort as the SCNC method. We suggest a reduced reliance on the traditional line transect surveys in favor of feasible alternative methods when absolute abundance numbers are not necessary or when site-specific nest decay rates are not known. Given funding constraints, aerial surveys, reconnaissance walks, and interview techniques may be more cost-effective means of accomplishing some survey goals.

Bakalářská práce se zabývá sčítáním lidu, jeho významem a úlohou, jakou hraje v dnešní době v porovnání s tím, jak se na daný cenzus pohlíželo v minulosti. Rozebírá rozdíly mezi jednotlivými cenzy a ukazateli, jež byly zjišťovány. Práce se také věnuje poslednímu sčítání u nás a prezentuje výsledky ze sčítání za Pardubický kraj., This bachelor's work deals with the population census, its importance and role it plays nowadays in comparison with the role in the past. It analyses differences between each censuses and indices, which were investigated. It also mentions the last census in this country and presents the results for Pardubice's region., Ústav veřejné správy a práva, Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

[Resumo]: En xeral, os estudos migratorios españois centráronse nas etapas do destino americano ou europeo. No presente traballo abórdanse conxuntamente ambos os dous destinos a partir dos padróns municipais da vila galega de Carballo. A devandita fonte explótase exhaustivamente para delimitar ao máximo o perfil dos emigrantes e establece comparacións co conxunto da poboación municipal e ao longo do tempo. Ponse de manifesto a precocidade, importancia, persistencia e polarización do fenómeno migratorio nesta localidade, así como a relevancia das cadeas migratorias para a súa configuración., [Abstract]: In general, the Spanish studies on migrations have focused in the stages of the American or European destination. In this article both stages will be analysed jointly, using as the main source the population census of Carballo, an important Galician town. This source will be deeply analysed in order to better know the full profile of the emigrants, establishing comparisons with the whole local population and along the time. This work shows the precocity, importance, persistence and polarisation of the migratory process in this town, as well as the importance of the migratory networks in order to explain its configuration.

本研究は、若年層の失業を理解する上で、各都道府県の産業構造との関係に着目し、考察を行なったものである。また産業別の臨時雇の割合にも着目した。 産業構造や年代別の失業率を都道府県別に正確に把握するために2000年の国勢調査に基づいて、それぞれの値を算出し、分析を行なった。 その結果分かったことは以下の通りである。 1) 東京都、神奈川県では失業者の中で若年者の占める割合は比較的少ないのに対し、茨城県や栃木県、福島県では全年代の失業率では全国平均を下回っているのに、若年層だけみると全国平均を上回っていた。 2) 製造業が多い地域において失業が少ないという傾向、またサービス業、卸売・小売・飲食店業が多い地域において失業が多いという傾向がみられた。 3) 臨時雇用と各年代の失業は常に正の相関を持っていたが、その傾向は特に若年層において顕著にみられた。 本研究では、最後に政策面からの検討として、平成15年から実施されている省庁横断的な政策である「若者自立・挑戦プラン」について概要をまとめ、本研究結果から予想できる将来への示唆を示した。, This article attempts to understand the youth unemployment in relation to regional industrial structures. Ratio of temporary employee is also analysed. In order to capture accurate data of age groups and prefectures on industrial structure and unemployment, the authors have employed Population Census in 2000. Research findings are as follows, 1) In the Metropolis of Tokyo and Kanagawa prefecture, the young unemployment is relatively modest problem. In Ibaragi, Tochigi and Fukushima prefectures, the youth unemployment rate exceeds the national average while overall unemployment rate is below the average. 2) A negative correlation was observed between unemployment rate and the manufacturing industries. On the contrary, a positive correlation was found between unemployment rate and service industries and 'wholesale and retail trade, eating and drinking places' industries. 3) Rate of Part-time workers have positive correlation with unemployment rate in all age groups. However the tendency was higher in the young generations. This research dealt with interdepartmental employment policy for young people, which has been in operation since 2003. Future implications from the research findings are also mentioned.

Demographic changes in several rural areas in the four northern regions of Namibia were traced from 1991 to 2001 using national census data. On average, the population growth rate of the surveyed area was 2.77% per year. Although this rate approximated the country's mean growth rate of 2.64%, the surveyed areas showed significant differences from the mean, ranging from 3.4% to 7.2% per year. A combination of demographic and land use data collected from four representative villages in the study region revealed that rural-to-urban migration on a micro-scale is a significant process in the control of the area's ecology and economy, and that the percentage of cultivated land is closely tied to population density.

Demographic changes in several rural areas in the four northern regions of Namibia were traced from 1991 to 2001 using national census data. On average, the population growth rate of the surveyed area was 2.77% per year. Although this rate approximated the country's mean growth rate of 2.64%, the surveyed areas showed significant differences from the mean, ranging from 3.4% to 7.2% per year. A combination of demographic and land use data collected from four representative villages in the study region revealed that rural-to-urban migration on a micro-scale is a significant process in the control of the area's ecology and economy, and that the percentage of cultivated land is closely tied to population density.

NOTES ET COMMENTAIRES AU SUJET DE LA CONTINUITE DE LA PRESENCE DES SEIGNEURS NATURELS DU LIGNAGE DES SAVAC (SABA) DANS LES RECENSEMENTS ET LES LISTES DES REPARTITION DE TERRES DE 1733 ET 1787 DANS LA VALLEE DE LURIN. La recherche dans le fonds de l’Archive Général de la Nation (Lima, Pérou) permet de connaître les listes de recensement des habitants et de répartition des terres au cours des années 1733 et 1787 dans la vallée de Lurín. On y remarque le rôle prépondérant des caciques qui, de par leur condition de seigneurs naturels, réussirent pendant plus de deux siècles après la Conquête espagnole à continuer de représenter les populations dont ils avaient la charge. Ils réussirent aussi à s’adapter et à continuer de réclamer, par la suite, les prérogatives sur les droits de succession de leur charge qu’ils purent maintenir entre le XVI et le XIX siècles. La investigación en los fondos del Archivo General de la Nación (Lima, Perú) permite conocer los Padrones de Pobladores y los Padrones de Reparto de Tierras de los años 1733 y 1787 en el valle del Lurín. En ambas clases de fuentes, juega un rol relevante la presencia de los caciques que, en su condición de señores naturales, pudieron mantenerse por más de dos siglos después de la conquista hispana para seguir representando a sus pobladores y continuar adaptándose y reclamando en los nuevos tiempos las prerrogativas de sus derechos de sucesión al cargo que pudieron mantener desde el siglo XVI hasta el siglo XIX. COMMENTS AND DISCUSSION ON THE CONTINUITY ON THE NATIVE LORDS OF THE SAVAC (SABA) LINEAGE TAKEN FROM THE 1733 AND 1787 LAND DISTRIBUTION REGISTRIES IN THE LURIN VALLEY. Research in the early archives of the the Archivo General de la Nación in Lima has enabled us to become acquainted with the population census and land distribution for the years 1733 and 1787 in the Lurin valley. From both kinds of sources it can be seen that an important part was played by the presence of local caciques who were able to main

En este trabajo académico se presentan los principales resultados arrojados por el censo de población de 2001. Luego, se compara la incidencia y distribución de las poblaciones indígena y afroecuatoriana por cantones. Finalmente, se analiza la manera cómo estas definiciones de etnicidad permiten medir las diferencias en los logros sociales.

En este trabajo académico se presentan los principales resultados arrojados por el censo de población de 2001. Luego, se compara la incidencia y distribución de las poblaciones indígena y afroecuatoriana por cantones. Finalmente, se analiza la manera cómo estas definiciones de etnicidad permiten medir las diferencias en los logros sociales.

1. Introduction : Preview of the Economy and Population of Osaka City : After a sharp decrease in the later part of the 1970s, the population of Osaka City now seems to be decreasing moderately and has become stable in recent years (see figure 1.1). As previous studies have mentioned, the cause of decrease of population in the later part of the 1970s may be related to industrial recession especially in manufacturing. In fact, retail and wholesale, finance and insurance, real estate, and the service sectors, all expanded their activities in these two decades, taking over the role of business leader from the manufacturing industry (see table 1.1 and figure 1.2). Therefore, the change during past two decades might be just structural change in industries. ……

© 2015, Asian Social Science. All rights reserved. This article discusses the factors influencing rural settlement patterns of the Republic of Tatarstan in 50-th years of XX century. Where people settle is determined by the main factors such as physical environment, demographic, natural, transportation, economic and social concerns. The authors examine the reasons for the migration of the rural population as well as the changes in the national composition of the rural population of the republic. The article uses census statistics of the 1959, 1989, 2002 and 2010 years.