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Nanoparticles (NPs) additives have gained notable influence in technology advancements owing to their excellent physiochemical properties with enhanced performance in application compared to previously used additives. The field of tribology has contributed significantly towards upgrading the overall engine efficiency through use of lubricating materials. The outstanding technique in achieving this is through adoption of additives derived from nanotechnology capable of preventing friction and wears during engine operations. Since only base oil cannot withstand most of the operating conditions, suitable additives are formulated and blended as to enhance the tribological properties. According to some research, nanoparticle additions have a greater impact on lubricant improvement. The ability to design NPs additives with unique qualities raises the value and demand for such class of products. The purpose of this study is to highlight the promising properties of NPs additives, mechanisms and to define the specific knowledge gaps related to the size of NPs towards friction and wear reduction. The function and mechanism performance of NPs additives during operation, such as mending, rolling, film formation, and polishing effect, is determined by their types. The excellent load carrying capability of nanoparticles during lubrication reflects their outstanding performance. The review presents an overview of the history and classifications of NPs and concisely elucidate their tribological effect when applied in lubrication. Excellent function of nano additives is the attribute of its nanoscale (1 to 100 nm) nature, thus categorized base on their size, shape, origin and composition. Certain expected characteristics of lubricating oil like friction and wear resistance, surfactant operation, load carrying capacity, extreme pressure operation, etc. were achieved through inclusion of nanoparticles additives.

The effect of eichhornia crassipes carbon nanotubes (EC-CNTs) as additives in both base mineral oil (MOO) and vegetable rapeseed oil (ROO) alone and also together with ZDDP additive under sliding condition was studied. The investigation shows that both on individual and in combine state enhanced tribological properties. The coefficient of friction reduction was 40 % and 37.5 % for EC-CNT inclusion against ROO and MOO respectively under 80 N. The study revealed that enough tribofilm were generated thereby separating the two surfaces leading to low COF. In the case of wear effect, combination of the two additives gives substantial reduction of 65.5 % and 70.2 % against MOO and ROO respectively. The study shows that more reduction was obtained with RO + EC-CNT + ZDDP than the other. The use of two additives in combine lubrication shows synergistic effect, however, observed antagonistic effect if MO + EC-CNT + ZDDP is used for long period of time. The study further revealed that EC-CNT does more of anti-wear service while ZDDP improves friction reducing effect as well as anti-wear.

The effect of eichhornia crassipes carbon nanotubes (EC-CNTs) as additives in both base mineral oil (MOO) and vegetable rapeseed oil (ROO) alone and also together with ZDDP additive under sliding condition was studied. The investigation shows that both on individual and in combine state enhanced tribological properties. The coefficient of friction reduction was 40 % and 37.5 % for EC-CNT inclusion against ROO and MOO respectively under 80 N. The study revealed that enough tribofilm were generated thereby separating the two surfaces leading to low COF. In the case of wear effect, combination of the two additives gives substantial reduction of 65.5 % and 70.2 % against MOO and ROO respectively. The study shows that more reduction was obtained with RO + EC-CNT + ZDDP than the other. The use of two additives in combine lubrication shows synergistic effect, however, observed antagonistic effect if MO + EC-CNT + ZDDP is used for long period of time. The study further revealed that EC-CNT does more of anti-wear service while ZDDP improves friction reducing effect as well as anti-wear.

Parents - particularly moms - increasingly consult social media for support when taking decisions about their young children, and likely also when advising other family members such as elderly relatives. Minimizing malignant online influences is therefore crucial to securing their assent for policies ranging from vaccinations, masks and social distancing against the pandemic, to household best practices against climate change, to acceptance of future 5G towers nearby. Here we show how a strengthening of bonds across online communities during the pandemic, has led to non-Covid-19 conspiracy theories (e.g. fluoride, chemtrails, 5G) attaining heightened access to mainstream parent communities. Alternative health communities act as the critical conduits between conspiracy theorists and parents, and make the narratives more palatable to the latter. We demonstrate experimentally that these inter-community bonds can perpetually generate new misinformation, irrespective of any changes in factual information. Our findings show explicitly why Facebook's current policies have failed to stop the mainstreaming of non-Covid-19 and Covid-19 conspiracy theories and misinformation, and why targeting the largest communities will not work. A simple yet exactly solvable and empirically grounded mathematical model, shows how modest tailoring of mainstream communities' couplings could prevent them from tipping against establishment guidance. Our conclusions should also apply to other social media platforms and topics., Comment: Working paper. Comments welcome to neiljohnson@gwu.edu

Many governments have managed to control their COVID-19 outbreak with a simple message: keep the effective '$R$ number' $R<1$ to prevent widespread contagion and flatten the curve. This raises the question whether a similar policy could control dangerous online 'infodemics' of information, misinformation and disinformation. Here we show, using multi-platform data from the COVID-19 infodemic, that its online spreading instead encompasses a different dynamical regime where communities and users within and across independent platforms, sporadically form temporary active links on similar timescales to the viral spreading. This allows material that might have died out, to evolve and even mutate. This has enabled niche networks that were already successfully spreading hate and anti-vaccination material, to rapidly become global super-spreaders of narratives featuring fake COVID-19 treatments, anti-Asian sentiment and conspiracy theories. We derive new tools that incorporate these coupled social-viral dynamics, including an online $R$, to help prevent infodemic spreading at all scales: from spreading across platforms (e.g. Facebook, 4Chan) to spreading within a given subpopulation, or community, or topic. By accounting for similar social and viral timescales, the same mathematical theory also offers a quantitative description of other unconventional infection profiles such as rumors spreading in financial markets and colds spreading in schools., Comment: Working paper. Comments welcome to neiljohnson@gwu.edu

We show that the eclectic "Boogaloo" extremist movement that is now rising to prominence in the U.S., has a hidden online mathematical order that is identical to ISIS during its early development, despite their stark ideological, geographical and cultural differences. The evolution of each across scales follows a single shockwave equation that accounts for individual heterogeneity in online interactions. This equation predicts how to disrupt the onset and 'flatten the curve' of such online extremism by nudging its collective chemistry., Comment: Working paper. Comments welcome to neiljohnson@gwu.edu

In this paper we propose that John Bowlby's attachment theory provides a theoretically coherent, empirically based, and clinically useful model for understanding personality pathology. This theoretical framework brings parsimony and breadth to the conceptualization of the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of personality disorders (PDs). Attachment theory can explain both the intrapersonal and interpersonal difficulties common in those with PDs and is consistent with findings from studies across multiple domains of knowledge, including evolutionary biology, ethology/comparative psychology, developmental psychology, experimental social-personality psychology, and neuroscience.PDs are characterized by significant interpersonal challenges. Recently, these challenges have been hypothesized to stem from underlying maladaptive attachment schemas. Our goal is to outline and elaborate on attachment theory as a foundation for the etiology and pathology of PDs and to highlight the implications of this theory for treatment. We begin with a brief review of attachment, describing its conceptualization and assessment in both children and adults in order to examine PD development. This theoretical foundation is supported by a body of empirical research, from which we present findings from neurobiological and developmental literatures linking attachment and PDs. We then examine the role of attachment in the psychotherapy process and in treatment outcome. Further, we outline research reporting changes in attachment patterns as a result of treatment. Finally, we summarize the implications of attachment theory for understanding PDs and present possible directions for future research., En este trabajo proponemos que la teoría de apego de John Bowlby ofrece un modelo teoréticamente coherente, empíricamente basado y clínicamente útil para entender la patología de personalidad. Este marco teorético trae parquedad y anchura a la conceptualización de la etiología, mantenimiento y tratamiento de trastornos de personalidad. La teoría de apego puede explicar las dificultades tanto intrapersonales como interpersonales comunes a las personas con trastornos de personalidad y es consistente con los descubrimientos de estudios de varios dominios del saber, incluyendo biología evolutiva, etiología/psicología comparada, psicología de desarrollo, psicología de personalidad y psicología social-personalidad experimental, y neurociencia. Trastornos de personalidad son caracterizados por los retos interpersonales significativos. Últimamente, se han hecho hipótesis que estos retos son el resultado de esquemas de apego mal adaptivos. Nuestro objetivo es explicar y elaborar la teoría de apego como la base para la etiología y patología de trastornos de personalidad y acentuar las implicaciones de esta teoría para el tratamiento. Empezamos con un pequeño análisis del apego, describiendo sus conceptualizaciones y evaluación tanto en niños como adultos para examinar el desarrollo de trastornos de personalidad. Este fundamento teórico está apoyado por la investigación empírica, de la que presentamos resultados de la literatura neurobiológica y de desarrollo relacionados con el apego y los trastornos de personalidad. Luego investigamos el papel que tiene el apego en los procesos de psicoterapia y en los resultados del tratamiento. Finalmente, resumimos las implicaciones de la teoría de apego para entender trastornos de personalidad y presentamos unas posibles direcciones para las futuras investigaciones.

In this paper we propose that John Bowlby's attachment theory provides a theoretically coherent, empirically based, and clinically useful model for understanding personality pathology. This theoretical framework brings parsimony and breadth to the conceptualization of the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of personality disorders (PDs). Attachment theory can explain both the intrapersonal and interpersonal difficulties common in those with PDs and is consistent with findings from studies across multiple domains of knowledge, including evolutionary biology, ethology/comparative psychology, developmental psychology, experimental social-personality psychology, and neuroscience.PDs are characterized by significant interpersonal challenges. Recently, these challenges have been hypothesized to stem from underlying maladaptive attachment schemas. Our goal is to outline and elaborate on attachment theory as a foundation for the etiology and pathology of PDs and to highlight the implications of this theory for treatment. We begin with a brief review of attachment, describing its conceptualization and assessment in both children and adults in order to examine PD development. This theoretical foundation is supported by a body of empirical research, from which we present findings from neurobiological and developmental literatures linking attachment and PDs. We then examine the role of attachment in the psychotherapy process and in treatment outcome. Further, we outline research reporting changes in attachment patterns as a result of treatment. Finally, we summarize the implications of attachment theory for understanding PDs and present possible directions for future research., En este trabajo proponemos que la teoría de apego de John Bowlby ofrece un modelo teoréticamente coherente, empíricamente basado y clínicamente útil para entender la patología de personalidad. Este marco teorético trae parquedad y anchura a la conceptualización de la etiología, mantenimiento y tratamiento de trastornos de personalidad. La teoría de apego puede explicar las dificultades tanto intrapersonales como interpersonales comunes a las personas con trastornos de personalidad y es consistente con los descubrimientos de estudios de varios dominios del saber, incluyendo biología evolutiva, etiología/psicología comparada, psicología de desarrollo, psicología de personalidad y psicología social-personalidad experimental, y neurociencia. Trastornos de personalidad son caracterizados por los retos interpersonales significativos. Últimamente, se han hecho hipótesis que estos retos son el resultado de esquemas de apego mal adaptivos. Nuestro objetivo es explicar y elaborar la teoría de apego como la base para la etiología y patología de trastornos de personalidad y acentuar las implicaciones de esta teoría para el tratamiento. Empezamos con un pequeño análisis del apego, describiendo sus conceptualizaciones y evaluación tanto en niños como adultos para examinar el desarrollo de trastornos de personalidad. Este fundamento teórico está apoyado por la investigación empírica, de la que presentamos resultados de la literatura neurobiológica y de desarrollo relacionados con el apego y los trastornos de personalidad. Luego investigamos el papel que tiene el apego en los procesos de psicoterapia y en los resultados del tratamiento. Finalmente, resumimos las implicaciones de la teoría de apego para entender trastornos de personalidad y presentamos unas posibles direcciones para las futuras investigaciones.

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-75992%5DMICH-F-75992, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/75992/MICH-F-75992/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-75915%5DMICH-F-75915, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/75915/MICH-F-75915/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-75771%5DMICH-F-75771, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/75771/MICH-F-75771/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-75915%5DMICH-F-75915, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/75915/MICH-F-75915/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-75992%5DMICH-F-75992, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/75992/MICH-F-75992/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-75771%5DMICH-F-75771, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/75771/MICH-F-75771/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Bryophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-500760%5DMICH-B-500760, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/500760/MICH-B-500760/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-75771%5DMICH-F-75771, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/75771/MICH-F-75771/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Bryophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-500760%5DMICH-B-500760, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/500760/MICH-B-500760/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Fungi, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-330210%5DMICH-F-330210, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/330210/MICH-F-330210/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-75915%5DMICH-F-75915, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/75915/MICH-F-75915/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Fungi, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-129230%5DMICH-F-129230, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/129230/MICH-F-129230/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-84057%5DMICH-F-84057, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/84057/MICH-F-84057/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-82743%5DMICH-F-82743, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/82743/MICH-F-82743/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-82742%5DMICH-F-82742, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/82742/MICH-F-82742/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-78931%5DMICH-F-78931, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/78931/MICH-F-78931/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-78811%5DMICH-F-78811, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/78811/MICH-F-78811/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-78776%5DMICH-F-78776, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/78776/MICH-F-78776/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-78660%5DMICH-F-78660, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/78660/MICH-F-78660/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-76601%5DMICH-F-76601, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/76601/MICH-F-76601/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-74445%5DMICH-F-74445, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/74445/MICH-F-74445/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-132558%5DMICH-F-132558, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/132558/MICH-F-132558/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-132000%5DMICH-F-132000, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/132000/MICH-F-132000/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-124958%5DMICH-F-124958, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/124958/MICH-F-124958/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-124957%5DMICH-F-124957, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/124957/MICH-F-124957/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-120446%5DMICH-F-120446, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/120446/MICH-F-120446/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-119651%5DMICH-F-119651, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/119651/MICH-F-119651/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-118772%5DMICH-F-118772, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/118772/MICH-F-118772/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-115887%5DMICH-F-115887, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/115887/MICH-F-115887/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-112380%5DMICH-F-112380, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/112380/MICH-F-112380/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-111196%5DMICH-F-111196, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/111196/MICH-F-111196/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-108446%5DMICH-F-108446, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/108446/MICH-F-108446/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-108283%5DMICH-F-108283, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/108283/MICH-F-108283/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-108643%5DMICH-F-108643, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/108643/MICH-F-108643/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-107126%5DMICH-F-107126, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/107126/MICH-F-107126/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-105026%5DMICH-F-105026, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/105026/MICH-F-105026/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-105078%5DMICH-F-105078, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/105078/MICH-F-105078/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-102614%5DMICH-F-102614, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/102614/MICH-F-102614/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Lichens, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-84057%5DMICH-F-84057, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/84057/MICH-F-84057/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy