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The field of Sports Human-Computer Interaction (SportsHCI) investigates interaction design to support a physically active human being. Despite growing interest and dissemination of SportsHCI literature over the past years, many publications still focus on solving specific problems in a given sport. We believe in the benefit of generating fundamental knowledge for SportsHCI more broadly to advance the field as a whole. To achieve this, we aim to identify the grand challenges in SportsHCI, which can help researchers and practitioners in developing a future research agenda. Hence, this paper presents a set of grand challenges identified in a five-day workshop with 22 experts who have previously researched, designed, and deployed SportsHCI systems. Addressing these challenges will drive transformative advancements in SportsHCI, fostering better athlete performance, athlete-coach relationships, spectator engagement, but also immersive experiences for recreational sports or exercise motivation, and ultimately, improve human well-being., Part of ISBN 9798400703300QC 20240716

Understanding the behavior of discontinuities under shear stress is paramount for designing rock structures, as these discontinuities largely dictate stability. Discontinuities, which include fractures, are commonly assessed at a laboratory scale using direct shear tests. In this test, a rock core that is divided by the fracture of interest is placed in a shear holder, and a relatively constant normal force perpendicular to the fracture plane, is applied. Subsequently, an increasing force parallel to the fracture is applied to cause the displacement of one of the parts of the sample with respect to the other. Throughout the test, the machine records shear and normal forces and displacements.Various procedures exist for conducting direct shear tests, but this study focuses on multi-stage direct shear tests with repositioning. In this procedure, the sample is repositioned to its original position after reaching a specific horizontal displacement, and the normal force is increased. This process generates a series of traces or curves in the shear force vs. shear displacement space. To convert shear forces to shear stresses, the forces are divided by the contact area between the two surfaces of the sample. Two parameters are calculated based on the trace data described above (ASTM, 2016): the peak shear stress, which is associated with the maximum shear stress value along a sheared surface attained during a test, and the residual shear stress, which is associated with the point at which the shear stress remains essentially constant with increasing shear displacement. Once a shear stress value has been chosen from each of the traces that compound the test, these are matched to the corresponding normal stresses and depicted in a shear stress vs. normal stress plane. Then, applying any constitutive model or criterion to define a failure envelope and estimate peak and residual strengths is possible. In this study, the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion is utilized, and the stren

This report presents the work developed by 22 researchers and academics from across the world gathered for a week in Schloss Dagstuhl, Saarland, Germany, to discuss the future of interactive systems designed to support sport and exercise activity, a field called Sports HCI. Firstly, we present the activities developed day by day, from attendee’s presentations to concrete community actions. Secondly, we show in detail the talks presented by the attendees, the interactivity and demo sessions, the discussion sessions, and the implications of the discussed topics to the Sports HCI field. Finally, we present the Sports HCI design pathways that attendees proposed based on the daily activities developed throughout the seminar. Ultimately, we hope this report inspires and motivates other Dagstuhl seminar proposals interested in the exciting field of HCI.

Spectating digital games can be exciting. However, due to its vicarious nature, spectators often wish to engage in the gameplay beyond just watching and cheering. To blur the boundaries between spectators and players, we propose a novel approach called "Fused Spectatorship", where spectators watch their hands play games by loaning bodily control to a computational Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS) system. To showcase this concept, we designed three games where spectators loan control over both their hands to the EMS system and watch them play these competitive and collaborative games. A study with 12 participants suggested that participants could not distinguish if they were watching their hands play, or if they were playing the games themselves. We used our results to articulate four spectator experience themes and four fused spectator types, the behaviours they elicited and offer one design consideration to support each of these behaviours. We also discuss the ethical design considerations of our approach to help game designers create future fused spectatorship experiences.

Spectating digital games can be exciting. However, due to its vicarious nature, spectators often wish to engage in the gameplay beyond just watching and cheering. To blur the boundaries between spectators and players, we propose a novel approach called "Fused Spectatorship", where spectators watch their hands play games by loaning bodily control to a computational Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS) system. To showcase this concept, we designed three games where spectators loan control over both their hands to the EMS system and watch them play these competitive and collaborative games. A study with 12 participants suggested that participants could not distinguish if they were watching their hands play, or if they were playing the games themselves. We used our results to articulate four spectator experience themes and four fused spectator types, the behaviours they elicited and offer one design consideration to support each of these behaviours. We also discuss the ethical design considerations of our approach to help game designers create future fused spectatorship experiences., Comment: This paper is going to be published at Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play (CHI PLAY) 2023

Digital certificates in massive open online course (MOOC) learning experiences provide alternative credentials linked to lifelong learning. The Bi-National Laboratory on Smart Sustainable Energy Management and Technology Training provided the context for this research. This project was undertaken by Mexican and United States universities, businesses and governmental organisations, having granted 17,776 certifications in sustainability and 10,705 labour competence certificates. The research focused on analysing the factors that promote digital credentials, from the point of view of participant and platform characteristics, in the framework of MOOCs in energy sustainability, through the MexicoX and edX platforms. Using the ex post facto method, two validated instruments were applied to analyse motivation and self-regulation processes. A total of 4,002 useful responses were gathered from participants in 35 MOOC courses. The results account for six determinant factors for digital accreditation: perceived usefulness, self-efficacy, knowledge domain and expertise, group work disposition, achievement drive, and performance strategic thinking. We highlight implications for research on educational innovation and for educational practice in MOOCs. These data may be of interest to academics, researchers and decision-makers interested in training through distance environments. Implications for practice or policy: • Digital certifications in MOOCs are motivation for participants to successfully finish their courses, and this can be leveraged for education and research. • Course leaders need to consider that effective design and implementation of new models for MOOCs may help improve terminal efficiency. • The potential perceived benefits from training on professional performance have the greatest influence on the terminal efficiency of MOOC participants.

Digital certificates in massive open online course (MOOC) learning experiences provide alternative credentials linked to lifelong learning. The Bi-National Laboratory on Smart Sustainable Energy Management and Technology Training provided the context for this research. This project was undertaken by Mexican and United States universities, businesses and governmental organisations, having granted 17,776 certifications in sustainability and 10,705 labour competence certificates. The research focused on analysing the factors that promote digital credentials, from the point of view of participant and platform characteristics, in the framework of MOOCs in energy sustainability, through the MexicoX and edX platforms. Using the ex post facto method, two validated instruments were applied to analyse motivation and self-regulation processes. A total of 4,002 useful responses were gathered from participants in 35 MOOC courses. The results account for six determinant factors for digital accreditation: perceived usefulness, self-efficacy, knowledge domain and expertise, group work disposition, achievement drive, and performance strategic thinking. We highlight implications for research on educational innovation and for educational practice in MOOCs. These data may be of interest to academics, researchers and decision-makers interested in training through distance environments. Implications for practice or policy: • Digital certifications in MOOCs are motivation for participants to successfully finish their courses, and this can be leveraged for education and research. • Course leaders need to consider that effective design and implementation of new models for MOOCs may help improve terminal efficiency. • The potential perceived benefits from training on professional performance have the greatest influence on the terminal efficiency of MOOC participants.

Digital certificates in massive open online course (MOOC) learning experiences provide alternative credentials linked to lifelong learning. The Bi-National Laboratory on Smart Sustainable Energy Management and Technology Training provided the context for this research. This project was undertaken by Mexican and United States universities, businesses and governmental organisations, having granted 17,776 certifications in sustainability and 10,705 labour competence certificates. The research focused on analysing the factors that promote digital credentials, from the point of view of participant and platform characteristics, in the framework of MOOCs in energy sustainability, through the MexicoX and edX platforms. Using the ex post facto method, two validated instruments were applied to analyse motivation and self-regulation processes. A total of 4,002 useful responses were gathered from participants in 35 MOOC courses. The results account for six determinant factors for digital accreditation: perceived usefulness, self-efficacy, knowledge domain and expertise, group work disposition, achievement drive, and performance strategic thinking. We highlight implications for research on educational innovation and for educational practice in MOOCs. These data may be of interest to academics, researchers and decision-makers interested in training through distance environments. Implications for practice or policy: • Digital certifications in MOOCs are motivation for participants to successfully finish their courses, and this can be leveraged for education and research. • Course leaders need to consider that effective design and implementation of new models for MOOCs may help improve terminal efficiency. • The potential perceived benefits from training on professional performance have the greatest influence on the terminal efficiency of MOOC participants.

Leaf litter can be retained in floodplains for several months before it enters rivers as lateral inputs. During this period, the environmental conditions on the floodplain can alter leaf litter chemistry and, consequently, affect its subsequent processing in the river. We analysed the effect of contrasting floodplain conditions on the chemical composition of leaf litter and its leachates, and how this affected their biodegradability and processing in rivers. To do so, we placed reed leaf litter (Phragmites australis) in open- and closed-canopy habitats of three floodplain sites with contrasting climates (semiarid Mediterranean, humid Mediterranean and continental) for 105 days. We then used litterbags in a river to examine the decomposition of preconditioned leaf litter in comparison with a control (non-preconditioned litter), and laboratory assays to examine the biodegradation of their leachates. Contrasting conditions on the floodplain prompted differences in the nutrient content of leaf litter among floodplain sites. Preconditioning caused a generalized decline in the C content and an increase in the lignin content of leaf litter. Even so, preconditioning did not affect litter decomposition rates in the river, although it did reduce decomposition efficiency and biodegradability of leachates. Shredder colonization of litter was variable and generally higher on preconditioned litter, but not significantly so. Different floodplain conditions had no influence on the aquatic processing of preconditioned litter. Our results demonstrate that the retention of leaf litter in terrestrial environments can affect C budgets of fluvial ecosystems and the recipient food web by reducing the input and the biodegradability of C and nutrients.

The recent introduction and spread of African swine fever (ASF) into Europe and Asia has shown that an integrated, multidisciplinary effort is needed to tackle this disease and the complex challenges it poses. This book presents practical guidelines on surveillance for detection of ASF virus, how to prevent outbreaks in the domestic pig sector through biosecurity and cleaning and disinfection routines, including in backyard holdings, and how to control and eradicate this disease in wild boar. Information on pathological lesions and diagnostic practices are provided to support practitioners. Virus infection mechanisms and the consequent host immune response are reported together with an overview on the status of vaccine and treatment development. Information on ASF epidemiology and the European wild boar and domestic pig populations is presented to assist breeders, wildlife managers and policy makers in designing practices aimed at preventing, or controlling and eradicating, this disease. The book provides currently available knowledge in a single place, and identifies knowledge gaps, prompting policy makers and funding bodies to support the scientific community in investigating the gaps.

The COST Action ASF-STOP brought together an extensive network of scientists of remarkable excellence on African swine fever (ASF) vaccinology, virology, immunology, diagnostics and pathology. The network also includes global leaders in wild boar ecology and management, renowned epidemiologists specialised in ASF and disease control and scientists with vast expertise in the pig sector in Europe, biosecurity, cleaning and disinfection in pig holdings. This book collects updated knowledge in these fields, with a focus on the European situation. ASFSTOP coordinated and integrated research on ASF. Despite the new knowledge generated on ASF by scientists in Europe and worldwide, many unknowns still remain. For example, many expressed ASF virus (ASFV) genes remain uncharacterised and the information is needed for efficient antiviral drug and vaccine development. Crucial interactions between ASFV and cells like macrophages or dendritic cells are not yet completely understood. Research is needed on the mechanisms of protective immunity and identifying further viral proteins for inclusion in subunit vaccines. An in-depth analysis of the impact of ASF on the structure of the pig farming system in the EU has not yet been conducted, and transmission risks from the wild boar-habitat epidemiological cycle to the domestic pig cycle are still not fully understood. The pig sector is one of the most economically significant farming sectors in the EU and pork is the most consumed meat. The EU is the world's second biggest producer of pork. In both the wild boar-habitat and the domestic pig epidemiological cycle fully implemented biosecurity can hinder or eliminate virus transmission. National legislation and EU regulations set out clear regulations for controlling ASF. However, across Europe, wild boar populations are growing in size and range and the control of ASF continues to be a major challenge. The great socio-economic impact of ASF calls for further collaborative efforts to tac

BACKGROUND: World Health Organization expert groups recommended mortality trials of four repurposed antiviral drugs - remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, and interferon beta-1a - in patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). METHODS: We randomly assigned inpatients with Covid-19 equally between one of the trial drug regimens that was locally available and open control (up to five options, four active and the local standard of care). The intention-to-treat primary analyses examined in-hospital mortality in the four pairwise comparisons of each trial drug and its control (drug available but patient assigned to the same care without that drug). Rate ratios for death were calculated with stratification according to age and status regarding mechanical ventilation at trial entry. RESULTS: At 405 hospitals in 30 countries, 11,330 adults underwent randomization; 2750 were assigned to receive remdesivir, 954 to hydroxychloroquine, 1411 to lopinavir (without interferon), 2063 to interferon (including 651 to interferon plus lopinavir), and 4088 to no trial drug. Adherence was 94 to 96% midway through treatment, with 2 to 6% crossover. In total, 1253 deaths were reported (median day of death, day 8; interquartile range, 4 to 14). The Kaplan-Meier 28-day mortality was 11.8% (39.0% if the patient was already receiving ventilation at randomization and 9.5% otherwise). Death occurred in 301 of 2743 patients receiving remdesivir and in 303 of 2708 receiving its control (rate ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81 to 1.11; P = 0.50), in 104 of 947 patients receiving hydroxychloroquine and in 84 of 906 receiving its control (rate ratio, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.89 to 1.59; P = 0.23), in 148 of 1399 patients receiving lopinavir and in 146 of 1372 receiving its control (rate ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.79 to 1.25; P = 0.97), and in 243 of 2050 patients receiving interferon and in 216 of 2050 receiving its control (rate ratio, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.39; P = 0.11).

Leaf litter can be retained in floodplains for several months before it enters rivers as lateral inputs. During this period, the environmental conditions on the floodplain can alter leaf litter chemistry and, consequently, affect its subsequent processing in the river. We analysed the effect of contrasting floodplain conditions on the chemical composition of leaf litter and its leachates, and how this affected their biodegradability and processing in rivers. To do so, we placed reed leaf litter (Phragmites australis) in open- and closed-canopy habitats of three floodplain sites with contrasting climates (semiarid Mediterranean, humid Mediterranean and continental) for 105 days. We then used litterbags in a river to examine the decomposition of preconditioned leaf litter in comparison with a control (non-preconditioned litter), and laboratory assays to examine the biodegradation of their leachates. Contrasting conditions on the floodplain prompted differences in the nutrient content of leaf litter among floodplain sites. Preconditioning caused a generalized decline in the C content and an increase in the lignin content of leaf litter. Even so, preconditioning did not affect litter decomposition rates in the river, although it did reduce decomposition efficiency and biodegradability of leachates. Shredder colonization of litter was variable and generally higher on preconditioned litter, but not significantly so. Different floodplain conditions had no influence on the aquatic processing of preconditioned litter. Our results demonstrate that the retention of leaf litter in terrestrial environments can affect C budgets of fluvial ecosystems and the recipient food web by reducing the input and the biodegradability of C and nutrients.

Leaf litter can be retained in floodplains for several months before it enters rivers as lateral inputs. During this period, the environmental conditions on the floodplain can alter leaf litter chemistry and, consequently, affect its subsequent processing in the river. We analysed the effect of contrasting floodplain conditions on the chemical composition of leaf litter and its leachates, and how this affected their biodegradability and processing in rivers. To do so, we placed reed leaf litter (Phragmites australis) in open- and closed-canopy habitats of three floodplain sites with contrasting climates (semiarid Mediterranean, humid Mediterranean and continental) for 105 days. We then used litterbags in a river to examine the decomposition of preconditioned leaf litter in comparison with a control (non-preconditioned litter), and laboratory assays to examine the biodegradation of their leachates. Contrasting conditions on the floodplain prompted differences in the nutrient content of leaf litter among floodplain sites. Preconditioning caused a generalized decline in the C content and an increase in the lignin content of leaf litter. Even so, preconditioning did not affect litter decomposition rates in the river, although it did reduce decomposition efficiency and biodegradability of leachates. Shredder colonization of litter was variable and generally higher on preconditioned litter, but not significantly so. Different floodplain conditions had no influence on the aquatic processing of preconditioned litter. Our results demonstrate that the retention of leaf litter in terrestrial environments can affect C budgets of fluvial ecosystems and the recipient food web by reducing the input and the biodegradability of C and nutrients.

The recent introduction and spread of African swine fever (ASF) into Europe and Asia has shown that an integrated, multidisciplinary effort is needed to tackle this disease and the complex challenges it poses. This book presents practical guidelines on surveillance for detection of ASF virus, how to prevent outbreaks in the domestic pig sector through biosecurity and cleaning and disinfection routines, including in backyard holdings, and how to control and eradicate this disease in wild boar. Information on pathological lesions and diagnostic practices are provided to support practitioners. Virus infection mechanisms and the consequent host immune response are reported together with an overview on the status of vaccine and treatment development. Information on ASF epidemiology and the European wild boar and domestic pig populations is presented to assist breeders, wildlife managers and policy makers in designing practices aimed at preventing, or controlling and eradicating, this disease. The book provides currently available knowledge in a single place, and identifies knowledge gaps, prompting policy makers and funding bodies to support the scientific community in investigating the gaps.

The COST Action ASF-STOP brought together an extensive network of scientists of remarkable excellence on African swine fever (ASF) vaccinology, virology, immunology, diagnostics and pathology. The network also includes global leaders in wild boar ecology and management, renowned epidemiologists specialised in ASF and disease control and scientists with vast expertise in the pig sector in Europe, biosecurity, cleaning and disinfection in pig holdings. This book collects updated knowledge in these fields, with a focus on the European situation. ASFSTOP coordinated and integrated research on ASF. Despite the new knowledge generated on ASF by scientists in Europe and worldwide, many unknowns still remain. For example, many expressed ASF virus (ASFV) genes remain uncharacterised and the information is needed for efficient antiviral drug and vaccine development. Crucial interactions between ASFV and cells like macrophages or dendritic cells are not yet completely understood. Research is needed on the mechanisms of protective immunity and identifying further viral proteins for inclusion in subunit vaccines. An in-depth analysis of the impact of ASF on the structure of the pig farming system in the EU has not yet been conducted, and transmission risks from the wild boar-habitat epidemiological cycle to the domestic pig cycle are still not fully understood. The pig sector is one of the most economically significant farming sectors in the EU and pork is the most consumed meat. The EU is the world's second biggest producer of pork. In both the wild boar-habitat and the domestic pig epidemiological cycle fully implemented biosecurity can hinder or eliminate virus transmission. National legislation and EU regulations set out clear regulations for controlling ASF. However, across Europe, wild boar populations are growing in size and range and the control of ASF continues to be a major challenge. The great socio-economic impact of ASF calls for further collaborative efforts to tac

World Health Organization expert groups recommended mortality trials of four repurposed antiviral drugs - remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, and interferon beta-1a - in patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19)., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Leaf litter can be retained in floodplains for several months before it enters rivers as lateral inputs. During this period, the environmental conditions on the floodplain can alter leaf litter chemistry and, consequently, affect its subsequent processing in the river. We analysed the effect of contrasting floodplain conditions on the chemical composition of leaf litter and its leachates, and how this affected their biodegradability and processing in rivers. To do so, we placed reed leaf litter (Phragmites australis) in open- and closed-canopy habitats of three floodplain sites with contrasting climates (semiarid Mediterranean, humid Mediterranean and continental) for 105 days. We then used litterbags in a river to examine the decomposition of preconditioned leaf litter in comparison with a control (non-preconditioned litter), and laboratory assays to examine the biodegradation of their leachates. Contrasting conditions on the floodplain prompted differences in the nutrient content of leaf litter among floodplain sites. Preconditioning caused a generalized decline in the C content and an increase in the lignin content of leaf litter. Even so, preconditioning did not affect litter decomposition rates in the river, although it did reduce decomposition efficiency and biodegradability of leachates. Shredder colonization of litter was variable and generally higher on preconditioned litter, but not significantly so. Different floodplain conditions had no influence on the aquatic processing of preconditioned litter. Our results demonstrate that the retention of leaf litter in terrestrial environments can affect C budgets of fluvial ecosystems and the recipient food web by reducing the input and the biodegradability of C and nutrients.

Leaf litter can be retained in floodplains for several months before it enters rivers as lateral inputs. During this period, the environmental conditions on the floodplain can alter leaf litter chemistry and, consequently, affect its subsequent processing in the river. We analysed the effect of contrasting floodplain conditions on the chemical composition of leaf litter and its leachates, and how this affected their biodegradability and processing in rivers. To do so, we placed reed leaf litter (Phragmites australis) in open- and closed-canopy habitats of three floodplain sites with contrasting climates (semiarid Mediterranean, humid Mediterranean and continental) for 105 days. We then used litterbags in a river to examine the decomposition of preconditioned leaf litter in comparison with a control (non-preconditioned litter), and laboratory assays to examine the biodegradation of their leachates. Contrasting conditions on the floodplain prompted differences in the nutrient content of leaf litter among floodplain sites. Preconditioning caused a generalized decline in the C content and an increase in the lignin content of leaf litter. Even so, preconditioning did not affect litter decomposition rates in the river, although it did reduce decomposition efficiency and biodegradability of leachates. Shredder colonization of litter was variable and generally higher on preconditioned litter, but not significantly so. Different floodplain conditions had no influence on the aquatic processing of preconditioned litter. Our results demonstrate that the retention of leaf litter in terrestrial environments can affect C budgets of fluvial ecosystems and the recipient food web by reducing the input and the biodegradability of C and nutrients.

The use of technology, which is linked to active learning strategies, can contribute to better outcomes in Mathematics education. We analyse the conditions that are necessary for achieving an effective learning of Mathematics, aided by a robotic platform. Within this framework, the question raised was “What are the conditions that promote effective active math learning with robotic support?” Interventions at different educational scenarios were carried in order to explore three educational levels: elementary, secondary, and high school. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed, comparing the control and treatment groups for all scenarios through examinations, direct observations, and testimonials. The findings point to three key conditions: level, motivation, and teacher training. The obtained results show a very favourable impact on the attention and motivation of the students, and they allow for establishing the conditions that need to be met for an effective relationship between the teacher and the technological tool, so that better learning outcomes in Mathematics are more likely to be obtained.

The use of technology, which is linked to active learning strategies, can contribute to better outcomes in Mathematics education. We analyse the conditions that are necessary for achieving an effective learning of Mathematics, aided by a robotic platform. Within this framework, the question raised was “What are the conditions that promote effective active math learning with robotic support?” Interventions at different educational scenarios were carried in order to explore three educational levels: elementary, secondary, and high school. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed, comparing the control and treatment groups for all scenarios through examinations, direct observations, and testimonials. The findings point to three key conditions: level, motivation, and teacher training. The obtained results show a very favourable impact on the attention and motivation of the students, and they allow for establishing the conditions that need to be met for an effective relationship between the teacher and the technological tool, so that better learning outcomes in Mathematics are more likely to be obtained.

La presente tesis de pregrado, tuvo por objetivo describir la identidad cultural de cuatro adolescentes “afro descendientes” del corregimiento de Pueblo Nuevo de la ciudad de Guadalajara de Buga. Se basó en los referentes conceptuales de la psicología social, puesto que considera que la construcción de la identidad cultural es constante y se retroalimenta de la interacción del individuo y el entorno en que se desenvuelve (Domínguez, Moya, Gaviria y Guirado, 2007). Por lo anterior, se realizaron tres grupos focales para indagar por cada una de las categorías descritas. Para la realización del análisis se utilizó la técnica de Análisis Temático propuesto por (Mieles, Tonon, Alvarado, 2012). En este sentido, los resultados obtenidos lograron dar cuenta que la identidad cultural de los cuatro jóvenes del corregimiento de Pueblo Nuevo de la ciudad de Guadalajara de Buga no está relacionada con la cultura afrodescendiente, sino que es una mezcla de prácticas culturales. Se evidencia que el soporte del apoyo socio familiar es determínate en el bienestar emocional de los jóvenes y que es la base que consolida cómo estos se desenvuelven en otros espacios. Se concluye que a pesar de que este corregimiento está en proceso de categorización como población “afro colombiana”, el conocimiento que estos jóvenes tienen sobre esta cultura es muy poco y corresponde más a una iniciativa política que busca rescatar esta identidad, siendo reforzada y direccionada por la Alcaldía de la ciudad. Cabe resaltar que, aunque si hay algunas prácticas y tradiciones están relacionadas con esta cultura, estos jóvenes no se sienten identificados hacia ellas, ni tampoco su memoria colectiva corresponde a esta; los cuales son aspectos fundamentales que permiten la construcción de la identidad cultural en un grupo., The objective of this undergraduate thesis was to describe the cultural identity of four adolescents "afro descendants" from the village of Pueblo Nuevo in the city of Guadalajara de Buga. It was based on the conceptual referents of social psychology, since it considers that the construction of cultural identity is constant and feeds back on the interaction of the individual and the environment in which it operates (Domínguez, Moya, Gaviria and Guirado, 2007). Therefore, three focus groups were conducted to investigate each of the categories described. To carry out the analysis, the Thematic Analysis technique proposed by (Honeys, Tonon, Alvarado, 2012) was used. In this sense, the results obtained were able to show that the cultural identity of the four young people of the village of Pueblo Nuevo in the city of Guadalajara de Buga is not related to the Afro-descendant culture, but is a mixture of cultural practices. It is evident that the support of the socio-familiar support is determined in the emotional well-being of the young people and that it is the base that consolidates how these develop in other spaces. It is concluded that although this corregimiento is in the process of categorization as an "Afro-Colombian" population, the knowledge that these young people have about this culture is very little and corresponds more to a political initiative that seeks to rescue this identity, being reinforced and directed for the Mayor's Office of the city. It should be noted that, although there are some practices and traditions are related to this culture, these young people do not feel identified with them, nor does their collective memory correspond to it; which are fundamental aspects that allow the construction of cultural identity in a group.

El contexto escolar regularmente se convierte en un espacio donde los estudiantes manifiestan realidades que acontecen en sus hogares o localidades donde viven. Es por eso que las instituciones educativas deben configurarse como un laboratorio de paz donde los niños y jóvenes se impregnen de la cultura de paz. En consecuencia, es importante que la Educación para la Paz sea un componente esencial en la formación que se brinda en los establecimientos educativos, puesto que enmarca esfuerzos encaminados hacia el logro de una sana convivencia, donde se presentan los conflictos, pero donde éstos son asumidos de manera positiva. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo, determinar el efecto de las estrategias de Educación para la Paz, la resolución pacífica de conflictos y la Comunicación no Violenta en las interacciones agresivas de los estudiantes del programa flexible Caminar en Secundaria 6-7, del Colegio “Pablo Emilio Carvajal”, Sede principal, en el Distrito de Buenaventura. Para este efecto, se elaboró una serie de talleres en los que se presentaron diversas actividades en el marco de la Educación para la paz, procurando que los estudiantes reflexionaran y asumieran actitudes de cambio en su relación con los demás. Acto seguido se evaluó el resultado de esta intervención, procurando identificar el impacto de esta en las relaciones de la vida escolar y de la cotidianidad de los estudiantes. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron concluir que, vale la pena esforzarse por educar para la paz, que, así como del ambiente familiar y social en general se toman elementos que fomentan la violencia, de igual manera la Educación para la Paz logra facilitar condiciones para que emerja una conciencia de no violencia promotora de paz., The school context usually becomes a space where students show realities that take place in their homes or neighborhood where they live. That’s why educational institutions must be prepared for being as a peace laboratory where children and young people are involved with the culture of peace. Consequently, it is important that Peace Education be an essential component in the formation provided in educational establishments, so it frames efforts aimed at achieving a healthy coexistence, where there are conflicts, but where they are assumed in a positive way. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of peace education strategies, the peaceful resolution of conflicts and non-violent communication in the aggressive interactions of students of the flexible program Walking in Hight-School, grades 6th-7th, of "Pablo Emilio Carvajal Educational institution", in Buenaventura District. For this purpose, a series of workshops was elaborated in which several activities were presented within the framework of Peace Education, trying to make students reflected and assumed change attitudes in their relationship with other people. Afterwards, the result of this intervention was evaluated, trying to identify the impact of it on the relationships of school life and the daily life of the students. The results obtained allowed us to conclude that it is worthwhile to make an effort to educate for peace, that, in the same way as boys and girls absorb elements that foment violence from families and social environment in general, Peace Education try to facilitate conditions for the emergence of a nonviolence awareness peace promoter.

El contexto escolar regularmente se convierte en un espacio donde los estudiantes manifiestan realidades que acontecen en sus hogares o localidades donde viven. Es por eso que las instituciones educativas deben configurarse como un laboratorio de paz donde los niños y jóvenes se impregnen de la cultura de paz. En consecuencia, es importante que la Educación para la Paz sea un componente esencial en la formación que se brinda en los establecimientos educativos, puesto que enmarca esfuerzos encaminados hacia el logro de una sana convivencia, donde se presentan los conflictos, pero donde éstos son asumidos de manera positiva. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo, determinar el efecto de las estrategias de Educación para la Paz, la resolución pacífica de conflictos y la Comunicación no Violenta en las interacciones agresivas de los estudiantes del programa flexible Caminar en Secundaria 6-7, del Colegio “Pablo Emilio Carvajal”, Sede principal, en el Distrito de Buenaventura. Para este efecto, se elaboró una serie de talleres en los que se presentaron diversas actividades en el marco de la Educación para la paz, procurando que los estudiantes reflexionaran y asumieran actitudes de cambio en su relación con los demás. Acto seguido se evaluó el resultado de esta intervención, procurando identificar el impacto de esta en las relaciones de la vida escolar y de la cotidianidad de los estudiantes. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron concluir que, vale la pena esforzarse por educar para la paz, que, así como del ambiente familiar y social en general se toman elementos que fomentan la violencia, de igual manera la Educación para la Paz logra facilitar condiciones para que emerja una conciencia de no violencia promotora de paz., The school context usually becomes a space where students show realities that take place in their homes or neighborhood where they live. That’s why educational institutions must be prepared for being as a peace laboratory where children and young people are involved with the culture of peace. Consequently, it is important that Peace Education be an essential component in the formation provided in educational establishments, so it frames efforts aimed at achieving a healthy coexistence, where there are conflicts, but where they are assumed in a positive way. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of peace education strategies, the peaceful resolution of conflicts and non-violent communication in the aggressive interactions of students of the flexible program Walking in Hight-School, grades 6th-7th, of "Pablo Emilio Carvajal Educational institution", in Buenaventura District. For this purpose, a series of workshops was elaborated in which several activities were presented within the framework of Peace Education, trying to make students reflected and assumed change attitudes in their relationship with other people. Afterwards, the result of this intervention was evaluated, trying to identify the impact of it on the relationships of school life and the daily life of the students. The results obtained allowed us to conclude that it is worthwhile to make an effort to educate for peace, that, in the same way as boys and girls absorb elements that foment violence from families and social environment in general, Peace Education try to facilitate conditions for the emergence of a nonviolence awareness peace promoter.

El contexto escolar regularmente se convierte en un espacio donde los estudiantes manifiestan realidades que acontecen en sus hogares o localidades donde viven. Es por eso que las instituciones educativas deben configurarse como un laboratorio de paz donde los niños y jóvenes se impregnen de la cultura de paz. En consecuencia, es importante que la Educación para la Paz sea un componente esencial en la formación que se brinda en los establecimientos educativos, puesto que enmarca esfuerzos encaminados hacia el logro de una sana convivencia, donde se presentan los conflictos, pero donde éstos son asumidos de manera positiva. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo, determinar el efecto de las estrategias de Educación para la Paz, la resolución pacífica de conflictos y la Comunicación no Violenta en las interacciones agresivas de los estudiantes del programa flexible Caminar en Secundaria 6-7, del Colegio “Pablo Emilio Carvajal”, Sede principal, en el Distrito de Buenaventura. Para este efecto, se elaboró una serie de talleres en los que se presentaron diversas actividades en el marco de la Educación para la paz, procurando que los estudiantes reflexionaran y asumieran actitudes de cambio en su relación con los demás. Acto seguido se evaluó el resultado de esta intervención, procurando identificar el impacto de esta en las relaciones de la vida escolar y de la cotidianidad de los estudiantes. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron concluir que, vale la pena esforzarse por educar para la paz, que, así como del ambiente familiar y social en general se toman elementos que fomentan la violencia, de igual manera la Educación para la Paz logra facilitar condiciones para que emerja una conciencia de no violencia promotora de paz., The school context usually becomes a space where students show realities that take place in their homes or neighborhood where they live. That’s why educational institutions must be prepared for being as a peace laboratory where children and young people are involved with the culture of peace. Consequently, it is important that Peace Education be an essential component in the formation provided in educational establishments, so it frames efforts aimed at achieving a healthy coexistence, where there are conflicts, but where they are assumed in a positive way. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of peace education strategies, the peaceful resolution of conflicts and non-violent communication in the aggressive interactions of students of the flexible program Walking in Hight-School, grades 6th-7th, of "Pablo Emilio Carvajal Educational institution", in Buenaventura District. For this purpose, a series of workshops was elaborated in which several activities were presented within the framework of Peace Education, trying to make students reflected and assumed change attitudes in their relationship with other people. Afterwards, the result of this intervention was evaluated, trying to identify the impact of it on the relationships of school life and the daily life of the students. The results obtained allowed us to conclude that it is worthwhile to make an effort to educate for peace, that, in the same way as boys and girls absorb elements that foment violence from families and social environment in general, Peace Education try to facilitate conditions for the emergence of a nonviolence awareness peace promoter.

La presente tesis de pregrado, tuvo por objetivo describir la identidad cultural de cuatro adolescentes “afro descendientes” del corregimiento de Pueblo Nuevo de la ciudad de Guadalajara de Buga. Se basó en los referentes conceptuales de la psicología social, puesto que considera que la construcción de la identidad cultural es constante y se retroalimenta de la interacción del individuo y el entorno en que se desenvuelve (Domínguez, Moya, Gaviria y Guirado, 2007). Por lo anterior, se realizaron tres grupos focales para indagar por cada una de las categorías descritas. Para la realización del análisis se utilizó la técnica de Análisis Temático propuesto por (Mieles, Tonon, Alvarado, 2012). En este sentido, los resultados obtenidos lograron dar cuenta que la identidad cultural de los cuatro jóvenes del corregimiento de Pueblo Nuevo de la ciudad de Guadalajara de Buga no está relacionada con la cultura afrodescendiente, sino que es una mezcla de prácticas culturales. Se evidencia que el soporte del apoyo socio familiar es determínate en el bienestar emocional de los jóvenes y que es la base que consolida cómo estos se desenvuelven en otros espacios. Se concluye que a pesar de que este corregimiento está en proceso de categorización como población “afro colombiana”, el conocimiento que estos jóvenes tienen sobre esta cultura es muy poco y corresponde más a una iniciativa política que busca rescatar esta identidad, siendo reforzada y direccionada por la Alcaldía de la ciudad. Cabe resaltar que, aunque si hay algunas prácticas y tradiciones están relacionadas con esta cultura, estos jóvenes no se sienten identificados hacia ellas, ni tampoco su memoria colectiva corresponde a esta; los cuales son aspectos fundamentales que permiten la construcción de la identidad cultural en un grupo., The objective of this undergraduate thesis was to describe the cultural identity of four adolescents "afro descendants" from the village of Pueblo Nuevo in the city of Guadalajara de Buga. It was based on the conceptual referents of social psychology, since it considers that the construction of cultural identity is constant and feeds back on the interaction of the individual and the environment in which it operates (Domínguez, Moya, Gaviria and Guirado, 2007). Therefore, three focus groups were conducted to investigate each of the categories described. To carry out the analysis, the Thematic Analysis technique proposed by (Honeys, Tonon, Alvarado, 2012) was used. In this sense, the results obtained were able to show that the cultural identity of the four young people of the village of Pueblo Nuevo in the city of Guadalajara de Buga is not related to the Afro-descendant culture, but is a mixture of cultural practices. It is evident that the support of the socio-familiar support is determined in the emotional well-being of the young people and that it is the base that consolidates how these develop in other spaces. It is concluded that although this corregimiento is in the process of categorization as an "Afro-Colombian" population, the knowledge that these young people have about this culture is very little and corresponds more to a political initiative that seeks to rescue this identity, being reinforced and directed for the Mayor's Office of the city. It should be noted that, although there are some practices and traditions are related to this culture, these young people do not feel identified with them, nor does their collective memory correspond to it; which are fundamental aspects that allow the construction of cultural identity in a group.

Climate change and human pressures are changing the global distribution and the extent of intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES), which comprise half of the global river network area. IRES are characterized by periods of flow cessation, during which channel substrates accumulate and undergo physico-chemical changes (preconditioning), and periods of flow resumption, when these substrates are rewetted and release pulses of dissolved nutrients and organic matter (OM). However, there are no estimates of the amounts and quality of leached substances, nor is there information on the underlying environmental constraints operating at the global scale. We experimentally simulated, under standard laboratory conditions, rewetting of leaves, riverbed sediments, and epilithic biofilms collected during the dry phase across 205 IRES from five major climate zones. We determined the amounts and qualitative characteristics of the leached nutrients and OM, and estimated their areal fluxes from riverbeds. In addition, we evaluated the variance in leachate characteristics in relation to selected environmental variables and substrate characteristics. We found that sediments, due to their large quantities within riverbeds, contribute most to the overall flux of dissolved substances during rewetting events (56%-98%), and that flux rates distinctly differ among climate zones. Dissolved organic carbon, phenolics, and nitrate contributed most to the areal fluxes. The largest amounts of leached substances were found in the continental climate zone, coinciding with the lowest potential bioavailability of the leached OM. The opposite pattern was found in the arid zone. Environmental variables expected to be modified under climate change (i.e. potential evapotranspiration, aridity, dry period duration, land use) were correlated with the amount of leached substances, with the strongest relationship found for sediments. These results show that the role of IRES should be accounted for in g

Climate change and human pressures are changing the global distribution and the extent of intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES), which comprise half of the global river network area. IRES are characterized by periods of flow cessation, during which channel substrates accumulate and undergo physico-chemical changes (preconditioning), and periods of flow resumption, when these substrates are rewetted and release pulses of dissolved nutrients and organic matter (OM). However, there are no estimates of the amounts and quality of leached substances, nor is there information on the underlying environmental constraints operating at the global scale. We experimentally simulated, under standard laboratory conditions, rewetting of leaves, riverbed sediments, and epilithic biofilms collected during the dry phase across 205 IRES from five major climate zones. We determined the amounts and qualitative characteristics of the leached nutrients and OM, and estimated their areal fluxes from riverbeds. In addition, we evaluated the variance in leachate characteristics in relation to selected environmental variables and substrate characteristics. We found that sediments, due to their large quantities within riverbeds, contribute most to the overall flux of dissolved substances during rewetting events (56%-98%), and that flux rates distinctly differ among climate zones. Dissolved organic carbon, phenolics, and nitrate contributed most to the areal fluxes. The largest amounts of leached substances were found in the continental climate zone, coinciding with the lowest potential bioavailability of the leached OM. The opposite pattern was found in the arid zone. Environmental variables expected to be modified under climate change (i.e. potential evapotranspiration, aridity, dry period duration, land use) were correlated with the amount of leached substances, with the strongest relationship found for sediments. These results show that the role of IRES should be accounted for in g

Climate change and human pressures are changing the global distribution and the extent of intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES), which comprise half of the global river network area. IRES are characterized by periods of flow cessation, during which channel substrates accumulate and undergo physico-chemical changes (preconditioning), and periods of flow resumption, when these substrates are rewetted and release pulses of dissolved nutrients and organic matter (OM). However, there are no estimates of the amounts and quality of leached substances, nor is there information on the underlying environmental constraints operating at the global scale. We experimentally simulated, under standard laboratory conditions, rewetting of leaves, riverbed sediments, and epilithic biofilms collected during the dry phase across 205 IRES from five major climate zones. We determined the amounts and qualitative characteristics of the leached nutrients and OM, and estimated their areal fluxes from riverbeds. In addition, we evaluated the variance in leachate characteristics in relation to selected environmental variables and substrate characteristics. We found that sediments, due to their large quantities within riverbeds, contribute most to the overall flux of dissolved substances during rewetting events (56%-98%), and that flux rates distinctly differ among climate zones. Dissolved organic carbon, phenolics, and nitrate contributed most to the areal fluxes. The largest amounts of leached substances were found in the continental climate zone, coinciding with the lowest potential bioavailability of the leached OM. The opposite pattern was found in the arid zone. Environmental variables expected to be modified under climate change (i.e. potential evapotranspiration, aridity, dry period duration, land use) were correlated with the amount of leached substances, with the strongest relationship found for sediments. These results show that the role of IRES should be accounted for in g

Climate change and human pressures are changing the global distribution and the extent of intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES), which comprise half of the global river network area. IRES are characterized by periods of flow cessation, during which channel substrates accumulate and undergo physico‐chemical changes (preconditioning), and periods of flow resumption, when these substrates are rewetted and release pulses of dissolved nutrients and organic matter (OM). However, there are no estimates of the amounts and quality of leached substances, nor is there information on the underlying environmental constraints operating at the global scale. We experimentally simulated, under standard laboratory conditions, rewetting of leaves, riverbed sediments, and epilithic biofilms collected during the dry phase across 205 IRES from five major climate zones. We determined the amounts and qualitative characteristics of the leached nutrients and OM, and estimated their areal fluxes from riverbeds. In addition, we evaluated the variance in leachate characteristics in relation to selected environmental variables and substrate characteristics. We found that sediments, due to their large quantities within riverbeds, contribute most to the overall flux of dissolved substances during rewetting events (56%–98%), and that flux rates distinctly differ among climate zones. Dissolved organic carbon, phenolics, and nitrate contributed most to the areal fluxes. The largest amounts of leached substances were found in the continental climate zone, coinciding with the lowest potential bioavailability of the leached OM. The opposite pattern was found in the arid zone. Environmental variables expected to be modified under climate change (i.e. potential evapotranspiration, aridity, dry period duration, land use) were correlated with the amount of leached substances, with the strongest relationship found for sediments. These results show that the role of IRES should be accounted for in g

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy is a known cause of microcephaly and other congenital and developmental anomalies. In the absence of a ZIKV vaccine or prophylactics, principal investigators (PIs) and international leaders in ZIKV research have formed the ZIKV Individual Participant Data (IPD) Consortium to identify, collect and synthesise IPD from longitudinal studies of pregnant women that measure ZIKV infection during pregnancy and fetal, infant or child outcomes. We will identify eligible studies through the ZIKV IPD Consortium membership and a systematic review and invite study PIs to participate in the IPD meta-analysis (IPD-MA). We will use the combined dataset to estimate the relative and absolute risk of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), including microcephaly and late symptomatic congenital infections; identify and explore sources of heterogeneity in those estimates and develop and validate a risk prediction model to identify the pregnancies at the highest risk of CZS or adverse developmental outcomes. The variable accuracy of diagnostic assays and differences in exposure and outcome definitions means that included studies will have a higher level of systematic variability, a component of measurement error, than an IPD-MA of studies of an established pathogen. We will use expert testimony, existing internal and external diagnostic accuracy validation studies and laboratory external quality assessments to inform the distribution of measurement error in our models. We will apply both Bayesian and frequentist methods to directly account for these and other sources of uncertainty. The IPD-MA was deemed exempt from ethical review. We will convene a group of patient advocates to evaluate the ethical implications and utility of the risk stratification tool. Findings from these analyses will be shared via national and international conferences and through publication in open access, peer-reviewed journals. PROSPERO International prospective register of s

Anthracnose is a fungal disease that causes serious losses in tree tomatoes in Ecuador. This disease causes serious damage to fruits and its control is based mainly on use of chemical products. In Ecuador, the genera Colletotrichum acutatum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides have been reported to be the causal agent of anthracnose, based on morphological characteristics. In this study, the morphological and molecular characterization of 16 isolates of Colletotrichum spp. of tree tomato, in six different localities in the provinces of Azuay and Loja. Morphological characterization was carried out for variables such as colony color and conidium shape, while molecular characterization was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR experiments was carried out with specific primers reported for C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides, designed in the internal transcription spacer (ITS). Based on morphological and molecular characterization, it was determined that the causative agent of anthracnose for the provinces of Azuay and Loja is the C. acutatum complex, represented by C. tamarilloi. Isolates presented characteristics of this species and molecular analysis allowed to confirm this result, generating amplifications of molecular weights of approximately 500 bp, while with the specific primers of C. gloeosporioides no amplification was obtained. This molecular characterization confirms results that place the C. acutatum complex as the causative agent of anthracnose in the Southern region of Ecuador.

Climate change and human pressures are changing the global distribution and the extent of intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES), which comprise half of the global river network area. IRES are characterized by periods of flow cessation, during which channel substrates accumulate and undergo physico‐chemical changes (preconditioning), and periods of flow resumption, when these substrates are rewetted and release pulses of dissolved nutrients and organic matter (OM). However, there are no estimates of the amounts and quality of leached substances, nor is there information on the underlying environmental constraints operating at the global scale. We experimentally simulated, under standard laboratory conditions, rewetting of leaves, riverbed sediments, and epilithic biofilms collected during the dry phase across 205 IRES from five major climate zones. We determined the amounts and qualitative characteristics of the leached nutrients and OM, and estimated their areal fluxes from riverbeds. In addition, we evaluated the variance in leachate characteristics in relation to selected environmental variables and substrate characteristics. We found that sediments, due to their large quantities within riverbeds, contribute most to the overall flux of dissolved substances during rewetting events (56%–98%), and that flux rates distinctly differ among climate zones. Dissolved organic carbon, phenolics, and nitrate contributed most to the areal fluxes. The largest amounts of leached substances were found in the continental climate zone, coinciding with the lowest potential bioavailability of the leached OM. The opposite pattern was found in the arid zone. Environmental variables expected to be modified under climate change (i.e. potential evapotranspiration, aridity, dry period duration, land use) were correlated with the amount of leached substances, with the strongest relationship found for sediments. These results show that the role of IRES should be accounted for in g

Climate change and human pressures are changing the global distribution and the extent of intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES), which comprise half of the global river network area. IRES are characterized by periods of flow cessation, during which channel substrates accumulate and undergo physico-chemical changes (preconditioning), and periods of flow resumption, when these substrates are rewetted and release pulses of dissolved nutrients and organic matter (OM). However, there are no estimates of the amounts and quality of leached substances, nor is there information on the underlying environmental constraints operating at the global scale. We experimentally simulated, under standard laboratory conditions, rewetting of leaves, riverbed sediments, and epilithic biofilms collected during the dry phase across 205 IRES from five major climate zones. We determined the amounts and qualitative characteristics of the leached nutrients and OM, and estimated their areal fluxes from riverbeds. In addition, we evaluated the variance in leachate characteristics in relation to selected environmental variables and substrate characteristics. We found that sediments, due to their large quantities within riverbeds, contribute most to the overall flux of dissolved substances during rewetting events (56%-98%), and that flux rates distinctly differ among climate zones. Dissolved organic carbon, phenolics, and nitrate contributed most to the areal fluxes. The largest amounts of leached substances were found in the continental climate zone, coinciding with the lowest potential bioavailability of the leached OM. The opposite pattern was found in the arid zone. Environmental variables expected to be modified under climate change (i.e. potential evapotranspiration, aridity, dry period duration, land use) were correlated with the amount of leached substances, with the strongest relationship found for sediments. These results show that the role of IRES should be accounted for in g

Climate change and human pressures are changing the global distribution and the extent of intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES), which comprise half of the global river network area. IRES are characterized by periods of flow cessation, during which channel substrates accumulate and undergo physico-chemical changes (preconditioning), and periods of flow resumption, when these substrates are rewetted and release pulses of dissolved nutrients and organic matter (OM). However, there are no estimates of the amounts and quality of leached substances, nor is there information on the underlying environmental constraints operating at the global scale. We experimentally simulated, under standard laboratory conditions, rewetting of leaves, riverbed sediments, and epilithic biofilms collected during the dry phase across 205 IRES from five major climate zones. We determined the amounts and qualitative characteristics of the leached nutrients and OM, and estimated their areal fluxes from riverbeds. In addition, we evaluated the variance in leachate characteristics in relation to selected environmental variables and substrate characteristics. We found that sediments, due to their large quantities within riverbeds, contribute most to the overall flux of dissolved substances during rewetting events (56%-98%), and that flux rates distinctly differ among climate zones. Dissolved organic carbon, phenolics, and nitrate contributed most to the areal fluxes. The largest amounts of leached substances were found in the continental climate zone, coinciding with the lowest potential bioavailability of the leached OM. The opposite pattern was found in the arid zone. Environmental variables expected to be modified under climate change (i.e. potential evapotranspiration, aridity, dry period duration, land use) were correlated with the amount of leached substances, with the strongest relationship found for sediments. These results show that the role of IRES should be accounted for in g

La investigación expuesta en el presente artículo pretende identificar los factores psicosociales (cognitivos, perceptivos, emocionales, comportamentales y socioculturales) asociados a las conductas alimentarias de riesgo en mujeres universitarias de la ciudad de Medellín. Esta investigación encuentra su justificación desde la postura de cuestionamiento a las formas de hacer las cosas en la ciudad de Medellín, para interrogar los estereotipos y las políticas de salud. Expone el contenido identificando los factores cognitivos, perceptivos, emocionales, comportamentales y socioculturales además del concepto de Conductas alimentarias de riesgo con sus causas, síntomas y consecuencias. La investigación es realizada en una metodología cualitativa con enfoque descriptivo del contenido de las conductas alimentarias de riesgo y los factores psicosociales y estudio de caso en mujeres universitarias

Wireless technologies are fast growing. The focus on finding alternatives to radio frequency communication methods raised the use of barcode technologies. Barcodes, in fact, can be used to enable a wireless communication using cameras to decode and displays to encode data. This communication can be considered as a VLC (Visible Light Communication), whose aim is to exchange data using visible light frequencies. Nowadays barcodes are used to scan boarding pass or send money and they took the place of old RF technology when security matters. Usually barcodes are used in a unidirectional way, such that it is possible either to scan or to show one. In this thesis we address the problem of bidirectional communication using barcodes. We present MAMBA (Motion-Aware Mobile Barcode Adaptation), a new concept of barcode decoding totally devoted to bidirectional communication. During our work we focus on two different sides, the barcode decoding and the bidirectional protocol. Regarding the decoding part, we employ new computer vision techniques that help us on dealing with perspective distorted images and to decode the barcode in an easy and more efficient way. We realize a connection-oriented protocol that is based on a P2P model with a custom handshake. Together with that, we add an adaptive layer in between the link and the connection layer that helps on recovering the connection when channel conditions are not optimal. We tune the image frame rate to deal with both dark environments (where the image detection can be more time consuming) and different capturing frame rate of the devices. On the other hand, we adapt the block size of the barcode when the image decoding is difficult. (write it better). As a result, we obtain an environment where the adaptivity layer gives better connection and throughput results.

dando en el patrón de acumulacióncapitalista, hacen imprescindible abordar,desde todos los ángulos, el estudio de lasnuevas condiciones, las nuevas reglas deljuego económico y social. Al agudizarse laexacción bajo nuevos, diversos einsospechados mecanismos, nos lanza elreto de inventar desde nuestro mundo lasformas de innovación liberadora

Background: The interaction between influenza virus and the host response to infection clearly plays an important role in determining the outcome of infection. While much is known on the participation of inflammation on the pathogenesis of severe A (H1N1) pandemic 09-influenza virus, its role in the course of non-fatal pneumonia has not been fully addressed. Methods: A systems biology approach was used to define gene expression profiles, histology and viral dynamics in the lungs of healthy immune-competent mice with pneumonia caused by a human influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus, which successfully resolved the infection. Results: Viral infection activated a marked pro-inflammatory response at the lung level paralleling the emergence of histological changes. Cellular immune response and cytokine signaling were the two signaling pathway categories more representative of our analysis. This transcriptome response was associated to viral clearance, and its resolution was accompanied by resolution of histopathology. Discussion: These findings suggest a dual role of pulmonary inflammation in viral clearance and development of pneumonia during non-fatal infection caused by the 2009 pandemic influenza virus. Understanding the dynamics of the host's transcriptomic and virological changes over the course of the infection caused by A (H1N1) pdm09 virus may help identifying the immune response profiles associated with an effective response against influenza virus.

dando en el patrón de acumulacióncapitalista, hacen imprescindible abordar,desde todos los ángulos, el estudio de lasnuevas condiciones, las nuevas reglas deljuego económico y social. Al agudizarse laexacción bajo nuevos, diversos einsospechados mecanismos, nos lanza elreto de inventar desde nuestro mundo lasformas de innovación liberadora

El presente documento tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión bibliográfica del tema de motores para vehículos eléctricos y seguidamente realizar la caracterización de los motores para estos vehículos, actualmente el tema de motores eléctricos se ha vuelto muy popular en algunos países de Europa y norte américa, en Colombia no se conoce mucho del tema sin embargo se realiza un estudio de estos vehículos en el país para contextualizarse en el área de estudio del tema, se realiza una comparación de los vehículos eléctricos y los vehículos de combustión para conocer la realidad del alcance de los vehículos eléctricos y conociendo cuales son estos vehículos mirar los tipos de motores que utilizan, esto es importante para así entrar a definir esos tipos de motores, saber cuáles son sus características, sus prestaciones, su precio, sus ventajas y desventajas. Conociendo cómo se comportan los motores eléctricos para vehículo se podrá entonces definir unas variables que se tendrán en cuenta a la hora de seleccionar el motor para el vehículo eléctrico. El grupo de investigación de Tecnología Mecánica se encuentra trabajando en el proyecto diseño y construcción virtual de un vehículo eléctrico utilitario, el cual busca desempeñar una aplicación utilitaria de transporte de carga o pasajeros, en el proceso de desarrollo y diseño de un vehículo existen muchos aspectos a tener en cuenta, tales como el chasis, el sistema de frenos, la transmisión, la suspensión, entre otros, se hace necesario trabajar cada uno de los sistemas que conforman un vehículo por separado.

El presente documento tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión bibliográfica del tema de motores para vehículos eléctricos y seguidamente realizar la caracterización de los motores para estos vehículos, actualmente el tema de motores eléctricos se ha vuelto muy popular en algunos países de Europa y norte américa, en Colombia no se conoce mucho del tema sin embargo se realiza un estudio de estos vehículos en el país para contextualizarse en el área de estudio del tema, se realiza una comparación de los vehículos eléctricos y los vehículos de combustión para conocer la realidad del alcance de los vehículos eléctricos y conociendo cuales son estos vehículos mirar los tipos de motores que utilizan, esto es importante para así entrar a definir esos tipos de motores, saber cuáles son sus características, sus prestaciones, su precio, sus ventajas y desventajas. Conociendo cómo se comportan los motores eléctricos para vehículo se podrá entonces definir unas variables que se tendrán en cuenta a la hora de seleccionar el motor para el vehículo eléctrico. El grupo de investigación de Tecnología Mecánica se encuentra trabajando en el proyecto diseño y construcción virtual de un vehículo eléctrico utilitario, el cual busca desempeñar una aplicación utilitaria de transporte de carga o pasajeros, en el proceso de desarrollo y diseño de un vehículo existen muchos aspectos a tener en cuenta, tales como el chasis, el sistema de frenos, la transmisión, la suspensión, entre otros, se hace necesario trabajar cada uno de los sistemas que conforman un vehículo por separado.

dando en el patrón de acumulacióncapitalista, hacen imprescindible abordar,desde todos los ángulos, el estudio de lasnuevas condiciones, las nuevas reglas deljuego económico y social. Al agudizarse laexacción bajo nuevos, diversos einsospechados mecanismos, nos lanza elreto de inventar desde nuestro mundo lasformas de innovación liberadora

dando en el patrón de acumulacióncapitalista, hacen imprescindible abordar,desde todos los ángulos, el estudio de lasnuevas condiciones, las nuevas reglas deljuego económico y social. Al agudizarse laexacción bajo nuevos, diversos einsospechados mecanismos, nos lanza elreto de inventar desde nuestro mundo lasformas de innovación liberadora

El presente documento tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión bibliográfica del tema de motores para vehículos eléctricos y seguidamente realizar la caracterización de los motores para estos vehículos, actualmente el tema de motores eléctricos se ha vuelto muy popular en algunos países de Europa y norte américa, en Colombia no se conoce mucho del tema sin embargo se realiza un estudio de estos vehículos en el país para contextualizarse en el área de estudio del tema, se realiza una comparación de los vehículos eléctricos y los vehículos de combustión para conocer la realidad del alcance de los vehículos eléctricos y conociendo cuales son estos vehículos mirar los tipos de motores que utilizan, esto es importante para así entrar a definir esos tipos de motores, saber cuáles son sus características, sus prestaciones, su precio, sus ventajas y desventajas. Conociendo cómo se comportan los motores eléctricos para vehículo se podrá entonces definir unas variables que se tendrán en cuenta a la hora de seleccionar el motor para el vehículo eléctrico. El grupo de investigación de Tecnología Mecánica se encuentra trabajando en el proyecto diseño y construcción virtual de un vehículo eléctrico utilitario, el cual busca desempeñar una aplicación utilitaria de transporte de carga o pasajeros, en el proceso de desarrollo y diseño de un vehículo existen muchos aspectos a tener en cuenta, tales como el chasis, el sistema de frenos, la transmisión, la suspensión, entre otros, se hace necesario trabajar cada uno de los sistemas que conforman un vehículo por separado.