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Ketersediaan energi fosil yang semakin berkurang menjadikan energi terbarukan sebagai solusi dari permasalahan tersebut. Energi matahari merupakan energi terbarukan yang ketersediaannya melimpah serta tidak mencemari lingkungan. Matahari memancarkan radiasi elektromagnetik berupa cahaya matahari yang nantinya ditangkap oleh alat berupa photovoltaic-thermal dan dikonversikan menjadi energi listrik serta panas tingkat rendah secara bersamaan. Photovoltaic-thermal memanfaatkan heat exchanger untuk mendapatkan perpindahan kalor menggunakan fluida kerja. Penggunaan nanofluida bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kinerja perpindahan kalor karena memiliki sifat termofisik yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan fluida dasar. Nanofluida akan ditambahkan variasi surfaktan untuk mendapatkan pendingin yang optimal untuk pengaplikasian pada photovoltaic-thermal. Proses eksperimental pada penelitian ini menggunakan nanopartikel hexagonal Boron Nitride dengan fraksi massa 0 1% terhadap 1000 ml air destilasi yang diterapkan pada photovoltaic-thermal. Nanofluida diberikan penambahan variasi surfaktan polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) dan cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Pengujian pada setiap variasinya dilakukan selama 3 kali. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan pada setiap fluida kerja yang diujiakan. Peningkatan terdapat pada sifat termofisik nanofluida dibandingkan dengan fluida dasar. Peningkatan juga terjadi pada unjuk kerja photovoltaic-thermal seiring perbedaan variasi surfaktan yang digunakan. Efisiensi termal tertinggi didapatkan pada penggunaan nanofluida hBN-PVP pada menit ke-0 dengan nilai 63 74%. Efisiensi elektrik tertinggi juga didapatkan oleh nanofluida yang sama pada menit ke-10 dengan nilai 9 17%.

Abdul Haseeb,1 Zikria Saleem,2 Ummara Altaf,3 Narjis Batool,4 Brian Godman,5– 7 Umar Ahsan,8 Mehreen Ashiq,9 Mutiba Razzaq,9 Rabia Hanif,9 Zill E-Huma,9 Afreenish Amir,10 Mohammad Akbar Hossain,11 Mohamed Raafat,12 Rozan Mohammad Radwan,13 Muhammad Shahid Iqbal,14 Sairah Hafeez Kamran15 1Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan; 3Department of Pharmacy, Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; 4Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Center of Health Systems and Safety Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; 5Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, UK; 6School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa; 7Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; 8Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Al Noor Specialist Hospital, Ministry of health, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 9Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; 10Department of Microbiology, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; 11Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine in Al-Qunfudah, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 12Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; 13Pharmaceutical Care Department, Al Noor Specialist Hospital, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; 14Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia; 15Institute of Pharmacy, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, PakistanCorrespondence: Zikria Saleem, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya Univers

Ketersediaan energi fosil yang semakin berkurang menjadikan energi terbarukan sebagai solusi dari permasalahan tersebut. Energi matahari merupakan energi terbarukan yang ketersediaannya melimpah serta tidak mencemari lingkungan. Matahari memancarkan radiasi elektromagnetik berupa cahaya matahari yang nantinya ditangkap oleh alat berupa photovoltaic-thermal dan dikonversikan menjadi energi listrik serta panas tingkat rendah secara bersamaan. Photovoltaic-thermal memanfaatkan heat exchanger untuk mendapatkan perpindahan kalor menggunakan fluida kerja. Penggunaan nanofluida bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kinerja perpindahan kalor karena memiliki sifat termofisik yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan fluida dasar. Nanofluida akan ditambahkan variasi surfaktan untuk mendapatkan pendingin yang optimal untuk pengaplikasian pada photovoltaic-thermal. Proses eksperimental pada penelitian ini menggunakan nanopartikel hexagonal Boron Nitride dengan fraksi massa 0,1% terhadap 1000 ml air destilasi yang diterapkan pada photovoltaic-thermal. Nanofluida diberikan penambahan variasi surfaktan polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), dan cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Pengujian pada setiap variasinya dilakukan selama 3 kali. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan pada setiap fluida kerja yang diujiakan. Peningkatan terdapat pada sifat termofisik nanofluida dibandingkan dengan fluida dasar. Peningkatan juga terjadi pada unjuk kerja photovoltaic-thermal seiring perbedaan variasi surfaktan yang digunakan. Efisiensi termal tertinggi didapatkan pada penggunaan nanofluida hBN-PVP pada menit ke-0 dengan nilai 63,74%. Efisiensi elektrik tertinggi juga didapatkan oleh nanofluida yang sama pada menit ke-10 dengan nilai 9,17%.

Ketersediaan energi fosil yang semakin berkurang menjadikan energi terbarukan sebagai solusi dari permasalahan tersebut. Energi matahari merupakan energi terbarukan yang ketersediaannya melimpah serta tidak mencemari lingkungan. Matahari memancarkan radiasi elektromagnetik berupa cahaya matahari yang nantinya ditangkap oleh alat berupa photovoltaic-thermal dan dikonversikan menjadi energi listrik serta panas tingkat rendah secara bersamaan. Photovoltaic-thermal memanfaatkan heat exchanger untuk mendapatkan perpindahan kalor menggunakan fluida kerja. Penggunaan nanofluida bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kinerja perpindahan kalor karena memiliki sifat termofisik yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan fluida dasar. Nanofluida akan ditambahkan variasi surfaktan untuk mendapatkan pendingin yang optimal untuk pengaplikasian pada photovoltaic-thermal. Proses eksperimental pada penelitian ini menggunakan nanopartikel hexagonal Boron Nitride dengan fraksi massa 0,1% terhadap 1000 ml air destilasi yang diterapkan pada photovoltaic-thermal. Nanofluida diberikan penambahan variasi surfaktan polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), dan cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Pengujian pada setiap variasinya dilakukan selama 3 kali. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan pada setiap fluida kerja yang diujiakan. Peningkatan terdapat pada sifat termofisik nanofluida dibandingkan dengan fluida dasar. Peningkatan juga terjadi pada unjuk kerja photovoltaic-thermal seiring perbedaan variasi surfaktan yang digunakan. Efisiensi termal tertinggi didapatkan pada penggunaan nanofluida hBN-PVP pada menit ke-0 dengan nilai 63,74%. Efisiensi elektrik tertinggi juga didapatkan oleh nanofluida yang sama pada menit ke-10 dengan nilai 9,17%.

Ketersediaan energi fosil yang semakin berkurang menjadikan energi terbarukan sebagai solusi dari permasalahan tersebut. Energi matahari merupakan energi terbarukan yang ketersediaannya melimpah serta tidak mencemari lingkungan. Matahari memancarkan radiasi elektromagnetik berupa cahaya matahari yang nantinya ditangkap oleh alat berupa photovoltaic-thermal dan dikonversikan menjadi energi listrik serta panas tingkat rendah secara bersamaan. Photovoltaic-thermal memanfaatkan heat exchanger untuk mendapatkan perpindahan kalor menggunakan fluida kerja. Penggunaan nanofluida bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kinerja perpindahan kalor karena memiliki sifat termofisik yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan fluida dasar. Nanofluida akan ditambahkan variasi surfaktan untuk mendapatkan pendingin yang optimal untuk pengaplikasian pada photovoltaic-thermal. Proses eksperimental pada penelitian ini menggunakan nanopartikel hexagonal Boron Nitride dengan fraksi massa 0,1% terhadap 1000 ml air destilasi yang diterapkan pada photovoltaic-thermal. Nanofluida diberikan penambahan variasi surfaktan polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), dan cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Pengujian pada setiap variasinya dilakukan selama 3 kali. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan pada setiap fluida kerja yang diujiakan. Peningkatan terdapat pada sifat termofisik nanofluida dibandingkan dengan fluida dasar. Peningkatan juga terjadi pada unjuk kerja photovoltaic-thermal seiring perbedaan variasi surfaktan yang digunakan. Efisiensi termal tertinggi didapatkan pada penggunaan nanofluida hBN-PVP pada menit ke-0 dengan nilai 63,74%. Efisiensi elektrik tertinggi juga didapatkan oleh nanofluida yang sama pada menit ke-10 dengan nilai 9,17%.

Ketersediaan energi fosil yang semakin berkurang menjadikan energi terbarukan sebagai solusi dari permasalahan tersebut. Energi matahari merupakan energi terbarukan yang ketersediaannya melimpah serta tidak mencemari lingkungan. Matahari memancarkan radiasi elektromagnetik berupa cahaya matahari yang nantinya ditangkap oleh alat berupa photovoltaic-thermal dan dikonversikan menjadi energi listrik serta panas tingkat rendah secara bersamaan. Photovoltaic-thermal memanfaatkan heat exchanger untuk mendapatkan perpindahan kalor menggunakan fluida kerja. Penggunaan nanofluida bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kinerja perpindahan kalor karena memiliki sifat termofisik yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan fluida dasar. Nanofluida akan ditambahkan variasi surfaktan untuk mendapatkan pendingin yang optimal untuk pengaplikasian pada photovoltaic-thermal. Proses eksperimental pada penelitian ini menggunakan nanopartikel hexagonal Boron Nitride dengan fraksi massa 0,1% terhadap 1000 ml air destilasi yang diterapkan pada photovoltaic-thermal. Nanofluida diberikan penambahan variasi surfaktan polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), dan cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Pengujian pada setiap variasinya dilakukan selama 3 kali. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan pada setiap fluida kerja yang diujiakan. Peningkatan terdapat pada sifat termofisik nanofluida dibandingkan dengan fluida dasar. Peningkatan juga terjadi pada unjuk kerja photovoltaic-thermal seiring perbedaan variasi surfaktan yang digunakan. Efisiensi termal tertinggi didapatkan pada penggunaan nanofluida hBN-PVP pada menit ke-0 dengan nilai 63,74%. Efisiensi elektrik tertinggi juga didapatkan oleh nanofluida yang sama pada menit ke-10 dengan nilai 9,17%.

Ketersediaan energi fosil yang semakin berkurang menjadikan energi terbarukan sebagai solusi dari permasalahan tersebut. Energi matahari merupakan energi terbarukan yang ketersediaannya melimpah serta tidak mencemari lingkungan. Matahari memancarkan radiasi elektromagnetik berupa cahaya matahari yang nantinya ditangkap oleh alat berupa photovoltaic-thermal dan dikonversikan menjadi energi listrik serta panas tingkat rendah secara bersamaan. Photovoltaic-thermal memanfaatkan heat exchanger untuk mendapatkan perpindahan kalor menggunakan fluida kerja. Penggunaan nanofluida bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kinerja perpindahan kalor karena memiliki sifat termofisik yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan fluida dasar. Nanofluida akan ditambahkan variasi surfaktan untuk mendapatkan pendingin yang optimal untuk pengaplikasian pada photovoltaic-thermal. Proses eksperimental pada penelitian ini menggunakan nanopartikel hexagonal Boron Nitride dengan fraksi massa 0,1% terhadap 1000 ml air destilasi yang diterapkan pada photovoltaic-thermal. Nanofluida diberikan penambahan variasi surfaktan polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), dan cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Pengujian pada setiap variasinya dilakukan selama 3 kali. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan pada setiap fluida kerja yang diujiakan. Peningkatan terdapat pada sifat termofisik nanofluida dibandingkan dengan fluida dasar. Peningkatan juga terjadi pada unjuk kerja photovoltaic-thermal seiring perbedaan variasi surfaktan yang digunakan. Efisiensi termal tertinggi didapatkan pada penggunaan nanofluida hBN-PVP pada menit ke-0 dengan nilai 63,74%. Efisiensi elektrik tertinggi juga didapatkan oleh nanofluida yang sama pada menit ke-10 dengan nilai 9,17%.

This study aims to examine audit quality, bonus mechanisms, and company size on earning management moderated by managerial ownership. The purposive sampling method was used to collect research data, and the multiple regression equation models were used as a statistical analysis tool. The sample in this study were 46 issuers on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, especially manufacturing sector companies whose financial reports had been published for 3 (three) years from 2019 to 2021. Based on the results of this study, it shows that audit quality has a positive effect on earning management. This research has implications for earnings management which tend to be influenced by the audit quality owned by the company and to be able to see sustainable developments that support the survival of the company and expand previous research, especially the detection of earnings management.

In this article, graphic and methodical recommendations on the implementation of the project of the modern building of the center of entrepreneurs with the help of graphic programs are given.

In this article, graphic and methodical recommendations on the implementation of the project of the modern building of the center of entrepreneurs with the help of graphic programs are given.

In this article, graphic and methodical recommendations on the implementation of the project of the modern building of the center of entrepreneurs with the help of graphic programs are given.

In this article, graphic and methodical recommendations on the implementation of the project of the modern building of the center of entrepreneurs with the help of graphic programs are given.

Traditional surveillance systems are constrained because of a fixed and preset pattern of monitoring. It can reduce the reliability of the system and cause an increased generation of false alarms. It results in an increased processing activity of the system, which causes an augmented consumption of system resources and power. Within this framework, a human surveillance system is proposed based on the event-driven awakening and self-organization principle. The proposed system overcomes these downsides up to a certain level. It is achieved by intelligently merging an assembly of sensors with two cameras, actuators, a lighting module and cost-effective embedded processors. With the exception of low-power event detectors, all other system modules remain in the sleep mode. These modules are activated only upon detection of an event and as a function of the sensing environment condition. It reduces power consumption and processing activity of the proposed system. An effective combination of a sensor assembly and a robust classifier suppresses generation of false alarms and improves system reliability. An experimental setup is realized in order to verify the functionality of the proposed system. Results confirm proper functionality of the implemented system. A 62.3-fold system memory utilization and bandwidth consumption reduction compared to traditional counterparts is achieved, i.e. a result of the proposed system self-organization and event-driven awakening features. It confirms that the proposed system outperforms its classical counterparts in terms of processing activity, power consumption and usage of resources.

Power Plant Heat exchanger is widely used in chemical and petroleum plants because it can sustain wide range of temperature and pressure. Heat exchanger is a high nonlinearity and poor dynamics plant; therefore it is complex to model and difficult to control its dynamics. In this paper two types of heat exchanger model and controller are applied for selecting suitable model and controller. First model is called (Physical model) and derived using real parameter of heat exchanger plant. Second, a Second Order Plus Dead Time (SOPDT model) that is derived from the response of heat exchanger. While the controllers are consisted of fuzzy proportional derivative (FPD) controller and proportional integral derivative (PID) controller and applied to the model and their responses are compared with the existing PID controller. The PID controller response based on Physical model gives similar response of existing PID controller based real heat exchanger plant in comparison with SOPDT model. That means the Physical model is able to represent the heat exchanger plant dynamics more accurately than SOPDT model. For the controller, the FPD control gives a slight enhancement based on SOPDT model. Therefore, FPD controller is more suitable than PID controller.

Electricity is a distant dream for many families in developing countries. Photovoltaic (PV) technology is emerging as an effective tool to fulfill the demand of people in developing countries, especially in rural and isolated areas. However, there are some technical and non-technical barriers, such as institutional, social and cultural issues, which hinder the widespread use of PV systems in rural areas. Solar Home System (SHS) uses a PV module to provide power for lights and small appliances with dissemination potential for sustainable rural livelihood in developing countries. Installing SHS units in rural villages is the most important step, but to ensure lasting success, the program needs to secure upfront approval from the majority of the villagers, including village leaders. An implementation model similar to Infrastructure Development Company Ltd. (IDCOL) in Bangladesh is a good example for other developing countries. The future dissemination potential of SHSs depends on technological advancement and price reduction in installation.

The stochastic Kronecker Graph model can generate large random graph that closely resembles many real world networks. For example, the output graph has a heavy-tailed degree distribution, has a (low) diameter that effectively remains constant over time and obeys the so-called densification power law [1]. Aside from this list of very important graph properties, one may ask for some additional information about the output graph: What will be the expected number of isolated vertices? How many edges, self loops are there in the graph? What will be the expected number of triangles in a random realization? Here we try to answer the above questions. In the first phase, we bound the expected values of the aforementioned features from above. Next we establish the sufficient conditions to generate stochastic Kronecker graph with a wide range of interesting properties. Finally we show two phase transitions for the appearance of edges and self loops in stochastic Kronecker graph., Comment: 5 pages

Investigation of potential association of SNPs (G870A, rs9344; G1722C, rs678653) of cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) with susceptibility to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in Kashmir valley (India). The study included 302 subjects comprising 151 ESCC cases and 151 controls. PCR-RFLP and direct sequencing were employed for genotyping. The G870A polymorphism, the individuals carrying GA + AA genotype was having 2.80-fold increased risk for development of ESCC (OR 2.8, 95% CI = 1.77-4.4; P = 0.0001) compared to GG genotype. Further a significantly higher risk was observed in individuals who consume >3 cups per day of salted tea (OR = 5.1; 95% CI = 1.6-16.7; P = 0.0016) and had smoking habits (OR = 6.3; 95% CI = 2.9-13.9; P = 0.0005). We also demonstrate for the first time in CCND1 1722 locus, the CC genotype was strongly associated with increased risk of developing ESCC (OR = 2.58; 95% CI = 1.61-4.15; P = 0.0001). In addition, the frequency of polymorphic C allele was also found to be higher in cases (OR = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.37-2.69; P = 0.0002). There appears to be an influence of CCND1 G870A/G1772C genotypes on genetic susceptibility to ESCC.

Islamic banks today exist in all parts of the world, and are looked upon as a viable alternative system which has many things to offer.While it was initially developed to fulfill the needs of Muslims,Islamic banking has now gained universal acceptance.Islamic banking is recognized as one of the fastest growing areas in banking and finance.Since the opening of the first Islamic bank in Egypt in 1963, Islamic banking has grown rapidly all over the world. So in comparison, Islamic banking is relatively new phenomenon as the first Islamic bank, Mit Gharm Local Savings Bank of Egypt, was only established in 1963.Even then, the real growth of Islamic finance did not begin until the 1980s when Middle East countries experienced a large growth in surplus funds.Since then Muslim investment has spread throughout Europe and Asia, and Islamic finance is still expanding. Direct Islamic financing methods, such as with Islamic bonds, are gaining popularity in the West as is Islamic based funds management.The number of Islamic financial institutions worldwide has risen to over 300 today in more than 75 countries concentrated mainly in the Middle East and Southeast Asia (with Bahrain and Malaysia the biggest hubs), but are also appearing in Europe and the United States.The Islamic banking total assets worldwide are estimated to have exceed $250 billion and are growing at an estimated pace of 15 percent a year.Zaher and Hassan (2001) suggested that Islamic banks are set to control some 40-50 percent of Muslim savings by 2009/10.Saleh and Zaitun (2007) found that interesting development of Islamic banking globally.This sector has not only grown in the Muslim world, but has also gained significant attention in the Western world, with over 250 Islamic banks worldwide controlling approximately US$400 billion in assets and client money.The growth of these banks is proof of their success, and an indication that these banks continue to grow in number and size worldwide.

Conducting polymer polyaniline was synthesized by radiation method from casting films contg. polyvinyl alc. (PVA) blended with aniline hydrochloride. Upon gamma -irradn. the films changed to PVA/polyaniline nanoparticles as shown by the SEM surface morphol. The UV-Visible spectrophotometer measurement revealed the absorption band of polyaniline peaking at 790 nm due to pi-pi electronic transitions of conducting polyaniline mols. (polyemeraldine based) from donor atoms (HOMO) to acceptor atoms (LUMO). The band gap decreases from 1.15 eV at 0 kGy to 1.0 eV at 50 kGy indicating the cond. of polyaniline increases with the increase of dose. Nanocomposites of PVA/Ag0 nanoparticles were synthesized under ambient condition by gamma radiation from composite of PVA/silver nitrate. The UV-vis spectroscopy revealed the absorbance peaking at 425 due to the plasmon transitions at the conduction band of Ag0 nanoparticles. The absorbance increases with dose indicating an increase of the no. of Ag0 nanoparticles formed. The absorption peak shifted from 425 nm to 415 nm corresponds to a decrease in the diam. of Ag0 nanoparticles with increasing dose. The band gap of the PVA/Ag0 nanoparticles increases with increasing dose indicating the gap of conduction band of Ag0 nanoparticles increases as the diam. of Ag0 nanoparticles decreases.

Conducting polymer polyaniline was synthesized by radiation method from casting films contg. polyvinyl alc. (PVA) blended with aniline hydrochloride. Upon gamma -irradn. the films changed to PVA/polyaniline nanoparticles as shown by the SEM surface morphol. The UV-Visible spectrophotometer measurement revealed the absorption band of polyaniline peaking at 790 nm due to pi-pi electronic transitions of conducting polyaniline mols. (polyemeraldine based) from donor atoms (HOMO) to acceptor atoms (LUMO). The band gap decreases from 1.15 eV at 0 kGy to 1.0 eV at 50 kGy indicating the cond. of polyaniline increases with the increase of dose. Nanocomposites of PVA/Ag0 nanoparticles were synthesized under ambient condition by gamma radiation from composite of PVA/silver nitrate. The UV-vis spectroscopy revealed the absorbance peaking at 425 due to the plasmon transitions at the conduction band of Ag0 nanoparticles. The absorbance increases with dose indicating an increase of the no. of Ag0 nanoparticles formed. The absorption peak shifted from 425 nm to 415 nm corresponds to a decrease in the diam. of Ag0 nanoparticles with increasing dose. The band gap of the PVA/Ag0 nanoparticles increases with increasing dose indicating the gap of conduction band of Ag0 nanoparticles increases as the diam. of Ag0 nanoparticles decreases.

Mixed-ligand complexes of general formula, [Cu(NNS)(sac)] (NNS′ = S-benzyl-β-N-(2-acetylpyrid-2-yl)methylenedithiocarbazate, NNS″ = S-benzyl-β-N-(2-benzoylpyrid-2-yl)methylenedithiocarbazate and NNS = S-benzyl-β-N-(6-methylpyrid-2-yl)methylenedithio-carbazate, sac = the saccharinate anion) have been synthesized by reacting [Cu(sac)2(H2O)4] · 2H2O with the appropriate ligands in ethanol and characterized by various physico-chemical techniques. Magnetic and spectral evidence indicate that the complexes are four-coordinate in which the Schiff bases coordinate as NNS ligands and the sac- anion coordinates as a unidentate N-donor ligand. An X-ray crystallographic structural analysis of [Cu(NNS′)(sac)] shows that the complex has a distorted square-planar geometry with the Schiff base coordinated to the copper (II) ion as a uninegatively charged tridentate chelating agent via the pyridine nitrogen atom, the azomethine nitrogen atom and the thiolate sulphur atom while the fourth coordination position is occupied by the N-bonded saccharinate anion. The complexes have been evaluated for their biological activities against selected pathogens and cancer cell lines. They display weak activity against the pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The complexes were highly active against the leukemic cell line (HL-60) but only [Cu(NNS′)(sac)] was found to exhibit strong cytotoxicity against the ovarian cancer cell line (Caov-3). All complexes were inactive against the breast cancer cell line (MCF-7).

New complexes of general formula, [M(NNS)Cl] (M = PdII, PtII; NNS = anionic forms of the 6-methyl-2-formylpyridine Schiff bases of S-methyl- and S-benzyldithiocarbazates) have been prepared and characterized by a variety of physico-chemical techniques. Based on conductance and spectral evidence, a square-planar structure is assigned to these complexes. The crystal and molecular structure of the [Pd(mpasme)Cl] complex (mpasme=anionic form of the 6-methyl-2-formylpyridine Schiff base of S-methyldithiocarbazate) has been determined by X-ray diffraction. The complex has a distorted square-planar geometry with the ligand coordinated to the palladium(II) ion via the pyridine nitrogen atom, the azomethine nitrogen atom and the thiolate sulfur atom; the fourth coordination position around the palladium(II) ion is occupied by the chloride ligand. The distortion from a regular square-planar geometry is ascribed to the restricted bite angle of the ligand. Both the Schiff bases exhibit strong cytotoxicity against the human ovarian cancer (Caov-3) cell lines, the S-methyl derivative being two times more active than the S-benzyl derivative. The [Pt(mpasme)Cl] complex is moderately active but the palladium(II) complex is weakly active against this cancer. None of the complexes of Hmpsbz are active against Caov-3. The Schiff base, Hmpasme exhibits moderate activity against the bacteria, MRSA, P. aeruginosa and S. typhimurium but is inactive against B. subtilis. Coordination of the ligand with palladium(II) substantially reduces its activity. The Schiff base, Hmpasbz and its palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes are inactive against these bacteria. The Schiff bases and their palladium(II) and platinum (II) complexes are inactive against the pathogenic fungi, C. albican, Aspergillus ochraceous and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

New complexes of general formula, [M(NNS)Cl] (M = PdII, PtII; NNS = anionic forms of the 6-methyl-2-formylpyridine Schiff bases of S-methyl- and S-benzyldithiocarbazates) have been prepared and characterized by a variety of physico-chemical techniques. Based on conductance and spectral evidence, a square-planar structure is assigned to these complexes. The crystal and molecular structure of the [Pd(mpasme)Cl] complex (mpasme=anionic form of the 6-methyl-2-formylpyridine Schiff base of S-methyldithiocarbazate) has been determined by X-ray diffraction. The complex has a distorted square-planar geometry with the ligand coordinated to the palladium(II) ion via the pyridine nitrogen atom, the azomethine nitrogen atom and the thiolate sulfur atom; the fourth coordination position around the palladium(II) ion is occupied by the chloride ligand. The distortion from a regular square-planar geometry is ascribed to the restricted bite angle of the ligand. Both the Schiff bases exhibit strong cytotoxicity against the human ovarian cancer (Caov-3) cell lines, the S-methyl derivative being two times more active than the S-benzyl derivative. The [Pt(mpasme)Cl] complex is moderately active but the palladium(II) complex is weakly active against this cancer. None of the complexes of Hmpsbz are active against Caov-3. The Schiff base, Hmpasme exhibits moderate activity against the bacteria, MRSA, P. aeruginosa and S. typhimurium but is inactive against B. subtilis. Coordination of the ligand with palladium(II) substantially reduces its activity. The Schiff base, Hmpasbz and its palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes are inactive against these bacteria. The Schiff bases and their palladium(II) and platinum (II) complexes are inactive against the pathogenic fungi, C. albican, Aspergillus ochraceous and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

New mixed-ligand complexes of general empirical formula, [Cu(NNS)(sac)(H2O)] (NNS′ = S-methyl-β-N-(6-methylpyrid-2-yl)methylenedithiocarbazate, NNS″ = S-methyl-β-N-(2-acetylpyrid-2-yl)methylenedithiocarbazate and NNS‴ = S-methyl-β-N-(2-benzoylpyrid-2-yl) methylenedithiocarbazate, sac = the saccharinate anion) have been synthesized by reacting [Cu(sac)2(H2O)4] · 2H2O with the appropriate ligands in water–ethanol mixtures and characterized by elemental analysis and conductance, magnetic, IR and electronic spectroscopic measurements. Magnetic and spectral evidence support a five-coordinate geometry for the complexes in which the Schiff bases coordinate as NNS tridentate ligands and the saccharinate anion coordinates as a unidentate N-donor ligand. An X-ray crystallographic structural analysis of [Cu(NNS′)(sac)(H2O)] shows that the complex has a distorted square-pyramidal structure in which the Schiff base is coordinated to the copper ion as a tridentate NNS chelating agent via the pyridine nitrogen atom, the azomethine nitrogen atom and the thiolate sulfur atom, the fourth and fifth coordination positions of the five-coordinate Cu(II) ion being occupied by the imino nitrogen of the saccharinate anion and oxygen atom of the aqua ligand. The complexes have been evaluated for their biological activities against eight pathogenic microbials and human T-lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines. The complexes exhibit marked cytotoxicity against leukemic cell lines and display moderate activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi.

New mixed-ligand complexes of general empirical formula, [Cu(NNS)(sac)(H2O)] (NNS′ = S-methyl-β-N-(6-methylpyrid-2-yl)methylenedithiocarbazate, NNS″ = S-methyl-β-N-(2-acetylpyrid-2-yl)methylenedithiocarbazate and NNS‴ = S-methyl-β-N-(2-benzoylpyrid-2-yl) methylenedithiocarbazate, sac = the saccharinate anion) have been synthesized by reacting [Cu(sac)2(H2O)4] · 2H2O with the appropriate ligands in water–ethanol mixtures and characterized by elemental analysis and conductance, magnetic, IR and electronic spectroscopic measurements. Magnetic and spectral evidence support a five-coordinate geometry for the complexes in which the Schiff bases coordinate as NNS tridentate ligands and the saccharinate anion coordinates as a unidentate N-donor ligand. An X-ray crystallographic structural analysis of [Cu(NNS′)(sac)(H2O)] shows that the complex has a distorted square-pyramidal structure in which the Schiff base is coordinated to the copper ion as a tridentate NNS chelating agent via the pyridine nitrogen atom, the azomethine nitrogen atom and the thiolate sulfur atom, the fourth and fifth coordination positions of the five-coordinate Cu(II) ion being occupied by the imino nitrogen of the saccharinate anion and oxygen atom of the aqua ligand. The complexes have been evaluated for their biological activities against eight pathogenic microbials and human T-lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines. The complexes exhibit marked cytotoxicity against leukemic cell lines and display moderate activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi.

Palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes of general empirical formula, [M(NS)2] (NS=uninegatively charged acetone Schiff bases of S-methyl- and S-benzyldithiocarbazate; M=PtII and PdII) have been prepared and characterized by a variety of physicochemical techniques. Based on conductance, IR and electronic spectral evidence, a square-planar structure is assigned to these complexes. The crystal and molecular structure of the [Pd(asme)2] complex (asme=anionic form of the acetone Schiff base of S-methyldithiocarbazate) has been determined by X-ray diffraction. The complex has a distorted cis-square planar structure with the ligands coordinated to the palladium(II) ions as uninegatively charged bidentate NS chelating agents via the azomethine nitrogen and the mercaptide sulfur atoms. The distortion from a regular square-planar geometry is attributed to the restricted bite angles of the ligands. Antimicrobial tests indicate that the Schiff bases exhibit strong activities against the pathogenic bacteria, Bacillus subtilis (mutant defective DNA repair), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, B. subtilis (wild type) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the fungi, Candida albicans (CA), Candida lypotica (2075), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (20341) and Aspergillus ochraceous (398)—the activities exhibited by these compounds being greater than that of the standard antibacterial and antifungal drugs, streptomycin and nystatin, respectively. The palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes are inactive against most of these organisms but, the microbe, Pseudomonas aeruginosa shows strong sensitivity to the platinum(II) complexes. Screening of the compounds for their cytotoxicities against T-lymphoblastic leukemia cancer cells has shown that the acetone Schiff base of S-methyldithiocarbazate (Hasme) exhibits a very weak activity, whereas the S-benzyl derivative (Hasbz) is inactive. However, the palladium(II) complexes exhibit strong cytotoxicities against this cancer; their activities bein

Palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes of general empirical formula, [M(NS)2] (NS=uninegatively charged acetone Schiff bases of S-methyl- and S-benzyldithiocarbazate; M=PtII and PdII) have been prepared and characterized by a variety of physicochemical techniques. Based on conductance, IR and electronic spectral evidence, a square-planar structure is assigned to these complexes. The crystal and molecular structure of the [Pd(asme)2] complex (asme=anionic form of the acetone Schiff base of S-methyldithiocarbazate) has been determined by X-ray diffraction. The complex has a distorted cis-square planar structure with the ligands coordinated to the palladium(II) ions as uninegatively charged bidentate NS chelating agents via the azomethine nitrogen and the mercaptide sulfur atoms. The distortion from a regular square-planar geometry is attributed to the restricted bite angles of the ligands. Antimicrobial tests indicate that the Schiff bases exhibit strong activities against the pathogenic bacteria, Bacillus subtilis (mutant defective DNA repair), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, B. subtilis (wild type) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the fungi, Candida albicans (CA), Candida lypotica (2075), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (20341) and Aspergillus ochraceous (398)—the activities exhibited by these compounds being greater than that of the standard antibacterial and antifungal drugs, streptomycin and nystatin, respectively. The palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes are inactive against most of these organisms but, the microbe, Pseudomonas aeruginosa shows strong sensitivity to the platinum(II) complexes. Screening of the compounds for their cytotoxicities against T-lymphoblastic leukemia cancer cells has shown that the acetone Schiff base of S-methyldithiocarbazate (Hasme) exhibits a very weak activity, whereas the S-benzyl derivative (Hasbz) is inactive. However, the palladium(II) complexes exhibit strong cytotoxicities against this cancer; their activities bein