Impact of Positive Culture Reports of E. coli or MSSA on De-Escalation of Antibiotic Use in a Teaching Hospital in Pakistan and the Implications

Abdul Haseeb,1 Zikria Saleem,2 Ummara Altaf,3 Narjis Batool,4 Brian Godman,5– 7 Umar Ahsan,8 Mehreen Ashiq,9 Mutiba Razzaq,9 Rabia Hanif,9 Zill E-Huma,9 Afreenish Amir,10 Mohammad Akbar Hossain,11 Mohamed Raafat,12 Rozan Mohammad Radwan,13 Muhammad Shahid Iqbal,14 Sairah Hafeez Kamran15 1Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan; 3Department of Pharmacy, Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; 4Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Center of Health Systems and Safety Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; 5Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, UK; 6School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa; 7Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; 8Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Al Noor Specialist Hospital, Ministry of health, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 9Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; 10Department of Microbiology, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; 11Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine in Al-Qunfudah, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 12Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; 13Pharmaceutical Care Department, Al Noor Specialist Hospital, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; 14Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia; 15Institute of Pharmacy, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, PakistanCorrespondence: Zikria Saleem, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya Univers