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Angesichts der erheblichen Risiken, welche die Auswirkung der gegenwärtigen Handlungen auf die Umwelt für künftige Generationen bergen, ist die Wahrung der Zukunft zu einer grundlegenden Aufgabe der Rechtsordnung geworden. Dieser Kerngedanke veranlasst, sich der Frage nach der Ausgestaltung eines „Rechts für die Zukunft“ zu widmen. Ausgehend von den theoretisch-konzeptuellen Fragen, die die Tauglichkeit traditioneller Rechtsinstitute und Rechtsbegriffe bezüglich des Schutzes der Interessen künftiger Generationen aufwirft, zielt diese Untersuchung darauf ab, den Beitrag des Verfassungsrechts zum Schutz der Umwelt aus einer generationenübergreifenden Perspektive zu analysieren. Für die italienische Rechtsordnung ist das Thema nach dem Verfassungsgesetz Nr. 1 aus dem Jahr 2022 besonders aktuell, da durch diese Verfassungsreform der Umweltschutz auch im Interesse der künftigen Generationen in die grundlegenden Verfassungsprinzipien aufgenommen wurde. Mit Hilfe der rechtsvergleichenden Methode werden die wichtigsten Entwicklungen auf der Ebene des Verfassungsrechts in diesem Bereich aufgezeigt. Die Ergebnisse dieser rechtsvergleichenden Analyse werden dann herangezogen, um das Potential der italienischen Verfassung in Bezug auf die Umsetzung eines intergenerationellen Umweltschutzes zu erarbeiten. Bei der Entwicklung eines multiebenen „Rechts für die Zukunft“ spielt das Verfassungsrecht als „link across time“ zwischen vergangenen, gegenwärtigen und zukünftigen Generationen eine entscheidende Rolle. Eine verfassungsrechtliche verankerte Verantwortung gegenüber künftigen Generationen hat großes Potential zur Eindämmung der Kurzfristigkeit demokratischer politischer Prozesse., Diplomarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2023

Angesichts der erheblichen Risiken, welche die Auswirkung der gegenwärtigen Handlungen auf die Umwelt für künftige Generationen bergen, ist die Wahrung der Zukunft zu einer grundlegenden Aufgabe der Rechtsordnung geworden. Dieser Kerngedanke veranlasst, sich der Frage nach der Ausgestaltung eines „Rechts für die Zukunft“ zu widmen. Ausgehend von den theoretisch-konzeptuellen Fragen, die die Tauglichkeit traditioneller Rechtsinstitute und Rechtsbegriffe bezüglich des Schutzes der Interessen künftiger Generationen aufwirft, zielt diese Untersuchung darauf ab, den Beitrag des Verfassungsrechts zum Schutz der Umwelt aus einer generationenübergreifenden Perspektive zu analysieren. Für die italienische Rechtsordnung ist das Thema nach dem Verfassungsgesetz Nr. 1 aus dem Jahr 2022 besonders aktuell, da durch diese Verfassungsreform der Umweltschutz auch im Interesse der künftigen Generationen in die grundlegenden Verfassungsprinzipien aufgenommen wurde. Mit Hilfe der rechtsvergleichenden Methode werden die wichtigsten Entwicklungen auf der Ebene des Verfassungsrechts in diesem Bereich aufgezeigt. Die Ergebnisse dieser rechtsvergleichenden Analyse werden dann herangezogen, um das Potential der italienischen Verfassung in Bezug auf die Umsetzung eines intergenerationellen Umweltschutzes zu erarbeiten. Bei der Entwicklung eines multiebenen „Rechts für die Zukunft“ spielt das Verfassungsrecht als „link across time“ zwischen vergangenen, gegenwärtigen und zukünftigen Generationen eine entscheidende Rolle. Eine verfassungsrechtliche verankerte Verantwortung gegenüber künftigen Generationen hat großes Potential zur Eindämmung der Kurzfristigkeit demokratischer politischer Prozesse., Diplomarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2023

The objective of this thesis is to examine Swedish climate law to discuss and examine the concept of “rights of future generations”. Global warming is inevitable causing the world to change rapidly, thus future generations will be faced with monumental environmental challenges. Recently, states around the world are being sued by the younger generations claiming their rights have been violated. As a consequence, the rights of future generations have become a topic of debate. Scholars approach non-existent subjects differently using a variety of theoretical arguments to legitimize their position. Therefore, this thesis includes three different perspectives to examine domestic legislation to investigate how the concept is used. Utilizing Philip’s human rights-based approach to future generations, Weiss’s theory of intergenerational equity, and Parfit's critique based on the non-identity problem, extracts from a selection of climate-related laws are analyzed. The analysis is primarily based on a qualitative content analysis with elements of quantification to thoroughly examine the usage of the concept. Considering the alarming effects of climate change, legal protection could serve as a vessel to call to action and take responsibility for the fate of the future population. However, without a clear definition of the rights of future generations or what correlating responsibility entails, the purpose of legal protection is defeated. The research indicates an ambiguous Swedish domestic legislation with influences from different theoretical approaches to the rights of future generations.

In this study, we present a modified Hartwick rule encompassing the dynamics of pandemic, such as COVID-19. In our setting, the labor productivity gradually improves after the pandemic shock and may even go beyond its pre-pandemic level due to the remote work and digitalization as also suggested by the empirical evidence. We demonstrate that a gradual labor productivity increase helps to conserve natural resources. We provide a theoretical foundation for a“sooner-the-better" strategy to control a pandemic, and we show that policy maker should implement a “whatever it costs” response to ensure that the transmission rate of the virus is below the recovery rate from the very beginning of the pandemic. Otherwise, the economy cannot have a sustained utility. We also analyze the implications of an “uncertain” pandemic on the intertemporal dynamics of natural resource and capital accumulation under the maximin criterion. Another important finding is that there exists a new economic and public health trade-off since a strong prevention policy is shown to decrease capital accumulation.

In this study, we present a modified Hartwick rule encompassing the dynamics of pandemic, such as COVID-19. In our setting, the labor productivity gradually improves after the pandemic shock and may even go beyond its pre-pandemic level due to the remote work and digitalization as also suggested by the empirical evidence. We demonstrate that a gradual labor productivity increase helps to conserve natural resources. We provide a theoretical foundation for a“sooner-the-better" strategy to control a pandemic, and we show that policy maker should implement a “whatever it costs” response to ensure that the transmission rate of the virus is below the recovery rate from the very beginning of the pandemic. Otherwise, the economy cannot have a sustained utility. We also analyze the implications of an “uncertain” pandemic on the intertemporal dynamics of natural resource and capital accumulation under the maximin criterion. Another important finding is that there exists a new economic and public health trade-off since a strong prevention policy is shown to decrease capital accumulation.

The idea of recognizing the Rights of Nature has emerged as a response and an alternative source of stimulus to tackle today’s environmental problems causing eco-anxiety. This study intends to give insight on how a high level of environmental awareness can contribute substantially to a balanced relationship with Nature. In addition, the study aspires to inspect whether diverse knowledge systems on harmonious development processes can facilitate a new system of relationships between people and Nature. It follows that one of the main aims of this thesis is also to explore how the compound perspectives of different scientific disciplines on the concept of sustainability, especially environmental sustainability, can work together to deliver a strong and unified message to societies: a message at the heart of which is a transformational social change in the way Nature is perceived and treated. The legal recognition of Nature’s intrinsic value is at the centre of this emerging paradigm shift, reflecting a comprehensive people-oriented approach towards Nature. In this light, the study seeks to explore the possible changes which would take place if Fulufjallet National Park embedded in the Scandinavian Wilderness area became a rights-bearing subject of the law. The research is supported by a discourse analysis methodology which has identified a framework of a three-level system of relationships representing a potential shift in the current paradigm of sustainable development in the context of the protected area in the Swedish high mountains. It has been found that acknowledging the legal subjectivity of the national park as a whole, as well as of the natural treasures and the plant and animal kingdoms within it, may encourage people to discover the core value of Nature from an Earth-centered perspective. Furthermore, based on the results of data analysis, the principles and values behind the unique Swedish law called the Right of Public Access may open up a new dimension in

The idea of recognizing the Rights of Nature has emerged as a response and an alternative source of stimulus to tackle today’s environmental problems causing eco-anxiety. This study intends to give insight on how a high level of environmental awareness can contribute substantially to a balanced relationship with Nature. In addition, the study aspires to inspect whether diverse knowledge systems on harmonious development processes can facilitate a new system of relationships between people and Nature. It follows that one of the main aims of this thesis is also to explore how the compound perspectives of different scientific disciplines on the concept of sustainability, especially environmental sustainability, can work together to deliver a strong and unified message to societies: a message at the heart of which is a transformational social change in the way Nature is perceived and treated. The legal recognition of Nature’s intrinsic value is at the centre of this emerging paradigm shift, reflecting a comprehensive people-oriented approach towards Nature. In this light, the study seeks to explore the possible changes which would take place if Fulufjallet National Park embedded in the Scandinavian Wilderness area became a rights-bearing subject of the law. The research is supported by a discourse analysis methodology which has identified a framework of a three-level system of relationships representing a potential shift in the current paradigm of sustainable development in the context of the protected area in the Swedish high mountains. It has been found that acknowledging the legal subjectivity of the national park as a whole, as well as of the natural treasures and the plant and animal kingdoms within it, may encourage people to discover the core value of Nature from an Earth-centered perspective. Furthermore, based on the results of data analysis, the principles and values behind the unique Swedish law called the Right of Public Access may open up a new dimension in

Background: This study aims to examine to what extent sustainability has been incorporated into assessments of road infrastructure projects. It identifies promising approaches that include indicators reflecting core sustainability criteria, determines criteria that were insufficiently covered as indicators, and develops an integrated indicator set covering all criteria. Methods: A systematic review was performed to obtain all related papers/reports in two academic databases: Scopus and Web of Sciences. The indicators extracted from papers/reports were first coded, then evaluated by using quantitative and qualitative content analysis. Results: The project appraisal methods for decision-making is found to be a promising approach, covering more extensive criteria than others. Two criteria – namely adaptation and precaution and intergenerational equity – were hardly ever adopted as indicators. Ten main groups of indicators were extracted to construct an integrated set incorporating all core criteria. Conclusions: Some criteria appear to have become mainstream, while others deserve attention. The safest choice is to combine methods/tools or to adopt the integrated set developed for exhaustive criteria inclusion.

This paper seeks to examine whether the current framework of international human rights law formally grants the right to a healthy environment to future generations. There has been much debate regarding the effectiveness of international human rights law in guaranteeing environmental sustainability in particular without the consideration of future generations. The right to a healthy environment was specifically chosen both as a means of narrowing the scope of this research and given that future generations are a fundamental concept of international law relating to environmental sustainability. In Section II, all relevant concepts, including ‘future generations’, ‘intergenerational justice and ‘environmental sustainability’ will be defined and explored. In addition, a link will be established between intergenerational equity and sustainable development in light of current literature and scholarly discussion. The following section discusses how the link drawn between environmental protection, human rights protection and environmental sustainability provides for a common approach to fully handling current environmental issues. Subsequently, a positive analysis of present day international legal instruments, customary international law and case law will be conducted, to determine the current status of future generations regarding the right to a healthy environment. Use will also be made of academic literature on the subject, including extensive research carried out by scholars such as Edith Brown Weiss and Bridgit Lewis. To conclude, the findings of each section will be summarised, and a final conclusion will be drawn as to the state of future generations in international law and the potential for the right to a healthy environment to be accorded to them.

This paper seeks to examine whether the current framework of international human rights law formally grants the right to a healthy environment to future generations. There has been much debate regarding the effectiveness of international human rights law in guaranteeing environmental sustainability in particular without the consideration of future generations. The right to a healthy environment was specifically chosen both as a means of narrowing the scope of this research and given that future generations are a fundamental concept of international law relating to environmental sustainability. In Section II, all relevant concepts, including ‘future generations’, ‘intergenerational justice and ‘environmental sustainability’ will be defined and explored. In addition, a link will be established between intergenerational equity and sustainable development in light of current literature and scholarly discussion. The following section discusses how the link drawn between environmental protection, human rights protection and environmental sustainability provides for a common approach to fully handling current environmental issues. Subsequently, a positive analysis of present day international legal instruments, customary international law and case law will be conducted, to determine the current status of future generations regarding the right to a healthy environment. Use will also be made of academic literature on the subject, including extensive research carried out by scholars such as Edith Brown Weiss and Bridgit Lewis. To conclude, the findings of each section will be summarised, and a final conclusion will be drawn as to the state of future generations in international law and the potential for the right to a healthy environment to be accorded to them.

Background: This study aims to examine to what extent sustainability has been incorporated into assessments of road infrastructure projects. It identifies promising approaches that include indicators reflecting core sustainability criteria, determines criteria that were insufficiently covered as indicators, and develops an integrated indicator set covering all criteria. Methods: A systematic review was performed to obtain all related papers/reports in two academic databases: Scopus and Web of Sciences. The indicators extracted from papers/reports were first coded, then evaluated by using quantitative and qualitative content analysis. Results: The project appraisal methods for decision-making is found to be a promising approach, covering more extensive criteria than others. Two criteria – namely adaptation and precaution and intergenerational equity – were hardly ever adopted as indicators. Ten main groups of indicators were extracted to construct an integrated set incorporating all core criteria. Conclusions: Some criteria appear to have become mainstream, while others deserve attention. The safest choice is to combine methods/tools or to adopt the integrated set developed for exhaustive criteria inclusion.

Courts in key climate change cases have abdicated their constitutional responsibility to protect a prejudiced and disenfranchised group (nonvoting minors and future generations) and remedy an insidious pathology in public discourse and the political process: the industry-funded climate disinformation campaign. This Article posits that this abdication results from courts' uneasiness about displacing the prerogatives of democratically elected bodies. This uneasiness is misplaced. Court engagement with climate cases would strengthen democracy in accord with widely accepted justifications for countermajoritarian judicial review. This Article first describes in detail how courts exhibit a frustrating reticence to accept jurisdiction over cases that present questions relating to core climate policy, such as whether large emitters or fossil fuel producers have common law liability for climate harms and whether the government has a common law or constitutional duty to address climate change. In not a single case raising such claims (and they number well over thirty) has a court permitted the case to proceed to trial. Courts dismiss these claims under the mantle of a variety of justiciability doctrines (standing, political question doctrine, displacement); these doctrines often serve as vessels for courts to exercise judicial restraint, and courts' language and reasoning in the climate cases confirms that the courts are, indeed, motivated by concerns of judicial overreach. The Article then offers a positive account for why judicial engagement in the climate cases is consistent with our system of democracy, even as understood by seminal scholars who define relatively narrow boundaries for countermajoritarian judicial review. In particular, the Article will situate arguments for judicial review in climate cases within the work of John Hart Ely, Jurgen Habermas, and Frank Michelman.

The contribution of the present research is to link the global consensus in international legal scholarship on the principle of intergenerational equity to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The methodology used is, first, to provide a literature review of theories of intergenerational equity developed in international law scholarship, followed by a textual analysis of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) resolution that contains the SDGs. To place the SDGs in their proper context, an overview is provided of the most important declarations on sustainable development of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), and outcome documents of the most important World Conferences on sustainable development organized under the auspices of the United Nations. Two general conclusions can be drawn from the present research: in international law scholarship and in the SDGs and previous declarations, the earth is generally seen as a resource, to be used by present and future people, and not as something warranting respect regardless of its worth to human beings. Second, the main challenge is to find a proper balance between intergenerational equity—present and future people—and intragenerational equity—the rich and the poor of the present generation.

In recognition of the intrinsic links between climate change and human rights, many have argued that human rights should play a leading role in guiding state responses to climate change. A group whose human rights will inevitably be affected by climate action (or inaction) today are the members of future generations. Yet, despite their particular vulnerability, future generations so far have gone largely unnoticed in human rights analyses. An adequate response to climate change requires that we recognize and address the human rights consequences for future generations, and consider the legal, practical and theoretical questions involved. This article attempts to answer these questions with a particular focus on the Paris Agreement. It argues that the recognition of state obligations towards future generations is compatible with human rights theory, and that these obligations must be balanced against the duties owed to current generations. The article concludes with a number of suggestions for how this balance could be pursued.

In May of 2017, the national and subnational authorities made public the construction of a nuclear power plant on the east coast of the Río Negro province. Growing discontent among civil society members in Viedma and the surroundings as well as several manifestations followed this announcement. In September the provincial government dropped the project and it sanctioned the law 5227, which prohibits the construction of nuclear power plants in the provincial territory. This article, based on a qualitative and exploratory investigation, aims to analyze the planned project and its possible impact on the regional development through the application of tools and concepts of the field of Public Economy. Firstly, the nuclear power plant project is analyzed within the framework of the Public-Policy-Making Cycle and economic evaluation topics of public projects. The analysis focuses on the role of the national and regional territorial scales and takes into consideration the concept of intergenerational equity. In the final considerations, this article highlights the complexity of the analysis of the impacts of the nuclear power plant project in relation to the promotion of regional development. The costs and benefits related to the project are uneven distributed between the national and the provincial level. The intergenerational distribution would be also unequal., En mayo del año 2017, las Autoridades Públicas Nacionales y de Río Negro comunicaron la construcción de una central nuclear en la Costa Este de la provincia. A partir del anuncio, hubo manifestaciones sociales de descontento de distinta índole, principalmente en la localidad de Viedma y alrededores. En septiembre de ese año, el gobierno provincial rechazó el proyecto y se sancionó la ley N º 5227 que prohíbe la instalación de centrales de generación de energía nucleoeléctrica de potencia nuclear, pero exceptúa a las de diseño nacional basadas en la tecnología CAREM. En ese marco, el presente trabajo aplica herramientas y conceptos del campo de la Economía Pública para contribuir al análisis de la propuesta y de su impacto en el desarrollo rionegrino. El estudio es de tipo exploratorio y la metodología de investigación es la cualitativa. Inicialmente trata la iniciativa de instalar la central nuclear en relación con el ciclo de formación de las políticas públicas y luego aborda algunos aspectos de su evaluación económica como proyecto público, introduciendo en el análisis las escalas territoriales nacional y provincial, como así también a la equidad intergeneracional. Por último y como reflexión, se destaca la complejidad del análisis de la influencia de la propuesta en el desarrollo regional de Río Negro. El impacto del proyecto en términos de beneficios y costos sería diferente según la escala territorial nacional y provincial como así también su distribución entre generaciones.

Attitudes to ageing can predispose decision-making as governments, interest groups and electorates negotiate competing demands in the context of economic constraints and social change. This paper, based on national survey data, investigates change and stability in Australian attitudes to intergenerational equity from 2009–2010 to 2015–2017, alongside concurrent socio-economic and policy change as well as cohort succession. The emphasis is on the baby-boom cohort who are viewed as significant beneficiaries of social change relative to opportunities of younger and older cohorts. Views of older people as a needy group may be changing slightly as more enter later life with substantial wealth and resources. Our results show that there is little perception of intergenerational conflict with the exception of the Millennial cohort whose life chances are compromised by economic and expenditure constraint over the past decade. Overall, attitudes remain sympathetic to older people, especially among women and people rendered vulnerable by poor health, non-home-ownership and low socio-economic positions. The findings do not align with government portrayals of intergenerational inequalities notwithstanding many having negative views of the future and ongoing expenditure restraint strategies. At what appears to be a critical turning point in the life chances of successive cohorts, the findings indicate the interplay between attitudes and social and policy change, as well as implications for social equity and processes of attitudinal change.

The economic development of a nation is clearly determined by an effective management of its resources for production, development and growth and therefore we associate that one’s progress affects the progress of the other. Scientific research also shows that global warming has been caused by the enthusiasm for the riches of industries so it is peremptory that governments include policies of action and preservation, clear and universal for any nation, without failing to personally engage in our actions in terms of competitiveness and consumerism. It’s a commitment from everyone. The Dominican Republic with a growing economic development, has established within its development policies actions that promote sustainable consumption and promote the conservation of our natural resources thus ensuring the Continuity of this evolution and especially establishing the guidelines for the new industries and the incoming generation, have a sustained structural support in all lines that affect the good development of this I of this island. At least in theory, the Dominican Republic is at the global trends forefront with public policies focused on sustainable development. To mention some recent cases, the 2010 Constitution includes and incorporates important premises for the environmental issue, the creation of the National Council for Climate Change and the clean development Mechanism, the national Development Strategy 2030, the Biosecurity law 219-15 and the Biodiversity Law 333-15 and some projects Bills such as payments for environmental services and the water law currently being pursued by the Dominican legislative entities. However, it is pertinent that this sustainable development is fed with a reality that we must incorporate, a long-term perspective that points to the management of these resources and that emphasizes in the solidarity towards the present and future generations defending the Intergenerational equity., El desarrollo económico de una nación está claramente determinado por un manejo efectivo de sus recursos para la producción, desarrollo y crecimiento y por lo tanto asociamos que el progreso de uno afecta el avance del otro.Las investigaciones científicas nos demuestran además, que el calentamiento global ha sido causado por el afán por las riquezas de las industrias, por lo que es perentorio que los gobiernos incluyan políticas de acción y preservación, claras y universales para cualquier nación, sin dejar de involucrarnos personalmente en nuestro accionar en materia de competitividad y consumismo. La República Dominicana con un desarrollo económico en continuo crecimiento, ha establecido dentro de sus políticas de desarrollo acciones que fomenten el consumo sostenible y que promuevan la conservación de nuestros recursos naturales asegurando de esta manera la continuidad de esta evolución y sobre todo estableciendo los lineamientos para que las nuevas industrias y la generación entrante, tengan un soporte estructural sostenido en todos los renglones que afectan el buen desarrollo de esta isla. Al menos en teoría, la Republica Dominicana está a la vanguardia de las tendencias globales con políticas públicas enfocadas al desarrollo sostenible. Para mencionar algunos casos recientes la constitución de 2010 incluye e incorpora premisas importantes para el tema ambiental, la creación del Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climático y el Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio, la estrategia nacional de desarrollo 2030, la Ley de Bioseguridad 219-15 y la Ley de Biodiversidad 333-15, y algunos proyectos de Ley como Pagos por Servicios Ambientales y la Ley de Agua que actualmente cursan los estamentos legislativos dominicanos. Sin embargo, es pertinente que este desarrollo sostenible se alimente con una realidad que debemos incorporar, una perspectiva a largo plazo que apuntale al manejo de estos recursos y que enfatiza en la solidaridad hacia las actuales y futuras generaciones defen

The economic development of a nation is clearly determined by an effective management of its resources for production, development and growth and therefore we associate that one’s progress affects the progress of the other. Scientific research also shows that global warming has been caused by the enthusiasm for the riches of industries so it is peremptory that governments include policies of action and preservation, clear and universal for any nation, without failing to personally engage in our actions in terms of competitiveness and consumerism. It’s a commitment from everyone. The Dominican Republic with a growing economic development, has established within its development policies actions that promote sustainable consumption and promote the conservation of our natural resources thus ensuring the Continuity of this evolution and especially establishing the guidelines for the new industries and the incoming generation, have a sustained structural support in all lines that affect the good development of this I of this island. At least in theory, the Dominican Republic is at the global trends forefront with public policies focused on sustainable development. To mention some recent cases, the 2010 Constitution includes and incorporates important premises for the environmental issue, the creation of the National Council for Climate Change and the clean development Mechanism, the national Development Strategy 2030, the Biosecurity law 219-15 and the Biodiversity Law 333-15 and some projects Bills such as payments for environmental services and the water law currently being pursued by the Dominican legislative entities. However, it is pertinent that this sustainable development is fed with a reality that we must incorporate, a long-term perspective that points to the management of these resources and that emphasizes in the solidarity towards the present and future generations defending the Intergenerational equity., El desarrollo económico de una nación está claramente determinado por un manejo efectivo de sus recursos para la producción, desarrollo y crecimiento y por lo tanto asociamos que el progreso de uno afecta el avance del otro.Las investigaciones científicas nos demuestran además, que el calentamiento global ha sido causado por el afán por las riquezas de las industrias, por lo que es perentorio que los gobiernos incluyan políticas de acción y preservación, claras y universales para cualquier nación, sin dejar de involucrarnos personalmente en nuestro accionar en materia de competitividad y consumismo. La República Dominicana con un desarrollo económico en continuo crecimiento, ha establecido dentro de sus políticas de desarrollo acciones que fomenten el consumo sostenible y que promuevan la conservación de nuestros recursos naturales asegurando de esta manera la continuidad de esta evolución y sobre todo estableciendo los lineamientos para que las nuevas industrias y la generación entrante, tengan un soporte estructural sostenido en todos los renglones que afectan el buen desarrollo de esta isla. Al menos en teoría, la Republica Dominicana está a la vanguardia de las tendencias globales con políticas públicas enfocadas al desarrollo sostenible. Para mencionar algunos casos recientes la constitución de 2010 incluye e incorpora premisas importantes para el tema ambiental, la creación del Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climático y el Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio, la estrategia nacional de desarrollo 2030, la Ley de Bioseguridad 219-15 y la Ley de Biodiversidad 333-15, y algunos proyectos de Ley como Pagos por Servicios Ambientales y la Ley de Agua que actualmente cursan los estamentos legislativos dominicanos. Sin embargo, es pertinente que este desarrollo sostenible se alimente con una realidad que debemos incorporar, una perspectiva a largo plazo que apuntale al manejo de estos recursos y que enfatiza en la solidaridad hacia las actuales y futuras generaciones defen

In May of 2017, the national and subnational authorities made public the construction of a nuclear power plant on the east coast of the Río Negro province. Growing discontent among civil society members in Viedma and the surroundings as well as several manifestations followed this announcement. In September the provincial government dropped the project and it sanctioned the law 5227, which prohibits the construction of nuclear power plants in the provincial territory. This article, based on a qualitative and exploratory investigation, aims to analyze the planned project and its possible impact on the regional development through the application of tools and concepts of the field of Public Economy. Firstly, the nuclear power plant project is analyzed within the framework of the Public-Policy-Making Cycle and economic evaluation topics of public projects. The analysis focuses on the role of the national and regional territorial scales and takes into consideration the concept of intergenerational equity. In the final considerations, this article highlights the complexity of the analysis of the impacts of the nuclear power plant project in relation to the promotion of regional development. The costs and benefits related to the project are uneven distributed between the national and the provincial level. The intergenerational distribution would be also unequal., En mayo del año 2017, las Autoridades Públicas Nacionales y de Río Negro comunicaron la construcción de una central nuclear en la Costa Este de la provincia. A partir del anuncio, hubo manifestaciones sociales de descontento de distinta índole, principalmente en la localidad de Viedma y alrededores. En septiembre de ese año, el gobierno provincial rechazó el proyecto y se sancionó la ley N º 5227 que prohíbe la instalación de centrales de generación de energía nucleoeléctrica de potencia nuclear, pero exceptúa a las de diseño nacional basadas en la tecnología CAREM. En ese marco, el presente trabajo aplica herramientas y conceptos del campo de la Economía Pública para contribuir al análisis de la propuesta y de su impacto en el desarrollo rionegrino. El estudio es de tipo exploratorio y la metodología de investigación es la cualitativa. Inicialmente trata la iniciativa de instalar la central nuclear en relación con el ciclo de formación de las políticas públicas y luego aborda algunos aspectos de su evaluación económica como proyecto público, introduciendo en el análisis las escalas territoriales nacional y provincial, como así también a la equidad intergeneracional. Por último y como reflexión, se destaca la complejidad del análisis de la influencia de la propuesta en el desarrollo regional de Río Negro. El impacto del proyecto en términos de beneficios y costos sería diferente según la escala territorial nacional y provincial como así también su distribución entre generaciones.

This paper examines youth engagement within the Global Landscapes Forum, a conference that took place in Paris, December 2015, and its contribution towards moving intergenerational equity forward. Youth are considered one of the main stakeholders when it comes to decision-making in long-term environmental issues as they are part of the current generation that are likely to face the implications of current decisions made. As such, using youth engagement to pave the way forward towards intergenerational equity is imperative to ensure sustainable development. The Global Landscapes Forum, is a large conference that brought together more than 3000 stakeholders from different backgrounds and that actively sought to engage youth through the Youth in Landscapes Initiative. Furthermore, it provided them with a unique event to showcase youth innovation and ingenuity. The research that took place as part of this paper was done through action research where I was given the chance to not only be part of the monitoring and evaluation team of the Youth in Landscapes Initiative but also to take part and create solutions for the land-use challenges that we were given. This gave me the chance to interact as a member of the 50 youth participants and to gain insight into how engaged they are and what barriers affect youth engagement. After a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the factors required for youth engagement (level of awareness, access to resources, networking and capacity building, and motivation to engage others), it was concluded that the youth participants are engaged but lack access to resources to further their engagement. Another barrier that was also apparent is this notion of traditional legitimacy prompting a perceived lack of experience by the participants themselves or by experts. In order for the Global Landscapes Forum and similar scientific conferences to move towards meaningful youth engagement and intergenerational equity, a set of recommendations has be

This paper examines youth engagement within the Global Landscapes Forum, a conference that took place in Paris, December 2015, and its contribution towards moving intergenerational equity forward. Youth are considered one of the main stakeholders when it comes to decision-making in long-term environmental issues as they are part of the current generation that are likely to face the implications of current decisions made. As such, using youth engagement to pave the way forward towards intergenerational equity is imperative to ensure sustainable development. The Global Landscapes Forum, is a large conference that brought together more than 3000 stakeholders from different backgrounds and that actively sought to engage youth through the Youth in Landscapes Initiative. Furthermore, it provided them with a unique event to showcase youth innovation and ingenuity. The research that took place as part of this paper was done through action research where I was given the chance to not only be part of the monitoring and evaluation team of the Youth in Landscapes Initiative but also to take part and create solutions for the land-use challenges that we were given. This gave me the chance to interact as a member of the 50 youth participants and to gain insight into how engaged they are and what barriers affect youth engagement. After a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the factors required for youth engagement (level of awareness, access to resources, networking and capacity building, and motivation to engage others), it was concluded that the youth participants are engaged but lack access to resources to further their engagement. Another barrier that was also apparent is this notion of traditional legitimacy prompting a perceived lack of experience by the participants themselves or by experts. In order for the Global Landscapes Forum and similar scientific conferences to move towards meaningful youth engagement and intergenerational equity, a set of recommendations has be

This paper argues that anti-age-discrimination law can be used in environmental litigation to combat environmental degradation, including climate inaction. This claim is premised on the possibility of a cohortal reading of anti-age-discrimination law, allowing to challenge discriminatory environmental degradation between generations. Such a cohortal reading received implicit legal support e.g. in the 2012 Commission v. Hungary ECJ case. We specify the personal and material scope conditions under which this strategy could be legally successful.

While people support long term sustainability and intergenerational equity in water allocation in Australia it is hard to get agreement on how that should be achieved especially when water is taken away from some users and either given to others or to the environment. Governments hope that this difficulty will be alleviated by uncertainties being dealt with by improved science and evidence based decision making. This paper suggests that while it is true that acceptance of plans relies on judgments of certainty in issues of sustainability, uncertainty can come from social, institutional and economic as well as from ecological and biophysical uncertainty. It is likely that the human based uncertainties significantly exceed those of science, certainly in terms of developing water reform. This is particularly the case when intergenerational issues are at stake. Human tendencies to discount the future and moral obligations to those not close to their interests are universal. Thus even when considering future generations self motivated judgments of what is fair are likely. Nevertheless, some delegation to others (including the government) can be achieved when the ongoing procedural justice of decision making allows groups to activate trust and fairness based heuristics. These heuristics create a diminution of uncertainty in relation to complex issues such as water allocation. How uncertainty could be managed through collaborative planning is discussed. Without attention to these basic human uncertainties the conflict observed in relation to Australian water plans is likely to continue with likely negative outcomes to all concerned.

The prevailing literature discusses intergenerational trade-offs in climatechange predominantly in terms of the Ramsey equation relying on the infinitelylived agent model. We discuss these trade-offs in a continuous time OLG framework and relate our results to the infinitely lived agent setting. We identify three shortcomings of the latter: First, underlying normative assumptions about social preferences cannot be deduced unambiguously. Second, the distribution among generations living at the same time cannot be captured. Third, the optimal solution may not be implementable in overlapping generations market economies.

The paper addresses intergenerational and intragenerational equity in an overlapping generation economy. We aim at defining an egalitarian distribution of a constant stream of resources, when preferences are ordinal and non-comparable. We establish the impossibility of efficiently distributing resources while treating equally agents with same preferences that belong to possibly different generations. We thus propose an egalitarian criterion based on the equal-split guarantee: this requires all agents to find their assigned consumption bundle at least as desirable as the equal division of resources. Finally, we show how to construct a cardinalization of the preferences that enables well-being comparisons: this allows defining the family of critical-level utilitarian orderings that top-rank the egalitarian solution.

For two independent principles of intergenerational equity, the implied discount rate equals the growth rate of real per capita income, say, 2%, thus falling right into the range suggested by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. To prove this, we develop a simple tool to evaluate small policy changes affecting several generations, by reducing the dynamic problem to a static one. A necessary condition is time invariance, which is satisfied by any common solution concept in an onverlapping-generations model with exogenous growth. This tool is applied to derive the discount rate for cost-benefit analysis under two different utilitarian welfare functions: classical and relative. It is only with relative utilitarianism, and assuming time-invariance of the set of alternatives (policies), that the discount rate is well defined for a heterogeneous society at a balanced growth equilibrium, is corroborated by an independent principle equating values of human lives, and equals the growth rate of real per-capita income.

The prevailing literature discusses intergenerational trade-offs in climatechange predominantly in terms of the Ramsey equation relying on the infinitelylived agent model. We discuss these trade-offs in a continuous time OLG framework and relate our results to the infinitely lived agent setting. We identify three shortcomings of the latter: First, underlying normative assumptions about social preferences cannot be deduced unambiguously. Second, the distribution among generations living at the same time cannot be captured. Third, the optimal solution may not be implementable in overlapping generations market economies.

This paper examines the existence of social welfare functions satisfying some reasonable axioms of distributive equity and Pareto efficiency in aggregating infinite utility streams. Our main results show that there exist social welfare functions that satisfy both the Pigou-Dalton transfer principle and weak dominance.a weak version of the Pareto principle., but there exists no social welfare function that satisfies any of our distributive equity axioms and weak Pareto principle simultaneously. Thus, we prove that no Paretian ranking can satisfy numerical representability and any of distributive equity axioms in the setting of intertemporal social choice.

Civil society participation can facilitate sound energy, climate, and water governance. This article analyzes the dynamics of transnational decision-making. Part II discusses sound energy strategy in light of a shrinking water-resources base due to climate change. Part III considers how public participation in international decision-making can sustain trust in governments and strengthen the legitimacy of legal decisions. Part IV concludes that process and outcome are both integral to addressing water, climate, and energy challenges.

The popular discounted utilitarian criterion for infinite horizon social choice has been criticized on the ground that it treats successive generations unfairly. I propose to evaluate intergenerational welfare with a rank- discounted utilitarian (RDU) criterion instead. The criterion amounts to discounted utilitarianism on non-decreasing paths, but it treats all generations impartially: discounting becomes the mere expression of intergenerational inequality aversion. I show that more inequality averse RDU societies have higher social discount rates when future generations are better-off. I apply the RDU approach in two benchmark economic growth models and I prove that it promotes sustainable policies maximizing discounted utility.

Accounting for fixed assets by municipalities has been discussed in the accounting history literature previously. This paper addresses two issues related to accounting for fixed assets not previously discussed; the influence of the principle of intergenerational equity on local government accounting, and the influence of users of accounting information in accounting policy making in government accounting. The paper identifies that users of accounting information have had significant influence in a debate on government accounting policy, and that the principle of intergenerational equity was given a position of high importance in the debate, but not an unchallengeable position. The motivation of the users of accounting information to engage in the debates is identified as a form of civic duty, which is consistent with the ethical imperative in ensuring intergenerational equity.

Accounting for fixed assets by municipalities has been discussed in the accounting history literature previously. This paper addresses two issues related to accounting for fixed assets not previously discussed; the influence of the principle of intergenerational equity on local government accounting, and the influence of users of accounting information in accounting policy making in government accounting. The paper identifies that users of accounting information have had significant influence in a debate on government accounting policy, and that the principle of intergenerational equity was given a position of high importance in the debate, but not an unchallengeable position. The motivation of the users of accounting information to engage in the debates is identified as a form of civic duty, which is consistent with the ethical imperative in ensuring intergenerational equity.

For two independent principles of intergenerational equity, the implied discount rate equals the growth rate of real per-capita income, say 2%, thus falling right into the range suggested by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. To prove this, we develop a simple tool to evaluate small policy changes affecting several generations, by reducing the dynamic problem to a static one. A necessary condition is time-invariance, which is satisfied by any common solution concept in an overlapping generations model with exogenous growth. This tool is applied to derive the discount rate for cost-benefit analysis under two different utilitarian welfare functions: classical and relative. It is only with relative utilitarianism that the discount rate is well-defined for a heterogeneous society, is corroborated by an independent principle equating values of human lives, and equals the growth rate of real per-capita income.

For two independent principles of intergenerational equity, the implied discount rate equals the growth rate of real per-capital income, say 2%, thus falling right into the range suggested by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. To prove this, we develop a simple tool to evaluate small policy changes affecting several generations, by reducing the dynamic problem to a static one. A necessary condition is time-invariance, which is statisfied by any common solution concept in an overlapping generations model with exogenous growth. This tool is applied to derive the discount rate for cost-benefit analysis under two different utilitarian welfare functions : classical and relative. It is only with relative utilitarianism that the discount rate is well-defined for a heterogeneous society, is corroborated by an independent principle equation values of human lives, and equals the growth rate of real per-capital income.

The purpose of this article is to carry out an analysisof theoretical debate that has been raised around thedetermination of the social rate of discount used inthe projects appraisal with long term environmentalimpacts. Thus, it describes the evolution of the debateand the concept of the discount and its role inthe models of economic growth and the maximizationof the social welfare are reviewed. Also, this paperanalyzes diverse critics raised to the traditionalapproach of determination of the discount used inthe cost-benefit analysis. Subsequently, three mainalternative proposals for the determination of thelong term discount rate are studied. From the empiricalevidence, raised by diverse studies that favorthe use of low discount rates, it is concluded that thesocial rate of discount used to evaluate projects withimpact in the long term should be a declining rate inthe time and not a constant rate of discount., Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis del debate teórico que se ha generado alrededor de la determinación de la tasa social de descuento utilizada en la evaluación de proyectos con impactos ambientales de largo plazo. Así, describe la evolución del debate y se revisa teóricamente el concepto del descuento y su papel en los modelos de crecimiento económico y maximización del bienestar social. Igualmente, se analizan los diversas críticas planteadas al enfoque tradicional de determinación del descuento utilizado en el análisis costo-beneficio y se estudian tres de las principales propuestas alternativas para la determinación de la tasa de descuento largo plazo. A partir de la evidencia empírica, planteada por diversos estudios que favorecen el uso de tasas de descuento bajas, se concluye que la tasa social de descuento utilizada para evaluar proyectos con impacto en el largo plazo debe ser una tasa declinante en el tiempo y no una tasa de descuento constante.

The purpose of this article is to carry out an analysisof theoretical debate that has been raised around thedetermination of the social rate of discount used inthe projects appraisal with long term environmentalimpacts. Thus, it describes the evolution of the debateand the concept of the discount and its role inthe models of economic growth and the maximizationof the social welfare are reviewed. Also, this paperanalyzes diverse critics raised to the traditionalapproach of determination of the discount used inthe cost-benefit analysis. Subsequently, three mainalternative proposals for the determination of thelong term discount rate are studied. From the empiricalevidence, raised by diverse studies that favorthe use of low discount rates, it is concluded that thesocial rate of discount used to evaluate projects withimpact in the long term should be a declining rate inthe time and not a constant rate of discount., Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis del debate teórico que se ha generado alrededor de la determinación de la tasa social de descuento utilizada en la evaluación de proyectos con impactos ambientales de largo plazo. Así, describe la evolución del debate y se revisa teóricamente el concepto del descuento y su papel en los modelos de crecimiento económico y maximización del bienestar social. Igualmente, se analizan los diversas críticas planteadas al enfoque tradicional de determinación del descuento utilizado en el análisis costo-beneficio y se estudian tres de las principales propuestas alternativas para la determinación de la tasa de descuento largo plazo. A partir de la evidencia empírica, planteada por diversos estudios que favorecen el uso de tasas de descuento bajas, se concluye que la tasa social de descuento utilizada para evaluar proyectos con impacto en el largo plazo debe ser una tasa declinante en el tiempo y no una tasa de descuento constante.

In this article we extend the recent literature on overlapping generations and pollution by allowing generations to perceive the level of pollution differently than the actual level of pollution. We call this pollution perception. Pollution perception can visualize itself as either a concern for the °ow of pollution only, or for the stock, or a combination of both. We derive this extension based on empirical evidence from recent advances in behavioral economics. Pollution perception has not only signifficant consequences for the steady state levels of pollution and capital, but we also and a qualitative change in the dynamics from similar models without pollution perception [23]. Specifically, we derive optimal non-linear dynamics through complex eigenvalues and Hopf or Flip bifurcations for a large set of parameters. This leads to violations of two standard criteria of sustainability, suggesting that pollution perception can be another source of intergenerational inequity.

In this article we extend the recent literature on overlapping generations and pollution by allowing generations to perceive the level of pollution differently than the actual level of pollution. We call this pollution perception. Pollution perception can visualize itself as either a concern for the °ow of pollution only, or for the stock, or a combination of both. We derive this extension based on empirical evidence from recent advances in behavioral economics. Pollution perception has not only signifficant consequences for the steady state levels of pollution and capital, but we also and a qualitative change in the dynamics from similar models without pollution perception [23]. Specifically, we derive optimal non-linear dynamics through complex eigenvalues and Hopf or Flip bifurcations for a large set of parameters. This leads to violations of two standard criteria of sustainability, suggesting that pollution perception can be another source of intergenerational inequity.

Properly performed, environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a useful tool for promoting sustainable development because it includes many components that can help facilitate intragenerational and intergenerational equity. In a case study, environmental impact statements (EISs) for Swedish biofuelled energy plants are analysed to see whether they include components vital to meet intra- and intergenerational equity, such as assessing local and global impacts, use of resources, public influence on project development, and alternative project design. The analysis shows that the environmental aspects of sustainable development on a local level are only partly met by EIA. However, global effects and effects on the management of natural resources are not assessed, excluding aspects that may affect future generations. Based on this, and since no concerns for sustainable development on a societal level were found, it is concluded that EIA practice in Sweden may not, to a full extent, serve as a tool to promote sustainable development

Tapper, A. (2017). The Australian welfare state today: Generational issues and family tensions. In H. Cavanna (Ed.), The new citizenship of the family: Comparative perspectives (pp. 135-145). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315195285