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This paper provides the outcomes of a work consisting in modeling and learning some earthquakes data collected during the Mayotte seismovolcanic crisis of 2018-2021. We highlight the performance of some process data models in order to illustrate the spatial and temporal dynamic. Unsupervised clustering method, spatial pattern analysis, spatial density estimation through spatial marked point process; time series and spatio-temporal models are efficient tools that we studied in this paper to look for the spatial and temporal variation of such spatial data mainly driven by the detected underwater volcano around Mayotte called Fani Maoré . The dynamic of the magnitude and depth events of the Fani Maoré with the use of the above mentionned models seems to perform the data. We present a discussion thoughout the presentation of the obtained results together with the limit of this study and some forthcoming projects and modeling developments.

Purpose:  The purpose of this research is to analyse the relative importance of manufacturing SMEs' essential dynamic capabilities, namely their creative competitive advantage, product excellence, and technology acceptability. The industry's idea of dynamical properties provided the theoretical foundation for the study.   Theoretical framework: The theoretical basis is the literature on the impact that two forms of creative competitive advantage — consumer choice and innovative business structure — it has on product quality in the service of fostering long-term growth among micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Also, it looked at the role that technology adoption may play as a moderator amongst innovative financial strength and customer satisfaction.   Design/methodology/approach: Data was gathered quantitatively. Using the use of partial least squares structural equation modelling, we studied surveying information from 245 Nigerian SMEs in the manufacturing sector.   Findings: According to the findings, indicate that consumers' inclinations would not directly impact the quality of items; rather, the introduction of cutting-edge technology moderates the correlation among consumer tastes and superiority in the marketplace. There was a significant and positive relationship found among the corporate business model and product excellence, suggesting that the integration of new technology encouraged this link. In order to grow in a sustainable manner, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the industrial sector, as found in this research, would profit from a rise in customer satisfaction achieved via the introduction of innovative competitive supplementary cost approaches and technical progress.   Research, Practical & Social implications: This research aimed was to investigate how SME' long-term success is affected by factors including consumer preferences and innovative business layout (SMEs). It also looked at how the te

L’empire des Almoravides voilés, qui couvrait les deux rives du détroit de Gibraltar avec Marrakech pour capitale, vacillait dans la première moitié du XIIe siècle sous le coup de la secte almohade dirigée par un prédicateur fanatisé et non moins redoutable penseur. Son nom : Mohamed Ben Toumert. Son titre : le Mahdi bien guidé, restaurateur de la foi au sommet de la montagne escarpée, véridique dans ses dires, unique en son temps. C’est lui qu’annonce la conjonction des étoiles. Lui, l’homme au dirham carré. Lui qui fit résonner le tambour de la guerre… Érudit et épique, ce roman historique fondé sur des événements et des personnages réels, suscite des interrogations contemporaines portant sur les ravages du dogmatisme en contextualisant le drame d’une foi défigurée par l’extrémisme. Alors que certains personnages sont mus par la haine et la soif de pouvoir enrobée de considérations morales, d’autres tentent juste d’aimer et de survivre au milieu de la folie des hommes. Dans cette fresque médiévale tantôt politique, intime ou spirituelle, dans ce tourbillon qui nous mène de Marrakech à Tinmel en passant par Zagora, les femmes, aussi présentes, jouent un rôle inattendu et bouleversant.

L’empire des Almoravides voilés, qui couvrait les deux rives du détroit de Gibraltar avec Marrakech pour capitale, vacillait dans la première moitié du XIIe siècle sous le coup de la secte almohade dirigée par un prédicateur fanatisé et non moins redoutable penseur. Son nom : Mohamed Ben Toumert. Son titre : le Mahdi bien guidé, restaurateur de la foi au sommet de la montagne escarpée, véridique dans ses dires, unique en son temps. C’est lui qu’annonce la conjonction des étoiles. Lui, l’homme au dirham carré. Lui qui fit résonner le tambour de la guerre… Érudit et épique, ce roman historique fondé sur des événements et des personnages réels, suscite des interrogations contemporaines portant sur les ravages du dogmatisme en contextualisant le drame d’une foi défigurée par l’extrémisme. Alors que certains personnages sont mus par la haine et la soif de pouvoir enrobée de considérations morales, d’autres tentent juste d’aimer et de survivre au milieu de la folie des hommes. Dans cette fresque médiévale tantôt politique, intime ou spirituelle, dans ce tourbillon qui nous mène de Marrakech à Tinmel en passant par Zagora, les femmes, aussi présentes, jouent un rôle inattendu et bouleversant.

L’empire des Almoravides voilés, qui couvrait les deux rives du détroit de Gibraltar avec Marrakech pour capitale, vacillait dans la première moitié du XIIe siècle sous le coup de la secte almohade dirigée par un prédicateur fanatisé et non moins redoutable penseur. Son nom : Mohamed Ben Toumert. Son titre : le Mahdi bien guidé, restaurateur de la foi au sommet de la montagne escarpée, véridique dans ses dires, unique en son temps. C’est lui qu’annonce la conjonction des étoiles. Lui, l’homme au dirham carré. Lui qui fit résonner le tambour de la guerre… Érudit et épique, ce roman historique fondé sur des événements et des personnages réels, suscite des interrogations contemporaines portant sur les ravages du dogmatisme en contextualisant le drame d’une foi défigurée par l’extrémisme. Alors que certains personnages sont mus par la haine et la soif de pouvoir enrobée de considérations morales, d’autres tentent juste d’aimer et de survivre au milieu de la folie des hommes. Dans cette fresque médiévale tantôt politique, intime ou spirituelle, dans ce tourbillon qui nous mène de Marrakech à Tinmel en passant par Zagora, les femmes, aussi présentes, jouent un rôle inattendu et bouleversant.

Mena Al-Ani,1,2,* Noha Mousaad Elemam,1,2,* Ibrahim Y Hachim,1 Tom K Raju,2 Jibran Sualeh Muhammad,1,2 Mahmood Y Hachim,3 Riyad Bendardaf,1,4 Azzam A Maghazachi1,2 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; 2The Immuno-Oncology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; 3College of Medicine, Mohammed bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; 4University Hospital Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Azzam A MaghazachiDepartment of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab EmiratesEmail amagazachi@sharjah.ac.aeObjective: Herceptin (trastuzumab) is an approved drug for treating HER2+ breast cancer patients, but its use for other diseases is not established. We sought to investigate the effects of Herceptin on ameliorating experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and to examine its effects on the expression of various genes.Methods: We used in-silico analysis of publicly available data, qRT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to determine the expression of HER2+ cells in the brains of EAE mice. IHC was also utilized to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of Herceptin. The ability of Herceptin to alleviate the EAE clinical score was measured in these mice. Bioinformatics analysis of publicly available data and qRT-PCR were performed to investigate the differentially expressed genes that were either up-regulated or down-regulated during the high clinical score (HCS) of the disease.Results: We observed that HER2/Erbb2, the receptor for Herceptin is upregulated in the brains of EAE mice when the brains were examined at the HCS stage. Further, we demonstrated that Herceptin ameliorates the EAE disease, increasing re-myelination, reducing brain inflammation, CD3+ T ce

Mahmood Yaseen Hachim,1 Noha Mousaad Elemam,1 Rakhee K Ramakrishnan,1 Ibrahim Yaseen Hachim,1 Laila Salameh,1 Bassam Mahboub,1 Saba Al Heialy,2,3 Rabih Halwani,1 Rifat Hamoudi,1 Qutayba Hamid1,2 1Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; 2Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; 3College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesCorrespondence: Rifat HamoudiCollege of Medicine, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab EmiratesEmail rhamoudi@sharjah.ac.aeIntroduction: The proper use of serum periostin (POSTN) as a biomarker for asthma is hindered by inconsistent performance in different clinical settings.Objective: To explore patient’s factors that may affect POSTN expression locally and systematically and its utility as a biomarker for asthma development.Materials and Methods: Here we used bioinformatics analysis of publicly available transcriptomics data to confirm that POSTN is an asthma specific gene involved in core signaling pathways enriched in the bronchial epithelium during asthma. We then explored a large number of datasets to identify possible confounders that may affect the POSTN gene expression and consequently, its interpretation as a reliable biomarker for asthma. Plasma and saliva levels of POSTN were determined in locally recruited asthmatic patients (mild, moderate and severe) compared to healthy controls to confirm the bioinformatics findings.Results: Our bioinformatics results confirmed that POSTN was consistently upregulated in the bronchial epithelium in asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) bronchial epithelium. In asthma, its mRNA expression was affected by gender, sample anatomical site and type, steroid therapy, and smoking. In our cohort, plasma POSTN was upregulated in severe and non-severe asthmatic patients. Saliva POSTN was

Mena R Al-ani,1 Tom K Raju,2 Mahmood Y Hachim,1,2 Ibrahim Y Hachim,1 Noha M Elemam,1,2 Maha Guimei,1,3 Riyad Bendardaf,4 Azzam A Maghazachi1,2 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arabs Emirates; 2Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arabs Emirates; 3Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; 4University Hospital Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arabs EmiratesCorrespondence: Azzam A MaghazachiDepartment of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University City Road, Sharjah 27272, United Arabs EmiratesTel +971 554999175Email amagazachi@sharjah.ac.aeObjective: To investigate, in detail, the effects of rituximab (RTX), an off-label drug for treating multiple sclerosis (MS) disease on preventing and/or ameliorating experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).Methods: Using bioinformatics analysis of publicly available transcriptomics data, we determined the accumulation of B cells, plasma cells and T cells in different compartments of multiple sclerosis patients (MS) and healthy individual brains. Based on these observations and on the literature search, we dosed RTX in EAE mice either orally, or injected intraperitoneally (IP). The latter route was used either prophylactically (asymptomatic stage; upon the induction of the disease), or therapeutically (acute stage; upon the appearance of the first sign of the disease). Further, we used RTX as a preventive drug either as a single agent or in combination with other routes of administration.Results: Because no complete recovery was observed when RTX was used prophylactically or therapeutically, we devised another protocol of injecting this drug before the onset of the disease and designated this regiment as prevention. We demonstrated that the 20 μg/mouse prevention completely reduced the EAE clinical score, impaired infiltration of T and B cells into the perivascular space of m

Mahmood Yaseen Hachim,1 Noha Mousaad Elemam,1 Rakhee K Ramakrishnan,1 Ibrahim Yaseen Hachim,1 Laila Salameh,1 Bassam Mahboub,1 Saba Al Heialy,2,3 Rabih Halwani,1 Rifat Hamoudi,1 Qutayba Hamid1,2 1Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; 2Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; 3College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesCorrespondence: Rifat HamoudiCollege of Medicine, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab EmiratesEmail rhamoudi@sharjah.ac.aeIntroduction: The proper use of serum periostin (POSTN) as a biomarker for asthma is hindered by inconsistent performance in different clinical settings.Objective: To explore patient’s factors that may affect POSTN expression locally and systematically and its utility as a biomarker for asthma development.Materials and Methods: Here we used bioinformatics analysis of publicly available transcriptomics data to confirm that POSTN is an asthma specific gene involved in core signaling pathways enriched in the bronchial epithelium during asthma. We then explored a large number of datasets to identify possible confounders that may affect the POSTN gene expression and consequently, its interpretation as a reliable biomarker for asthma. Plasma and saliva levels of POSTN were determined in locally recruited asthmatic patients (mild, moderate and severe) compared to healthy controls to confirm the bioinformatics findings.Results: Our bioinformatics results confirmed that POSTN was consistently upregulated in the bronchial epithelium in asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) bronchial epithelium. In asthma, its mRNA expression was affected by gender, sample anatomical site and type, steroid therapy, and smoking. In our cohort, plasma POSTN was upregulated in severe and non-severe asthmatic patients. Saliva POSTN was

Background: Mobile phones of healthcare workers (HCWs) can act as fomites in the dissemination of microbes. This study was carried out to investigate microbial contamination of mobile phones of HCWs and environmental samples from the hospital unit using a combination of phenotypic and molecular methods. Methods: This point prevalence survey was carried out at the Emergency unit of a tertiary care facility. The emergency unit has two zones, a general zone for non-COVID-19 patients and a dedicated COVID-19 zone for confirmed or suspected COVID-19 patients. Swabs were obtained from the mobile phones of HCWs in both zones for bacterial culture and shotgun metagenomic analysis. Metagenomic sequencing of pooled environmental swabs was conducted. RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 detection was carried out. Results: Bacteria contamination on culture was detected from 33 (94.2%) mobile phones with a preponderance of Staphylococcus epidermidis (n/N = 18/35), Staphylococcus hominis (n/N = 13/35), and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (n/N = 7/35). Two methicillin-sensitive and three methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and one pan-drug-resistant carbapenemase producer Acinetobacter baumannii were detected. Shotgun metagenomic analysis showed high signature of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mobile phone and environmental samples with preponderance of P. aeruginosa bacteriophages. Malassezia and Aspergillus spp. were the predominant fungi detected. Fourteen mobile phones and one environmental sample harbored protists. P. aeruginosa antimicrobial resistance genes mostly encoding for efflux pump systems were detected. The P. aeruginosa virulent factor genes detected were related to motility, adherence, aggregation, and biofilms. One mobile phone from the COVID-19 zone (n/N = 1/5; 20%) had positive SARS-CoV-2 detection while all other phone and environmental samples were negative. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that mobile phones of HCWs are fomites for potentially pathogenic and highly dru

Background: As high touch wearable devices, the potential for microbial contamination of smart watches is high. In this study, microbial contamination of smart watches of healthcare workers (HCWs) was assessed and compared to the individual’s mobile phone and hands. Methods: This study was part of a larger point prevalence survey of microbial contamination of mobile phones of HCWs at the emergency unit of a tertiary care facility. Swabs from smart watches, mobile phones and hands were obtained from four HCWs with dual ownership of these digital devices. Bacterial culture was carried out for all samples and those from smart watches and mobile phones were further assessed using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Results: Majority of the participants were females (n/N = 3/4; 75%). Although they all use their digital devices at work and believe that these devices could harbour microbes, cleaning in the preceding 24 hours was reported by one individual. Predominant organisms identified on bacterial culture were multidrug resistant Staphylococcus hominis and Staphylococcus epidermidis. At least one organism identified from the hands was also detected on all mobile phones and two smart watches. Shotgun metagenomics analysis demonstrated greater microbial number and diversity on mobile phones compared to smart watches. All devices had high signatures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and associated bacteriophages and antibiotic resistance genes. Almost half of the antibiotic resistance genes (n/N = 35/75;46.6%) were present on all devices and majority were related to efflux pumps. Of the 201 virulence factor genes (VFG) identified, majority (n/N = 148/201;73%) were associated with P. aeruginosa with 96% (n/N = 142/148) present on smart watches and mobile phones. Conclusion: This first report on microbial contamination of smart watches using metagenomics next generation sequencing showed similar pattern of contamination with microbes, VFG and antibiotic resistance genes across digital

Background: Mobile phones of healthcare workers (HCWs) can act as fomites in the dissemination of microbes. This study was carried out to investigate microbial contamination of mobile phones of HCWs and environmental samples from the hospital unit using a combination of phenotypic and molecular methods. Methods: This point prevalence survey was carried out at the Emergency unit of a tertiary care facility. The emergency unit has two zones, a general zone for non-COVID-19 patients and a dedicated COVID-19 zone for confirmed or suspected COVID-19 patients. Swabs were obtained from the mobile phones of HCWs in both zones for bacterial culture and shotgun metagenomic analysis. Metagenomic sequencing of pooled environmental swabs was conducted. RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 detection was carried out. Results: Bacteria contamination on culture was detected from 33 (94.2%) mobile phones with a preponderance of Staphylococcus epidermidis (n/N = 18/35), Staphylococcus hominis (n/N = 13/35), and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (n/N = 7/35). Two methicillin-sensitive and three methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and one pan-drug-resistant carbapenemase producer Acinetobacter baumannii were detected. Shotgun metagenomic analysis showed high signature of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mobile phone and environmental samples with preponderance of P. aeruginosa bacteriophages. Malassezia and Aspergillus spp. were the predominant fungi detected. Fourteen mobile phones and one environmental sample harbored protists. P. aeruginosa antimicrobial resistance genes mostly encoding for efflux pump systems were detected. The P. aeruginosa virulent factor genes detected were related to motility, adherence, aggregation, and biofilms. One mobile phone from the COVID-19 zone (n/N = 1/5; 20%) had positive SARS-CoV-2 detection while all other phone and environmental samples were negative. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that mobile phones of HCWs are fomites for potentially pathogenic and highly dru

Inledning Denna studie handlar om hur förskollärarna resonerar kring begreppen lek och undervisning i förskolan, och vilka relationer ser de mellan både begreppen. Studiens syfte Studiens syfte är att få mer förståelse om hur förskollärare resonerar kring begreppen lek och undervisning, och sitt eget deltagande i barnens lek. För att kunna få svar på studiens syfte har följande frågeställningar formulerats: -Vad är förskollärares syn på relationen mellan lek och undervisning? -Vad har förskollärarna för uppfattning när det gäller sitt deltagande i barns lek? Metod En kvalitativ enkätundersökning i form av en skriftlig intervju har använts i denna studie. Denna metod ansågs som lämplig metod för att kunna samla in relevanta datan och få svar på studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Studiens resultat Utifrån förskollärarnas beskrivning av begreppen lek och undervisning går det att se att de flesta förskollärarna anser att det finns en relation och ett samband mellan begreppen lek och undervisning. Förskollärarna hävdar att lek och undervisning går hand i hand i förskolan, och att undervisning och lärande sker i de sociala situationer där ett möte sker mellan barnen och mellan barnen och pedagogerna. Även barnens fria lek anses som en undervisningssituation enligt de flesta intervjuade förskollärarna. I leken får pedagogerna syn på barnens olika intresse och nyfikenhet vilken fångas upp och undervisas om. Endast en av de intervjuade förskollärarna anger att det finns en skillnad mellan begreppen lek och undervisning, och skriver att undervisning har ett syfte som är förankrat i läroplanens mål och riktlinjer, medan lek är en tid för barnen att leka i fred och bearbeta sina kunskaper.

We present an interim analysis of a registered clinical study (NCT04800133) to establish immunobridging with various antibody and cellular immunity markers and to compare the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of 2-dose BNT162b2 and CoronaVac in healthy adolescents as primary objectives. One-dose BNT162b2, recommended in some localities for risk reduction of myocarditis, is also assessed. Antibodies and T cell immune responses are non-inferior or similar in adolescents receiving 2 doses of BNT162b2 (BB, N = 116) and CoronaVac (CC, N = 123) versus adults after 2 doses of the same vaccine (BB, N = 147; CC, N = 141) but not in adolescents after 1-dose BNT162b2 (B, N = 116). CC induces SARS-CoV-2 N and N C-terminal domain seropositivity in a higher proportion of adolescents than adults. Adverse reactions are mostly mild for both vaccines and more frequent for BNT162b2. We find higher S, neutralising, avidity and Fc receptor-binding antibody responses in adolescents receiving BB than CC, and a similar induction of strong S-specific T cells by the 2 vaccines, in addition to N- and M-specific T cells induced by CoronaVac but not BNT162b2, possibly implying differential durability and cross-variant protection by BNT162b2 and CoronaVac, the 2 most used SARS-CoV-2 vaccines worldwide. Our results support the use of both vaccines in adolescents.

The antibody response magnitude and kinetics may impact clinical severity, serological diagnosis and long-term protection of COVID-19, which may play a role in why children experience lower morbidity. We therefore tested samples from 122 children in Hong Kong with symptomatic (n = 78) and asymptomatic (n = 44) SARS-CoV-2 infections up to 200 days post infection, relative to 71 infected adults (symptomatic n = 61, and asymptomatic n = 10), and negative controls (n = 48). We assessed serum IgG antibodies to a 14-wide antigen panel of structural and accessory proteins by Luciferase Immuno-Precipitation System (LIPS) assay and circulating cytokines. Infected children have lower levels of Spike, Membrane, ORF3a, ORF7a, ORF7b antibodies, comparable ORF8 and elevated E-specific antibodies than adults. Combination of two unique antibody targets, ORF3d and ORF8, can accurately discriminate SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. Principal component analysis reveals distinct pediatric serological signatures, and the highest contribution to variance from adults are antibody responses to non-structural proteins ORF3d, NSP1, ORF3a and ORF8. From a diverse panel of cytokines that can modulate immune priming and relative inflammation, IL-8, MCP-1 and IL-6 correlate with the magnitude of pediatric antibody specificity and severity. Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 internal proteins may become an important sero surveillance tool of infection with the roll-out of vaccines in the pediatric population.

Syrine Boucherabine,1,* Rania Nassar,1,2,* Lobna Mohamed,1 Matthew Olsen,3 Fatma Alqutami,1 Shroque Zaher,1 Mahmood Hachim,1 Abdulmajeed Alkhajeh,4 Simon McKirdy,5 Rashed Alghafri,3,5– 7 Lotti Tajouri,3,5,7 Abiola Senok1 1College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; 2Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; 3Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia; 4Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; 5Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia; 6General Department of Forensic Sciences and Criminology, Dubai Police, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; 7Dubai Police Scientists Council, Dubai, United Arab Emirates*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Abiola Senok, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Building 14, Dubai Healthcare City, P. O. Box 505055, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, Tel +97143838717, Email abiola.senok@mbru.ac.aeBackground: As high touch wearable devices, the potential for microbial contamination of smart watches is high. In this study, microbial contamination of smart watches of healthcare workers (HCWs) was assessed and compared to the individual’s mobile phone and hands.Methods: This study was part of a larger point prevalence survey of microbial contamination of mobile phones of HCWs at the emergency unit of a tertiary care facility. Swabs from smart watches, mobile phones and hands were obtained from four HCWs with dual ownership of these digital devices. Bacterial culture was carried out for all samples and those from smart watches and mobile phones were further assessed using shotgun metagenomic sequencing.Results: Majority of the participants were females (n/N = 3/4; 75%). Although they all use their digital devices at work and believe that these devices coul

Inledning Denna studie handlar om hur förskollärarna resonerar kring begreppen lek och undervisning i förskolan, och vilka relationer ser de mellan både begreppen. Studiens syfte Studiens syfte är att få mer förståelse om hur förskollärare resonerar kring begreppen lek och undervisning, och sitt eget deltagande i barnens lek. För att kunna få svar på studiens syfte har följande frågeställningar formulerats: -Vad är förskollärares syn på relationen mellan lek och undervisning? -Vad har förskollärarna för uppfattning när det gäller sitt deltagande i barns lek? Metod En kvalitativ enkätundersökning i form av en skriftlig intervju har använts i denna studie. Denna metod ansågs som lämplig metod för att kunna samla in relevanta datan och få svar på studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Studiens resultat Utifrån förskollärarnas beskrivning av begreppen lek och undervisning går det att se att de flesta förskollärarna anser att det finns en relation och ett samband mellan begreppen lek och undervisning. Förskollärarna hävdar att lek och undervisning går hand i hand i förskolan, och att undervisning och lärande sker i de sociala situationer där ett möte sker mellan barnen och mellan barnen och pedagogerna. Även barnens fria lek anses som en undervisningssituation enligt de flesta intervjuade förskollärarna. I leken får pedagogerna syn på barnens olika intresse och nyfikenhet vilken fångas upp och undervisas om. Endast en av de intervjuade förskollärarna anger att det finns en skillnad mellan begreppen lek och undervisning, och skriver att undervisning har ett syfte som är förankrat i läroplanens mål och riktlinjer, medan lek är en tid för barnen att leka i fred och bearbeta sina kunskaper.

Mahmood Yaseen Hachim,1 Ibrahim Yaseen Hachim,2 Noha M Elemam,1 Rifat A Hamoudi1–31Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; 2Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; 3Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UKCorrespondence: Mahmood Yaseen HachimSharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab EmiratesTel +971 50 945 2674Email U16101425@sharjah.ac.aeRifat A HamoudiDepartment of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab EmiratesTel +971 56 715 4756Email rhamoudi@sharjah.ac.aeBackground: With the increasing incidence of asthma, more attention is focused on the diverse and complex nutritional and environmental triggers of asthma exacerbations. Currently, there are no established risk assessment tools to evaluate asthma triggering potentials of most of the nutritional and environmental triggers encountered by asthmatic patients.Purpose: The objective of this study is to devise a reliable workflow, capable of estimating the toxicogenomic effect of such factors on key player genes in asthma pathogenesis.Methods: Gene expression extracted from publicly available datasets of asthmatic bronchial epithelium were subjected to a comprehensive analysis of differential gene expression to identify significant genes involved in asthma development and progression. The identified genes were subjected to Gene Set Enrichment Analysis using a total of 31,826 gene sets related to chemical, toxins, and drugs to identify common agents that share similar asthma-related targets genes and signaling pathways.Results: Our analysis identified 225 differentially expressed genes between severe asthmatic and healthy bronchial epithelium. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of the identified genes showed that they are involved i

Oxygen uptake, heart rate, and contraction frequencies of slow oxidative (SO) and fast glycolytic (FG) muscle, were measured simultaneously in gilthead seabream Sparus aurata submitted to stepwise increases in current speed in a swimming respirometer. Variation in oxygen uptake was closely related to variation in heart rate, over initial steps these rose in concert with an increase in contraction frequency of SO muscle. There was an asymptote in oxygen uptake and heart rate at high speeds, that reflected a transition from exclusive use of aerobic SO muscle to a combination of SO and anaerobic FG muscle, and which preceded fatigue.

OBJECTIVES: Current inactivated influenza vaccines provide suboptimal protection against antigenic drift, and repeated annual vaccinations shape antibody specificity but the effect on protection from infection is not well understood. METHODS: We studied the effects of cumulative and staggered vaccinations in mice to determine the effect of influenza vaccination on protection from infection and immune quality. RESULTS: We found that the timing of vaccination and antigenic change impacted the quality of immune responses. When mice received two different H3N2 strains (A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 and A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016) by staggered timing of vaccination, there were higher H3HA antibody and B-cell memory responses than four cumulative vaccinations or when two vaccinations were successive. Interestingly, after challenge with a lethal-drifted H3N2 virus (A/Hong Kong/1/1968), mice with staggered vaccination were unable to produce high titres of antibodies specific to the challenge strain compared to other vaccination regimens because of high levels of vaccine-specific cross-reactive antibodies. All vaccination regimens resulted in protection, in terms of viral loads and survival, from lethal challenge, while lung IL-6 and inflammation were lowest in staggered or cumulative vaccination groups, indicating further advantage. CONCLUSION: Our findings help justify influenza vaccination policies that currently recommend repeat vaccination in infants and annual seasonal vaccination, with no evidence for impaired immunity by repeated seasonal vaccination.

SARS-CoV-2 virions are composed of structural proteins, but during virus infection, an additional 30 proteins could be expressed according to putative open reading frames (ORFs) of the viral genome. Some of these additional proteins modulate cellular processes through direct interactions, their truncations can affect disease pathogenesis and they can also serve as antigenic targets for more specific serology. In addition to structural proteins, the ORF1a/b polyprotein and accessory proteins can stimulate antibody responses during infection. Antibodies that target non-structural proteins can impact viral infection, through Fc mediated effector functions, through interactions during virus entry, fusion, replication and egress within infected cells. Characterization of the serological responses to additional proteins, provides a snapshot of the 'antibody landscape', which includes the antibody magnitude, antigenic specificity and informs the biological relevance of SARS-CoV-2 proteins.

Nucleocapsid (N) encoded by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) plays key roles in the replication cycle and is a critical serological marker. Here, we characterize essential biochemical properties of N and describe the utility of these insights in serological studies. We define N domains important for oligomerization and RNA binding and show that N oligomerization provides a high-affinity RNA-binding platform. We also map the RNA-binding interface, showing protection in the N-terminal domain and linker region. In addition, phosphorylation causes reduction of RNA binding and redistribution of N from liquid droplets to loose coils, showing how N-RNA accessibility and assembly may be regulated by phosphorylation. Finally, we find that the C-terminal domain of N is the most immunogenic, based on antibody binding to patient samples. Together, we provide a biochemical description of SARS-CoV-2 N and highlight the value of using N domains as highly specific and sensitive diagnostic markers.

The infectivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in deceased persons and organisms remains unclear. We studied transgenic K18 hACE2 mice to determine the kinetics of virus infectivity after host death. Five days after death, virus infectivity in the lung declined by >96% and RNA copies declined by 48.2%.

Nucleocapsid proteins are essential for SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. Here, we describe protocols to gather domain-specific insights about essential properties of nucleocapsids. These assays include dynamic light scattering to characterize oligomerization, fluorescence polarization to quantify RNA binding, hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry to map RNA binding regions, negative-stain electron microscopy to visualize oligomeric species, interferon reporter assay to evaluate interferon signaling modulation, and a serology assay to reveal insights for improved sensitivity and specificity. These assays are broadly applicable to RNA-encapsidated nucleocapsids. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Wu et al. (2021).

T cell responses are a key cornerstone to viral immunity to drive high-quality antibody responses, establishing memory for recall and for viral clearance. Inefficient recruitment of T cell responses plays a role in the development of severe COVID-19 and is also represented by reduced cellular responses in men, children, and diversity compared with other epitope-specific subsets and available T cell receptor diversity. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses are elicited by multiple vaccine formats and augmented by prior infection for hybrid immunity. Epitope conservation is relatively well-maintained leading to T cell crossreactivity for variants of concern that have diminished serological responses.

Oxygen uptake, heart rate, and contraction frequencies of slow oxidative (SO) and fast glycolytic (FG) muscle, were measured simultaneously in gilthead seabream Sparus aurata submitted to stepwise increases in current speed in a swimming respirometer. Variation in oxygen uptake was closely related to variation in heart rate, over initial steps these rose in concert with an increase in contraction frequency of SO muscle. There was an asymptote in oxygen uptake and heart rate at high speeds, that reflected a transition from exclusive use of aerobic SO muscle to a combination of SO and anaerobic FG muscle, and which preceded fatigue.

Abiola Senok,1,* Mubarak Alfaresi,2,* Hamda Khansaheb,3 Rania Nassar,1,4 Mahmood Hachim,1 Hanan Al Suwaidi,1 Majed Almansoori,2 Fatma Alqaydi,2 Zuhair Afaneh,2 Aalya Mohamed,2 Shahab Qureshi,2 Ayman Ali,2 Abdulmajeed Alkhajeh,3 Alawi Alsheikh-Ali1,3 1College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; 2Sheikh Khalifa General Hospital, Umm Al Quwain, United Arab Emirates; 3Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; 4Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Abiola SenokCollege of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box 505055, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesTel +971-4-383-8717Email abiola.senok@mbru.ac.aePurpose: Microbial coinfections in COVID-19 patients carry a risk of poor outcomes. This study aimed to characterize the clinical and microbiological profiles of coinfections in patients with COVID-19.Methods: A retrospective review of the clinical and laboratory records of COVID-19 patients with laboratory-confirmed infections with bacteria, fungi, and viruses was conducted. Only adult COVID-19 patients hospitalized at participating health-care facilities between February 1 and July 31, 2020 were included. Data were collected from the centralized electronic system of Dubai Health Authority hospitals and Sheikh Khalifa General Hospital Umm Al Quwain.Results: Of 29,802 patients hospitalized with COVID-19, 392 (1.3%) had laboratory-confirmed coinfections. The mean age of patients with coinfections was 49.3± 12.5 years, and a majority were male (n=330 of 392, 84.2%). Mean interval to commencement of empirical antibiotics was 1.2± 3.6) days postadmission, with ceftriaxone, azithromycin, and piperacillin–tazobactam the most commonly used. Median interval between admission and first positive culture (mostly from blood, endotracheal a

Oxygen uptake, heart rate, and contraction frequencies of slow oxidative (SO) and fast glycolytic (FG) muscle, were measured simultaneously in gilthead seabream Sparus aurata submitted to stepwise increases in current speed in a swimming respirometer. Variation in oxygen uptake was closely related to variation in heart rate, over initial steps these rose in concert with an increase in contraction frequency of SO muscle. There was an asymptote in oxygen uptake and heart rate at high speeds, that reflected a transition from exclusive use of aerobic SO muscle to a combination of SO and anaerobic FG muscle, and which preceded fatigue.

Juan Bautista Tupac Amaru and Juan Francisco Manzano’s narratives demonstrate their authors’ suffering vis-à-vis the injustices they experienced. However, both narratives are mediated by the Creole political elite, both in Argentina and Cuba, in support of the nation-state being forged at the turn of the 19th century. Upon analyzing their statements, the narratives of these two men, one of native Indian heritage and the other of African descent, appear to have undergone a suspicious acculturation in an effort to build a utopian national unity conceived by white criollos., Os relatos de Juan Bautista Tupac Amaru e Juan Francisco Manzano são narrativas testemunhais que evidenciam o sofrimento dos seus autores perante as injustiças. No entanto, ambos os relatos são mediados pelas elites “criollas” da Argentina e da Cuba, visando contribuir com o projeto de Estado-nação do início do século XIX. Por meio da análise dos enunciados, depreende-se uma narrativa suspeitosamente aculturada de um indígena e um afrodescendente, como aporte para a construção de uma utópica unidade nacional pensada pelos “criollos”., Las narraciones de Juan Bautista Túpac Amaru y de Juan Francisco Manzano son relatos que evidencian el sufrimiento de sus autores frente a las injusticias. Sin embargo, ambos son mediados por las élites criollas tanto de la Argentina como de Cuba, para aportar al proyecto de Estado nación que se forjaba a inicios del siglo XIX. Mediante la revisión de los enunciados, se da cuenta de la narración sospechosamente aculturada de un indígena y de un afrodescendiente, como aporte a la construcción de una utópica unidad nacional concebida por los criollos blancos.

OBJECTIVES: Enhanced inactivated influenza vaccines (eIIV) aim to increase immunogenicity and protection compared with the widely used standard IIV (S-IIV). METHODS: We tested four vaccines in parallel, FluZone high dose, FluBlok and FluAd versus S-IIV in a randomised controlled trial of older adults and in a mouse infection model to assess immunogenicity, protection from lethal challenge and mechanisms of action. RESULTS: In older adults, FluAd vaccination stimulated a superior antibody profile, including H3-HA antibodies that were elevated for up to 1 year after vaccination, higher avidity H3HA IgG and larger HA stem IgG responses. In a mouse model, FluAd also elicited an earlier and larger induction of HA stem antibodies with increased germinal centre responses and upregulation and long-term expression of B-cell switch transcription factors. Long-term cross-reactive memory responses were sustained by FluAd following lethal heterosubtypic influenza challenge, with reduced lung damage and viral loads, coinciding with increased T- and B-cell recall. Advantages were also noted for the high-dose FluZone vaccine in both humans and mice. CONCLUSION: The early, broadly reactive and long-lived antibody response of FluAd indicates a potential advantage of this vaccine, particularly in years when there is a mismatch between the vaccine strain and the circulating strain of influenza viruses.

In March 2020, mild signs and symptoms of coronavirus disease developed in a healthy 33-year-old man in Hong Kong. His first infection did not produce virus neutralizing antibodies. In August, he had asymptomatic reinfection, suggesting that persons without a robust neutralizing antibody response might be at risk for reinfection.

Influenza-specific antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) antibodies have a broad cross reactivity and potential as an immune correlate for universal vaccines. Peptide-mapping for ADCC reactivity of H1-HA and H7-HA proteins from human serum samples identified high ADCC-inducing peptides in both the HA1 and HA2 regions. Vaccination of mice with single ADCC-peptides induced ADCC activity leading to partial protection from lethal influenza challenge, with increased survival, reduced viral loads, and reduced activation of NK cells in the lungs. Targeted vaccination strategies to elicit ADCC responses may provide an approach for universal vaccines.

Juan Bautista Tupac Amaru and Juan Francisco Manzano’s narratives demonstrate their authors’ suffering vis-à-vis the injustices they experienced. However, both narratives are mediated by the Creole political elite, both in Argentina and Cuba, in support of the nation-state being forged at the turn of the 19th century. Upon analyzing their statements, the narratives of these two men, one of native Indian heritage and the other of African descent, appear to have undergone a suspicious acculturation in an effort to build a utopian national unity conceived by white criollos., Os relatos de Juan Bautista Tupac Amaru e Juan Francisco Manzano são narrativas testemunhais que evidenciam o sofrimento dos seus autores perante as injustiças. No entanto, ambos os relatos são mediados pelas elites “criollas” da Argentina e da Cuba, visando contribuir com o projeto de Estado-nação do início do século XIX. Por meio da análise dos enunciados, depreende-se uma narrativa suspeitosamente aculturada de um indígena e um afrodescendente, como aporte para a construção de uma utópica unidade nacional pensada pelos “criollos”., Las narraciones de Juan Bautista Túpac Amaru y de Juan Francisco Manzano son relatos que evidencian el sufrimiento de sus autores frente a las injusticias. Sin embargo, ambos son mediados por las élites criollas tanto de la Argentina como de Cuba, para aportar al proyecto de Estado nación que se forjaba a inicios del siglo XIX. Mediante la revisión de los enunciados, se da cuenta de la narración sospechosamente aculturada de un indígena y de un afrodescendiente, como aporte a la construcción de una utópica unidad nacional concebida por los criollos blancos.

This research aimed at comparing iris-signature techniques, namely the Sequential Technique (ST) and the Standard Deviation Technique (SDT). Both techniques were measured by Backpropagation (BP), Probabilistic, Radial basis function (RBF), and Euclidian distance (ED) classifiers. A biometric system-based iris is developed to identify 30 of CASIA-v1 and 10 subjects from the Real-iris datasets. Then, the proposed unimodal system uses Fourier descriptors to extract the iris features and represent them as an iris-signature graph. The 150 values of input machine vector were optimized to include only high-frequency coefficients of the iris-signature, then the two optimization techniques are applied and compared. The first optimization (ST) selects sequentially new feature values with different lengths from the enrichment graph region that has rapid frequency changes. The second technique (SDT) chooses the high variance coefficients as a new feature of vectors based on the standard deviation formula. The results show that SDT achieved better recognition performance with the lowest vector-lengths, while Probabilistic and BP have the best accuracy.

The objective: To review all articles published from Saudi Arabia for 18 years to illustrate the complication of abnormal placentation. Materials and methods: In a retrospective study, all publications of placenta previa in our region reviewed. The survey conducted at King Abdulaziz University in J, Saudi Arabia. PubMed, which is a free database search, used to determine the number of publications of placenta previa in Saudi Arabia data collected for 18 years from January 2000 to May 2018. Only (ISI) publication is selected “All abstracts that appeared in the PubMed database collected analyzed meticulously for the year of publication, type of research, institute and the region, and the complication that illustrated in each publication.” The inclusion criteria, as well as exclusion criteria, were clearly defined before the study. The studies defined according to abstract, title, year of publications, the aim, materials and methods, results, and conclusions. Statistical analysis SPSS statistical software (version 22) is used for analysis. Data are coded for numbers and percentages. Results: The number of publication retrieved when we used (placenta previa Saudi Arabia) was 40, but only 19 publications included as for inclusion criteria. Conclusion: Placenta previa is a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Every hospital must have a clear protocol and a team to manage all cases of placenta previa.

Este trabajo se constituye a partir de la narrativacomo experiencia, acción y proceso permanente en el periodo Colonial hispanoamericano. Con la ratificación de esta narrativa, trataremos dos textos que se producen en la etapa colonial. Este periodo marcado por el proceso de constitución del pensamiento criollo, es coherente con toda narración inscrita en Libros de viajes, Relaciones, Crónicas, conformando una síntesis entre el discurso factualy el discurso ficcional, en textos que representan no solo las transformaciones del sujeto español indiano, sino también la emergente subjetividad criolla que caracteriza la nueva cultura y su relación conflictiva con el mundo indígena. Por ello, este trabajo propone una primera etapa, incorporando dos obras paradigmáticas, desafectadas de la preocupación de los estudios literarios e historiográficos: 1) Naufragios[1542] de Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca. 2) Infortunios de Alonso Ramírez[1690] de Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora. Ambas narrativas a través de estrategias factuales enmascararon la composición ficcional, procedimientos que después se incorporarían con toda propiedad, a las prácticas y escrituras características en las Literaturas de América., This paper is based on the assumption that narratives are ongoing experiences, actions and processes that take place during the Colonial period. On these grounds, two narrative texts from the beginnings of the colonial formation period will be discussed. Narratives during this period when a vernacular, creole consciousness was being shaped are coherent with the narrations found in travel journals, relaciones and chronicles. A synthesis of factual and fictional discourses arises in these texts that represent not only the identity transformations of the Indian Spanish individual but also the emerging local, creole subjectivity that defines the new culture and its relations with indigenous world. We suggest a first stage in this cultural synthesis that includes two texts that have not been addressed literary and historiographic studies: Naufragios [1542] by Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and Infortunios de Alonso Ramírez [1690] by Carlos de Sigüenza. These two founding narratives used a factual discourse that masked the fictional strategies that were later included in the textual practices that characterize the literatures of the Americas.

Recent studies have implicated that an inadequate host biomaterial response, driven predominately by pro-inflammatory (M1) macrophages and downstream formation of fibrotic capsule, is a major cause of the severe surgical mesh-related complications in pelvic prolapsed woman. We have hypothesized that shifting this macrophage response towards an anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype will lead to a better implant integration into the host tissue. A coating for local and transient delivery of interleukin-4 (IL-4, an M2 cytokine) was developed, using layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of chitosan and dermatan sulfate. Implantation studies revealed that the released IL-4 promoted a predominant M2-like macrophage response, associated to decreased fibrotic capsule deposition and changes in collagen composition, suggesting improved mesh integration into the host tissue and potential for reduction in downstream complications. Immunosenescence, dysregulated macrophage function, and delayed resolution of the immune response against pathogens have been demonstrated in aged individuals. We have sought to elucidate the impacts of aging upon the host response to polypropylene mesh in aged versus young mice. The host response in aged mice resulted in delayed cell recruitment, significant differences in macrophage marker expression and a highly shifted pro-inflammatory (M1) response at early stages, associated with an unresolved host response in the long-term, compared to young mice. A sequential delivery of MCP-1 (macrophage chemoattractant protein-1) and IL-4 has been developed to restore the delayed cell recruitment and reverse the inflammatory macrophage response in old mice, respectively. The host response to single and sequential delivery regimens was well distinct in old versus young implanted mice. While single delivery of IL-4 was not enough to counteract the high inflammatory response in old mice, the sequential delivery of MCP-1 and IL-4 was capable of restoring recruitment and M2

The objective: To review all articles published from Saudi Arabia for 18 years to illustrate the complication of abnormal placentation. Materials and methods: In a retrospective study, all publications of placenta previa in our region reviewed. The survey conducted at King Abdulaziz University in J, Saudi Arabia. PubMed, which is a free database search, used to determine the number of publications of placenta previa in Saudi Arabia data collected for 18 years from January 2000 to May 2018. Only (ISI) publication is selected “All abstracts that appeared in the PubMed database collected analyzed meticulously for the year of publication, type of research, institute and the region, and the complication that illustrated in each publication.” The inclusion criteria, as well as exclusion criteria, were clearly defined before the study. The studies defined according to abstract, title, year of publications, the aim, materials and methods, results, and conclusions. Statistical analysis SPSS statistical software (version 22) is used for analysis. Data are coded for numbers and percentages. Results: The number of publication retrieved when we used (placenta previa Saudi Arabia) was 40, but only 19 publications included as for inclusion criteria. Conclusion: Placenta previa is a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Every hospital must have a clear protocol and a team to manage all cases of placenta previa.

Recent studies have implicated that an inadequate host biomaterial response, driven predominately by pro-inflammatory (M1) macrophages and downstream formation of fibrotic capsule, is a major cause of the severe surgical mesh-related complications in pelvic prolapsed woman. We have hypothesized that shifting this macrophage response towards an anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype will lead to a better implant integration into the host tissue. A coating for local and transient delivery of interleukin-4 (IL-4, an M2 cytokine) was developed, using layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of chitosan and dermatan sulfate. Implantation studies revealed that the released IL-4 promoted a predominant M2-like macrophage response, associated to decreased fibrotic capsule deposition and changes in collagen composition, suggesting improved mesh integration into the host tissue and potential for reduction in downstream complications. Immunosenescence, dysregulated macrophage function, and delayed resolution of the immune response against pathogens have been demonstrated in aged individuals. We have sought to elucidate the impacts of aging upon the host response to polypropylene mesh in aged versus young mice. The host response in aged mice resulted in delayed cell recruitment, significant differences in macrophage marker expression and a highly shifted pro-inflammatory (M1) response at early stages, associated with an unresolved host response in the long-term, compared to young mice. A sequential delivery of MCP-1 (macrophage chemoattractant protein-1) and IL-4 has been developed to restore the delayed cell recruitment and reverse the inflammatory macrophage response in old mice, respectively. The host response to single and sequential delivery regimens was well distinct in old versus young implanted mice. While single delivery of IL-4 was not enough to counteract the high inflammatory response in old mice, the sequential delivery of MCP-1 and IL-4 was capable of restoring recruitment and M2

Este trabajo se constituye a partir de la narrativacomo experiencia, acción y proceso permanente en el periodo Colonial hispanoamericano. Con la ratificación de esta narrativa, trataremos dos textos que se producen en la etapa colonial. Este periodo marcado por el proceso de constitución del pensamiento criollo, es coherente con toda narración inscrita en Libros de viajes, Relaciones, Crónicas, conformando una síntesis entre el discurso factualy el discurso ficcional, en textos que representan no solo las transformaciones del sujeto español indiano, sino también la emergente subjetividad criolla que caracteriza la nueva cultura y su relación conflictiva con el mundo indígena. Por ello, este trabajo propone una primera etapa, incorporando dos obras paradigmáticas, desafectadas de la preocupación de los estudios literarios e historiográficos: 1) Naufragios[1542] de Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca. 2) Infortunios de Alonso Ramírez[1690] de Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora. Ambas narrativas a través de estrategias factuales enmascararon la composición ficcional, procedimientos que después se incorporarían con toda propiedad, a las prácticas y escrituras características en las Literaturas de América., This paper is based on the assumption that narratives are ongoing experiences, actions and processes that take place during the Colonial period. On these grounds, two narrative texts from the beginnings of the colonial formation period will be discussed. Narratives during this period when a vernacular, creole consciousness was being shaped are coherent with the narrations found in travel journals, relaciones and chronicles. A synthesis of factual and fictional discourses arises in these texts that represent not only the identity transformations of the Indian Spanish individual but also the emerging local, creole subjectivity that defines the new culture and its relations with indigenous world. We suggest a first stage in this cultural synthesis that includes two texts that have not been addressed literary and historiographic studies: Naufragios [1542] by Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and Infortunios de Alonso Ramírez [1690] by Carlos de Sigüenza. These two founding narratives used a factual discourse that masked the fictional strategies that were later included in the textual practices that characterize the literatures of the Americas.

Este artículo analiza las relaciones entre el discurso ficcional y el discurso factual en las narrativas hispanoamericanas del siglo xix. En el análisis se considera que ambos discursos establecen una estrecha relación al interior de los textos que se han visto como parte de la literatura de ficción, así como en aquellos que se han clasificado como ensayísticos. Desde ahí se abre la posibilidad de analizar en términos narrativos obras que históricamente se han ubicado en un entre-medio de la crítica historiográfica y la crítica literaria. El análisis propuesto considera el estudio de dos textos: El Periquillo Sarniento (1816), de José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, y Mariluán (1862), de Alberto Blest Gana., This paper analyses the relationship between the fictional and factual discourse in the Spanish American narrative of the nineteenth century. This analysis considers that both discourses establish a close relationship inside the texts that have been seen as part of science fiction literature, as well as in those classified as essayistic. From this perspective, it opens up the possibility of analyzing those works in narrative terms that have historically been placed in between the historiographical critique and the literary critic. The proposed analysis suggests the study of two texts: El Periquillo Sarniento (1816), by José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, and Mariluán (1862), by Alberto Blest Gana.

This paper analyses the relationship between the fictional and factual discourse in the Spanish American narrative of the nineteenth century. This analysis considers that both discourses establish a close relationship inside the texts that have been seen as part of science fiction literature, as well as in those classified as essayistic. From this perspective, it opens up the possibility of analyzing those works in narrative terms that have historically been placed in between the historiographical critique and the literary critic. The proposed analysis suggests the study of two texts: El Periquillo Sarniento (1816), by José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, and Mariluán (1862), by Alberto Blest Gana., Este artículo analiza las relaciones entre el discurso ficcional y el discurso factual en las narrativas hispanoamericanas del siglo xix. En el análisis se considera que ambos discursos establecen una estrecha relación al interior de los textos que se han visto como parte de la literatura de ficción, así como en aquellos que se han clasificado como ensayísticos. Desde ahí se abre la posibilidad de analizar en términos narrativos obras que históricamente se han ubicado en un entre-medio de la crítica historiográfica y la crítica literaria. El análisis propuesto considera el estudio de dos textos: El Periquillo Sarniento (1816), de José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, y Mariluán (1862), de Alberto Blest Gana.

This paper analyses the relationship between the fictional and factual discourse in the Spanish American narrative of the nineteenth century. This analysis considers that both discourses establish a close relationship inside the texts that have been seen as part of science fiction literature, as well as in those classified as essayistic. From this perspective, it opens up the possibility of analyzing those works in narrative terms that have historically been placed in between the historiographical critique and the literary critic. The proposed analysis suggests the study of two texts: El Periquillo Sarniento (1816), by José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, and Mariluán (1862), by Alberto Blest Gana., Este artículo analiza las relaciones entre el discurso ficcional y el discurso factual en las narrativas hispanoamericanas del siglo xix. En el análisis se considera que ambos discursos establecen una estrecha relación al interior de los textos que se han visto como parte de la literatura de ficción, así como en aquellos que se han clasificado como ensayísticos. Desde ahí se abre la posibilidad de analizar en términos narrativos obras que históricamente se han ubicado en un entre-medio de la crítica historiográfica y la crítica literaria. El análisis propuesto considera el estudio de dos textos: El Periquillo Sarniento (1816), de José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, y Mariluán (1862), de Alberto Blest Gana.

Este artículo analiza las relaciones entre el discurso ficcional y el discurso factual en las narrativas hispanoamericanas del siglo xix. En el análisis se considera que ambos discursos establecen una estrecha relación al interior de los textos que se han visto como parte de la literatura de ficción, así como en aquellos que se han clasificado como ensayísticos. Desde ahí se abre la posibilidad de analizar en términos narrativos obras que históricamente se han ubicado en un entre-medio de la crítica historiográfica y la crítica literaria. El análisis propuesto considera el estudio de dos textos: El Periquillo Sarniento (1816), de José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, y Mariluán (1862), de Alberto Blest Gana., This paper analyses the relationship between the fictional and factual discourse in the Spanish American narrative of the nineteenth century. This analysis considers that both discourses establish a close relationship inside the texts that have been seen as part of science fiction literature, as well as in those classified as essayistic. From this perspective, it opens up the possibility of analyzing those works in narrative terms that have historically been placed in between the historiographical critique and the literary critic. The proposed analysis suggests the study of two texts: El Periquillo Sarniento (1816), by José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, and Mariluán (1862), by Alberto Blest Gana.

Resumen: [SPA] Los naturalistas europeos abordaron a los aborígenes de América, recurriendo a las narraciones que el archivo occidental poseía y que estaba a disposición de la racionalidad ilustrada en perspectiva de la administración colonial. A su vez, los criollos letrados, confrontan su episteme –a veces diferenciada– con esas narrativas occidentalistas. Así, los jesuitas chilenos Juan Ignacio Molina y Felipe Gómez de Vidaurre en sus Historias naturales, investigarán las costumbres civiles del indígena antes de la llegada de los españoles. Estos letrados criollos, primeros exiliados americanos en Europa, aportaron conocimiento sobre esos indios y que hasta ese momento habían descritos por los letrados e ilustrados de los imperios coloniales. El lugar y perspectiva de enunciación de los dos jesuitas, responde a su propia experiencia y relación con el mapuche y con otras etnias en Chile. Este saber es incorporado al Compendio de la Historia Geográfica, Natural y Civil del Reyno de Chile (1776-1787) de Juan I. Molina y también en la Historia geográfica, natural y civil del Reino de Chile de Felipe Gómez de Vidaurre (1889).‎, Resumen: [ENG] European Naturalists addressed to the Aborigines of America using the westerner file stories, available to Enlightenment rationality for the colonial administration. In turn, the learned criollos, compare their knowledge, sometimes differentiated, with these narratives westerners.Chilean Jesuits Juan Ignacio Molina and Felipe Gomez Vidaurre in their Natural Histories investigate civilian indigenous customs before the arrival of the Spanishs. These learned criollos, firsts Americans exiles in Europe, contributed knowledge about those Indians. The place and perspective of enunciation of the two Jesuits react to his own experience and relationship with Mapuche and the other ethnic in Chile. This knowledge is incorporated into the Compendio de la Historia Geográfica, Natural y Civil del Reyno de Chile (1776-1787), by Juan I. Molina and also in Historia geográfica, natural y civil del Renio de Chile, by Felipe Gómez Vidaurre (1889).‎

Resumen: [SPA] Los naturalistas europeos abordaron a los aborígenes de América, recurriendo a las narraciones que el archivo occidental poseía y que estaba a disposición de la racionalidad ilustrada en perspectiva de la administración colonial. A su vez, los criollos letrados, confrontan su episteme –a veces diferenciada– con esas narrativas occidentalistas. Así, los jesuitas chilenos Juan Ignacio Molina y Felipe Gómez de Vidaurre en sus Historias naturales, investigarán las costumbres civiles del indígena antes de la llegada de los españoles. Estos letrados criollos, primeros exiliados americanos en Europa, aportaron conocimiento sobre esos indios y que hasta ese momento habían descritos por los letrados e ilustrados de los imperios coloniales. El lugar y perspectiva de enunciación de los dos jesuitas, responde a su propia experiencia y relación con el mapuche y con otras etnias en Chile. Este saber es incorporado al Compendio de la Historia Geográfica, Natural y Civil del Reyno de Chile (1776-1787) de Juan I. Molina y también en la Historia geográfica, natural y civil del Reino de Chile de Felipe Gómez de Vidaurre (1889).‎, Resumen: [ENG] European Naturalists addressed to the Aborigines of America using the westerner file stories, available to Enlightenment rationality for the colonial administration. In turn, the learned criollos, compare their knowledge, sometimes differentiated, with these narratives westerners.Chilean Jesuits Juan Ignacio Molina and Felipe Gomez Vidaurre in their Natural Histories investigate civilian indigenous customs before the arrival of the Spanishs. These learned criollos, firsts Americans exiles in Europe, contributed knowledge about those Indians. The place and perspective of enunciation of the two Jesuits react to his own experience and relationship with Mapuche and the other ethnic in Chile. This knowledge is incorporated into the Compendio de la Historia Geográfica, Natural y Civil del Reyno de Chile (1776-1787), by Juan I. Molina and also in Historia geográfica, natural y civil del Renio de Chile, by Felipe Gómez Vidaurre (1889).‎

Los naturalistas europeos abordaron a los aborígenes de América, recurriendo a las narraciones que el archivo occidental poseía y que estaba a disposición de la racionalidad ilustrada en perspectiva de la administración colonial. A su vez, los criollos letrados, confrontan su episteme –a veces diferenciada– con esas narrativas occidentalistas. Así, los jesuitas chilenos Juan Ignacio Molina y Felipe Gómez de Vidaurre en sus Historias naturales, investigarán las costumbres civiles del indígena antes de la llegada de los españoles. Estos letrados criollos, primeros exiliados americanos en Europa, aportaron conocimiento sobre esos indios y que hasta ese momento habían descritos por los letrados e ilustrados de los imperios coloniales. El lugar y perspectiva de enunciación de los dos jesuitas, responde a su propia experiencia y relación con el mapuche y con otras etnias en Chile. Este saber es incorporado al Compendio de la Historia Geográfica, Natural y Civil del Reyno de Chile (1776-1787) de Juan I. Molina y también en la Historia geográfica, natural y civil del Reino de Chile de Felipe Gómez de Vidaurre (1889)., European Naturalists addressed to the Aborigines of America using the westerner file stories, available to Enlightenment rationality for the colonial administration. In turn, the learned criollos, compare their knowledge, sometimes differentiated, with these narratives westerners.Chilean Jesuits Juan Ignacio Molina and Felipe Gomez Vidaurre in their Natural Histories investigate civilian indigenous customs before the arrival of the Spanishs. These learned criollos, firsts Americans exiles in Europe, contributed knowledge about those Indians. The place and perspective of enunciation of the two Jesuits react to his own experience and relationship with Mapuche and the other ethnic in Chile. This knowledge is incorporated into the Compendio de la Historia Geográfica, Natural y Civil del Reyno de Chile (1776-1787), by Juan I. Molina and also in Historia geográfica, natural y civil del Renio de Chile, by Felipe Gómez Vidaurre (1889).