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This thesis explores the synthesis and characterization of novel hybrid halide Ruddlesden–Popper compounds, which are derivatives of three-dimensional AMX3 perovskites, where A represents a monovalent cation, M a divalent metal cation, and X a halogen. The focus is on compounds with the general formula (L)2(CH3NH3)n−1PbnI3n+1, where L is a monovalent spacer cation, showcasing a layered crystal structure with perovskite-like layers separated by organic cation spacers. Two specific Ruddlesden–Popper compounds, incorporating a conjugated cation, 2-(4- biphenyl)ethylammonium (BPEA), were synthesized using solvothermal and solvent evaporation techniques.The structural elucidation of these compounds, (BPEA)2PbI4 and (BPEA)2(CH3NH3)Pb2I7, was achieved through X-ray crystallography. The ambient stability of these compounds was confirmed over time using powder X-ray diffraction. The investigation extended to the photoelectronic properties of these compounds, where transient photoconductance was measured by time-resolved microwave conductivity. Band-gap calculations of these two compounds was determined from absorption spectra, resulting in optical properties comparable to those of simpler alkyl ammonium cation-based Ruddlesden–Popper compounds.The comprehensive study presented herein not only advances the understanding of hybrid halide Ruddlesden–Popper compounds but also contributes to the development of materials with potential applications in optoelectronics, highlighting the synthesis methods, structural analysis, and functional characterization as essential tools in the material scientist’s toolkit.

Regarding the further development of wind energy solutions, this study explores the idea of morphing wind turbine blades as a means to improve their aero-structural merits. To this end, the aerodynamics of a representative, morphable wind turbine blade section is assessed using numerical simulation, this being done for a significant range of flow conditions (speed, incidence), with various levels of morphing applied. Upon this, diverse morphing scenarios are inferred, either to alleviate the aero-structural loads exerted on the blade, or to rather maximize its generated aerodynamic power. It is shown that these morphing strategies translate into significant benefits, among which substantial gains of power delivered across all flow regimes. The phenomenology behind the benefits brought by the morphing is then explored, which confirms that morphing a blade is superior to simply pitching or twisting it – as classically done or envisioned. Finally, the outcomes obtained from the computational investigation are replicated through a dedicated, small-scale experiment, thereby further confirming the aerodynamic merits brought by the morphing. All this advocates for a further exploration of morphable wind turbine blades.

This thesis project is a contribution to addressing the pressing need for sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels and traditional plastics. The work focuses on enzymatic saccharification of microalgae biomass to generate a sugar-rich stream as raw material for biofuels and bioplastics production. Microalgae and cyanobacteria are highlighted for their ability to convert CO2 into valuable biomass components in the presence of light. To enhance biomass conversion efficiency, the enzymatic hydrolysis of microalgae and cyanobacteria is explored by utilizing various enzymes to break down complex polymers into valuable sugars. Additionally, the cultivation of cyanobacteria is studied to optimize the overall process. Results indicate challenges, such as measurement uncertainty and the need for biomass pretreatment, suggesting areas for further research. The primary objective of this thesis work is to optimize enzymatic hydrolysis processes by determining the optimal combinations of enzymes, to enhance biomass conversion efficiency. It also underscores the importance of microorganisms in transitioning to a more environmentally friendly future by offering sustainable alternatives to conventional products.

[ES] Este trabajo trata el estado del arte y el concepto de gemelos digitales y cómo podría aplicarse a la industria de la energía eólica offshore. Empieza con una definición de la tecnología y analiza cómo funciona el gemelo digital, cómo conecta la realidad física con el mundo virtual y cuáles son los componentes clave de esta tecnología. Luego, se analizan las necesidades actuales de la industria de energía eólica offshore: se abordará cómo se usan con el diseño, la instalación, el mantenimiento y la seguridad de los trabajadores, se discutirá también la ventaja de la sostenibilidad. Posteriormente se abordarán los problemas actuales por lo que los gemelos digitales aún no están lo suficientemente desarrollados: altos costos, necesidad de modelos precisos, estandarización y política de datos se incluirán en este documento. Finalmente, se tomará un vistazo a las direcciones futuras de la industria, incluida la clasificación de los gemelos en diferentes niveles., [EN] In recent years, the rapid development of the industry has created a clear need for increasing amounts of energy. As a consequence, the search for green energy sources has become more prevalent in all fields of research. One example that has recently gained significant attention is wind turbines, and due to the lack of space and land, offshore wind turbines. However, this type of energy technology currently presents significant challenges, such as its hostile location and high costs. Therefore, this work proposes the implementation of DTs (DT) as a solution. This paper addresses the state of the art and the concept of DTs, as well as how they could be applied to the offshore wind energy industry. It begins with a definition of the technology and analyzes how the DT works, how it connects the physical reality with the virtual world, and what the key components of this technology are. Then, the current needs of the offshore wind energy industry are analyzed: how DTs are used in design, installation, maintenance, and worker safety, as well as the advantages of sustainability, will be discussed. Subsequently, the current problems that prevent DTs from being sufficiently developed will be addressed: high costs, the need for precise models, standardization, and data policy will be included in this document. Finally, future directions of the industry will be examined, including the classification of DTs at different levels

With the international drive to deploy green energies and decarbonized intermediates in the place of fossil fuel sources, a large number of developed countries are actively preparing for a future where hydrogen plays a strategic role as an energy storage medium. Producing and using hydrogen requires the rapid expansion of a dedicated, economically viable industrial sector. Nevertheless, questions on how to safely store, transport and distribute hydrogen remain an important priority today. In countries with existing natural gas transport grids, the possibility to retrofit these networks to store and transport hydrogen-natural gas blends is being studied. A key challenge is to evaluate how pressurized H2 would interact with steel structures with regards structural embrittlement of the latter, with a view to exploiting existing transport infrastructures for storage and transport applications. In this work, we evaluate the H2-performance of a non-hydrogen service ×65 pipeline steel. The cracking susceptibility of this steel grade has been evaluated at 100 bar H2 using slow strain rate testing, Constant strain testing and fracture toughness measurements. Accompanying hydrogen permeation tests under pressure provide diffusion data and elucidate the discussion. Exposures were carried out in dry or wet H2 and with or without H2S contamination at levels representative of biogas. The results underline that the impact of dry or wet hydrogen on this grade are moderate. The presence of traces of H2S together with humidity could risk seriously degrading the mechanical performance of the ×65 steel grade. © 2023 The Authors, Correspondence Address: C. Mendibide; Institut de La Corrosion (French Corrosion Institute), Part of RISE - ZA Du Parc, Fraisses, Secteur Gampille, F-42490, France

A growing concern for climate change puts high demands on electricity from renewable energy sources. Varying results have been reported on the impacts of wind power on terrestrial mammals, e.g. effects on migration corridors and grazing habitat of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus), increased stress-hormones in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), lowered breeding success in wolves (Canis lupus), and lowered activity and habitat shifts for moose (Alces alces). Using a retrospective dataset of moose harvest (2012-2020) from Sweden and Norway, I examined how harvest at three management levels of various size (Moose Management Areas, Moose Management Units and Hunting team areas/Game management areas) was affected by the establishment of wind parks. Additional covariates were the occurrence of large predators (wolf and brown bear (Ursus arctos)), road densities, and 12-year accumulated forest loss. Harvest significantly correlated with wind park establishment at the small and middle levels of moose management. Harvest was affected by the distance to closest wind parks, the number of turbines in wind parks and, at the smallest management level, by the wind turbines height. At the small level, the number of turbines temporarily had a positive correlation with moose harvest during construction phase but shifted to negative during the operative phase. Such pattern was possibly resulting from allocated hunting efforts in relation to altered movement patterns of moose in response to wind park establishment. At the large level, while wind turbines had no significant effect, predator occurrence and gravel road density affected moose harvest. At the middle level, harvest density was affected by wolf occurrence and proportion of young forest stands, but not by occurrence of brown bear. Results show that wind power establishment can affect hunting, an important leisure activity for people on the countryside. Reduced harvests risk to increase browsing damages in forestry and moose-v

With the international drive to deploy green energies and decarbonized intermediates in the place of fossil fuel sources, a large number of developed countries are actively preparing for a future where hydrogen plays a strategic role as an energy storage medium. Producing and using hydrogen requires the rapid expansion of a dedicated, economically viable industrial sector. Nevertheless, questions on how to safely store, transport and distribute hydrogen remain an important priority today. In countries with existing natural gas transport grids, the possibility to retrofit these networks to store and transport hydrogen-natural gas blends is being studied. A key challenge is to evaluate how pressurized H2 would interact with steel structures with regards structural embrittlement of the latter, with a view to exploiting existing transport infrastructures for storage and transport applications. In this work, we evaluate the H2-performance of a non-hydrogen service ×65 pipeline steel. The cracking susceptibility of this steel grade has been evaluated at 100 bar H2 using slow strain rate testing, Constant strain testing and fracture toughness measurements. Accompanying hydrogen permeation tests under pressure provide diffusion data and elucidate the discussion. Exposures were carried out in dry or wet H2 and with or without H2S contamination at levels representative of biogas. The results underline that the impact of dry or wet hydrogen on this grade are moderate. The presence of traces of H2S together with humidity could risk seriously degrading the mechanical performance of the ×65 steel grade. © 2023 The Authors, Correspondence Address: C. Mendibide; Institut de La Corrosion (French Corrosion Institute), Part of RISE - ZA Du Parc, Fraisses, Secteur Gampille, F-42490, France

A growing concern for climate change puts high demands on electricity from renewable energy sources. Varying results have been reported on the impacts of wind power on terrestrial mammals, e.g. effects on migration corridors and grazing habitat of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus), increased stress-hormones in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), lowered breeding success in wolves (Canis lupus), and lowered activity and habitat shifts for moose (Alces alces). Using a retrospective dataset of moose harvest (2012-2020) from Sweden and Norway, I examined how harvest at three management levels of various size (Moose Management Areas, Moose Management Units and Hunting team areas/Game management areas) was affected by the establishment of wind parks. Additional covariates were the occurrence of large predators (wolf and brown bear (Ursus arctos)), road densities, and 12-year accumulated forest loss. Harvest significantly correlated with wind park establishment at the small and middle levels of moose management. Harvest was affected by the distance to closest wind parks, the number of turbines in wind parks and, at the smallest management level, by the wind turbines height. At the small level, the number of turbines temporarily had a positive correlation with moose harvest during construction phase but shifted to negative during the operative phase. Such pattern was possibly resulting from allocated hunting efforts in relation to altered movement patterns of moose in response to wind park establishment. At the large level, while wind turbines had no significant effect, predator occurrence and gravel road density affected moose harvest. At the middle level, harvest density was affected by wolf occurrence and proportion of young forest stands, but not by occurrence of brown bear. Results show that wind power establishment can affect hunting, an important leisure activity for people on the countryside. Reduced harvests risk to increase browsing damages in forestry and moose-v

This thesis project is a contribution to addressing the pressing need for sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels and traditional plastics. The work focuses on enzymatic saccharification of microalgae biomass to generate a sugar-rich stream as raw material for biofuels and bioplastics production. Microalgae and cyanobacteria are highlighted for their ability to convert CO2 into valuable biomass components in the presence of light. To enhance biomass conversion efficiency, the enzymatic hydrolysis of microalgae and cyanobacteria is explored by utilizing various enzymes to break down complex polymers into valuable sugars. Additionally, the cultivation of cyanobacteria is studied to optimize the overall process. Results indicate challenges, such as measurement uncertainty and the need for biomass pretreatment, suggesting areas for further research. The primary objective of this thesis work is to optimize enzymatic hydrolysis processes by determining the optimal combinations of enzymes, to enhance biomass conversion efficiency. It also underscores the importance of microorganisms in transitioning to a more environmentally friendly future by offering sustainable alternatives to conventional products.

The urgency of climate change, economic shifts, and recent energy crises has highlighted the need for the green transition, with a particular focus on Nordic rural areas playing a key role in developing renewable energy. However, there's concern that this transition might increase existing differences between urban and rural areas. Evidence suggests that people in rural regions feel they might be neglected, which could put fair green transitions and the achievement of climate goals at risk. The policy brief from the Just Green Transition in Rural Areas project emphasises the need to involve local communities in green projects to encourage a sense of ownership and fairness. It calls for early community involvement, clear communication, inclusive compensation strategies, recognition of non-monetary benefits, and using the flexibility of rural municipalities to their advantage. As Nordic rural areas face multiple changes, collaboration across different sectors is vital to ensure fairness and effectiveness in green initiatives, potentially making rural areas pioneers rather than followers in the transition.

The urgency of climate change, economic shifts, and recent energy crises has highlighted the need for the green transition, with a particular focus on Nordic rural areas playing a key role in developing renewable energy. However, there's concern that this transition might increase existing differences between urban and rural areas. Evidence suggests that people in rural regions feel they might be neglected, which could put fair green transitions and the achievement of climate goals at risk. The policy brief from the Just Green Transition in Rural Areas project emphasises the need to involve local communities in green projects to encourage a sense of ownership and fairness. It calls for early community involvement, clear communication, inclusive compensation strategies, recognition of non-monetary benefits, and using the flexibility of rural municipalities to their advantage. As Nordic rural areas face multiple changes, collaboration across different sectors is vital to ensure fairness and effectiveness in green initiatives, potentially making rural areas pioneers rather than followers in the transition.

Green Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier for the future industry. To meet the accompanying increase in demand for electrolyzers, an equivalent increase in production capacity is essential. This can be achieved through efficient assembly orchestrations based on continuous assembly progress detection. This paper contributes to the necessary data acquisition during the assembly process. Various methods from the state of the art are presented, evaluated and compared against each other. Finally, a modular concept for data acquisition on the construction site of electrolysis plants based on data fusion is proposed.

The key objective of the study is to investigate empirically the long-run Environment and Growth Sustainability nexus in Pakistan economy. To empirically achieve the objectives of the study, the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bound testing method was employed from 1990 to 2022. Green energy is used to signify environmental performance indicators and GDP growth rate along with other conventional growth factors; physical capital and human capital are used as potential economic sustainability indicators. To rationalize the findings of ARDL, restricted and unrestricted models are also estimated. The findings of the study disclose that the series under consideration are co-integrated which directs the existence of the long-run relationship. It is found that green energy enhances economic sustainability in the long run however it adversely impacts economic sustainability in the short run in the case of Pakistan's economy. The empirical outcomes of the study validate the widespread concern of the literature on the existence of the “growth hypothesis” which supports, that there is a systematic positive causation running from green energy to economic sustainability. The study findings suggest that regulations in the energy sector can encourage the applications of green energy resources, particularly in the real sector of the economy, leading to reduced emissions. It is important to adopt international standards for firms and industries and an international collaboration framework is required to ensure economic sustainability to prevent environmental degradation.

Changes in the energy landscape relating both to the ambitions of a green energy transformation as well as increasing global security concerns, have led to increased attention to new energy carriers. These can serve the role of allowing for the electrification of transport and decarbonization of industries as well as to reduce the effects of variation in many sustainable energy sources such as wind and solar. Many alternatives have been proposed, but two technologies at a reasonably high TRL level are batteries, which already have deep market penetration, and hydrogen, which is seen as a promising alternative for the electrification of heavy transport and the decarbonization of industry. However, as with all technologies, and particularly technologies with large amounts of stored energy, there are safety concerns associated and the very rapid implementation put high demand on standardization and the pre-normative safety research that should underpin it. The challenge is not only to have enough safety research, but also to focus on the most important research questions. The project presented in this report is an attempt to map out some of the most important research areas for both hydrogen and battery safety and prioritize between them with a combination of interviews and a quantitative survey. It should be noted that no mapping of the state-of-the-art has been performed in the scope of the project, so it is likely that several topics already is covered in the literature, making them into a need for research communication rather than for new empirical research. Therefore, such an assessment should be done through research review projects from funding agencies or when researchers develop applications. The results indicate that several important areas for hydrogen safety are related to specific mitigation methods such as safety distance, barriers, pressure relief, and detection, as well as knowledge on the reliability of those measures. When it comes to more fundamenta

"The Arab region is a focus of world politics, with authoritarian regimes, significant fossil fuel reserves and histories of colonialism and imperialism. It is also the site of potentially immense green energy resources. The writers in this collection explore a region ripe for energy transition, but held back by resource-grabbing and (neo)colonial agendas. They show the importance of fighting for a just energy transition and climate justice - exposing policies and practices that protect global and local political elites, multinational corporations and military regimes. Covering a wide range of countries from Morocco, Western Sahara, Algeria and Tunisia to Egypt, Sudan, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Palestine, this book challenges Eurocentrism and highlights instead a class-conscious approach to climate justice that is necessary for our survival.", PART I: ENERGY COLONIALISM, UNEQUAL EXCHANGE AND GREEN EXTRACTIVISM -- 1. The Energy Transition in North Africa: Neocolonialism Again! – Hamza Hamouchene -- 2. An Unjust Transition: Energy, Colonialism and Extractivism in Occupied Western Sahara - Joanna Allan, Hamza Lakhal and Mahmoud Lemaadel -- 3. Arab–Israeli Eco-Normalization: Greenwashing Settler Colonialism in Palestine and the Jawlan - Manal Shqair -- 4. What Can an Old Mine Tell Us about a Just Energy Transition? Lessons from Social Mobilization across Mining and Renewable Energy in Morocco - Karen Rignall -- 5. Towards a Just Agricultural Transition in North Africa - Saker El Nour -- 6. The Electricity Crisis in Sudan: Between Quick Fixes and Opportunities for a Sustainable Energy Transition - Razaz H. Basheir and Mohamed Salah Abdelrahman -- PART II: NEOLIBERAL ADJUSTMENTS, PRIVATISATION OF ENERGY AND THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS -- 7. International Finance and the Commodification of Electricity in Egypt - Mohamed Gad -- 8. The Energy Sector in Jordan: Crises Caused by Dysfunctional and Unjust Policies - Asmaa Mohammad Amin -- 9. Renewable Energy in Tunisia: An Unjust Transition - Chafik Ben Rouine and Flavie Roche -- 10. The Moroccan Energy Sector: A Permanent Dependence - Jawad Moustakbal -- PART III: FOSSIL CAPITALISM AND CHALLENGES TO A JUST TRANSITION -- 11. A Transition to Where? The Gulf Arab States and the New 'East-East' Axis of World Oil - Adam Hanieh -- 12. The Challenges of the Energy Transition in Fossil Fuel Exporting Countries: The Case of Algeria - Imane Boukhatem -- 13. Unjust Transitions: The Gulf States' Role in the "Sustainability Shift" in the Middle East and North Africa - Christian Henderson, "The Arab region is a focus of world politics, with authoritarian regimes, significant fossil fuel reserves and histories of colonialism and imperialism. It is also the site of potentially immense green energy resources. The writers in this collection explore a region ripe for energy transition, but held back by resource-grabbing and (neo)colonial agendas. They show the importance of fighting for a just energy transition and climate justice - exposing policies and practices that protect global and local political elites, multinational corporations and military regimes. Covering a wide range of countries from Morocco, Western Sahara, Algeria and Tunisia to Egypt, Sudan, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Palestine, this book challenges Eurocentrism and highlights instead a class-conscious approach to climate justice that is necessary for our survival."

Following continued emission of greenhouse gases climate change is increasingly becoming a greater threat to the continued well-being of people around the world. While airports contribute around 2.5% of the global greenhouse emissions it delivers the greenhouse gases higher up in the atmosphere which increases the negative effect of greenhouse gases. In response airports around Sweden are working towards implementing green airports and flights. This will be done in part by supplying the facility with green energy from local green power facilities but also in part by replacing the traditional fuel from petroleum-based flights to electrical flights. This report examines the required solar plant to support both the existing facility and the future planned electrical flights with solar energy. This report will examine the required size and configuration of the solar plant to supply necessary power with the help of the simulation tool SAM and weather data from NSRDB. This report will also investigate the current system capabilities and required changes to handle the increased load demand and power production into the facility using power flow simulations of the current system with the future loads

Following continued emission of greenhouse gases climate change is increasingly becoming a greater threat to the continued well-being of people around the world. While airports contribute around 2.5% of the global greenhouse emissions it delivers the greenhouse gases higher up in the atmosphere which increases the negative effect of greenhouse gases. In response airports around Sweden are working towards implementing green airports and flights. This will be done in part by supplying the facility with green energy from local green power facilities but also in part by replacing the traditional fuel from petroleum-based flights to electrical flights. This report examines the required solar plant to support both the existing facility and the future planned electrical flights with solar energy. This report will examine the required size and configuration of the solar plant to supply necessary power with the help of the simulation tool SAM and weather data from NSRDB. This report will also investigate the current system capabilities and required changes to handle the increased load demand and power production into the facility using power flow simulations of the current system with the future loads

The world’s energy structure today relies 80 % on fossil fuels, contributing to rising temperatures and a changing climate. Society is built upon heavy energy usage and consumption is forecasted to increase rather than decrease. This implies that today’s energy mix needs thorough reconstruction where renewable energy sources must be a bigger part of the mix. There are well-known and developed green energy solutions that are not being fully exploited by society, where one explanation is the lack of funding possibilities. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate green energy projects to present further insight, integrate the private sector, and increase investments. This is done by interviewing Swedish economic associations investing in wind power to learn about concepts and experiences that can be applied by new investors when entering the green energy market. Our findings revealed that the permit process was the biggest obstacle in establishing wind turbines leading to fewer investing opportunities for private investors. Wind power in Sweden is self-sufficient with various returns hence are in no vital need for support schemes to be economically sustainable. This concludes that the government should focus on improving the permit process rather than promoting renewable energy support schemes to reach their climate goals.

Hydrogen (H2) combustion and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) have the potential to mitigateaviation-induced greenhouse emissions in comparison to kerosene propulsion. This thesis describes a methodology to assess the performance and emissions trade-offs of retrofitting a short, medium, and long haul aircraft employing conventional kerosene powered propulsion, with H2-combustion and SOFC hybrid powered lower emission alternatives. The proposed framework employs a constant range approach analysis to design a liquid hydrogen fuel tank that meets insulation, sizing, center of gravity, and power constraints. These liquid hydrogen tanks are utilized to compare the performance of H2-combustion powered and SOFC hybrid powered aircraft, all flying the same range. A lifecycle assessment is conducted to evaluate the potential mitigation of carbon footprints through greenhouse gas emissions and contrail formation effects. Additionally, a cost analysis is modeled to examine the implications of implementing such retrofitting. In this thesis, three sample cases are presented to demonstrate the proposed framework on different aircraft models: Embraer 170LR (representing short haul), Boeing 737-800 (medium haul), and Boeing 777-300ER (long haul). The advantages of adopting the mentioned alternative fuel sources are evident, with an overall reduction in aircraft mass observed for medium and long haul configurations. However, for the short haul case, there is a slight increase in overall weight of 1.13% for H2-combustion and 1.39% for the SOFC hybrid system. Conversely, the medium haul case shows a substantial 27.73% decrease in overall weight for H2-combustion and a 0.4% decrease for the SOFC hybrid configuration. For long haul flights, H2-combustion and SOFC cases yield weight reductions of 38.51% and 2.85%, respectively, compared to conventional kerosene-powered aircraft. Moreover, considering the trade-off of removing cargo compartments to maintain fixed passenger capacity and range

Fuel cells (FC) are regarded as efficient power suppliers for energy storage. They convert chemical energy stored in hydrogen bonds into electrical energy, releasing water as the only by-product. Therefore, it has a great potential for utilizing green energy as diminishing pollutant emission primarily due to the CO 2 released from fossil fuel and the socio-economic dependence on fossil fuel. In the last few decades, fundamental research and advancements in FC technology have improved tremendously, especially accompanying the integration in electrical vehicles (EVs). The most frequently used FCs for vehicle applications is the proton exchange membrane -commonly called polymer electrolyte membrane-FCs (PEMFCs) due to the benefits of low weight, high-power density, and cold-start capability. Using PEMFCs and hydrogen, one can reach about 65% of practical efficiency with no pollutant emission. Today, almost all the major automobile producers are in contact with PEMFC EVs technology. Thus, this chapter emphasizes the analysis of PEMFCs for the applications of EVs. It is designed to combine the assistive research updates on the materials and components to be valuable for the performance enhancement of the FCEV applications. This chapter also brings together the essential data of commercialized PEMFC EVs up to date. © 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLC.

Fuel cells (FC) are regarded as efficient power suppliers for energy storage. They convert chemical energy stored in hydrogen bonds into electrical energy, releasing water as the only by-product. Therefore, it has a great potential for utilizing green energy as diminishing pollutant emission primarily due to the CO 2 released from fossil fuel and the socio-economic dependence on fossil fuel. In the last few decades, fundamental research and advancements in FC technology have improved tremendously, especially accompanying the integration in electrical vehicles (EVs). The most frequently used FCs for vehicle applications is the proton exchange membrane -commonly called polymer electrolyte membrane-FCs (PEMFCs) due to the benefits of low weight, high-power density, and cold-start capability. Using PEMFCs and hydrogen, one can reach about 65% of practical efficiency with no pollutant emission. Today, almost all the major automobile producers are in contact with PEMFC EVs technology. Thus, this chapter emphasizes the analysis of PEMFCs for the applications of EVs. It is designed to combine the assistive research updates on the materials and components to be valuable for the performance enhancement of the FCEV applications. This chapter also brings together the essential data of commercialized PEMFC EVs up to date. © 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLC.

MAX phases as the catalysts support materials for green energy related applications Nevenka R. Elezovic University of Belgrade-Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, Center of Excellence for Green Technologies, Kneza Viseslava 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia *Corresponding Author E-mail: nelezovic@tmf.bg.ac.rs ABSTRACT MAX phases – specific materials of general formula Mn+1AXn, (MAX) where n = 1 to 4, where M is early transition metal, A is element from the group of Al, Si or P and X is carbon or nitrogen, have attracted great attention in materials science, especially as high performance supports for noble metals group catalysts intended to be used for hydrogen production by water electrolysis, as well as for fuel cells reactions. These materials demonstrated good mechanical properties, high conductivity, high chemical and corrosion stability, especially in the potential range from hydrogen to oxygen evolution that is of great interest for low temperature fuel cells reactions. In this research ultra- low loading platinum layers were deposited onto Ti2AlC and (Nb-Ti)2AlC MAX phases supports and characterized as the catalysts for anode (hydrogen oxidation) and cathode (oxygen reduction) reactions for low temperature fuel cells. Physical-chemical characterization was performed by: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Focus-Ion Beam High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (FIB-HRTEM). The electrochemical characterization for both anode and cathode reactions was done by cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry and very good activities were confirmed in comparison to carbon supported commercial catalysts. It should be emphasized that progress beyond state of the art was made in terms of lower Pt loading - being only 18.3 µg cm-2 (for HOR the state of the art is ≈ 50 µg cm-2, while for ORR 200 -400 µg cm-2). These novel catalysts exhibited high durability according to US DOE standardized tests, as well. It is worthy to m

The paper provides analysis on the current state of the art in the field of green technologies, including green information technologies, and methods aimed to achieve effective energy consumption goals. Recent advances in the field summarized in prospective publications, were analysed. Modern Green IT and Green Energy strategies, aimed to reduce power consumption, environmental influence and improve sustainability, which assume the use of Cloud Technologies, renewable energy sources, proper recycling and reuse of devices and resources, were singled out. Finally, recommendations for IT and industrial companies aimed helping to achieve green strategies’ goals, were formulated.

Vattenkraftens påverkan på rinnande vatten är välbeskriven i litteraturen. Med ökat intresse för vindkraft och andra energislag med begränsad klimatpåverkan, ökar även behovet av reglerkraft. Effekten av korttidsreglerad vattenkraft på ekosystem är ett aktuellt ämne med kunskapsluckor i stort behov av fler studier. Indalsälven passerar Järkvissle kraftverk några mil norr om Sundsvall. Den lokala harrpopulationen har minskat kraftigt och misstankar finns om kopplingar till korttidsregleringen i Järkvissle kraftverk. Vid förvaltning av ekosystem och djuren i dem är kunskapen om interaktioner och beteenden bland det viktigaste att etablera. Detta för att kunna avgöra om artens beteende påverkas av korttidsreglering. Bristande kunskap om lokala lekbeteenden innebar således att harren nedan Järkvissle kraftverk studerades inför förväntad lekperiod. Studien baserades på två antaganden 1) harr förflyttar sig uppströms mot grundområden, lämpade för lek, när vattentemperaturen ökar. 2) harr är mer aktiv när flödesvariationen är hög, eftersom lekplatsernas beskaffenhet påverkas av flödesförhållanden. Harr (n = 20) från sträckan nedan Järkvissle kraftverk märktes med radiosändare, för att studera rörelsemönster och beteenden i anslutning till lek under perioden 28 april till 29 maj 2022. Vid 24 handpejlingstillfällen registrerades de märkta individernas position och djup. En Multipel linjär regression med bakåtvänd eliminering gav tre signifikanta resultat. Det observerades en ökad aktivitet i form av euklidisk förflyttning vid höga flöden motsvarande en förflyttning om 1,0 m (± 1 m) för varje 1,0 m3 s-1 ökat flöde. Det observerades även ett temperaturberoende val av ståndplats där en ökning om 1,0 ºC resulterade i en förflyttning till en ståndplats som var 0,21 ± 0,03 m grundare, på ett avstånd som var 65,2 ± 12,5 m längre bort från dammen. Studien bör kompletteras med kartläggning av optimala värden för flödesförändring som gynnar harr, samt om det finns andra variabler som, The effect of hydroelectric powerplants (HEP) on waterways is extensive and has been well documented in the literature. But with an increased interest in wind power and other green alternatives, a higher demand for regulated hydroelectric power has emerged, so as not to put stress on the electric grid. Hydropeaking and its effect on ecosystems are a hot topic with gaps in knowledge calling for more research. Indalsälven runs through Järkvissle HEP a few miles north of Sundsvall. The local grayling population has seen a large decline and there are suspicions of a connection to the hydropeaking at Järkvissle HEP. When managing ecosystems and the animals within them it is vital to establish a firm understanding of interactions and behaviour. This can be used to determine the effect of hydropeaking on the behaviours of grayling. A lack in knowledge of local spawning behaviour thus led to a study of the grayling2population below Järkvissle HEP leading up to the expected spawning period. The study was based around two assumptions: 1) grayling move upstream towards shallower areas suitable for spawning as the temperature in the water rises, and 2) grayling are more active when the variation in flow is high, because the number of suitable spawning grounds are limited by flow. Graylings (n = 20) in the area below the Järkvissle HEP were tagged with radio transmitters, to study the movement and behaviour exhibited before the expected spawning period between April 28th and May 29th, 2022. On 24 occasions hand tracking was performed and position and depth of the marked individuals were recorded. Through a multiple linear regression with backwards stepwise elimination three significant results were found. There was an observed increase in activity in the form of Euclidean movement represented by a 1,0 m (± 1 m) movement for every 1,0 m3 s-1 of increased flow. We also observed a temperature dependency when it came to habitat choice, where an increase of 1,0 ºC in water temperatur

The demand for energy as a basic input in production is increasing every day. Fossil fuels, which make up the bulk of the primary energy supply, will eventually run out, even though new reserves are being discovered. Political instability in countries with significant reserves of these fuels leads to price volatility, which tends to be upward. For these reasons, energy economics has been studied by economists in a variety of ways, especially since the late 1970s, when the oil crises occurred. The role of energy in economic growth and development, efficient use of energy, secure, continuous and sufficient supply of energy, energy efficiency, volatility of energy prices, energy policy and environmental impact of energy are the main areas of study in energy economics. Numerous academic studies have contributed to the growing breadth and depth of the field. This book brings together theoretical and empirical studies on new trends in energy economics and aims to provide a new and holistic contribution to the field, as well as policy recommendations to decision makers. With the contributions of scholars from different universities in Turkey, the multidimensional nature of energy economics has been evaluated from different perspectives. The book consists of nine chapters, each of which represents original research., Üretimde temel girdi olarak kullanılan enerjinin talebi her geçen gün artmaktadır. Birincil enerji arzının büyük kısmını oluşturan fosil yakıtlar her ne kadar yeni rezervler keşfedilmiş olsa da zaman içinde tükenecektir. Bu yakıtların önemli oranda rezervlerini ellerinde bulunduran ülkelerdeki siyasi istikrarsızlıklar genelde yukarı yönlü olan fiyat oynaklığına sebep olmaktadır. Bu sebeplerden dolayı enerji ekonomisi özellikle petrol krizlerinin yaşandığı 1970’li yılların sonlarından itibaren iktisatçılar tarafından çok yönlü çalışılmaya başlanmıştır. Enerjinin ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma sürecindeki rolü, enerjinin etkin kullanımı, enerjinin güvenli, sürekli ve yeterli bir şekilde sunulması, enerji verimliliği, enerji fiyatlarındaki oynaklıklar, enerji politikaları ve enerjilerin çevreye etkileri enerji ekonomisinin başlıca çalışma alanlarıdır. Günümüze kadar bu konularda kaleme alınmış çok sayıda akademik çalışma, bu alana genişlik ve derinlik kazandırmıştır. Bu kitap enerji ekonomisinde yeni eğilimleri konu alan teorik ve ampirik çalışmaları bir araya getirip alana yeni ve bütüncül bir katkı ve karar alıcılara da politika önerileri sunulmasını amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye’nin çeşitli üniversitelerinde görev yapan akademisyenlerin katkılarıyla enerji ekonomisinin çok boyutlu doğası farklı bakış açılarıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Kitap her biri özgün bir araştırma olan dokuz bölümden oluşmaktadır.

The demand for energy as a basic input in production is increasing every day. Fossil fuels, which make up the bulk of the primary energy supply, will eventually run out, even though new reserves are being discovered. Political instability in countries with significant reserves of these fuels leads to price volatility, which tends to be upward. For these reasons, energy economics has been studied by economists in a variety of ways, especially since the late 1970s, when the oil crises occurred. The role of energy in economic growth and development, efficient use of energy, secure, continuous and sufficient supply of energy, energy efficiency, volatility of energy prices, energy policy and environmental impact of energy are the main areas of study in energy economics. Numerous academic studies have contributed to the growing breadth and depth of the field. This book brings together theoretical and empirical studies on new trends in energy economics and aims to provide a new and holistic contribution to the field, as well as policy recommendations to decision makers. With the contributions of scholars from different universities in Turkey, the multidimensional nature of energy economics has been evaluated from different perspectives. The book consists of nine chapters, each of which represents original research., Üretimde temel girdi olarak kullanılan enerjinin talebi her geçen gün artmaktadır. Birincil enerji arzının büyük kısmını oluşturan fosil yakıtlar her ne kadar yeni rezervler keşfedilmiş olsa da zaman içinde tükenecektir. Bu yakıtların önemli oranda rezervlerini ellerinde bulunduran ülkelerdeki siyasi istikrarsızlıklar genelde yukarı yönlü olan fiyat oynaklığına sebep olmaktadır. Bu sebeplerden dolayı enerji ekonomisi özellikle petrol krizlerinin yaşandığı 1970’li yılların sonlarından itibaren iktisatçılar tarafından çok yönlü çalışılmaya başlanmıştır. Enerjinin ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma sürecindeki rolü, enerjinin etkin kullanımı, enerjinin güvenli, sürekli ve yeterli bir şekilde sunulması, enerji verimliliği, enerji fiyatlarındaki oynaklıklar, enerji politikaları ve enerjilerin çevreye etkileri enerji ekonomisinin başlıca çalışma alanlarıdır. Günümüze kadar bu konularda kaleme alınmış çok sayıda akademik çalışma, bu alana genişlik ve derinlik kazandırmıştır. Bu kitap enerji ekonomisinde yeni eğilimleri konu alan teorik ve ampirik çalışmaları bir araya getirip alana yeni ve bütüncül bir katkı ve karar alıcılara da politika önerileri sunulmasını amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye’nin çeşitli üniversitelerinde görev yapan akademisyenlerin katkılarıyla enerji ekonomisinin çok boyutlu doğası farklı bakış açılarıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Kitap her biri özgün bir araştırma olan dokuz bölümden oluşmaktadır.

The demand for energy as a basic input in production is increasing every day. Fossil fuels, which make up the bulk of the primary energy supply, will eventually run out, even though new reserves are being discovered. Political instability in countries with significant reserves of these fuels leads to price volatility, which tends to be upward. For these reasons, energy economics has been studied by economists in a variety of ways, especially since the late 1970s, when the oil crises occurred. The role of energy in economic growth and development, efficient use of energy, secure, continuous and sufficient supply of energy, energy efficiency, volatility of energy prices, energy policy and environmental impact of energy are the main areas of study in energy economics. Numerous academic studies have contributed to the growing breadth and depth of the field. This book brings together theoretical and empirical studies on new trends in energy economics and aims to provide a new and holistic contribution to the field, as well as policy recommendations to decision makers. With the contributions of scholars from different universities in Turkey, the multidimensional nature of energy economics has been evaluated from different perspectives. The book consists of nine chapters, each of which represents original research., Üretimde temel girdi olarak kullanılan enerjinin talebi her geçen gün artmaktadır. Birincil enerji arzının büyük kısmını oluşturan fosil yakıtlar her ne kadar yeni rezervler keşfedilmiş olsa da zaman içinde tükenecektir. Bu yakıtların önemli oranda rezervlerini ellerinde bulunduran ülkelerdeki siyasi istikrarsızlıklar genelde yukarı yönlü olan fiyat oynaklığına sebep olmaktadır. Bu sebeplerden dolayı enerji ekonomisi özellikle petrol krizlerinin yaşandığı 1970’li yılların sonlarından itibaren iktisatçılar tarafından çok yönlü çalışılmaya başlanmıştır. Enerjinin ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma sürecindeki rolü, enerjinin etkin kullanımı, enerjinin güvenli, sürekli ve yeterli bir şekilde sunulması, enerji verimliliği, enerji fiyatlarındaki oynaklıklar, enerji politikaları ve enerjilerin çevreye etkileri enerji ekonomisinin başlıca çalışma alanlarıdır. Günümüze kadar bu konularda kaleme alınmış çok sayıda akademik çalışma, bu alana genişlik ve derinlik kazandırmıştır. Bu kitap enerji ekonomisinde yeni eğilimleri konu alan teorik ve ampirik çalışmaları bir araya getirip alana yeni ve bütüncül bir katkı ve karar alıcılara da politika önerileri sunulmasını amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye’nin çeşitli üniversitelerinde görev yapan akademisyenlerin katkılarıyla enerji ekonomisinin çok boyutlu doğası farklı bakış açılarıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Kitap her biri özgün bir araştırma olan dokuz bölümden oluşmaktadır.

The demand for energy as a basic input in production is increasing every day. Fossil fuels, which make up the bulk of the primary energy supply, will eventually run out, even though new reserves are being discovered. Political instability in countries with significant reserves of these fuels leads to price volatility, which tends to be upward. For these reasons, energy economics has been studied by economists in a variety of ways, especially since the late 1970s, when the oil crises occurred. The role of energy in economic growth and development, efficient use of energy, secure, continuous and sufficient supply of energy, energy efficiency, volatility of energy prices, energy policy and environmental impact of energy are the main areas of study in energy economics. Numerous academic studies have contributed to the growing breadth and depth of the field. This book brings together theoretical and empirical studies on new trends in energy economics and aims to provide a new and holistic contribution to the field, as well as policy recommendations to decision makers. With the contributions of scholars from different universities in Turkey, the multidimensional nature of energy economics has been evaluated from different perspectives. The book consists of nine chapters, each of which represents original research., Üretimde temel girdi olarak kullanılan enerjinin talebi her geçen gün artmaktadır. Birincil enerji arzının büyük kısmını oluşturan fosil yakıtlar her ne kadar yeni rezervler keşfedilmiş olsa da zaman içinde tükenecektir. Bu yakıtların önemli oranda rezervlerini ellerinde bulunduran ülkelerdeki siyasi istikrarsızlıklar genelde yukarı yönlü olan fiyat oynaklığına sebep olmaktadır. Bu sebeplerden dolayı enerji ekonomisi özellikle petrol krizlerinin yaşandığı 1970’li yılların sonlarından itibaren iktisatçılar tarafından çok yönlü çalışılmaya başlanmıştır. Enerjinin ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma sürecindeki rolü, enerjinin etkin kullanımı, enerjinin güvenli, sürekli ve yeterli bir şekilde sunulması, enerji verimliliği, enerji fiyatlarındaki oynaklıklar, enerji politikaları ve enerjilerin çevreye etkileri enerji ekonomisinin başlıca çalışma alanlarıdır. Günümüze kadar bu konularda kaleme alınmış çok sayıda akademik çalışma, bu alana genişlik ve derinlik kazandırmıştır. Bu kitap enerji ekonomisinde yeni eğilimleri konu alan teorik ve ampirik çalışmaları bir araya getirip alana yeni ve bütüncül bir katkı ve karar alıcılara da politika önerileri sunulmasını amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye’nin çeşitli üniversitelerinde görev yapan akademisyenlerin katkılarıyla enerji ekonomisinin çok boyutlu doğası farklı bakış açılarıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Kitap her biri özgün bir araştırma olan dokuz bölümden oluşmaktadır.

The demand for energy as a basic input in production is increasing every day. Fossil fuels, which make up the bulk of the primary energy supply, will eventually run out, even though new reserves are being discovered. Political instability in countries with significant reserves of these fuels leads to price volatility, which tends to be upward. For these reasons, energy economics has been studied by economists in a variety of ways, especially since the late 1970s, when the oil crises occurred. The role of energy in economic growth and development, efficient use of energy, secure, continuous and sufficient supply of energy, energy efficiency, volatility of energy prices, energy policy and environmental impact of energy are the main areas of study in energy economics. Numerous academic studies have contributed to the growing breadth and depth of the field. This book brings together theoretical and empirical studies on new trends in energy economics and aims to provide a new and holistic contribution to the field, as well as policy recommendations to decision makers. With the contributions of scholars from different universities in Turkey, the multidimensional nature of energy economics has been evaluated from different perspectives. The book consists of nine chapters, each of which represents original research., Üretimde temel girdi olarak kullanılan enerjinin talebi her geçen gün artmaktadır. Birincil enerji arzının büyük kısmını oluşturan fosil yakıtlar her ne kadar yeni rezervler keşfedilmiş olsa da zaman içinde tükenecektir. Bu yakıtların önemli oranda rezervlerini ellerinde bulunduran ülkelerdeki siyasi istikrarsızlıklar genelde yukarı yönlü olan fiyat oynaklığına sebep olmaktadır. Bu sebeplerden dolayı enerji ekonomisi özellikle petrol krizlerinin yaşandığı 1970’li yılların sonlarından itibaren iktisatçılar tarafından çok yönlü çalışılmaya başlanmıştır. Enerjinin ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma sürecindeki rolü, enerjinin etkin kullanımı, enerjinin güvenli, sürekli ve yeterli bir şekilde sunulması, enerji verimliliği, enerji fiyatlarındaki oynaklıklar, enerji politikaları ve enerjilerin çevreye etkileri enerji ekonomisinin başlıca çalışma alanlarıdır. Günümüze kadar bu konularda kaleme alınmış çok sayıda akademik çalışma, bu alana genişlik ve derinlik kazandırmıştır. Bu kitap enerji ekonomisinde yeni eğilimleri konu alan teorik ve ampirik çalışmaları bir araya getirip alana yeni ve bütüncül bir katkı ve karar alıcılara da politika önerileri sunulmasını amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye’nin çeşitli üniversitelerinde görev yapan akademisyenlerin katkılarıyla enerji ekonomisinin çok boyutlu doğası farklı bakış açılarıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Kitap her biri özgün bir araştırma olan dokuz bölümden oluşmaktadır.

The demand for energy as a basic input in production is increasing every day. Fossil fuels, which make up the bulk of the primary energy supply, will eventually run out, even though new reserves are being discovered. Political instability in countries with significant reserves of these fuels leads to price volatility, which tends to be upward. For these reasons, energy economics has been studied by economists in a variety of ways, especially since the late 1970s, when the oil crises occurred. The role of energy in economic growth and development, efficient use of energy, secure, continuous and sufficient supply of energy, energy efficiency, volatility of energy prices, energy policy and environmental impact of energy are the main areas of study in energy economics. Numerous academic studies have contributed to the growing breadth and depth of the field. This book brings together theoretical and empirical studies on new trends in energy economics and aims to provide a new and holistic contribution to the field, as well as policy recommendations to decision makers. With the contributions of scholars from different universities in Turkey, the multidimensional nature of energy economics has been evaluated from different perspectives. The book consists of nine chapters, each of which represents original research., Üretimde temel girdi olarak kullanılan enerjinin talebi her geçen gün artmaktadır. Birincil enerji arzının büyük kısmını oluşturan fosil yakıtlar her ne kadar yeni rezervler keşfedilmiş olsa da zaman içinde tükenecektir. Bu yakıtların önemli oranda rezervlerini ellerinde bulunduran ülkelerdeki siyasi istikrarsızlıklar genelde yukarı yönlü olan fiyat oynaklığına sebep olmaktadır. Bu sebeplerden dolayı enerji ekonomisi özellikle petrol krizlerinin yaşandığı 1970’li yılların sonlarından itibaren iktisatçılar tarafından çok yönlü çalışılmaya başlanmıştır. Enerjinin ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma sürecindeki rolü, enerjinin etkin kullanımı, enerjinin güvenli, sürekli ve yeterli bir şekilde sunulması, enerji verimliliği, enerji fiyatlarındaki oynaklıklar, enerji politikaları ve enerjilerin çevreye etkileri enerji ekonomisinin başlıca çalışma alanlarıdır. Günümüze kadar bu konularda kaleme alınmış çok sayıda akademik çalışma, bu alana genişlik ve derinlik kazandırmıştır. Bu kitap enerji ekonomisinde yeni eğilimleri konu alan teorik ve ampirik çalışmaları bir araya getirip alana yeni ve bütüncül bir katkı ve karar alıcılara da politika önerileri sunulmasını amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye’nin çeşitli üniversitelerinde görev yapan akademisyenlerin katkılarıyla enerji ekonomisinin çok boyutlu doğası farklı bakış açılarıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Kitap her biri özgün bir araştırma olan dokuz bölümden oluşmaktadır.

The demand for energy as a basic input in production is increasing every day. Fossil fuels, which make up the bulk of the primary energy supply, will eventually run out, even though new reserves are being discovered. Political instability in countries with significant reserves of these fuels leads to price volatility, which tends to be upward. For these reasons, energy economics has been studied by economists in a variety of ways, especially since the late 1970s, when the oil crises occurred. The role of energy in economic growth and development, efficient use of energy, secure, continuous and sufficient supply of energy, energy efficiency, volatility of energy prices, energy policy and environmental impact of energy are the main areas of study in energy economics. Numerous academic studies have contributed to the growing breadth and depth of the field. This book brings together theoretical and empirical studies on new trends in energy economics and aims to provide a new and holistic contribution to the field, as well as policy recommendations to decision makers. With the contributions of scholars from different universities in Turkey, the multidimensional nature of energy economics has been evaluated from different perspectives. The book consists of nine chapters, each of which represents original research., Üretimde temel girdi olarak kullanılan enerjinin talebi her geçen gün artmaktadır. Birincil enerji arzının büyük kısmını oluşturan fosil yakıtlar her ne kadar yeni rezervler keşfedilmiş olsa da zaman içinde tükenecektir. Bu yakıtların önemli oranda rezervlerini ellerinde bulunduran ülkelerdeki siyasi istikrarsızlıklar genelde yukarı yönlü olan fiyat oynaklığına sebep olmaktadır. Bu sebeplerden dolayı enerji ekonomisi özellikle petrol krizlerinin yaşandığı 1970’li yılların sonlarından itibaren iktisatçılar tarafından çok yönlü çalışılmaya başlanmıştır. Enerjinin ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma sürecindeki rolü, enerjinin etkin kullanımı, enerjinin güvenli, sürekli ve yeterli bir şekilde sunulması, enerji verimliliği, enerji fiyatlarındaki oynaklıklar, enerji politikaları ve enerjilerin çevreye etkileri enerji ekonomisinin başlıca çalışma alanlarıdır. Günümüze kadar bu konularda kaleme alınmış çok sayıda akademik çalışma, bu alana genişlik ve derinlik kazandırmıştır. Bu kitap enerji ekonomisinde yeni eğilimleri konu alan teorik ve ampirik çalışmaları bir araya getirip alana yeni ve bütüncül bir katkı ve karar alıcılara da politika önerileri sunulmasını amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye’nin çeşitli üniversitelerinde görev yapan akademisyenlerin katkılarıyla enerji ekonomisinin çok boyutlu doğası farklı bakış açılarıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Kitap her biri özgün bir araştırma olan dokuz bölümden oluşmaktadır.

The demand for energy as a basic input in production is increasing every day. Fossil fuels, which make up the bulk of the primary energy supply, will eventually run out, even though new reserves are being discovered. Political instability in countries with significant reserves of these fuels leads to price volatility, which tends to be upward. For these reasons, energy economics has been studied by economists in a variety of ways, especially since the late 1970s, when the oil crises occurred. The role of energy in economic growth and development, efficient use of energy, secure, continuous and sufficient supply of energy, energy efficiency, volatility of energy prices, energy policy and environmental impact of energy are the main areas of study in energy economics. Numerous academic studies have contributed to the growing breadth and depth of the field. This book brings together theoretical and empirical studies on new trends in energy economics and aims to provide a new and holistic contribution to the field, as well as policy recommendations to decision makers. With the contributions of scholars from different universities in Turkey, the multidimensional nature of energy economics has been evaluated from different perspectives. The book consists of nine chapters, each of which represents original research., Üretimde temel girdi olarak kullanılan enerjinin talebi her geçen gün artmaktadır. Birincil enerji arzının büyük kısmını oluşturan fosil yakıtlar her ne kadar yeni rezervler keşfedilmiş olsa da zaman içinde tükenecektir. Bu yakıtların önemli oranda rezervlerini ellerinde bulunduran ülkelerdeki siyasi istikrarsızlıklar genelde yukarı yönlü olan fiyat oynaklığına sebep olmaktadır. Bu sebeplerden dolayı enerji ekonomisi özellikle petrol krizlerinin yaşandığı 1970’li yılların sonlarından itibaren iktisatçılar tarafından çok yönlü çalışılmaya başlanmıştır. Enerjinin ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma sürecindeki rolü, enerjinin etkin kullanımı, enerjinin güvenli, sürekli ve yeterli bir şekilde sunulması, enerji verimliliği, enerji fiyatlarındaki oynaklıklar, enerji politikaları ve enerjilerin çevreye etkileri enerji ekonomisinin başlıca çalışma alanlarıdır. Günümüze kadar bu konularda kaleme alınmış çok sayıda akademik çalışma, bu alana genişlik ve derinlik kazandırmıştır. Bu kitap enerji ekonomisinde yeni eğilimleri konu alan teorik ve ampirik çalışmaları bir araya getirip alana yeni ve bütüncül bir katkı ve karar alıcılara da politika önerileri sunulmasını amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye’nin çeşitli üniversitelerinde görev yapan akademisyenlerin katkılarıyla enerji ekonomisinin çok boyutlu doğası farklı bakış açılarıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Kitap her biri özgün bir araştırma olan dokuz bölümden oluşmaktadır.

The demand for energy as a basic input in production is increasing every day. Fossil fuels, which make up the bulk of the primary energy supply, will eventually run out, even though new reserves are being discovered. Political instability in countries with significant reserves of these fuels leads to price volatility, which tends to be upward. For these reasons, energy economics has been studied by economists in a variety of ways, especially since the late 1970s, when the oil crises occurred. The role of energy in economic growth and development, efficient use of energy, secure, continuous and sufficient supply of energy, energy efficiency, volatility of energy prices, energy policy and environmental impact of energy are the main areas of study in energy economics. Numerous academic studies have contributed to the growing breadth and depth of the field. This book brings together theoretical and empirical studies on new trends in energy economics and aims to provide a new and holistic contribution to the field, as well as policy recommendations to decision makers. With the contributions of scholars from different universities in Turkey, the multidimensional nature of energy economics has been evaluated from different perspectives. The book consists of nine chapters, each of which represents original research., Üretimde temel girdi olarak kullanılan enerjinin talebi her geçen gün artmaktadır. Birincil enerji arzının büyük kısmını oluşturan fosil yakıtlar her ne kadar yeni rezervler keşfedilmiş olsa da zaman içinde tükenecektir. Bu yakıtların önemli oranda rezervlerini ellerinde bulunduran ülkelerdeki siyasi istikrarsızlıklar genelde yukarı yönlü olan fiyat oynaklığına sebep olmaktadır. Bu sebeplerden dolayı enerji ekonomisi özellikle petrol krizlerinin yaşandığı 1970’li yılların sonlarından itibaren iktisatçılar tarafından çok yönlü çalışılmaya başlanmıştır. Enerjinin ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma sürecindeki rolü, enerjinin etkin kullanımı, enerjinin güvenli, sürekli ve yeterli bir şekilde sunulması, enerji verimliliği, enerji fiyatlarındaki oynaklıklar, enerji politikaları ve enerjilerin çevreye etkileri enerji ekonomisinin başlıca çalışma alanlarıdır. Günümüze kadar bu konularda kaleme alınmış çok sayıda akademik çalışma, bu alana genişlik ve derinlik kazandırmıştır. Bu kitap enerji ekonomisinde yeni eğilimleri konu alan teorik ve ampirik çalışmaları bir araya getirip alana yeni ve bütüncül bir katkı ve karar alıcılara da politika önerileri sunulmasını amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye’nin çeşitli üniversitelerinde görev yapan akademisyenlerin katkılarıyla enerji ekonomisinin çok boyutlu doğası farklı bakış açılarıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Kitap her biri özgün bir araştırma olan dokuz bölümden oluşmaktadır.

Starting with a discussion of the contradictory trends shaping the global economy in the 2020s, this essay focuses on three technology-intensive sectors: defense, pharmaceuticals, and energy. In the defense sector, the Russian-Ukraine war and the tensions in East Asia ended a long period of slow growth with a ´call to arms´ and rearmament across OECD. The challenge of the Western industries now is to accelerate output and capacity in a broad range of sub-sectors and support the safe supply of weapons and spare parts to the Ukrainian army. Thus, RUW is also a battle between different skills in management, logistics, leadership, and training systems, which offers a rich arena for future research in these fields. In the pharmaceutical sector, the Covid-19 outbreak initiated another call to arms, and the industry was quick to respond by rapidly delivering new, effective vaccines. This coincided with a breakthrough for new approaches to cancer treatment, with a potential for major public health benefits, if the industry can handle the side effects and policymakers design cost-effective delivery systems with wide coverage. Again, this calls for focused research in the fields of management, innovation studies, and economics. The third sector discussed in this essay, electricity production, was caught in a perfect storm by the outbreak of the new war. However, the net effect seems to be a major increase in investments in renewables. This creates new challenges regarding, for example, system stability, combinations of flexible and nuclear-based power sources, and the cost-effective diffusion of renewables to emerging economies, thus another arena for important future research., Funding: Energimyndigheten, The Swedish Energy Agency [2020-024533]

This paper offers a Schumpeterian perspective on the policy responses to the current polycrisis environment, the European Union (EU) finds itself confronted with. Joseph Schumpeter developed most of his insights into long-term economic and political development while being confronted himself with major transformative, societal changes: political, economic and technological ones. From this perspective, the current turbulent times of rising geo-political tensions, unsustainable development resulting in out-of-control climate change and declining biodiversity, and widespread application of Artificial Intelligence (AI), have a lot in common with the period in which Schumpeter developed his thoughts and hence might benefit from a closer look at those Schumpeterian insights. Times of turbulence require transformative policies integrating various policy areas. However, while ‘transformation’ will often be perceived as essential at a global level: “transform or be transformed”, it w ill also be understood by citizens living in concrete places as a threat or a sudden unexpected confrontation with new uncertainties. In this context, ‘places’ need to become increasingly recognized as important for industrial policy, just as they are for climate, energy, agriculture, and innovation policy. The analysis presented here highlights following Schumpeter’s insights, the need for an open industrial transformation approach less based on old, national industrial policy notions but adopting a new vision on the role of place-based industrial innovation in strengthening Europe’s long-term resilience to political, economic and technological change.

The world’s energy structure today relies 80 % on fossil fuels, contributing to rising temperatures and a changing climate. Society is built upon heavy energy usage and consumption is forecasted to increase rather than decrease. This implies that today’s energy mix needs thorough reconstruction where renewable energy sources must be a bigger part of the mix. There are well-known and developed green energy solutions that are not being fully exploited by society, where one explanation is the lack of funding possibilities. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate green energy projects to present further insight, integrate the private sector, and increase investments. This is done by interviewing Swedish economic associations investing in wind power to learn about concepts and experiences that can be applied by new investors when entering the green energy market. Our findings revealed that the permit process was the biggest obstacle in establishing wind turbines leading to fewer investing opportunities for private investors. Wind power in Sweden is self-sufficient with various returns hence are in no vital need for support schemes to be economically sustainable. This concludes that the government should focus on improving the permit process rather than promoting renewable energy support schemes to reach their climate goals.

Renewable energy is one of the most promising technologies for developing sustainable energy systems. This paper presents empirical evidence on the finance-green energy nexus. We use an extensive database on financial development (depth, access, efficiency, stability) from 1960 to 2017 for 214 countries, providing the first, to our knowledge, comprehensive empirical investigation on all four dimensions. We show macroeconomic and energy development conditions (public/social awareness and willingness, policy and legal framework, fossil fuels orientation, energy sector competition) are crucial to leverage financing and improve financing conditions for renewable energy entrepreneurs. Our empirical findings show that the financial system in East Asia and the Pacific is a significant constraint for investments in sustainable technologies. The cost of capital and debt, as well as the cost of equity and assets, for green investors, is commonly 30% higher than for non-green investors. Our findings support the crowding-in effect for South Asia. Here we supply empirical knowledge on the policymakers’ and investors (governments, institutions, markets) goals, policies, and instruments targeting green financing and sustainable development.

European climate goals to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celcius are unachievable in their current form because current green energy technologies needed for the energy transition rely too much on critical raw materials (CRMs). This thesis sought to design something that reduces the negative impact living has on the climate while making living less reliant on critical raw materials. Literature research showed that in the context of buildings, space heating and water heating are the biggest uses of energy in Europe. CRMs are found in many different products in homes, but primarily in electronics. This includes energy generation technologies such as solar panels, energy storage technologies such as batteries, entertainment technologies such as computers, but also other technologies such as boilers, pumps, ventilators and sensors. My research found that the link between human needs and current technologies in homes is a diverse and complicated one. To reduce our energy and CRM use in the built environment, a shift in the consumer’s mindset and a redesign of our technologies are needed. Tiny houses are a great inspiration and show that we can live comfortably with less energy and materials. This thesis looked at tiny houses as a springboard and example of how we can live more consciously and from a mindset of scarcity and balance instead of abundance. As a result, I designed and recorded a podcast that can discuss the complexity of the climate crisis while addressing the complicated human needs behind current CRM-dependent technologies. This podcast hopes to contribute to shifting the mindset and lifestyle of the listener to a more sustainable one., Link to showcase: Podcast episode on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/6XH2jzug1PaBHyEUIhbcPQ, Design for Interaction

Green Economy (GE) is a practicable strategy for the implementation of a sustainable development paradigm that confirms a dynamic growth, which is both humanly and naturally sustainable. The objective of this research article is to analyze the effect of environment friendly variables like green innovations (GI) and Renewable Energy (GN) specifically along with some variables on GE in South Asia (SA). This research article discusses a relationship of renewable energy (GN), green jobs (GJ), natural resource scarcity (RS), green innovations and green technology (GT) on GE. To evaluate the status of the connection between the variables, a panel autoregressive distributed lagged (ARDL) bounds analysis methodology was used on 50 years (1972 – 2021) data of South Asian region. This is a panel data analysis as countries of South Asia were discussed. Findings of this study showed no influence of GI on GE as well as on sustainable development. Furthermore, linked variable Renewable Energy indicated positive effect on GE along with economic development. On the contrary, the results of green jobs, GT and resource scarcity are not in the favor of GE because of lack of knowledge, cost of production, less awareness etc. On account of these empirical findings attained, policy strategies are recommended to introduce new skylines for economically underdeveloped nations in agrarian and industrialization. Government can take steps to create opportunities through trainings for a layperson to participate in economic activities and live with a respectable employment. Awareness campaigns, degrees, diplomas, certified training programs and workshops should be organized to implement this initiative by its spirit.

The paper provides analysis on the current state of the art in the field of green technologies, including green information technologies, and methods aimed to achieve effective energy consumption goals. Recent advances in the field summarized in prospective publications, were analysed. Modern Green IT and Green Energy strategies, aimed to reduce power consumption, environmental influence and improve sustainability, which assume the use of Cloud Technologies, renewable energy sources, proper recycling and reuse of devices and resources, were singled out. Finally, recommendations for IT and industrial companies aimed helping to achieve green strategies’ goals, were formulated.

This thesis investigates the viability of a new vanadium oxide cathode material to improve the performance of zinc ion battery technologies. Such systems promote the development of eco-friendly, renewable energy storage, and green portable devices. The focus material was thoroughly tested and characterised to gain a deeper understanding of the internal reaction and mechanisms of the battery cells, providing valuable insights relevant to the wider energy storage research community.

In this article,the information about interrelationship of hydrogen energy and superconductivity, which is new research theme of modern physics, is given. Advantages and causes of restrict using hydrogen energy is emphasized and developing hydrogen energy plans of world community is briefly stated. Physical nature and theories of superconductivity and types of superconductors are also explained. Experimental results of hybrid energy transfer with hydrogen energy and superconductivity are given for revealing the essence of the article. Then some important conclusions about interrelationship of hydrogen energy and superconductivity are mentioned.

In this article,the information about interrelationship of hydrogen energy and superconductivity, which is new research theme of modern physics, is given. Advantages and causes of restrict using hydrogen energy is emphasized and developing hydrogen energy plans of world community is briefly stated. Physical nature and theories of superconductivity and types of superconductors are also explained. Experimental results of hybrid energy transfer with hydrogen energy and superconductivity are given for revealing the essence of the article. Then some important conclusions about interrelationship of hydrogen energy and superconductivity are mentioned.

In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) energy poverty is a widely spread challenge and access to energy is a key imperative for economic development. With the exponential population growth in the region the pressure on the energy that is available grows and the numbers on energy poverty rise. In an effort to promote change, Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7, set by the United Nations (UN), encourages to make access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy possible for all. With the global agenda on sustainable energy access and the energy market gap in SSA, entrepreneurs are seeing opportunities. Both local and international entrepreneurs are finding their way in the SSA energy sector. The 2021 status update from the UN on SDG 7 shows the progress regarding the development of energy access for all is not on track for many countries in SSA. With the time ticking on the SDGs timeline (goals should be achieved by 2030) more research should be done into investigating why entrepreneurs seem to be unable to reach substantial progress with regards to providing sustainable energy. This research aimed to discover the drivers and challenges local and international entrepreneurs are facing in their mission of brining sustainable energy to countries in SSA., Management of Technology (MoT)

This paper uses the Quantile Vector-Autoregressive (Q-VAR) connectedness technique to examine the return and volatility connectedness among NFTs and (un)conventional assets including cryptocurrency, energy, technology, equity, precious metals, and fixed income financial assets across three quantiles corresponding to the normal, bearish, and bullish market conditions. It also explores the predictive powers of major macroeconomic and geopolitical indicators on the return and volatility connectedness across these three market conditions using a linear regression model. The main findings are as follows. First, the return and volatility connectedness vary across the market conditions, with the levels during the bearish and bullish market conditions being higher. Second, except under the bullish market condition, the total return connectedness is higher than those of total volatility connectedness. Third, NFTs are, at best, decoupled from (un)conventional assets during the normal market condition. Fourth, NFTs is a net return shock receivers except under the bullish market condition where it is a net transmitters. However, it is a net volatility shock receiver irrespective of the market condition. Fifth, during periods of economic crisis the total return and volatility connectedness rise (decreases) under the normal and bearish (bullish) market conditions. Finally, geopolitical risks, business environment conditions, and market and economic policy uncertainty are important predictors of return and volatility connectedness, although the predictive strength and direction vary across market conditions. We discuss the implications of our findings.

According to the 7th goal of sustainable development concluded by the United Nations (UN), energy should become clean and accessible for every human being on the planet in the upco-ming decades. Clean energy is often used as a synonym for renewable, sustainable or green energy, words which are associated with a concept of low-impact technologies. However, renewable energies (REs) also have a set of negative environmental impacts (EIs), which can be identified and assessed through an EI Assessment (EIA) and/or a Life Cycle Assess-ment (LCA). This article focuses on the revision of EIs documented in LCA studies for solar photovoltaic (PV) systems (SPVSs), the most common type of modern REs to satisfy energy demand globally. Although different LCA studies include various environmental assessment categories, five categories were selected for analysis, namely global warming potential (GWP), land use, biodiversity loss, human health (HH) and waste generation. The results show that documented EIs of SPVSs from LCAs depend not only on the technology, context and scale of the project, but also on the objective and scope of each study. Still, this article summarizes orientational values for the GWP, land use and fatal bird accidents related to SPVSs. Further, the research reveals the need for complementary approaches such as EIAs or toxicity studies for the assessment of biodiversity loss as well as the impacts on HH, and the lack of an existing waste management system for the million tons of waste soon to be disposed., Según el séptimo objetivo de desarrollo sostenible (ODS) concluido por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU), la energía deberá ser limpia y accesible para todos en las próximas décadas. La energía limpia se utiliza a menudo como sinónimo de energía renovable (ER), sostenible o verde, palabras que se asocian con un concepto de tecnologías de bajo impacto ambiental (IA). Sin embargo, las ERs también tienen asociados IAs negativos, que pueden identificarse y evaluarse mediante instrumentos como la Evaluación de Impactos Ambientales (EIA) o el Análisis de ciclo de vida (ACV). Este artículo se centra en la revisión de los IAs documentados en diferentes ACV para sistemas de energía solar fotovoltaica (SEPV), el tipo más común de ERs modernas para satisfacer la demanda energética a nivel mundial.Aunque diferentes estudios de ACV incluyen varias categorías ambientales de evaluación, para el análisis se seleccionaron 5 categorías, potencial de calentamiento global (GWP, por sus siglas en inglés), uso del suelo, pérdida de biodiversidad, salud humana y generación de residuos.Los resultados muestran que los IAs de los SEPV documentados en ACVs dependen no solo de la tecnología, el contexto y la escala del proyecto, sino también del objetivo y alcance de cada estudio. Aun así, este artículo recoge valores orientativos para el GWP, el uso de suelo y los accidentes mortales de aves relacionados con SEPV. Además, la investigación revela la necesidad de enfoques complementarios como EIA o estudios de toxicidad para poder dimensionar impactos acerca de pérdida de biodiversidad y daños a la salud humana, así mismo concluye la falta de un sistema de gestión de residuos adecuado para las miles de toneladas que generarán estos sistemas a futuro.

Climate change negatively impacts the Navy's ability to conduct its missions and represents a serious threat to the safety, sovereignty, and future prosperity of the United States. In his Executive Order 14008 dated 27 January 2021, President Joe Biden remarked that current climate considerations are essential to U.S. foreign policy and national security. The Department of Defense is one of the largest single consumers of fossil fuel in the United States. For example, in 2020 the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) procured over $3.3 billion in fuel for the Navy. It will be the view in this thesis that the motivation and the means exist today, more so than any other point in the Navy's history, to decrease fossil fuel use while increasing operational readiness, and that Navy surface small-combatant ships currently consume more fossil fuel in their daily operations than would otherwise be permitted through the implementation of certain fuel conservation technologies. That is, by updating the fleet the Navy can reduce fossil fuel use and carbon emissions., Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy, Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

There is an ever growing need for environmentally sustainable alternatives in today's society due to the looming threat of greenhouse gasses. One field where the need for new environmentally friendly solutions is needed is the aviation industry. The problem the industry is facing is due to the weight and space constraints that exist in aerial vehicles. In this bachelor project a solution for unmanned drones is proposed where it is powered by a hybrid solution consisting of batteries working together with fuel cells. The batteries compliment each other where the fuel cell is a lightweight energy source while the battery is used to combat the changing power demand. This project was done in collaboration with the Green Raven project to evaluate the optimal setup to power the energy system for an hour. The work was done theoretically in Matlab and Simulink to find the optimal system. From these simulations, data was collected to calculate the optimal configuration between batteries and amount of hydrogen stored in the Hydrogen tank. It was concluded that the best option to store the hydrogen was in a 2 liter tank at 300 bar together with 2 additional batteries with the capacity of 4000 mAh. This setup was concluded as the best option as it used up all hydrogen and landed with less charge in the battery than at the start point., I takt med den globala uppvärmningen så växer behovet av klimatmedvetna hållbara lösningar. Ett område i stort behov av innovation är flygindustrin som länge varit en av de största klimatbovarna. Flygindustrin stora problem är att dess fordon både har begränsad volym och vikt. I detta kandidatexamensarbete kommer vi diskutera en hybridlösning där obemannade drönare drivs av en hybridlösning där batterier tillsammans med bränsleceller driver drönaren. Batterierna och bränslecellerna komplimenterar varandra då bränslecellerna är är lättviktiga och tillför en stabil produktion av ström till drönaren medan batterierna agerar komplement och hjälper till när det behövs extra kraft. Projektet som i samarbete med The Green Raven project utfördes för att utvärdera det optimala systemet för att förse drönaren nog med kraft i en timme. Projektet har utförts teoretiskt i Matlab och Simulink för att hitta den optimala balansen mellan batterier och bränsleceller. Från dessa simuleringar samlades data in för att optimera konfigurationen mellan bränslecellerna och batterierna. Från resultaten drogs slutsatsen att 2 batterier med en kapacitet på 4000 mAh som tillsammans med vätgas som förvarades i en 2 liter tank med ett tryck på 300 bar var den bästa konfigurationen. Denna lösning ansågs som den bästa då all vätgas förbrukades under simulation och att batteriet vid stopp hade en lägre laddning än vid flygstart.

In this article,the information about interrelationship of hydrogen energy and superconductivity, which is new research theme of modern physics, is given. Advantages and causes of restrict using hydrogen energy is emphasized and developing hydrogen energy plans of world community is briefly stated. Physical nature and theories of superconductivity and types of superconductors are also explained. Experimental results of hybrid energy transfer with hydrogen energy and superconductivity are given for revealing the essence of the article. Then some important conclusions about interrelationship of hydrogen energy and superconductivity are mentioned.